Housing The Extended Family

AP PHOTO/ALLEN G.
BREED
Housing the Extended Family

By Michela Zonta October 2016
W W W.AMERICANPROGRESS.ORG
Housing the Extended Family

By Michela Zonta October 2016
Contents
1 Introduction and summary

4 A look at extended families
14 Housing conditions of extended families
32 Recommendations
40 Conclusion
41 Appendix: Methodology
49 About the author
50 Endnotes
Introduction and summary

Is the U.S. housing market keeping pace with demographic changes? This is a critical question for planners and policymakers who work to ensure that all American
families have a decent, safe, and affordable home of their choice.
It can be misleading to attempt to answer this important question by relying
solely on national statistics, which lump all households together, because todays
American households are more diverse than ever and are increasingly becoming so. As an example, official statistics indicate that the average home size has
increased while household size has decreased;1 however, if we distinguish among
different types of household composition, the picture is much more complex.
The shrinking average household size is partly the result of an increasing number
of individuals living alone and of couples delaying having children. In addition,
what is not directly obvious from this statistic is that the number and size of other
types of households has also increased. These include the extended family, a living
arrangement that has been proliferating in the past few decades and has tended to
grow faster than the nuclear familymarried couples with single children under
the age of 18that was more common in the middle of the 20th century.
While much media attention has been focused on the rise of smaller households,
less attention has been given to the growing segment of the population that is
living in larger, extended families. The term extended family refers to the living
arrangement of groups of individuals whose relationships to each other extend
beyond the nuclear family. Examples of extended families include families in
which adult children return to their parents home for financial support; families
that take in parents who may be widowed, ill, disabled, or in need of economic
and other types of support; and families that take in the householders siblings or
other relatives of the same generation. The U.S. population living in extended families increased from 58 million in 2001 to 85 million in 2014. In 2014, extended
families represented 17 percent of all households.
1 Center for American Progress | Housing the Extended Family
This report takes a closer look at these often overlooked households. To paint
a more complete and accurate picture of extended family households, data
were analyzed from the American Community Survey and American Housing
Survey, along with data from the U.S. Census Bureau that were used to make
independent calculations, which are presented throughout this report unless
otherwise stated. (see Appendix)
Changes in household formation and composition, along with the increasing
racial and ethnic diversity and changes in the age composition of the U.S. population, have important implications for housing. For a long timein particular,
since World War IIthe physical design of housing has been mostly oriented
toward the needs of the nuclear family living outside of city centerssuburban
nuclear familiesa family structure that peaked in the post-World War II era.2 As
a result, the existing housing stock is less suited to the realities of todays modern
households, particularly for the greater number of adults who live together as part
of extended and multigenerational families.3
This report describes the characteristics and trends of extended families and
discusses some of the housing challenges that need to be addressed in order to
accommodate the housing demand of a growing number of extended families. In
particular, the report illustrates how extended families differ from nuclear families
and shows that there is a gap in terms of the affordable units that are available for
extended families in order to meet current occupancy standards. This report takes
a careful look at what is termed underhoused extended families, those families that would have to move to a different unit in order to meet the occupancy
standard of two persons per bedroom. The number of affordable units available to
these households, given the competition from other underhoused households, is
insufficient. Moreover, in many metropolitan areas there is a geographic mismatch
between where extended households tend to live and where the housing stock
equipped with dwellings large enough to accommodate them is located.
These trends emphasize the need for policies that account for growing demographic changes. To that end, this report concludes with a series of policy recommendations that support the development and preservation of affordable housing
that best suits the needs of extended families, specifically policy that:
Encourages local jurisdictions to broaden housing code and land use regulations
to support the development and legalization of accessory dwelling units
Brings secondary units now deemed substandard to code

Encourages the development and preservation of larger affordable units
Preserves small rental properties
Continues supporting homeownership
Explores and funds pilot programs for the development of affordable
flexible homes
As American households are undergoing profound demographic changes due
to immigration, increased numbers of people of color, the aging of the population, and the increasing presence of the Millennial generation in urban areas,
planners and policymakers need to pay attention to the housing needs of increasingly diverse households for whom the current housing stock is no longer fit.
Demographic changes are already boosting demand for units that accommodate
extended and multigenerational households. It is time to pay close attention to the
reality of this growing segment of modern households in order to ensure equitable
and inclusive access to safe and affordable housing for these families.
A look at extended families

Characteristics of extended families
The term extended family refers to the living arrangement of groups of individuals whose relationships to each other extend beyond the nuclear family. Extended
families are typically multigenerational; that is, they may include members of
three or more generations. They can be found across different income groups and
can take a variety of forms. Extended families live together for various reasons,
both out of necessity and out of choice. Many come from cultural backgrounds in
which home sharing is the norm. Sharing household space with extended family
members is a common way of living throughout much of the world and a common way of getting through hard times, especially during the immigration process.
Previous studies of household extension have classified extended families based
on factors such as the relationship of members to the householder, the roles of
household members as hosts or guests, the voluntary or involuntary nature of the
cohabitation, and the driving forces behind these shared living arrangements.4
Sociologist Yoshinori Kamos seminal study on extended family households classified household extension as downward, upward, and horizontal.5 An example
of downward extension involves adult children returning to their parents home
for financial support. Householders taking in parents who may be widowed, ill,
disabled, or in need of economic or other types of support represent examples of
upward household extension. Horizontal household extensions typically involve
householders siblings or other relatives of the same generation moving in.
Cohabitation allows members of extended families to help each other financially and emotionally. Extended families are formed for various reasons, such as
emergency situations, financial needs, social support, and caretaking, and these
reasons tend to be reflected in the family composition and characteristics.6 For
example, a family may take in someone temporarily or permanently because of
immigration; a family may take in an aging parent or a disabled relative in order

to provide housing, companionship, and practical support; and a family may
share the home with parents and/or other relatives in order to obtain assistance
with child care and household management.7
In an aging society, the shortage of affordable senior housing and affordable
assisted living facilities, and the cost of careboth for aging parents and for
childrenas well as the wish of many seniors to age in place have fueled the
intentional incorporation of seniors into their adult childrens households. As life
expectancy has continued to rise, many seniors fearing they might outlive their
savings opt for cohabitation with relatives.8 Furthermore, with rising rates of
divorce, new extended family households have formed as the result of remarriages
and stepparenting.9 Members of extended families may decide to pool financial
resources in order to live in better quality homes or neighborhoods. Sharing housing costs may address affordable housing and neighborhood safety issues.
Household families
Because this report focuses on housing and relies on data from the
ily.10 A family household has at least two members related by birth,
U.S. Census Bureau, the analysis presented here is based on defini-
marriage, or adoption, one of whom is the householder. It consists of
tions of households, families, and household relationships that are
married couples or of a person living with other relatives.11 A nonfam-
prevalent and available in federal statistical datasets. According to the
ily household can be either a person living alone or a householder
Census Bureau, a household consists of everyone living in a housing
who shares the housing unit only with nonrelativesfor example,
unit and can contain one or more people. The householder, or head
boarders or roommates. The analysis presented in this report distin-
of household, is the person who owns or rents the housing unit.
guishes among several types of households, as illustrated in Figure 1,
Furthermore, a household can be categorized as a family or a nonfam-
and focuses specifically on nuclear and extended families.
NUCLEAR FAMILIES
Married parents and their own unmarried children under the age of 22.
EXTENDED FAMILIES
A group of individuals whose relationships to each other extend beyond the nuclear family.
Vertical
Downward
Downward; other
Upward
Horizontal
Other
Primary families
Multiple extension
adult progeny:
Primary families
Primary families
hosting siblings or
families: Primary
Primary families
hosting adult children
hosting aging parents/
other same-generation
families with vertical
hosting unmarried adult
with their own spouses/
parents-in-law, with
relatives with or
and horizontal
progeny at least
partners/children
or without the parents
without their own
extensions.
own spouses/partners
spouses/partners/
22 years of age
children
Growth in extended families

Extended families do not represent a new pattern of living arrangements in
American society; they were very common in the early decades of the 20th
century. Post-WWII modernization, economic prosperity, and public policies
weakened the ties and economic roles of extended families and made nuclear
families and independent households the preferred norm.12 In the 1940s, approximately 10 percent of families were doubled-up. By the 1970s, that percentage had
dropped to 2.5 percent.13 In recent decades, however, the number of extended
families has increased once more.14
Much of the growth of extended families, including those with adult children still
living with or moving back in with their parents, can be attributed to the Great
Recession, which has played a critical role in encouraging doubling-up among
those who have lost jobs, homes, income, and wealth or who have lacked the
economic opportunities necessary to begin their own households.15 High housing costs and the lack of jobs have increased the likelihood of many young single
adults living or returning to living with their parents.16 It is important to note,
however, that the growth of extended families has continued in the years following
the economic downturn. Much of this increase has also been fueled by continuing
immigration to the United States, especially from Latin America and Asia. The
greater propensity for family extension among people of color is often attributed
to family cohesiveness and patterns of support and mutual aid among family
members nurtured by their customs and cultures of origin.17 Previous studies suggest that immigrants may view household extension as a strategy to pool financial
resources and cope with a possible economic and housing disadvantage that
occurs when moving to a new country.18 Relatives who have migrated earlier may
be able to facilitate the adjustment process of newly arrived relatives and friends in
the host country through social and material support in the form of lodging, job
information, loans, legal protection, and language assistance.19
Figure 2 illustrates the growth of the U.S. population by family type since 2001.
Clearly, the population in extended families has grown faster than the population living in nuclear families and other types of families during the past decade and a half.
The population living in extended families increased from 58 million in 2001 to 85
million in 2014, whereas the number of people living in nuclear families has continued a downward trend, decreasing from 95 million in 2001 to 87 million in 2014.
FIGURE 1
Growth of population by family type, from 2001 to 2014

150
140
Total population
Single-parent family
Extended family
Nuclear family
Grandfamily
Married couple
130
120
110
100
90
80
2001
2003
2005
2007
2009
2011
2013
Source: Author's calculations based on data from Steven Ruggles and others, "Integrated Public Use Microdata Series: Version 6.0"
(Minneapolis: University of Minnesota, 2015), available at https://usa.ipums.org/usa/index.shtml.
Differences between extended families and nuclear families

Extended families are complex and differ from nuclear families in many respects.
They tend to be more racially and ethnically diverse, often contain multiple
generations and subfamilies, and are usually worse off economically than nuclear
families. Also, extended families are more likely to concentrate in metropolitan
areasin particular, in their central cities.
Extended families tend to be more racially and ethnically diverse

than nuclear families
Extended families differ from nuclear families in terms of race and ethnicity.20
People of color are present in larger proportions in extended families when
compared to nuclear families. (see Figure 2) The various types of family extension
differ in terms of racial and ethnic composition. (see Table A1) In particular, black
households tend to be overrepresented in downward vertical families; Latino
households are present in relatively larger proportions in horizontal families; and
Asian and Pacific Islander households are overrepresented in upward vertical

families. Not surprisingly, the proportion of families headed by a foreign-born
individual is larger among upward extended families and horizontal extended
families than in other family configurations.21
FIGURE 2
Race and ethnicity of head of household, by family type in 2014

Non-Hispanic white
Black
Latino
Other
68%
70%
60%
Asian/Pacific Islander
54%
50%
40%
30%
20%
16%
20%
16%
7%
10%
3%
7%
7%
2%
0%
Extended families
Nuclear families
Source: Author's calculations based on data from Steven Ruggles and others, "Integrated Public Use Microdata Series: Version 6.0" (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota, 2015), available at
https://usa.ipums.org/usa/index.shtml.
Extended families tend to be multigenerational and often comprise one

or more subfamilies
Multigenerational householdsthat is, households featuring three or more
generationstend to be common among extended families, especially among
downward extended families. (see Table A2) Typically, in a downward extended
family, the primary generation consists of grandparents hosting two generations:
their adult children and their grandchildren.22 Furthermore, 53 percent of upward
extended households are multigenerational. In these families, a primary family
consisting of two generationsparents and their own childrentypically hosts
a third generation: the grandparents. The complexity of extended families is often
augmented by the presence of multiple related subfamilies.23 The presence of subfamilies is particularly common in downward extended households83 percent
of downward extended families host one or more subfamilies
Extended families tend to be economically worse off than nuclear families

By and large, nuclear families enjoy higher household incomes and feature lower
poverty rates compared with extended families. (see Table A2) Horizontal
families and those with multiple extensions feature the lowest median household
incomes. The income distribution across nuclear and extended families is reflected
in the extent of poverty. Poverty rates are particularly pronounced among downward families and those with multiple extensions: 14 percent and 17 percent,
respectively, are living below the federal poverty line.
FIGURE 3
Median household income and poverty status, by family type in 2014

Median household income
$0
$20,000
$40,000
$60,000
$80,000
Nuclear families
Vertical
Downward:
adult progeny
Other
downward
Upward
Extended
families
Horizontal
Other
0%
4%
8%
12%
Share below the federal poverty line
16%
Extended families tend to reside in metropolitan areasin particular,

in their central cities
Extended families, especially upward and horizontal extended families, have a stronger tendency than nuclear families to reside in a metropolitan area. (see Table A2)
Most importantly, 13 percent of extended families reside in central cities, compared
to 8 percent of nuclear families.24 Figure 4 illustrates the size and percentage growth
of the population living in extended families in the 10 metropolitan areas featuring

the largest concentrations of extended families. The largest concentrations of individuals living in extended families can be found in such high-cost metropolitan areas
as New York, with 7 million individuals living in extended families, and Los Angeles,
with 5.4 million individuals living in extended families. Not surprisingly, these
two areas also host the largest concentrations of foreign-born populations, as they
have historically served as major ports of entry for newcomers to the United States.
Another eight metropolitan areas each feature more than 1 million individuals living in extended families: Atlanta; Chicago; Dallas; Houston; Miami; Philadelphia;
Riverside-San Bernardino; and Washington, D.C. All 10 metropolitan areas have
experienced a remarkable growth of the population living in extended families
during the past 10 years. The growth has been particularly pronounced in Miami,
Washington, Dallas, and Atlanta.
FIGURE 4
Population in extended families in selected Metropolitan

Statistical Areas, 20052014
Population in 2014
0
1,000,000 2,000,000 3,000,000 4,000,000 5,000,000 6,000,000 7,000,000
New York
Los Angeles
Chicago
Miami
Houston
Dallas
Philadelphia
Washington, D.C.
RiversideSan Bernardino
Atlanta
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
Percentage change, between 2005 and 2014

The characteristics of extended families vary based

on geographic context
Extended families in the top 10 metropolitan areas above exhibit distinct characteristics that reflect the demographic and economic makeup of each geographic
area. (see Table A3, Appendix) Downward extended families represent the most
typical configuration in all 10 areas but particularly in Philadelphia and Chicago,
where this type of family represents more than 60 percent of all extended families.
In general, large proportions of horizontal families and families with multiple
extensions are common in areas with large and growing immigrant populations.
This is particularly clear in areas such as Los Angeles, Washington, D.C., Dallas,
Atlanta, and Houston.
In all 10 metropolitan areaswith the exception of Philadelphiapeople of color
are particularly prevalent among extended families. (see Figure 5) The percentage of extended families headed by blacks is particularly pronounced in Atlanta,
Philadelphia, and Washington, mirroring the overall racial distribution of the population in these areas. Latino families represent large proportions of extended families
in Los Angeles, Riverside-San Bernardino, and Miami, as well as in Houston, Dallas,
and Chicago. The largest percentages of extended families headed by Asians and
Pacific Islanders can be found in Los Angeles, New York, and Washington.
Median household income and poverty rates also vary across metropolitan areas and
reflect local overall income distributions. Areas such as New York and Washington
feature the highest median household incomes among extended families. It is worth
noting that in all 10 areas the median household income of extended families is
much lower than that of nuclear families. In Miami and Riverside-San Bernardino,
poverty rates for extended families are particularly high compared to the national
average13 percent versus 10 percent nationwide.
FIGURE 5
Distribution of extended families by race and ethnicity

In the metropolitan statistical areas with the largest presence of extended families
Non-Hispanic white
Black
Latino
Other
Atlanta
Chicago
Dallas
Houston
Low Angeles
Miami
New York
Philadelphia
Washington, D.C.
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Source: Author's calculations based on 2012, 2013, and 2014 data from Steven Ruggles and others, "Integrated Public Use Microdata
Series: Version 6.0" (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota, 2015), available at https://usa.ipums.org/usa/index.shtml.
Housing conditions
of extended families
The housing needs of the increasing number of extended families are not being
fully met by the current housing market. This is clear when the housing characteristics of extended families are compared with those of nuclear families.
Renting is more common among extended families than

among nuclear families
The large majority of both nuclear and extended families own their homes. (see
Table A4) The percentage of renters, however, is much higher among horizontal
extended families, at 48 percent, and families with multiple extensions, at 42 percent, than among other types of family configurations. The larger propensity to rent
among extended families partly reflects their relatively larger presence in central cities, which has a higher concentration of rental properties than the suburbs, as well
as their relatively lower median household income compared to nuclear families.
Larger percentages of extended families reside in multifamily

and manufactured housing
While 83 percent of nuclear families reside in single-family homes, only 76
percent of extended families do so. Horizontal extended families have the lowest
rates of residing in single-family homes, at 66 percent. (see Table A4) Compared
with nuclear families, larger percentages of extended families occupy two-unit to
four-unit structures and multifamily structures. It is worth noting that the percentage of families residing in multifamily housing is particularly pronounced among
horizontal extended families. (see Figure 6) In addition, 11 percent of horizontal
extended families reside in two-unit to four-unit structures. Extended families are
also more likely than nuclear families to reside in manufactured housing.
FIGURE 6
Selected housing characteristics of extended and nuclear families in 2014

Rent
Multifamily
Underhoused
50%
Extended families
48%
42%
40%
Vertical
31%
30%
27%
26%
23%
20%
17%
13%
10%
8%
6%
8%
12%
11%
13%
11%
7%
7%
3%
0%
Nuclear families
Downward:
adult progeny
Other
downward
Upward
Horizontal
Other
Source: Author's calculations based on data from Steven Ruggles and others, "Integrated Public Use Microdata Series: Version 6.0" (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota, 2015), available at
https://usa.ipums.org/usa/index.shtml.
Extended families homes tend to be older

Extended families are more likely than nuclear families to occupy older housing
units. (see Table A4) Forty-four percent of extended families reside in homes
built before 1970, compared with 33 percent of nuclear families. Only 14 percent
of extended families reside in new housing unitsthose built since 2000compared with 25 percent of nuclear families. The fact that extended families tend
to occupy older units is not surprising given their large presence in central cities
and their relatively lower income. In addition, many older unitssuch as those
built in prewar years in cities such as New York and Chicagooffer more space
because they were originally designed for extended families. These families often
sheltered multiple generations, boarders, and/or servants.25 Despite their larger
size, however, older units may not feature the more adequate physical conditions
and energy efficiency of newer properties.
Extended families tend to be underhoused

Despite their larger presence in older units that in some cases may be more spacious, certain types of extended families tend to be underhoused and tend to
enjoy much less per capita space than nuclear families. A family is regarded as
underhoused if its members exceed current occupancy standards of no more than
two persons per bedroom. Twenty-four percent of extended families comprise
four or more adults occupying the same home, compared with just 3 percent of
nuclear families. Yet it is more common for nuclear families than extended families
to occupy homes with a large number of bedrooms, which translates into more
privacy. For instance, 26 percent of horizontal extended families occupy two-bedroom housing units, compared with only 15 percent of nuclear families.
Furthermore, members of extended families tend to occupy dwellings in which
per capita space is much smaller than that typically enjoyed by people in nuclear
families, particularly among those living in downward and horizontal extended
families. Approximately 6 percent of nuclear families are considered underhoused
whereas up to 13 percent and 12 percent of downward and horizontal families,
respectively, are underhoused. These families would need to move to a unit with
more bedrooms in order to meet the U.S. occupancy standard of two persons per
bedroom. Underhoused families tend to rent their homes and their median square
footage per person drops considerably.
Underhousing is more common among people of color,

especially those living in extended families
Among both nuclear and extended families, Latino families most often experience
underhousing. Forty-eight percent of underhoused extended families are Latino.
Among horizontal families, this percentage increases to 56 percent. In addition,
Asians and Pacific Islanders and those who are foreign-born feature large percentages among underhoused upward families22 percent and 61 percent, respectively.
Higher underhousing rates among people of color and those who are foreign born
may signal dynamics of a different nature, from cultural heritage to economic
necessity. In a 1996 article, Dowell Myers, William C. Baer, and Seong-Youn
Choi argued that this propensity is greater in Asian American and Latino households compared to non-Hispanic whites, suggesting that racial and ethnic groups
have different notions of privacy and prioritize housing choices differently.26 For
instance, some individuals may be willing to sacrifice personal privacy in exchange

for the companionship and support offered by relatives. Others may feel obligated
to cohabit and take care of kin because of cultural and/or religious norms and
beliefs. Yet others may be willing to tolerate higher housing density in return for
the opportunity to live in better quality neighborhoods and in closer proximity to
services, public transportation, and ethnic resources.27 On the other hand, underhousing among these groups may represent an unavoidable condition stemming
from pure necessity, such as a financial emergency, an abrupt relocation, and/or a
shortage of available affordable housing options, especially in metropolitan areas
where these types of households tend to be concentrated.
FIGURE 7
Distribution of underhoused extended families by race and ethnicity

In the metropolitan statistical areas with the largest presence of extended families
Non-Hispanic white
Black
Latino
Other
Atlanta
Chicago
Dallas
Houston
Low Angeles
Miami
New York
Philadelphia
Washington, D.C.
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Underhousing is a problem for many extended families in metropolitan

areas, especially among people of color
The percentage of underhoused extended families is higher than the national
average7 percentin all 10 metropolitan areas with the largest concentrations
of extended families with the exception of Atlanta, Philadelphia, and Washington,
D.C. In Los Angeles in particular, 19 percent of all extended families would have
to move to a housing unit with more bedrooms in order to comply with the occupancy standard of two persons per bedroom. (see Table A5) In all metropolitan
areas, significant disparities exist across racial and ethnic groups with regards to
the proportion of extended families that can be considered underhoused. (see
Figure 7) In Los Angeles and Riverside-San Bernardino, more than 75 percent of
underhoused extended families are Latino. In Atlanta and Miami, black families
represent large percentages of underhoused extended families43 percent and
38 percent, respectively. Large percentages of underhoused extended families
that are headed by Asians and Pacific Islanders can be found in New York and
Philadelphia17 percent and 16 percent, respectively.
The housing conditions of extended families vary across

metropolitan areas
The housing conditions of extended families vary based on the market in which
they reside. As mentioned above, the largest concentrations of extended families
can be found in New York and Los Angeles, two of the most expensive housing
markets in the nation. In each of these areas, more than 40 percent of extended
families rent their homes. (see Table A5, Appendix) In New York, 48 percent of
extended families occupy a multifamily unit: 21 percent reside in two-unit to fourunit housing structures and 27 percent reside in larger multifamily structures.28
Residing in two-unit to four-unit housing structures is also common among
extended families living in the Chicago metropolitan area, where this type of
housing is prevalent, at 15 percent. In both Los Angeles and Miami, 20 percent of
extended families reside in multifamily housing. The majority of extended families
living in Chicago, Los Angeles, New York, and Philadelphia reside in older housing unitsthose built before 1970. Well more than one-third of extended families
in Los Angeles and New York occupy homes with no more than two bedrooms.
There is a demand-supply mismatch in housing for

extended families
It is difficult to discern the reasons why so many disparities exist between the housing conditions of nuclear families and those of extended families. Compared with
nuclear families, smaller proportions of extended families own their homes, reside
in single-family housing, and live in newer buildings. In addition, larger proportions
of extended families are underhoused, based on U.S. occupancy standards, and
enjoy smaller per capita space. Underhousing could be the result of several factors
stemming from either choice or necessity, as discussed above. Also, underhousing could be perceived as a problem by some, while others may not consider it as
such. Nonetheless, regardless of the voluntary or involuntary nature of household
extension and varying degrees of tolerance for density among families coming from
different cultural backgrounds, a housing market that keeps pace with demographic
and social changes should be able to accommodate the needs and housing choices of
the whole population, including the growing number of extended families.
The supply of available housing units capable of accommodating underhoused
extended families may not be sufficient, may not be located where these families
are concentrated and desire to live, or may not be affordable. Most important, the
demand-supply mismatch acquires more significance if one takes into account
the fact that other types of households are underhoused and thus compete with
extended families for the available units able to accommodate their household
size and needs. Center for American Progress analysis of American Community
Survey data indicates that 5.2 million U.S. households could have been considered
underhoused in 2014. (see Table 1) Nearly 1.4 million extended families represent 26 percent of all underhoused households and would have to compete with
3.8 million other households for larger housing units.
A gap exists between the number of underhoused households and the number of
vacant housing units that are for rent or for sale and could accommodate them.
About 4.4 million vacant units were for sale or for rent in 2014. These units, however, included homes of different sizes. About 2.6 million of these units comprised
homes with no more than two bedrooms. Furthermore, the majority of those
with three or more bedrooms were for sale only. As the Joint Center for Housing
Studies has illustrated, affordable rental units that can accommodate larger
families are particularly difficult to find. Larger rental units are generally more
expensive than smaller units and many of the larger units affordable to extremely
low-income households are occupied by higher-income households.29
As discussed above, extended families feature household incomes that are typically
much lower than those of nuclear families.30 Lower incomes often translate into
higher propensities to rent. Therefore, assuming that the 1.5 million underhoused
households with five or more members, including 618,442 extended families, were
to move to a rental unit with at least three bedrooms, the number of vacant units for
rent with three or more bedrooms773,000would not be sufficient.
TABLE 1A
Housing characteristics of underhoused households,

by type of household
Type of household
Extended family
Other households
Total
Underhoused
1,388,237
3,844,816
5,233,053
Five or more people in household
1,068,492
1,143,486
2,211,978
618,442
910,353
1,528,795
19,525,789
97,735,077
117,260,866
Living in a home with two bedrooms or fewer

Total households
Source: Authors calculations based on data from Steven Ruggles and others, Integrated Public Use Microdata Series: Version 6.0
TABLE 1B
Vacant housing units for rent

Number of bedrooms
Studio and one bedroom
Two bedrooms
For rent
995,562
1,194,487
Three bedrooms
616,657
Four bedrooms and more
156,593
Total
2,963,299
Source: Authors calculations based on data from Steven Ruggles and others, Integrated Public Use Microdata Series: Version 6.0
The demand-supply mismatch comes in different forms based

on geographic area.
The supply of available units that can accommodate the needs of underhoused
extended families varies across metropolitan areas in terms of size, affordability,
and location.
Housing stock size

Lets consider, for example, the needs of underhoused extended families with
five or more members. (see Table A6, Appendix) In each of the 10 metropolitan
areas with the largest concentrations of extended families, underhoused extended
families of five or more individuals represent a very large percentage of all underhoused households of the same size. They represent more than half of all underhoused families in Los Angeles, Miami, New York, Philadelphia, Riverside-San
Bernardino, and Washington, D.C. Not all metropolitan areas, however, present
a severe shortage of vacant units for rent or sale that could accommodate these
families. Two areas, Atlanta and Philadelphia, feature a surplus of vacant units
with three or more bedrooms that could accommodate all underhoused families
of five or more people. In other areas, such as Chicago, Houston, Miami, and
Washington, the number of vacant units with three or more bedrooms outnumber extended families but would not be sufficient to also accommodate all other
underhoused families. The shortage of vacant units able to accommodate underhoused families of five or more is particularly acute in Los Angeles, New York,
and, to a smaller extent, Dallas and Riverside-San Bernardino. Los Angeles and
New York are high-demand and high-cost markets.
FIGURE 8
Underhoused extended families of five and more members who could not afford a home
with at least three bedrooms in 2014
Share of underhoused extended families
who could not afford rent
Share of underhoused extended families

who could not afford owner costs
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Atlanta
Chicago
Dallas
Houston
Los
Angeles
Miami
New York
Philadelphia
Riverside- Washington,
San Bernardino
D.C.
Source: Author's calculations based on 2012, 2013, and 2014 data from Steven Ruggles and others, "Integrated Public Use Microdata Series: Version 6.0" (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota,
2015), available at https://usa.ipums.org/usa/index.shtml.
Affordability
Affordability represents a critical barrier in most metropolitan areas. Based on current average rental and owner costs for homes with three or more bedrooms, at least
one-third of underhoused extended families in each of the 10 metropolitan areas
with the highest concentration of extended families would not be able to afford to
rent or own a larger home.31 At least half of underhoused families of five individuals or more in Houston, Miami, and Riverside-San Bernardino would not be able
to afford to rent a larger home. The percentage of these families is 61 percent in Los
Angeles. Furthermore, the proportions of families that could not afford to purchase
a home with three or more bedrooms is even higher across the board, particularly in
Los Angeles, New York, Miami, and Houston. Even in areas where there are available units for underhoused extended families and other types of households, some
are out of reach for families that cannot afford renting or purchasing them.
Location
Location represents another important challenge contributing to the demand-supply mismatch in most metropolitan areas. In these areas, available vacant units tend
not to be located where demand is concentrated. Atlanta and Philadelphia represent
the exception. A Geographic Information Systems analysis of extended families and
vacant housing stock helps illustrate the spatial mismatch between demand and
supply of vacant housing units for underhoused extended families in the other eight
metropolitan areas with the largest concentrations of extended families.
Typically, in these areas newer and larger homesthose with at least three
bedroomstend to be located in the outskirts of the metropolitan area and in
more affluent neighborhoods, whereas extended families tend to be concentrated
in central neighborhoods and those featuring large numbers of people of color,
those who are foreign-born, and lower-income families. The maps in the figures
below illustrate the density of extended families and the supply of vacant housing units in each metropolitan area. In particular, the dots illustrate the density of
extended families: Each dot represents 300 families to 600 families, depending on
the metropolitan area. The density of extended families is overlaid on a graduatedcolor map illustrating the ratio of vacant units with three or more bedrooms to
the number of underhoused extended families of five or more individualsthose
who would have to move to a unit with at least three bedrooms in order to be
adequately housed. The methodology and the data used for the Geographic
Information Systems analysis are discussed in the Appendix.
In general, dark red denotes an acute shortage of vacant units whereas dark blue
indicates a larger supply of available units. Overall, the density of underhoused
extended families is more pronounced in neighborhoods where the supply of
vacant units with three or more bedrooms is very limited. In Los Angeles and New
York, two high-demand and high-cost areas, the spatial mismatch is particularly
evident. (see Figures 9 and 10) In these areas, the majority of extended families
reside in neighborhoods where there is a trivial supply of available units with three
or more bedrooms.
Similar patterns can be observed in the Riverside-San Bernardino metropolitan

area. (see Figure 11)
In Chicago, large concentrations of extended families can be found both in

northwestern neighborhoods with large immigrant populationspredominantly
Latino and Asian Americanand in South Side Chicago, which features a large
concentration of black families. (see Figure 12) The supply of available units with
three or more bedrooms is particularly limited in the Cicero neighborhood, as
well as other predominantly Latino and Asian American areas.
In both Dallas and Houston, extended families seem to be more geographically dispersed than in other metropolitan areas. (see Figures 13 and 14) Many
extended families can be found in the suburbs. Yet the supply of available units is
limited in the central parts of both areas, where immigrants and people of color
tend to be concentrated.
In the Washington, D.C., metropolitan area, extended families are concentrated

mostly in the suburbs, particularly in Montgomery County and northern Virginia,
mirroring the suburban settlement patterns of immigrants in the area. (see Figure
15) Not surprisingly, the supply of available units is particularly limited in these
same areas outside of the District of Columbia.
In Miami, large clusters of extended families can be found in the areas surrounding
the city of Miamiareas that are characterized by large concentrations of blacks
and Latinos. (see Figure 16) In these areas, the supply of available vacant units
tends to be more limited than in other parts of the metropolitan area.
Recommendations
It is important to rethink the issues raised by the housing needs of extended
households, as this type of living arrangement is becoming more common in
American society due to demographic changes. More attention is being devoted
by developers nationwide to the proliferation of extended and multigenerational
families and several pioneering housing developments have emerged to accommodate these families. A number of homebuilders across the country, including
Lennar, Maracay Homes, Standard Pacific Homes, and Franciscus Homes, have
seized the opportunity to expand the production of new residential products
designed specifically with the multigenerational and extended family in mind.32
These large homes usually feature multiple separate entries; a separate laundry
and kitchenette; a direct-entry private full bath; and a separate living room and
master bedroom. Such developments, however, tend to be exclusive as they are in
the very high price range. The aim, therefore, should be to rethink incentives and
ways of providing a greater number of housing options in the residential landscape by making the most efficient and sustainable use of housing and infrastructure that are already in place.
Encourage local jurisdictions to broaden housing code and land

use regulations to support the development and legalization
of accessory dwelling units
Local jurisdictions should broaden their housing code and land use regulations to
support the development of accessory dwelling units, which have the potential to
increase the supply of affordable housing in areas featuring large concentrations of
extended and multigenerational families. Accessory dwelling units, or ADUs, are
independent housing units that have their own kitchens, bathrooms, and living
areas, and are generally developed using underutilized space within a lot. This can
be in the form of a garage, storage building, basement, backyard cottage, or an
attic.33 ADUs are also known as secondary units, in-laws, or granny flats.34
ADUs have been a subject of interest and controversy for several decades.
Proponents usually argue that ADUs represent a flexible form of housing that
might contribute to affordable housing, housing older persons, and reducing the
environmental effect of housing. Those opposing ADU development have consistently voiced concerns over parking problems, crowding, and declining property
values. The few existing systematic studies on ADUs published to date, however,
provide support for the model.35 Most important, ADUs help increase a communitys housing supply and because they cost less than a new single-family home on
a separate lot, they potentially represent an affordable housing option for many
low- and moderate-income residents.36 ADUs have the potential to meet the housing needs of different groups, including multigenerational and extended families. In
particular, elderly persons who want to live close to family members or caregivers,
empty nesters, and young adults find ADUs convenient and affordable. ADUs are
well-suited for low-income families, including those with young children, because
they tend to be relatively large, at least for a rental; provide direct access to outdoor
yards; and are often located in neighborhoods well served with schools and parks.37
ADUs could be a sound solution for underhoused families whose members have
the desire or necessity to live near each other. In addition to increasing the supply
of affordable housing, ADUs can benefit homeowners by providing extra income
that can assist in mitigating increases in the cost of living, especially in high-cost
metropolitan areas and gentrifying neighborhoods. Growing demand for affordable housing has led increasing numbers of communities across the country to
adopt flexible zoning codes within low-density areas in order to boost the production of affordable housing supply. A few cities have recently considered loosening
restrictions on ADU development, including San Francisco;38 St. Paul; Seattle;39
Portland, Oregon;40 Austin; and Washington, D.C.,41 among others. Local jurisdictions interested in loosening restrictions on ADU development should refer to the
strategies adopted by Vancouver, British Columbia, Portland, and other cities that
have implemented this model so far.42
Vancouvers laneways: An example

Vancouver, British Columbia, features the largest number of ADUs in North America.43 In
Vancouver, one-third of single-family houses have legal ADUs, or laneways, as they are
called in the area. Vancouver has created a very permissive policy, which allows ADUs
to be built on almost all single-family lots. In addition, the city has recently proposed
the laneway apartment building, a model in which property owners could build miniapartment buildings up to six stories tall facing the alleys. In this model, the units must
be rentals and at least half must have two or more bedrooms, in order to make room
for families. ADUs have also become common in the suburbs of Vancouver in both
working-class and higher-income areas.
The city had started legalizing thousands of existing, but illegal, ADUs in the late
1980s.44 Over time, ADUs became increasingly popular as Vancouver simplified the
process for homeowners interested in developing these types of units. Developers
can obtain a permit without seeking any approval from neighbors and owners are not
required to occupy one of the units on the property. In addition, the city awards additional occupancy limits for each dwelling on a property, and provides great flexibility
in terms of size, height, and placement of each ADU. Each ADU, however, has to have
its own off-street parking space. Vancouvers rules apply all across the city, not just in
certain so-called hot neighborhoods. Therefore, every homeowner in a single-family
zone has the right to build an ADU.45
Bring secondary units currently deemed substandard to code

Allowing the development of new ADUs by private owners does not guarantee
the addition of a significant number of new affordable units to the existing housing stock, especially if financing is a challenge. It is important that cities featuring a
shortage of affordable housing and a limited supply of units able to accommodate
the housing needs of extended families also consider making the best use of the
existing stock. For instance, cities should consider bringing secondary units now
deemed substandard to code.
In high-cost cities such as New York, San Francisco, and Los Angeles, the
shortage of affordable rental units has spurred a wave of informal conversions
of basements and garages into residential units that do not comply with city
code, especially with regards to safety.46 Illegal conversions typically involve the
modification of an existing one- or two-family home by adding an apartment in

the basement or attic. Sometimes, several dwelling units are added to a home. In
New York, this phenomenon is particularly acute among the South Asian community, which is largely concentrated in the borough of Queens. As a result of
their immigration status and a lack of awareness about tenant rights, South Asian
Americans have been particularly affected by municipal crackdowns on illegal
conversions and speculative landlords. Unfortunately, these crackdowns have not
provided any suitable alternatives. South Asian Americans, as mentioned above,
often share homes to reduce costs as well as to be close to family and community.
Bringing informal units to code would be a first step to provide affordable housing to these families in the short run. The longer-term solution is the development of more affordable housing that can accommodate larger family sizes, as the
next recommendation discusses.
Encourage the development and preservation

of larger affordable units
Given the variety of housing supply and demographic profiles across different
municipalities, policymakers need to make the most efficient and sustainable use
of housing and infrastructure that are already in place in each geographic area.
Incentives should be designed to encourage the development of larger units,
or units with three or more bedrooms, with programs such as the Low Income
Housing Tax Credit program, by adjusting the Qualifying Allocation Plans, or
by providing density or other types of bonuses.47 Development strategies should
include conversion and rehabilitation strategies to put properties back into use,
such as prewar apartment buildings, hotels, and other vacant properties that
could be adapted to home sharing. In high-demand and high-cost areas such as
Los Angeles and New York, which host the largest concentrations of extended
families, mandatory inclusionary zoning should continue to be encouraged, by
paying particular attention to the development of both micro-units and larger
units in multifamily housing.48
In cities with a growing young and single population, including college towns, more
attention should be paid to opportunities to filter large units down to larger households through the development of micro-units. Micro-units and, in some cases,
expanded college dormitory housing would be helpful in freeing existing larger units
that are currently occupied by households that could reside in smaller homes. Cities
such as Boston have already espoused such concepts.49 The development of microunits serves the affordable housing needs of Millennials, a growing segment of the
population. Most important, it is believed that the addition of these units to the
housing stock can free other units that better suit the needs of larger households.
In addition, existing single-family rental properties that are owned by private
investors should be kept affordable for their tenants, including extended families,
as recommended by a recent CAP report, An Opportunity Agenda for Renters:
The Case for Simultaneous Investments in Residential Mobility and Low-Income
Communities.50 Finally, as home-sharing among extended families is often the
result of economic necessity and a shortage of affordable housing, it is critical to
boost the availability of Housing Choice vouchers for these families.
Preserve small rental properties

Small rental propertiesbuildings with two to four unitsoften have more room
and greater flexibility than single-family homes and apartments and are more
suitable for housing more than one family. Asian American realtors have noted
that Asian American homebuyers often purchase duplexes or multiple apartments
in order to accommodate their large families.51 Two-family, three-family, and
four-family properties make up 19 percent of all rental housing and an even larger
share of affordable rental housing, according to the Urban Institute.52 These types
of homes are particularly common in areas such as Chicago and New York, where
extended families are concentrated.
An additional challenge to the two-unit to four-unit property stock is that many of
these units are at risk of being lost due to the foreclosure crisis. In Chicago, nearly
one-third of two-unit to four-unit properties located in low-income communities
were foreclosed on during the foreclosure crisis.53 As for foreclosed properties
in low-income neighborhoods, with limited financing available for prospective
owner occupants and nonprofits to buy and rehabilitate these properties, many
of which are likely in serious disrepair, it is possible that they will sit abandoned
or be purchased by a cash buyer who is less likely to invest in high-quality rehabilitation.54 It is important that existing two-unit to four-unit properties that were
foreclosed on are put back into the market and that affordable two-unit to fourunit rentals are preserved.55
The Government-sponsored enterprises can provide leadership in the two-unit

to four-unit housing market to help address the needs of underserved markets.
Freddie Macs Home Possible Mortgages are an example of the products that
could be used for properties with two to four units.56 Freddie Mac should continue to improve its outreach efforts in order to promote this type of mortgage
product. As the Urban Institute has recommended, in order to preserve the
two-unit to four-unit segment of the rental market, the government-sponsored
enterprises should be encouraged to relax current loan-to-value requirements
and provide counseling services for landlords.57 In addition, the Federal Housing
Administration, Fannie Mae, and Freddie Mac should be encouraged to sell the
distressed loans associated with two-unit to four-unit properties to nonprofits and
local governments that could raise the funds to rehabilitate them and make them
available to their local communities.58
Continue supporting homeownership

Local markets with large concentrations of extended households feature a shortage
of affordable homeownership opportunities. This is a particularly acute problem
among Latino and Asian American households, which tend to be concentrated
in geographic areas where the housing inventory is thin, according to Latino and
Asian American realtors.59 Even real estate owned properties can be out of reach of
many of these households.60 Credit access is also a significant problem for extended
households interested in homeownership. Often, they are first-time homebuyers
and do not have the financial resources for mortgage payments. Pooled resources
could address this problem, but not all lenders take nonborrower income into
account when calculating debt-to-income ratios. According to a Fannie Mae study,
borrowers may be denied a loan due to debt-to-income constraints that underestimate their actual resources, which could include those coming from members
of their extended households.61 Fannie Mae has introduced a product that makes
it easier for extended families to approach the mortgage market. HomeReady is
a promising mortgage product that is built for todays variety of households by
including, for example, greater income flexibility.62 In particular, HomeReady takes
nonborrower income into account during the underwriting process. Fannie Mae
and Freddie Mac should continue exploring and refining ways to safely facilitate
lending to the extended family segment of the market.
Explore and fund pilot programs for the development

of affordable flexible homes
More effort should be put into devising a housing stock that is more flexible and
sustainable. In a continuously changing demographic context, it is difficult to exactly
predict what the future needs of the population will be. The United States is already
experiencing several pressures related to the shortage of affordable housing in a
society where the gap between the haves and have-nots continues to widen. The
Baby Boom generation may soon have to face an inadequate supply of housing that
is affordable, safe, and accessible and provides access to support services for an aging
population. Many seniors may move out of their suburban single-family housing
units to be closer to their families and to support resources. Furthermore, growing
immigrant populations coming from cultures in which home-sharing is the norm
will pose more challenges to the housing market, which does not seem to be prepared to meet the needs of increasingly diverse types of households. Pilot programs
should be funded to introduce innovative solutions such as flexible housing in the
United States in order to address the changing housing needs of extended and multigenerational families and other types of households.
Flexible housing
In countries such as Canada and the United Kingdom, which are experiencing demographic changes that are very similar to those experienced in the United States, some
innovative types of homebuilding have been introduced in order to better accommodate growing numbers of very diverse households. Similar efforts have taken place
in Germany, in order to accommodate the growing and diverse refugee population.63
These efforts fall into the rubric of flexible housingthat is, housing that can adapt to
the changing needs of its residents and to accommodate varying household sizes.64
Behind the notion of flexible housing is the assumption that as demographics and
populations change, household size and user group needs change as well. Supporters
of flexible housing argue that the present system of designing affordable housing for
a specific user groupfor example, efficiency and one-bedroom units for seniors or
young singlesdoes not allow for changes that naturally occur as the residents age
and evolve. In the example of independent seniors, the efficiency or one-bedroom floor
plan does not take into consideration the real possibility that seniors may find themselves as the legal guardian of their grandchildren, their own aging parents, or both,
or may themselves eventually need a live-in caregiver. Flexible housing encompasses
different options, including the ability to modify ones housing layout over time based
on changing demographics and the potential to incorporate new technologies.65
Flexible housing provides the ability to reconfigure a homes interior walls with minimal
effort and expense in order to meet the evolving needs of the household. This building option can be applied to different types of dwellings, including single-family units.
Proponents of flexible housing claim that it could be a cost-effective solution to the
shortage of affordable housing in order to benefit the many thousands of families that
struggle to find low-cost housing that suits their needs. In particular, the development
of flexible housing may be more cost-effective than renovating older buildings and
modifying existing floor plans. Flexible housing provides a viable long-term solution
to the challenges of affordable housing by incorporating flexibility and sustainability
into the design from the outset. Similar to tenant improvement modifications in office
buildings, the structure of the flexible housing model provides for nonloadbearing
interior walls. Any initial increase in cost to build the structural envelope is offset over
time by the ability to modify the plan as needed rather than perform major renovations
as is typical today. Additionally, flexible housing lends itself well to the current planning
thrust to develop denser housing around transit hubs.66
Conclusion
Todays American households are increasingly becoming more diverse, as a growing segment of the population is living in larger, extended families. These changes
have important implications for housing, as the existing housing stock is less
suited to the realities of todays modern households, particularly for the greater
number of adults who live together as part of extended and multigenerational
families. There is a need for policies to account for often-overlooked demographic
changes and to support the development and preservation of affordable housing
that best suits the needs of extended families.
Appendix: Methodology
The results presented in this report are based on analyses of data from the
American Community Survey, or ACS, and American Housing Survey, or AHS.
Specifically, most descriptive statistics presented in the tables below were calculated with ACS data contained in the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series.67
Data were extracted for the period from 2001 to 2014.
In addition, per capita square footage was calculated with data extracted from the
AHS 2013 National Public Use File.68 The Geographic Information Systems analysis of extended families is based on 2012, 2013, and 2014 ACS Public Use Micro
Sample data from the U.S. Census Bureau. The maps illustrate geographic distributions by 2010 Public Use Microdata Areasstatistical geographic areas defined
for the dissemination of individual-level ACS data. These areas typically contain at
least 100,000 people. In order to minimize estimation biases due to small Public
Use Micro Sample samples for individual metropolitan areas, the Geographic
Information Systems analysis pools individual-level ACS data for three consecutive years: 2012, 2013, and 2014.
TABLE A1
Selected demographic and economic characteristics of nuclear and extended families

Extended families
Characteristics
Vertical
Nuclear families
Horizontal
Other
2,712,632
2,882,389
2,548,633
52%
49%
41%
47%
14%
19%
12%
18%
21%
16%
15%
22%
22%
29%
24%
7%
6%
4%
14%
9%
5%
Other
2%
2%
3%
3%
3%
3%
Foreign born head of household
20%
20%
22%
32%
31%
25%
Linguistically isolated family
5%
2%
3%
8%
10%
7%
Median age of head of household
41
58
60
45
41
48
One generation
0%
0%
0%
0%
47%
41%
Two generations
100%
100%
11%
47%
44%
44%
Three or more generations
0%
0%
88%
53%
9%
15%
One or more subfamilies
0%
0%
83%
15%
17%
27%
$85,000
$72,800
$68,600
$72,000
$61,200
$58,000
Share in poverty
8%
7%
14%
9%
12%
17%
Share in metropolitan areas
78%
81%
78%
85%
85%
79%
Share in central city, if metropolitan area
8%
12%
12%
13%
16%
14%
86,873,951
31,440,766
15,772,479
12,114,897
13,632,587
11,723,540
Downward:
Adult progeny
Other
downward
Upward
21,033,534
8,654,936
2,727,199
Non-Hispanic white
68%
63%
Black
7%
Latino
Total families
Race and ethnicity of head of household
Total population
Source: Authors calculations based on data from Steven Ruggles and others, Integrated Public Use Microdata Series: Version 6.0 (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota, 2015), available at https://usa.
ipums.org/usa/index.shtml.
TABLE A2
Demographic and economic characteristics of extended families in selected metropolitan areas

RiversideWashington,
San
D.C.
Bernardino
Characteristics
Atlanta
Chicago
Dallas
Houston
Los Angeles
Miami
New York
Philadelphia
Total extended
families
346,257
658,362
412,049
419,773
1,124,809
444,026
1,651,732
423,618
340,191
387,636
Downward
55%
61%
53%
54%
54%
51%
58%
63%
56%
53%
Upward
14%
13%
15%
15%
15%
20%
16%
13%
16%
16%
Horizontal
and other
31%
26%
32%
31%
31%
29%
26%
24%
28%
31%
Non-Hispanic
white
41%
47%
41%
30%
24%
22%
39%
59%
32%
35%
Black
42%
22%
18%
21%
7%
25%
22%
24%
8%
34%
Latino
9%
23%
32%
39%
49%
49%
25%
9%
50%
17%
Asian/Pacific
Islander
6%
7%
7%
9%
18%
3%
12%
6%
8%
12%
Other
1%
1%
2%
2%
2%
1%
2%
2%
3%
2%
Foreign born
21%
31%
31%
39%
58%
59%
46%
15%
41%
37%
Linguistically
isolated
3%
4%
10%
10%
10%
12%
9%
4%
5%
5%
Median age of
head of household
53
55
52
52
53
54
55
55
53
54
Three or more
generations in
the household
24%
23%
27%
27%
25%
25%
21%
21%
30%
24%
One or more
subfamilies in the
household
19%
18%
23%
23%
22%
18%
17%
16%
25%
19%
Extended
families
$64,000
$75,000
$71,200
$69,000
$70,000
$59,000
$81,800
$79,000
$68,000
$102,960
Nuclear
families
$89,000
$98,500
$91,000
$89,300
$85,000
$75,000
$107,000
$111,400
$70,900
$130,000
11%
9%
10%
11%
11%
13%
9%
9%
13%
5%
Type of
extended family
Race and ethnicity
Share in poverty
Source: Authors calculations based on data from Steven Ruggles and others, Integrated Public Use Microdata Series: Version 6.0 (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota, 2015), available at https://usa.ipums.org/usa/
index.shtml.
TABLE A3A
Selected housing characteristics of nuclear and extended families

Extended families
Characteristics
Vertical
Nuclear families
Horizontal
Other
2,712,632
2,882,389
2,548,633
74%
69%
52%
58%
23%
26%
31%
48%
42%
83%
81%
80%
76%
66%
71%
Two to four units
5%
6%
6%
8%
11%
9%
Multifamily
8%
8%
7%
11%
17%
13%
Manufactured
5%
5%
8%
5%
6%
7%
1949 and earlier
14%
19%
20%
17%
21%
21%
1950s to 1960s
18%
26%
26%
23%
25%
24%
1970s to 1990s
42%
44%
43%
41%
40%
41%
2000s and later
25%
12%
12%
19%
14%
15%
4.0
3.1
4.9
3.9
4.0
4.0
Two adults
83%
31%
18%
30%
36%
44%
Three adults
14%
48%
40%
45%
35%
36%
Four or more adults
3%
21%
42%
25%
29%
20%
Studio and one bedroom
3%
3%
2%
4%
5%
4%
Two bedrooms
15%
19%
14%
20%
26%
23%
Three bedrooms
45%
47%
47%
40%
41%
44%
Four or more bedrooms
38%
31%
37%
37%
27%
29%
450
503
309
400
333
338
Downward:
Adult progeny
Other
downward
Upward
21,033,534
8,654,936
2,727,199
Own
73%
77%
Rent
27%
Single family
Total families
Year housing unit was built
Average household size

Number of adults in household
Number of bedrooms
Median square footage per person
Sources: Authors calculations based on data Steven Ruggles and others, Integrated Public Use Microdata Series: Version 6.0 (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota, 2015), available at https://usa.ipums.
org/usa/index.shtml; American Housing Survey, AHS 2013 National Public Use File (PUF), available at http://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/ahs/data/2013/ahs-2013-public-use-file--puf-/ahs2013-national-public-use-file--puf-.html (last accessed July 2016).
TABLE A3B
Selected housing characteristics of underhoused nuclear and extended families

Extended families
Characteristics
Vertical
Nuclear families
Horizontal
Other
198,851
348,540
270,614
13%
7%
12%
11%
66%
48%
62%
73%
68%
39,000
51,600
60,300
55,000
57,850
50,000
Non-Hispanic white
30%
27%
31%
21%
15%
24%
Black
9%
13%
16%
12%
13%
16%
Latino
46%
46%
44%
43%
56%
50%
12%
11%
6%
21%
12%
6%
Other
3%
3%
4%
3%
4%
4%
Foreign-born head of household
56%
58%
44%
61%
60%
51%
Median square footage per underhoused

person
200
193
183
175
143
171
Downward:
Adult progeny
Other
downward
Upward
1,244,588
222,702
347,530
Share of total families
6%
3%
Rent
74%
Underhoused: More than two people

per bedroom

Race and ethnicity
Sources: Authors calculations based on data Steven Ruggles and others, Integrated Public Use Microdata Series: Version 6.0 (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota, 2015), available at https://usa.ipums.
org/usa/index.shtml; American Housing Survey, AHS 2013 National Public Use File (PUF), available at http://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/ahs/data/2013/ahs-2013-public-use-file--puf-/ahs2013-national-public-use-file--puf-.html (last accessed July 2016).
TABLE A4A
Housing characteristics of extended families in selected metropolitan areas

San
D.C.
Bernardino
Characteristics
Atlanta
Chicago
Dallas
Houston
Los Angeles
Miami
New York
Philadelphia
Total extended
families
346,257
658,362
412,049
419,773
1,124,809
444,026
1,651,732
423,618
340,191
387,636
Own
67%
72%
68%
68%
57%
65%
58%
77%
68%
71%
Rent
33%
28%
32%
32%
43%
35%
42%
23%
32%
29%
Single family
83%
73%
79%
78%
71%
72%
52%
88%
85%
81%
Two to four units
3%
15%
3%
2%
7%
6%
21%
6%
3%
2%
Multifamily
11%
11%
13%
15%
20%
20%
27%
5%
6%
17%
Manufactured
4%
1%
5%
5%
2%
2%
0%
1%
6%
1%
1949
and earlier
4%
31%
7%
6%
22%
6%
40%
32%
6%
13%
1950s
to 1960s
14%
29%
22%
19%
40%
28%
33%
32%
21%
24%
1970s
to 1990s
56%
32%
49%
50%
32%
54%
22%
28%
50%
47%
2000s
and later
26%
8%
23%
25%
5%
13%
6%
8%
23%
16%
Average household size
3.7
3.8
3.9
3.9
4.1
3.7
3.8
3.6
4.3
3.9
Two adults
33%
29%
31%
30%
23%
30%
28%
32%
22%
26%
Three adults
44%
42%
43%
44%
39%
43%
40%
44%
38%
43%
Four or more
adults
23%
29%
26%
26%
37%
27%
32%
25%
39%
31%
Studio and
one bedroom
2%
3%
4%
5%
9%
5%
8%
2%
3%
4%
Two
bedrooms
14%
22%
18%
17%
28%
26%
26%
13%
17%
16%
Three
bedrooms
43%
41%
46%
43%
36%
43%
36%
48%
38%
33%
Four or more
bedrooms
42%
34%
32%
36%
26%
26%
29%
36%
42%
48%
Year housing unit

was built
Number of adults
in household
Number of
bedrooms
Source: Authors calculations based on data Steven Ruggles and others, Integrated Public Use Microdata Series: Version 6.0 (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota, 2015), available at https://usa.ipums.org/usa/
index.shtml.
TABLE A4B
Housing characteristics of underhoused extended families in selected metropolitan areas

San
D.C.
Bernardino
Characteristics
Atlanta
Chicago
Dallas
Houston
Los Angeles
Miami
New York
Philadelphia
Underhoused:
More than
two persons
per bedroom
15,279
44,148
38,694
37,632
208,317
37,771
187,401
16,338
35,786
24,604
4%
7%
9%
9%
19%
9%
11%
4%
11%
6%
Non-Hispanic
white
20%
20%
13%
10%
5%
6%
13%
27%
12%
8%
Black
43%
18%
14%
14%
4%
38%
22%
25%
4%
32%
Latino
25%
50%
65%
69%
78%
53%
45%
28%
77%
45%
Asian/Pacific
Islander
11%
12%
5%
6%
11%
1%
17%
16%
5%
11%
Other
2%
0%
2%
1%
2%
1%
2%
5%
2%
3%
Foreign-born
head of
household
47%
59%
58%
62%
78%
73%
76%
39%
62%
67%
$48,000
$65,000
$51,800
$43,200
$55,800
$47,600
$58,900
$58,200
$53,200
$76,000
70%
51%
60%
62%
71%
64%
78%
51%
56%
73%
Share of total
extended families
Race and ethnicity

Share of total
families who rent
their housing unit
index.shtml.
TABLE A5
Demand and supply of affordable housing for underhoused extended families in selected metropolitan areas
San
D.C.
Bernardino
Characteristics
Atlanta
Chicago
Dallas
Houston
Los Angeles
Miami
New York
Philadelphia
All underhoused
households of
five or more
28,607
78,402
65,946
62,617
269,723
46,505
220,421
22,794
58,997
33,390
Underhoused
extended families
of five or more
12,552
36,110
30,655
27,524
154,096
26,506
118,300
12,614
30,837
18,148
44%
46%
46%
44%
57%
57%
54%
55%
52%
54%
$50,200
$73,800
$54,400
$47,400
$61,600
$54,400
$65,600
$61,000
$57,400
$93,600
Vacant for sale

or rent units with
three or more
bedrooms
44,278
48,897
29,084
30,906
21,910
28,133
60,753
33,807
19,346
21,035
Average monthly
gross rent for
three or more
bedroom unit
$1,163
$1,248
$1,227
$1,243
$1,820
$1,502
$1,519
$1,189
$1,457
$1,840
Income needed
to afford rent
$46,523
$49,905
$49,099
$49,725
$72,799
$60,071
$60,755
$47,556
$58,260
$73,600
Share of underhoused extended

families who
could not
afford rent
44%
28%
41%
53%
61%
55%
47%
35%
50%
40%
Average monthly
owner costs for
three or more
bedroom unit
$1,375
$1,755
$1,492
$1,431
$2,202
$1,675
$2,429
$1,630
$1,625
$2,174
Income needed
to afford
owner costs
$54,988
$70,206
$59,684
$57,240
$88,066
$66,998
$97,146
$65,189
$65,020
$86,960
53%
48%
57%
61%
72%
62%
69%
53%
56%
49%
Share of total
Share of underhoused extended

families who
could not afford
owners costs
index.shtml.
About the author

Michela Zonta is a Senior Policy Analyst for the Housing Policy team at the
Center for American Progress. She has extensive research, teaching, and consulting experience in housing and community development. She has published work
on the government-sponsored enterprises, mortgage-lending practices of ethnicowned banks in immigrant communities, jobs-housing imbalance in minority
communities, residential segregation, and poverty and housing affordability.
Zonta holds a bachelors degree in political science from the University of Milan,
as well as a masters degree and a doctorate in urban planning, both from the
University of California, Los Angeles.
Acknowledgments
The author thanks Sarah Edelman, Shiv Rawal, Katherine Gallagher Robbins,
and Shawn Fremstad for their very thorough and helpful feedback on early versions of this report. The author also thanks Gary Acosta, Hope Atuel and members of the Asian Real Estate Association of America, Robert Hickey, Ethan
Handelman, Shekar Narasimhan, Michael Berman, Mark Willis, and Bruce
Dorpalen for their helpful input.
Endnotes
1 Emily Badger, A Single Image Captures How the American House Has Changed Over 400 Years, The Washington Post, August 3, 2015, available at https://www.
washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2015/08/03/asingle-image-captures-how-the-americanhome-has-changed-over-400-years; Max Ehrenfreund,
Why Are Rich Peoples Houses So Big? Because Uncle
Sam Pays for Extra Rooms, The Washington Post, March
27, 2014, available at http://knowmore.washingtonpost.
com/2014/03/27/why-are-rich-peoples-houses-so-bigbecause-uncle-sam-pays-for-extra-rooms; Emily Badger,
The Housing Crash Did Nothing to Tamp Our Appetite
for Enormous Houses, The Washington Post, June 2,
2014, available at https://www.washingtonpost.com/
news/wonk/wp/2014/06/02/the-housing-crash-didnothing-to-tamp-our-appetite-for-enormous-houses.
2 Postwar housing policies greatly promoted suburbanization, white flight, single-use zoning, and separation
between residence and workplace. In the suburbs,
nuclear families could achieve a dream of a private life in
a single-family home, usually located in a safe and socioeconomically homogeneous residential neighborhood.
Suburban homes were larger and featured a specialization in the space inside the home, with formal social
space, kitchen work space, and private upstairs rooms.
Mass production building techniques contributed to
the construction of houses similar in style and size to
those that surrounded them. Most important, the large
majority of families inhabiting suburban single-family
homes were white and nuclear in structure, with fathers
as breadwinners, mothers as housewives, and children
reared to emulate similar roles. This was in contrast
to the large number of inner-city households, which
frequently consisted of extended families and often
contained lodgers and boarders. Usually, urban boarders
or lodgers would live with others for at least a few years.
Some boarders and lodgers consisted of young, unmarried migrants but often also included whole families that
would stay until they could obtain a dwelling of their
own. It was common for European immigrants and African American migrants to lodge newly arrived relatives
and friends until they could establish themselves. See
Howard P. Chudacoff and Judith E. Smith, The Evolution
of American Urban Society, 4th ed. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ:
Prentice-Hall, 1993); Dolores Hayden, Building Suburbia
(New York: Vintage, 2004).
3 This is a phenomenon that is also becoming more common in other industrialized countries. See, for instance,
Barbara Heggen, Extended Families Changing Home
Design in Australia, The Drawing Room, April 29, 2016,
available at http://www.abc.net.au/radionational/
programs/drawingroom/multi-generational-homesprove-popular-amid-housing-gloom/7366676; Hilary
Osborne, Almost 300,000 Concealed Families Share
Their Home With Another Family, The Guardian, February 6, 2014, available at https://www.theguardian.com/
money/2014/feb/06/300000-concealed-families-sharehome-ons.
4 Walter Scott, Mortgage Lending and Non-Borrower
Household Income. Working Paper (Fannie Mae, 2015),
available at http://www.fanniemae.com/resources/
file/research/datanotes/pdf/housing-insights-012516.
pdf; Philip N. Cohen and Lynne M. Casper, In Whose
Home? Multigenerational Families in the United States,
19992000, Sociological Perspectives 45 (2002): 120;
George C. Hemmens and Charles J. Hoch, Shared
Housing in Low Income Households. In George C. Hemmens, Charles J. Hoch, and Jana Carp, eds., Under One
Roof: Issues and Innovations in Shared Housing (Albany,
NY: State University of New York Press, 1996); Yoshinori
Kamo, Racial and Ethnic Differences in Extended Fam-
ily Households, Sociological Perspectives 43 (2) (2000):

211229; Bradley R. Entner Wright and others, Factors
Associated With DoubledUp Housinga Common
Precursor to Homelessness, Social Service Review 72 (1)
(1998): 92111.
5 Kamo, Racial and Ethnic Differences in Extended Family Households.
6 Hemmens and Hoch, Shared Housing in Low Income
Households; Scott, Mortgage Lending and NonBorrower Household Income.
7 Personal communication with Hope Atuel, Executive
Director of the Asian Real Estate Association of America,
and other members of AREAA, November 23, 2015.
8 Sandra Robles, Lynn M. Ross, and Robert M. Sharpe, Residential Futures: Thought-Provoking Ideas on Whats Next
for Master-Planned Communities (Washington: Urban
Land Institute, 2012), available at http://uli.org/report/
residential-futures-thought-provoking-ideas-on-whatsnext-for-master-planned-communities.
9 Scott, Mortgage Lending and Non-Borrower Household Income.
10 It is important to keep in mind that statistical definitions of families may differ from theoretical ones, which
often place a stronger emphasis on the kinds of roles
family members play, including caregiving, parenting,
and financial support, regardless of where one resides.
11 Jonathan Vespa, Jamie M. Lewis, and Rose M. Kreider,
Americas Families and Living Arrangements: 2012 (U.S.
Census Bureau, 2013), available at https://www.census.
gov/prod/2013pubs/p20-570.pdf.
12 C. Theodore Koebel and Margaret S. Murray, Extended
Families and Their Housing in the US, Housing Studies
14 (2) (1999): 125143.
13 Ibid.
14 This is consistent with a study of multigenerational
households conducted by the Pew Research Center
that indicates that the share of the U.S. population
living in a multigenerational family household declined
from 21 percent in 1950 to a low of 12 percent in 1980
but then rose to 19 percent by 2014. See DVera Cohn
and Jeffrey S. Passel, A Record 60.6 Million Americans
Live in Multigenerational Households, Pew Research
Center, August 11, 2016, available at http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/08/11/a-record-60-6-million-americans-live-in-multigenerational-households.
15 Diana B. Elliott, Rebekah Young, and Jane Lawler Dye,
Variation in the Formation of Complex Family Households During the Recession. Working Paper 2011-32
(U.S. Census Bureau Social, Economic & Housing Statistics Division, 2011), available at https://www.census.
gov/hhes/families/data/NCFR2011_Variation_in_Formation_of_Multifamily_Households_in_Recession_FINAL.
pdf; Laryssa Mykyta and Suzanne Macartney, The
Effects of Recession on Household Composition:
Doubling Up and Economic Well-Being. Working
Paper 2011-4 (U.S. Census Bureau Social, Economic &
Housing Statistics Division, 2011), available at https://
www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/workingpapers/2011/demo/SEHSD-WP2011-04.docx. See, also,
Michael Luo, Doubling Up in Recession-Strained Quarters, The New York Times, December 28, 2010, available
at http://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/29/us/29families.
html.
16 In areas characterized by high unemployment rates

and high rental costs, adults are less likely to live alone.
Daphne Lofquist, Multigenerational Households, Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American
Sociological Association, New York, NY, August 1013,
2013.
17 Ronald Angel and Marta Tienda, Determinants of
Extended Household Structure: Cultural Pattern or
Economic Need? American Journal of Sociology 87 (6)
(1982): 13601383.
18 Lofquist, Multigenerational Households.
19 Alfredo Mirand, The Chicano Family: A Reanalysis of
Conflicting Views, Journal of Marriage and Family 39 (4)
(1977): 747756; Marta Tienda, Familism and Structural
Assimilation of Mexican Immigrants in the United
States, International Migration Review 14 (3) (1980):
383408.
20 Koebel and Murray, Extended Families and Their Housing in the US.
21 Families headed by a foreign-born individual are particularly common among upward extended families and
horizontal extended families. With a larger presence of
foreign-born individuals, linguistic isolation tends to be
more common among upward and horizontal extended
families than among other types of families, including
nuclear ones. Linguistic isolation depends on the ability
all adults in a household to speak English. A household
is linguistically isolated if all adults speak a language
other than English and none speak English well.
22 Not surprisingly, the typical householder in downward
families tends to be older60 years old, on average
than householders in nuclear families41 years old, on
averageand other types of extended families.
23 The U.S. Census Bureau defines a related subfamily
as a married couple with or without children, or one
parent with one or more never-married children under
18 years old, living in a household and related to the
person or couple who maintains the household. One
example of a related subfamily is a young married
couple sharing the home of one of their parents.
24 Living in the central city of a metropolitan area is particularly common among horizontal extended families
and families featuring multiple extensions.
25 Sherry Ahrentzen, Double Indemnity or Double
Delight? The Health Consequences of Shared Housing
and Doubling Up, Journal of Social Issues 59 (3) (2003):
547568.
26 Dowell Myers, William C. Baer, and Seong-Youn Choi,
The Changing Problem of Overcrowded Housing,
Journal of the American Planning Association 62 (1996):
6684. Members of the Asian Real Estate Association of America also indicated that Asian American
homebuyers seem to be tolerant of crowding. Personal
communication with Hope Atuel and other members
of AREAA, November 23, 2015.
27 Ibid.
28 This report maintains a distinction between singlefamily homes and two-unit to four-unit structures.
29 Joint Center for Housing Studies of Harvard University,
The State of the Nations Housing 2016 (2016), available at http://www.jchs.harvard.edu/research/publications/state-nations-housing-2016.
30 The median household income of underhoused nuclear

families, however, is lower than that of underhoused
extended families. This gap may partly be the result of
the fact that extended families typically comprise more
earners than nuclear families.
31 The standard definition of affordability is that a family
should pay no more than 30 percent of their income
for housing, including utilities. See William ODell, Marc
T. Smith, and Douglas White, Weaknesses in Current
Measures of Housing Needs, Housing and Society 31 (1)
(2004): 2940. The measure of affordability illustrated
in Figure 8 was calculated based on American Community Survey data on monthly gross rent and selected
monthly owner costs as a percentage of household income. Gross rent is the contract rent plus the estimated
average monthly cost of utilities and fuels. Selected
monthly owner costs include the sum of payments
for mortgages, deeds of trust, contracts to purchase,
or similar debts on the property; real estate taxes;
fire, hazard, and flood insurance on the property; and
utilities and fuels. They also include, where appropriate,
the monthly condominium fee for condominiums and
mobile home costs. See American Community Survey
and Puerto Rico Community Survey, 2015 Subject Definitions (U.S. Census Bureau, 2015), available at https://
www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/tech_docs/
subject_definitions/2015_ACSSubjectDefinitions.pdf.
32 For examples of multigenerational housing builders,
see Lennar, About Lennar, available at http://www.
lennar.com/about/about (last accessed August 2016);
Franciscus Homes, Gen-Flex Homes, available at
http://www.franciscushomes.com/genflexliving.html
(last accessed August 2016); Fusion, Meritage Homes,
available at http://www.myfusionhome.com/builders/
meritage-homes (last accessed August 2016); Maracay
Homes, Casita, available at http://www.maracayhomes.com/tag/casita (last accessed August 2016). See
also Susan Brady, Design Trends in Multi-Generational
Housing, Professional Builder, January 8, 2011, available
at http://www.probuilder.com/design-trends-multigenerational-housing; Jennifer Baier, Multigenerational Housing and Home Modification, AARP Illinois,
August 18, 2013, available at http://states.aarp.org/
multigenerational-housing-and-home-modification;
Pamela Dittmer McKuen, All Under the Same Roof:
Multigenerational Housing Outpaces Cohabiting
Couples, Chicago Tribune, June 14, 2016, available at
http://www.chicagotribune.com/classified/realestate/
ct-re-0619-multigenerational-housing-20160616-story.
html; Marilyn Bowden, Multigenerational Homes a
Family Solution, Bankrate, May 9, 2014, available at
http://www.bankrate.com/finance/real-estate/multigenerational-homes-1.aspx.
33 ADUs that are physically attached to the main house
are also known as AADU, or attached accessory
dwelling units, whereas those detached in a structure
separate from the single-family house on the same lot
are referred to as DADU, or detached accessory dwelling units.
34 Martin J. Brown and Taylor Watkins, Understanding
and Appraising Properties With Accessory Dwelling
Units, Appraisal Journal 80 (2012): 297309.
35 See, for example, U.S. Department of Housing and
Urban Development, Accessory Dwelling Units: Case
Study (2008), available at https://www.huduser.gov/
portal/publications/adu.pdf; Tara Horn, Debi Elliott, and
Amber Johnson, Accessory Dwelling Unit Survey for
Portland, Eugene, and Ashland, Oregon: Final Methodology and Data Report (Portland, OR: Portland State
University, 2013), available at http://www.deq.state.
or.us/lq/sw/docs/ADUReportFRev.pdf.
36 U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development,

Accessory Dwelling Units: Case Study.
37 Dan Bertolet, Why Vancouver Trounces the Rest of Cascadia in Building ADUs: And How Portland and Seattle
Could Play Some Serious Catch-Up, Sightline Institute,
February 17, 2016, available at http://www.sightline.
org/2016/02/17/why-vancouver-trounces-the-rest-ofcascadia-in-building-adus.
38 Roland Li, Exclusive: San Francisco In-Law Housing Proposal May Add Hundreds of New Units, San
Francisco Business Times, April 14, 2015, available at
http://www.bizjournals.com/sanfrancisco/morning_call/2015/04/in-law-units-wiener-diamondheights-glen-park-noe.html; Kristi Wang, Getting to
Know Your In-Laws, The Urbanist, March 23, 2015,
available at http://www.spur.org/publications/urbanistarticle/2015-03-23/getting-know-your-laws.
39 Jen Kinney, Seattles Affordable Housing Plan Includes
Grand Bargain, Next City, July 14, 2015, available at
https://nextcity.org/daily/entry/seattle-affordablehousing-plans-developers-pay. Also, Seattles Housing
Affordability and Livability Agenda recommends
establishing a clemency program to legalize undocumented ADUs. See Scott Bonjukian, The Top HALA
Recommendations for Seattles Affordable Housing
Future, The Urbanist, September 8, 2015, available at
https://www.theurbanist.org/2015/09/08/the-top-halarecommendations-for-seattles-affordable-housingfuture.
40 Martin J. Brown with Jordan Palmieri, Accessory
Dwelling Units in Portland, Oregon: Evaluation and
Interpretation of a Survey of ADU Owners (Portland,
OR: State of Oregon Department of Environmental
Quality, 2014), available at http://www.deq.state.or.us/
lq/sw/docs/SpaceEfficient/adusurveyinterpret.pdf.
41 Shilpi Malinowski, D.C. Shift Could Make Tiny Houses
More Abundant, The Washington Post, May 16, 2016,
available at https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/
where-we-live/wp/2016/05/16/d-c-shift-could-maketiny-houses-more-abundant.
42 Generations United, Multigenerational Household
Information, available at http://www2.gu.org/OURWORK/Multigenerational/MultigenerationalHouseholdInformation.aspx (last accessed August 2016).
Not everyone is in a position to build a new home to
support multigenerational families. But a number of
manufactured housing producers are introducing new
prefab home additions with features to support aging
at home or near family members. With respect to ADU
financing, see Nick Bjork, Portland ADUs Booming,
But Financing Stinks, DJCOregon, January 11, 2011,
available at http://djcoregon.com/news/2011/01/11/
financing-a-challenge-in-portlands-adu-boom.
43 Bertolet, Why Vancouver Trounces the Rest of Cascadia
in Building ADUs.
44 Ibid.
45 Frances Bula, Vancouver Policy to Create Rental Housing Brings Life to the Laneways, Citiscope, December
11, 2015, available at http://citiscope.org/story/2015/
vancouver-policy-create-rental-housing-brings-lifelaneways.
46 Karina Ioffee, Dwellings or Deathtraps? Sinking Economy May Be Behind Rise in Illegal Housing Conversions,
New York Daily News, January 25, 2009, available at
http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/queens/dwellings-deathtraps-sinking-economy-behind-rise-illegalhousing-conversions-article-1.422382; Jinwoo Cho, A
Crackdown on Illegal Housing Conversions in Korean
Neighborhoods, Voices of NY, May 30, 2012, available
at https://voicesofny.org/2012/05/a-crackdown-on-
illegal-housing-conversions-in-korean-neighborhoods;
Rebecca Baird-Remba, Mapping Illegal Conversions:
A Look at New York Citys Hidden Affordable Housing,
New York Yimby, May 15, 2015, available at http://newyorkyimby.com/2015/05/mapping-illegal-conversionsa-look-at-new-york-citys-hidden-affordable-housing.
html; El Boletn de Pacoima, Los Angeles Is Legalizing
Illegal Residential Units, Just Not Your Illegally Converted Garage. Yet, June 26, 2015, available at https://
elboletindepacoima.com/2015/06/26/los-angeles-islegalizing-illegal-residential-units-just-not-your-illegally-converted-garage-yet; Bianca Barragan, LA Thinking
About Legalizing a Lot of Its Illegal Apartments,
Curbed Los Angeles, August 18, 2014, available at http://
la.curbed.com/2014/8/18/10059138/la-thinking-aboutlegalizing-a-lot-of-its-illegal-apartments.
47 The Low Income Housing Tax Credit program was added to Section 42 of the Internal Revenue Code in 1986
in order to provide private owners with an incentive to
create and maintain affordable housing. The Internal
Revenue Service allocates funds on a per capita basis to
each state. The process by which each Housing Finance
Agency allocates the credits is competitive and uses
criteria enumerated in the states Qualified Allocation
Plan.
48 Josiah Madar and Mark Willis, Creating Affordable
Housing Out of Thin Air: The Economics of Mandatory
Inclusionary Zoning in New York City (New York: NYU
Furman Center, 2015), available at http://furmancenter.
org/files/NYUFurmanCenter_CreatingAffHousing_
March2015.pdf. In particular, If an inclusionary policy is
mandatory . . . it means developers can only escape the
cost of providing affordable housing by electing not to
develop at all. Developers will continue building new
housing after the adoption of a mandatory program
only if they are willing to absorb this cost by accepting
a lower financial return, or if they are able to make
up for this cost elsewhere, by bidding less for land or
construction services, or increasing revenue by being
able to build additional market rate units. See, p. 2.
49 Alex E. Weaver, Can Micro-Apartments Become a
Macro Housing Solution for Boston? BostInno, June
16, 2016, available at http://bostinno.streetwise.
co/2016/06/16/can-micro-apartments-become-amacro-housing-solution-for-boston.
50 David Sanchez, Tracey Ross, and Julia Gordon,
An Opportunity Agenda for Renters: The Case for
Simultaneous Investments in Residential Mobility
and Low-income Communities (Washington: Center
for American Progress, 2015), available at https://
www.americanprogress.org/issues/poverty/report/2015/12/16/126966/an-opportunity-agenda-forrenters.
51 Personal communication with Hope Atuel and other
members of AREAA.
52 Laurie Goodman and Jun Zhu, Default and Loss Experience for Two- to Four-Unit Properties (Washington:
Urban Institute, 2016), available at http://www.urban.
org/research/publication/default-and-loss-experiencetwo-four-unit-properties.
53 The Preservation Compact, Preserving 2- to 4-Unit
Buildings, available at http://www.preservationcompact.org/our-activities/preserving-2-4-unit-building
(last accessed August 2016).
54 Dan Immergluck, The Role of Investors in the SingleFamily Market in Distressed Neighborhoods: The Case
of Atlanta (Cambridge, MA: Joint Center for Housing
Studies of Harvard University, 2013), available at http://
www.jchs.harvard.edu/research/publications/roleinvestors-single-family-market-distressed-neighborhoods-case-atlanta.
55 Inclusive Communities Toolkit, Rental Preservation,

available at http://inclusivepolicy.org/strategies/rentalpreservation (last accessed August 2016).
56 Freddie Mac, Home Possible Mortgages, available at
http://www.freddiemac.com/homepossible (last accessed September 2016).
57 Goodman and Zhu, Default and Loss Experience for
Two- to Four-Unit Properties.
58 Sarah Edelman, Michela Zonta, and Shiv Rawal,
Protecting Communities on the Road to Recovery:
Why Strong Standards Are Critical for the Distressed
Asset Stabilization Program (Washington: Center
for American Progress, 2016), available at https://
www.americanprogress.org/issues/housing/report/2016/06/28/140445/protecting-communities-onthe-road-to-recovery.
59 Personal communication with Hope Atuel and other
members of AREAA; Personal communication with
Gary Acosta, CEO, National Association of Hispanic Real
Estate Professionals, November 6, 2015.
60 Ibid. When a lender repossesses a property because the
mortgage is in default, the property is termed a real
estate owned property.
61 Scott, Mortgage Lending and Non-Borrower Household Income.
62 Fannie Mae, HomeReady, available at https://www.
fanniemae.com/singlefamily/homeready (last accessed
September 2016).
63 Michael Kimmelman, Stuttgart Struggles to House

the Migrants It Embraces, The New York Times,
October 6, 2015, available at http://www.nytimes.
com/2015/10/07/world/europe/stuttgart-embracesmigrants-and-the-challenge-of-housing-them.html.
64 Tatjana Schneider and Jeremy Till, Flexible Housing:
Opportunities and Limits, Architectural Research Quarterly 9 (2) (2005): 157166, available at https://jeremytill.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/post/attachment/37/
flexible_arq_1.pdf.
65 The concept of flexible housing also includes the
possibility of choosing different housing layouts prior
to occupation or completely changing the use of the
building from housing to something else.
66 The University of Sheffield, Flexible Housing, available
at http://www.afewthoughts.co.uk/flexiblehousing (last
accessed September 2016); Vanessa Roman, Flexible
Housing, The Chronicle Herald, April 12, 2014, available
at http://thechronicleherald.ca/homesnews/1199821flexible-housing.
67 Steven Ruggles and others, Integrated Public Use Microdata Series, Current Population Survey: Version 6.0
[Machine-readable database] (Minneapolis: University
of Minnesota, 2015), available at https://usa.ipums.org/
usa/index.shtml.
68 U.S. Census Bureau, American Housing Survey (AHS):
AHS 2013 National Public Use File (PUF), available
at http://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/ahs/
data/2013/ahs-2013-public-use-filepuf-/ahs2013-national-public-use-filepuf-.html (last accessed
October 2016).
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Housing the Extended Family

Housing the Extended Family

1 Introduction and summary

Introduction and summary

1 Center for American Progress | Housing the Extended Family

2 Center for American Progress | Housing the Extended Family

Brings secondary units now deemed substandard to code

3 Center for American Progress | Housing the Extended Family

A look at extended families

4 Center for American Progress | Housing the Extended Family

immigration; a family may take in an aging parent or a disabled relative in order

5 Center for American Progress | Housing the Extended Family

ily.10 A family household has at least two members related by birth,

U.S. Census Bureau, the analysis presented here is based on defini-

marriage, or adoption, one of whom is the householder. It consists of

tions of households, families, and household relationships that are

married couples or of a person living with other relatives.11 A nonfam-

prevalent and available in federal statistical datasets. According to the

ily household can be either a person living alone or a householder

Census Bureau, a household consists of everyone living in a housing

who shares the housing unit only with nonrelativesfor example,

boarders or roommates. The analysis presented in this report distin-

of household, is the person who owns or rents the housing unit.

guishes among several types of households, as illustrated in Figure 1,

Furthermore, a household can be categorized as a family or a nonfam-

and focuses specifically on nuclear and extended families.

hosting adult children

hosting aging parents/

families with vertical

hosting unmarried adult

with their own spouses/

or without the parents

without their own

6 Center for American Progress | Housing the Extended Family

Growth in extended families

7 Center for American Progress | Housing the Extended Family

Growth of population by family type, from 2001 to 2014

Differences between extended families and nuclear families

Extended families tend to be more racially and ethnically diverse

8 Center for American Progress | Housing the Extended Family

Asian and Pacific Islander households are overrepresented in upward vertical

Race and ethnicity of head of household, by family type in 2014

Extended families tend to be multigenerational and often comprise one

9 Center for American Progress | Housing the Extended Family

Extended families tend to be economically worse off than nuclear families

Median household income and poverty status, by family type in 2014

Extended families tend to reside in metropolitan areasin particular,

10 Center for American Progress | Housing the Extended Family

of the population living in extended families in the 10 metropolitan areas featuring

Population in extended families in selected Metropolitan

1,000,000 2,000,000 3,000,000 4,000,000 5,000,000 6,000,000 7,000,000

Percentage change, between 2005 and 2014

11 Center for American Progress | Housing the Extended Family

The characteristics of extended families vary based

12 Center for American Progress | Housing the Extended Family

Distribution of extended families by race and ethnicity

13 Center for American Progress | Housing the Extended Family

Renting is more common among extended families than