vasilica sorin & marcu vlad

T E M A M U LT I M E D I A
IMAGE AND VIDEO PROCESSING

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T E M A M U LT I M E D I A
vasilica sorin & marcu vlad

Image and Video Processing

Mai 2015 Version 4.2

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Vasilica Sorin & Marcu Vlad: Tema Multimedia, Image and Video Processing, Mai 2015

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CONTENTS

filtrare liniara de baza cu aplicatii in imbunatatirea

calitatii imaginii
71
1 filtrarea liniara a imaginilor
73
1.1 Introduction
73
1.2 Raspunsul la Impuls, Convolutia Liniara si Raspunsul
in Frecventa
74
1.3 Template
76
1.4 Organization
78
1.5 Style Options
80
1.6 Customization
81
1.7 Issues
82
1.8 Future Work
83
1.9 Beyond a Thesis
83
1.10 License
83
ii the showcase
85
2 examples
87
2.1 A New Section
87
2.1.1 Test for a Subsection
87
2.1.2 Autem Timeam
87
2.2 Another Section in This Chapter
88
2.2.1 Personas Initialmente
88
2.2.2 Linguistic Registrate
89
3 math test chapter
91
3.1 Some Formulas
91
3.2 Various Mathematical Examples
92
iii appendix
93
a appendix test
95
a.1 Appendix Section Test
95
a.2 Another Appendix Section Test
bibliography

95

97

v
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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1

Tu duo titulo debitas latente

90

L I S T O F TA B L E S

Table 1
Table 2

Autem timeam deleniti usu id

Autem usu id
95

89

LISTINGS

Listing 1

A floating example (listings manual)

ACRONYMS

DRY

Dont Repeat Yourself

API

Application Programming Interface

UML

Unified Modeling Language

vi
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95

Part I
F I LT R A R E L I N I A R A D E B A Z A C U A P L I C AT I I
I N I M B U N ATAT I R E A C A L I TAT I I I M A G I N I I

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F I LT R A R E A L I N I A R A A I M A G I N I L O R

1.1

introduction

Teoria sistemelor liniare si filtrarea liniara joaca un rol central in

procesarea foto/video. Multe dintre tehnicile de top folosite pentru
modificarea, imbunatatirea sau reprezentarea datelor digitale vizuale
se exprima in termeni de concepte ale sistemelor liniare. Filtrele liniare
sunt folosite pentru sarcini universale precum imbunatatirea contrastului foto/video, denoising si sharpening, precum si pentru sarcini
particulare precum potrivirea tintelor sau intensificarea proprietatilor
specificate.
Scopul acestui capitol este introducerea ideilor de baza ale teoriei
sistemelor liniare ce se vor aplica in cadrol filtrarii digitale a imaginii
si pentru a evidentia cateva aplicatii practice ale acesteia. Se va pune
accent pe tema imbunatatirii calitatii imaginilor liniare.
Pentru a continua sunt necesare cateva concepte si definitii de baza.
Semnalul bi-dimensional in spatiu discret de baza este functia impuls
bi-dimensionala definita de

(m p, n q) =

1, m = p si n = q

(1)

0, in rest

Astfel, Ec. (1) are valoarea unitate la coordonatele (p,q) iar in rest 0.
Functia din Ec. (1) este denumita si functia delta Kronecker sau secventa
esantionului unitate. Joaca acelasi rol si are aceeasi semnificatie precum asa-numita functie delta Dirac a teoriei sistemelor continue. Raspunsul sistemului liniar la Ec. (1) va fi folosit pentru a caracteriza raspunsul general al acestor sisteme.
Orice imagine f in spatiu-discret poate fi exprimata in termeni ai
functiei impuls in Eq. (1):

f(m, n) =

p= q=

f(m p, n q)(p, q) =

f(p, q)(m p, n q).

p= q=

(2)
Ec. (2) se numeste proprietatea de cernere si are doua posibile interpretari. In primul rand, orice imagine in spatiu-discret poate fi scrisa
ca o suma de impulsuri unitate ponderate shiftate. Fiecare impuls
ponderat cuprinde un pixel din imagine. In al doilea rand, suma din
Ec. (2) este defapt o convolutie liniara in spatiu-discret. Este evident

73
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filtrarea liniara a imaginilor

ca convolutia liniara a oricarei imagini f cu functia impuls intoarce

functia neschimbata.
Functia impuls descrie in mod eficient anumite sisteme cunoscute
drept sisteme in spatiu-invariant ce vor fi explicate in continuare.
Un sistem bi-dimensional L este un proces de transformare a imaginii asa cum este aratat in Fig. 1.
Putem scrie
g(m, n) = L [f(m, n)[ .

(3)

Sistemul L este liniar daca si numai daca pentru oricare f1 (m, n), f2 (m, n)

astfel incat
g1 (m, n) = L [f1 (m, n)] , g2 (m, n) = L [f2 (m, n)]

(4)

si oricare doua constante a, b, atunci

ag1 (m, n) + bg2 (m, n) = L [af1 (m, n) + bf2 (m, n)]

(5)

pentru oricare (m,n). Aceasta ecuatie reprezinta principiul superpozitiei (liniaritatii).

Sistemul L este invariant pentru oricare f(m, n) astfel incat Ec. (3)
sa fie adevarata, apoi deasemenea
g(m p, n q) = L [f(m p, n q)]

(6)

pentru oricare (p,q). Astfel, o shiftare in spatiu a intrarii la L nu

produce o schimbare in iesire, cu exceptia unei shiftari identice.
1.2

raspunsul la impuls, convolutia liniara si raspunsul in frecventa

Raspunsul unitar in frecventa a unui sistem bidimensional intrareiesire L este

L [(m p, n q)] = h(m, n; p, q)

(7)

Acesta este raspunsul sistemului L in pozitia (m,n) la un impuls ce

se afla la pozitia (p,q). In general, raspunsul la impuls este o functie
de aceste 4 variabile spatiale. Daca sistemul L este invariant, atunci
L [(m, n)] = h(m, n)

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(8)

1.2 raspunsul la impuls, convolutia liniara si raspunsul in frecventa

este raspunsul la un impuls aplicat in origine, atunci deasemenea

(9)

L [(m p, n q)] = h(m p, n q),

ceea ce inseamna ca raspunsul la un impuls aplicat la orice pozitie

din spatiu poate fi gasit din raspunsul la impuls in Ec. (8).
Asa cum a fost deja mentionat, raspunsul la impuls in spatiu-discret
h(m, n) caracterizeaza complet raspunsul intrare-iesire al sistemelor
intrare-iesire LSI. Aceasta inseamna ca daca se cunoaste impulsul la
raspuns atunci se poate gasi o expresie pentru raspunsul oricarei intrari. Expresia este de forma convolutiei liniare bi-dimensionale in
spatiul-discret.
Se ia un sistem generic L precum cel din Fig. 1 cu intrarea f(m,n)
si iesirea g(m,n). Se considera ca raspunsul este influentat numai de
intrarea f. Apoi, din Ec. (2):
"
g(m, n) = L [f(m, n)] = L

#
f(p, q)(m p, n q)

(10)

p= q=

Daca se stie ca sistemul este liniar atunci

g(m, n) =

f(p, q)L [(m p, n q)]

(11)

p= q=

f(p, q)h(m, n; p, q)

(12)

p= q=

si reprezinta tot ce se poate afirma fara a avea alte informatii despre

sistem si intrare. Se cunoaste ca sistemul este invariant in spatiu (LSI),
astfel incat Ec. (12) devine

g(m, n) =

f(p, q)h(m p, n q) = f(m, n) h(m, n) (13)

p= q=

si reprezinta convolutia liniara in timp, discreta, bi-dimenionala a

intraii f cu raspuns la impluls h.
Prin convolutia liniara se pot exprima iesirile unei mari game de
sisteme electrice si mecanice. In sistemele continue, convolutia se exprima printr-o integrala. De exemplu, la circuitele electrice grupate,
integrala convolutiei este dezvoltata sub forma de elemente pasive
ale circuitelor (rezistori, inductori si capacitori).
In cazul sistemelor de semnal discret si a celor de procesare a
imaginilor, convolutia discreta este calculata ca o suma de produse.

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filtrarea liniara a imaginilor

Aceasta convolutie poate fi evaluata in mod direct la fiecare coordonata (m,n) de un procesor de semnal digital sau poate fi dezvoltata
folosind transformata discreta cosinusoidala (DFT) folosind o transformata Fourier rapida (FFT).
Se considera intrarea unui sistem LSI discret cu raspuns la impuls
h(m,n) este o functie exponentiala complexa:

f(m, n) = e2j(Um +Vm ) = cos [2(Um + Vn )] + jsin [2(Um + Vn )]

(14)
Astfel, raspunsul sistemului este convolutia liniara
P
P
g(m, n) =
p=
q= h(p, q)f(m p, n q)

g(m, n) =

h(p, q)e2j(Um +Vm )

(15)

p= q=

g(m, n) = e2j(Um +Vm )

h(p, q)e2j(Up +Vq )

(16)

p= q=

si reprezinta intrarea f(m, n) = e2j(Up +Vq ) inmultita cu o functie

de (U,V):

H(U, V) =

h(p, q)e2j(Up +Vq ) = |H(U, V)ejLH(U,V)

p= q=

(17)
Functia H(U, V) reprezinta transformata Fourier in spatiu discret
(DSFT) a raspunsului sistemului la impuls si este numita raspunsul
in frecventa al sistemului.
1.3

linear image enhancement

Termenul "Enhancement" se refera la multimea proceselor prin care

calitatea unei imagini este imbunatatita. Prin imbunatatirea unei imagini se intelege procesul prin care se netezesc iregularitatile sau zgomotele ce au alterat imaginea prin modificarea imaginii originale cat
de putin posibil. Acest zgomot se poate modela drept zgomot aditiv sau zgomot multiplicativ. In continuare vom discuta mai pe larg
despre zgomotul aditiv.
Pana la abordarea metodelor de imbunatatire a imaginilor se va
creea un model simplu de zgomot aditiv.
Vom considera ca o imagine ce contine zgomot are o lungime finita
MxN : f =

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1.4 template

1.4

77

template

This bundle for LATEX has two goals:

1. Provide students with an easy-to-use template for their Masters or PhD thesis. (Though it might also be used by other types
of authors for reports, books, etc.)
2. Provide a classic, high-quality typographic style that is inspired
by bringhurst:2002s The Elements of Typographic Style [bringhurst:2002].
The bundle is configured to run with a full MiKTEX or TEXLive1 installation right away and, therefore, it uses only freely available fonts.
(Minion fans can easily adjust the style to their needs.)
People interested only in the nice style and not the whole bundle
can now use the style stand-alone via the file classicthesis.sty.
This works now also with plain LATEX.
As of version 3.0, classicthesis can also be easily used with LYX2
thanks to Nicholas Mariette and Ivo Pletikosic. The LYX version of
this manual will contain more information on the details.
This should enable anyone with a basic knowledge of LATEX 2 or
LYX to produce beautiful documents without too much effort. In the
end, this is my overall goal: more beautiful documents, especially
theses, as I am tired of seeing so many ugly ones.
The whole template and the used style is released under the GNU
General Public License.
If you like the style then I would appreciate a postcard:

Tema Multimedia
Version 4.2

Andr Miede
Detmolder Strae 32
31737 Rinteln
Germany
The postcards I received so far are available at:
http://postcards.miede.de

So far, many theses, some books, and several other publications have
been typeset successfully with it. If you are interested in some typographic details behind it, enjoy Robert Bringhursts wonderful book.
important note: Some things of this style might look unusual
at first glance, many people feel so in the beginning. However, all
things are intentionally designed to be as they are, especially these:
No bold fonts are used. Italics or spaced small caps do the job
quite well.
1 See the file LISTOFFILES for needed packages. Furthermore, classicthesis works
with most other distributions and, thus, with most systems LATEX is available for.
2 http://www.lyx.org

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A well-balanced line
width improves the
legibility of the text.
Thats what
typography is all
about, right?

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filtrarea liniara a imaginilor

The size of the text body is intentionally shaped like it is. It

supports both legibility and allows a reasonable amount of information to be on a page. And, no: the lines are not too short.
The tables intentionally do not use vertical or double rules. See
the documentation for the booktabs package for a nice discussion of this topic.3
And last but not least, to provide the reader with a way easier
access to page numbers in the table of contents, the page numbers are right behind the titles. Yes, they are not neatly aligned
at the right side and they are not connected with dots that help
the eye to bridge a distance that is not necessary. If you are still
not convinced: is your reader interested in the page number or
does she want to sum the numbers up?
Therefore, please do not break the beauty of the style by changing
these things unless you really know what you are doing! Please.

An outlook into the

future of
classicthesis.

yet another important note: Since classicthesis first release in 2006, many things have changed in the LATEX world. Trying to
keep up-to-date, classicthesis grew and evolved into many directions, trying to stay (some kind of) stable and be compatible with its
port to LYX. However, there are still many remains from older times
in the code, many dirty workarounds here and there, and several
other things I am absolutely not proud of (for example my unwise
combination of KOMA and titlesec etc.).
Currently, I am looking into how to completely re-design and reimplement classicthesis making it easier to maintain and to use.
As a general idea, classicthesis.sty should be developed and distributed separately from the template bundle itself. Excellent spinoffs such as arsclassica could also be integrated (with permission
by their authors) as format configurations. Also, current trends of
microtype, fontspec, etc. should be included as well. As I am not
really into deep LATEX programming, I will reach out to the LATEX community for their expertise and help.
1.5

You can use these

margins for
summaries of the
text body. . .

organization

A very important factor for successful thesis writing is the organization of the material. This template suggests a structure as the following:
Chapters/ is where all the real content goes in separate files
such as Chapter01.tex etc.
FrontBackMatter/ is where all the stuff goes that surrounds the
real content, such as the acknowledgments, dedication, etc.
3 To be found online at http://mirror.ctan.org/macros/latex/contrib/booktabs/.

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1.5 organization

gfx/ is where you put all the graphics you use in the thesis.
Maybe they should be organized into subfolders depending on
the chapter they are used in, if you have a lot of graphics.
Bibliography.bib: the BibTEX database to organize all the references you might want to cite.
classicthesis.sty: the style definition to get this awesome
look and feel. Does not only work with this thesis template but
also on its own (see folder Examples). Bonus: works with both
LATEX and pdfLATEX. . . and LYX.
ClassicThesis.tcp a TEXnicCenter project file. Great tool and
its free!
ClassicThesis.tex: the main file of your thesis where all gets
bundled together.
classicthesis-config.tex: a central place to load all nifty packages that are used.
Make your changes and adjustments here. This means that you specify here the options you want to load classicthesis.sty with.
You also adjust the title of your thesis, your name, and all similar information here. Refer to Section 1.6 for more information.
This had to change as of version 3.0 in order to enable an easy
transition from the basic style to LYX.
In total, this should get you started in no time.

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filtrarea liniara a imaginilor

1.6

. . . or your
supervisor might use
the margins for some
comments of her
own while reading.

style options

There are a couple of options for classicthesis.sty that allow for a

bit of freedom concerning the layout:
General:
drafting: prints the date and time at the bottom of each
page, so you always know which version you are dealing
with. Might come in handy not to give your Prof. that old
draft.
Parts and Chapters:
parts: if you use Part divisions for your document, you
should choose this option. (Cannot be used together with
nochapters.)
nochapters: allows to use the look-and-feel with classes
that do not use chapters, e. g., for articles. Automatically
turns off a couple of other options: eulerchapternumbers,
linedheaders, listsseparated, and parts.
linedheaders: changes the look of the chapter headings a
bit by adding a horizontal line above the chapter title. The
chapter number will also be moved to the top of the page,
above the chapter title.
Typography:
eulerchapternumbers: use figures from Hermann Zapfs
Euler math font for the chapter numbers. By default, old
style figures from the Palatino font are used.
beramono: loads Bera Mono as typewriter font. (Default setting is using the standard CM typewriter font.)
eulermath: loads the awesome Euler fonts for math. Palatino is used as default font.
pdfspacing: makes use of pdftex letter spacing capabilities
via the microtype package.4 This fixes some serious issues
regarding math formul etc. (e. g., ) in headers.
minionprospacing: uses the internal textssc command of
the MinionPro package for letter spacing. This automatically enables the minionpro option, overriding pdfspacing.
Table of Contents:
tocaligned: aligns the whole table of contents on the left
side. Some people like that, some dont.
dottedtoc: sets pagenumbers flushed right in the table of
contents.
4 Use microtypes DVIoutput option to generate DVI with pdftex.

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1.7 customization

81

manychapters: if you need more than nine chapters for

your document, you might not be happy with the spacing
between the chapter number and the chapter title in the Table of Contents. This option allows for additional space in
this context. However, it does not look as perfect if you
use \parts for structuring your document.
Floats:
listings: loads the listings package (if not already done)
and configures the List of Listings accordingly.
floatperchapter: activates numbering per chapter for all
floats such as figures, tables, and listings (if used).
subfig(ure): is passed to the tocloft package to enable
compatibility with the subfig(ure) package. Use this option if you want use classicthesis with the subfig package.
The best way to figure these options out is to try the different possibilities and see what you and your supervisor like best.
In order to make things easier, classicthesis-config.tex contains
some useful commands that might help you.
1.7

customization

This section will show you some hints how to adapt classicthesis
to your needs.
The file classicthesis.sty contains the core functionality of the
style and in most cases will be left intact, whereas the file classicthesis-config.tex is used for some common user customizations.
The first customization you are about to make is to alter the document title, author name, and other thesis details. In order to do this,
replace the data in the following lines of classicthesis-config.tex:
% **************************************************
% 2. Personal data and user ad-hoc commands
% **************************************************
\newcommand{\myTitle}{A Classic Thesis Style\xspace}
\newcommand{\mySubtitle}{An Homage to...\xspace}

Further customization can be made in classicthesis-config.tex

by choosing the options to classicthesis.sty (see Section 1.5) in a
line that looks like this:
\PassOptionsToPackage{eulerchapternumbers,drafting,listings,
subfig,eulermath,parts}{classicthesis}

Many other customizations in classicthesis-config.tex are possible, but you should be careful making changes there, since some
changes could cause errors.

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Modifications in
classicthesis-config.tex

82

Modifications in
classicthesis.sty

filtrarea liniara a imaginilor

Finally, changes can be made in the file classicthesis.sty, although this is mostly not designed for user customization. The main
change that might be made here is the text-block size, for example, to
get longer lines of text.
1.8

issues

This section will list some information about problems using classicthesis in general or using it with other packages.
Beta versions of classicthesis can be found at Bitbucket:
https://bitbucket.org/amiede/classicthesis/

There, you can also post serious bugs and problems you encounter.
Compatibility with the glossaries Package
If you want to use the glossaries package, take care of loading it
with the following options:
\usepackage[style=long,nolist]{glossaries}

Thanks to Sven Staehs for this information.

Compatibility with the (Spanish) babel Package
Spanish languages need an extra option in order to work with this
template:
\usepackage[spanish,es-lcroman]{babel}

Thanks to an unknown person for this information (via the issue reporting).
further information for using classicthesis with spanish (in addition to the above) In the file ClassicThesis.tex
activate the language:
\selectlanguage{spanish}

If there are issues changing \tablename, e. g., using this:

\renewcommand{\tablename}{Tabla}

This can be solved by passing es-tabla parameter to babel:

\PassOptionsToPackage{es-tabla,spanish,es-lcroman,english}{
babel}
\usepackage{babel}

But it is also necessary to set spanish in the \documentclass.

Thanks to Alvaro Jaramillo Duque for this information.

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1.9 future work

Compatibility with the pdfsync Package

Using the pdfsync package leads to linebreaking problems with the
graffito command. Thanks to Henrik Schumacher for this information.
1.9

future work

So far, this is a quite stable version that served a couple of people

well during their thesis time. However, some things are still not as
they should be. Proper documentation in the standard format is still
missing. In the long run, the style should probably be published separately, with the template bundle being only an application of the style.
Alas, there is no time for that at the moment. . . it could be a nice task
for a small group of LATEXnicians.
Please do not send me email with questions concerning LATEX or
the template, as I do not have time for an answer. But if you have
comments, suggestions, or improvements for the style or the template
in general, do not hesitate to write them on that postcard of yours.
1.10

beyond a thesis

The layout of classicthesis.sty can be easily used without the

framework of this template. A few examples where it was used to
typeset an article, a book or a curriculum vitae can be found in
the folder Examples. The examples have been tested with latex and
pdflatex and are easy to compile. To encourage you even more, PDFs
built from the sources can be found in the same folder.
1.11

license

gnu general public license: This program is free software;

you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU
General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation;
either version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
without any warranty; without even the implied warranty of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. See the GNU General Public
License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
along with this program; see the file COPYING. If not, write to the Free
Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA
02111-1307, USA.

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83

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Part II
THE SHOWCASE
Sorin You can put some informational part preamble text
here. Illo principalmente su nos. Non message occidental
angloromanic da. Debitas effortio simplificate sia se, auxiliar summarios da que, se avantiate publicationes via. Pan
in terra summarios, capital interlingua se que. Al via multo
esser specimen, campo responder que da. Le usate medical addresses pro, europa origine sanctificate nos se.

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[ June 19, 2016 at 18:46 classicthesis Version 4.2 ]

EXAMPLES

Ei choro aeterno antiopam mea, labitur bonorum pri no taleb:2012

[taleb:2012]. His no decore nemore graecis. In eos meis nominavi,
liber soluta vim cu. Sea commune suavitate interpretaris eu, vix eu
libris efficiantur.
2.1

a new section

Illo principalmente su nos. Non message occidental angloromanic da.

Debitas effortio simplificate sia se, auxiliar summarios da que, se
avantiate publicationes via. Pan in terra summarios, capital interlingua se que. Al via multo esser specimen, campo responder que da.
Le usate medical addresses pro, europa origine sanctificate nos se.
Examples: Italics, A L L C A P S, Small Caps, low small caps.
Acronym testing: Unified Modeling Language (UML) UML Unified Modeling Language (UML) UMLs
2.1.1

Test for a Subsection

Lorem ipsum at nusquam appellantur his, ut eos erant homero concludaturque. Albucius appellantur deterruisset id eam, vivendum partiendo dissentiet ei ius. Vis melius facilisis ea, sea id convenire referrentur, takimata adolescens ex duo. Ei harum argumentum per. Eam
vidit exerci appetere ad, ut vel zzril intellegam interpretaris.
Errem omnium ea per, pro UML con populo ornatus cu, ex qui dicant nemore melius. No pri diam iriure euismod. Graecis eleifend
appellantur quo id. Id corpora inimicus nam, facer nonummy ne pro,
kasd repudiandae ei mei. Mea menandri mediocrem dissentiet cu, ex
nominati imperdiet nec, sea odio duis vocent ei. Tempor everti appareat cu ius, ridens audiam an qui, aliquid admodum conceptam ne
qui. Vis ea melius nostrum, mel alienum euripidis eu.
Ei choro aeterno antiopam mea, labitur bonorum pri no. His no
decore nemore graecis. In eos meis nominavi, liber soluta vim cu.
2.1.2

Autem Timeam

Nulla fastidii ea ius, exerci suscipit instructior te nam, in ullum postulant quo. Congue quaestio philosophia his at, sea odio autem vulputate ex. Cu usu mucius iisque voluptua. Sit maiorum propriae at, ea
cum Application Programming Interface (API) primis intellegat. Hinc

87
[ June 19, 2016 at 18:46 classicthesis Version 4.2 ]

Note: The content of

this chapter is just
some dummy text. It
is not a real
language.

88

examples

cotidieque reprehendunt eu nec. Autem timeam deleniti usu id, in

nec nibh altera.
2.2

another section in this chapter

Non vices medical da. Se qui peano distinguer demonstrate, personas

internet in nos. Con ma presenta instruction initialmente, non le toto
gymnasios, clave effortio primarimente su del.1
Sia ma sine svedese americas. Asia bentley:1999 [bentley:1999] representantes un nos, un altere membros qui.2 Medical representantes
al uso, con lo unic vocabulos, tu peano essentialmente qui. Lo malo
laborava anteriormente uso.
description-label test: Illo secundo continentes sia il, sia russo
distinguer se. Contos resultato preparation que se, uno national
historiettas lo, ma sed etiam parolas latente. Ma unic quales sia.
Pan in patre altere summario, le pro latino resultato.
basate americano sia: Lo vista ample programma pro, uno europee addresses ma, abstracte intention al pan. Nos duce infra
publicava le. Es que historia encyclopedia, sed terra celos avantiate in. Su pro effortio appellate, o.
Tu uno veni americano sanctificate. Pan e union linguistic cormen:2001
[cormen:2001] simplificate, traducite linguistic del le, del un apprende
denomination.
2.2.1

Personas Initialmente

Uno pote summario methodicamente al, uso debe nomina hereditage

ma. Iala rapide ha del, ma nos esser parlar. Maximo dictionario sed
al.
2.2.1.1 A Subsubsection
Deler utilitate methodicamente con se. Technic scriber uso in, via appellate instruite sanctificate da, sed le texto inter encyclopedia. Ha
iste americas que, qui ma tempore capital. dueck:trio [dueck:trio]
a. Enumeration with small caps (alpha)
b. Second item

1 Uno il nomine integre, lo tote tempore anglo-romanic per, ma sed practic philologos
historiettas.
2 De web nostre historia angloromanic.

[ June 19, 2016 at 18:46 classicthesis Version 4.2 ]

2.2 another section in this chapter

labitur bonorum pri no

que vista

human

fastidii ea ius

germano

demonstratea

suscipit instructior

titulo

personas

quaestio philosophia

facto

demonstrated knuth:1976

Table 1: Autem timeam deleniti usu id. knuth:1976

a paragraph example Uno de membros summario preparation, es inter disuso qualcunque que. Del hodie philologos occidental al, como publicate litteratura in web. Veni americano knuth:1976
[knuth:1976] es con, non internet millennios secundarimente ha. Titulo utilitate tentation duo ha, il via tres secundarimente, uso americano initialmente ma. De duo deler personas initialmente. Se duce
facite westeuropee web, Table 1 nos clave articulos ha.
Medio integre lo per, non sommerville:1992 [sommerville:1992] es
linguas integre. Al web altere integre periodicos, in nos hodie basate.
Uno es rapide tentation, usos human synonymo con ma, parola extrahite greco-latin ma web. Veni signo rapide nos da.
2.2.2

Linguistic Registrate

Veni introduction es pro, qui finalmente demonstrate il. E tamben anglese programma uno. Sed le debitas demonstrate. Non russo existe
o, facite linguistic registrate se nos. Gymnasios, e. g., sanctificate sia
le, publicate Figure 1 methodicamente e qui.
Lo sed apprende instruite. Que altere responder su, pan ma, i. e.,
signo studio. Figure 1b Instruite preparation le duo, asia altere tentation web su. Via unic facto rapide de, iste questiones methodicamente
o uno, nos al.

[ June 19, 2016 at 18:46 classicthesis Version 4.2 ]

89

90

examples

(a) Asia personas duo.

(b) Pan ma signo.

(c) Methodicamente o uno.

(d) Titulo debitas.

Figure 1: Tu duo titulo debitas latente. DRY

[ June 19, 2016 at 18:46 classicthesis Version 4.2 ]

M AT H T E S T C H A P T E R

Ei choro aeterno antiopam mea, labitur bonorum pri no. His no decore
nemore graecis. In eos meis nominavi, liber soluta vim cu. Sea commune suavitate interpretaris eu, vix eu libris efficiantur.
3.1

some formulas

Due to the statistical nature of ionisation energy loss, large fluctuations can occur in the amount of energy deposited by a particle
traversing an absorber element1 . Continuous processes such as multiple scattering and energy loss play a relevant role in the longitudinal
and lateral development of electromagnetic and hadronic showers,
and in the case of sampling calorimeters the measured resolution
can be significantly affected by such fluctuations in their active layers. The description of ionisation fluctuations is characterised by the
significance parameter , which is proportional to the ratio of mean
energy loss to the maximum allowed energy transfer in a single collision with an atomic electron:
=

(18)

Emax

Emax is the maximum transferable energy in a single collision with an

atomic electron.
Emax =

2me 2 2
1 + 2me /mx + (me /mx )2

where = E/mx , E is energy and mx the mass of the incident particle, 2 = 1 1/2 and me is the electron mass. comes from the
Rutherford scattering cross section and is defined as:
=
where
z

2z2 e4 NAv Zx
z2 Z
=
153.4
x keV,
me 2 c2 A
2 A

charge of the incident particle

NAv

Avogadros number

atomic number of the material

atomic weight of the material

density

thickness of the material

1 Examples taken from Walter Schmidts great gallery:

http://home.vrweb.de/~was/mathfonts.html

91
[ June 19, 2016 at 18:46 classicthesis Version 4.2 ]

You might get

unexpected results
using math in
chapter or section
heads. Consider the
pdfspacing option.

92

math test chapter

measures the contribution of the collisions with energy transfer

close to Emax . For a given absorber, tends towards large values if x
is large and/or if is small. Likewise, tends towards zero if x is
small and/or if approaches 1.
The value of distinguishes two regimes which occur in the description of ionisation fluctuations:
1. A large number of collisions involving the loss of all or most of
the incident particle energy during the traversal of an absorber.
As the total energy transfer is composed of a multitude of small
energy losses, we can apply the central limit theorem and describe the fluctuations by a Gaussian distribution. This case is
applicable to non-relativistic particles and is described by the
inequality > 10 (i. e., when the mean energy loss in the absorber is greater than the maximum energy transfer in a single
collision).
2. Particles traversing thin counters and incident electrons under
any conditions.
The relevant inequalities and distributions are 0.01 < < 10,
Vavilov distribution, and < 0.01, Landau distribution.
3.2

various mathematical examples

If n > 2, the identity



t[u1 , . . . , un ] = t t[u1 , . . . , un1 ], t[u2 , . . . , un ]
defines t[u1 , . . . , un ] recursively, and it can be shown that the alternative definition


t[u1 , . . . , un ] = t t[u1 , u2 ], . . . , t[un1 , un ]
gives the same result.

[ June 19, 2016 at 18:46 classicthesis Version 4.2 ]

Part III
APPENDIX

[ June 19, 2016 at 18:46 classicthesis Version 4.2 ]

[ June 19, 2016 at 18:46 classicthesis Version 4.2 ]

APPENDIX TEST

Lorem ipsum at nusquam appellantur his, ut eos erant homero concludaturque. Albucius appellantur deterruisset id eam, vivendum partiendo dissentiet ei ius. Vis melius facilisis ea, sea id convenire referrentur, takimata adolescens ex duo. Ei harum argumentum per. Eam
vidit exerci appetere ad, ut vel zzril intellegam interpretaris.

More dummy text.

a.1

appendix section test

Test: Table 2 (This reference should have a lowercase, small caps a if

the option floatperchapter is activated, just as in the table itself
however, this does not work at the moment.)
labitur bonorum pri no

que vista

human

fastidii ea ius

germano

demonstratea

suscipit instructior

titulo

personas

quaestio philosophia

facto

demonstrated

Table 2: Autem usu id.

a.2

another appendix section test

Equidem detraxit cu nam, vix eu delenit periculis. Eos ut vero constituto, no vidit propriae complectitur sea. Diceret nonummy in has,
no qui eligendi recteque consetetur. Mel eu dictas suscipiantur, et sed
placerat oporteat. At ipsum electram mei, ad aeque atomorum mea.
There is also a useless Pascal listing below: Listing 1.

Listing 1: A floating example (listings manual)

for i:=maxint downto 0 do
begin
{ do nothing }
end;

95
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[ June 19, 2016 at 18:46 classicthesis Version 4.2 ]

D E C L A R AT I O N

Put your declaration here.

Saarbrcken, Mai 2015

Vasilica Sorin & Marcu Vlad

[ June 19, 2016 at 18:46 classicthesis Version 4.2 ]

[ June 19, 2016 at 18:46 classicthesis Version 4.2 ]

colophon
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