Exercise 4
Exercise 4
Exercise 4
OBJECTIVES
PRINCIPLES
water hydration, and of high molar mass so error is minimized when weighing. Since a few
compounds meet these criteria for a good primary standard, secondary standards are sometimes
used. A secondary standard is a compound whose purity has been determined by chemical
analysis.
There are different examples of primary standards used for titration of acids and bases.
For standardization of acids, the most commonly used primary standards are Sodium Carbonate
(Na2CO3) and Tris-(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane, ((HOCH2)3CNH2), while for the
standardization of bases, Potassium hydrogen iodate, KH(IO 3)2 and Potassium acid phthalate
(KHC8H4O4 or KHP) are used (Skoog, West, Holler & Crouch, 2014).
The concentration of the standard solution will now be determined using the volume of it
required to react with an accurately weighed amount of primary standard. KHP is the commonly
used primary standard for the standardization of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solutions because it
has only one acidic proton per molecule of the potassium salt. The salt dissociates completely
into its ions K+ and biphthalate (HP-) when dissolved in water and the acidic hydrogen reacts
with the hydroxide of NaOH shown in the equation:
--------- Equation in book -----------
The steep rise in pH at the equivalence point is centered at about 8.8 and phenolphthalein
is used as an indicator.
In this exercise, HCl will not be standardized against a primary standard since the relative
strengths of NaOH and HCl has been determined. The normality of HCl can be calculated from
the normality of the NaOH solution (a secondary standard) and the ratio determined previously.
After the standardization of the standard solution which will be used as the titrant,
titration can now be conducted. When the exact amount of the titrant is added, necessary for the
stoichiometric reaction of the analyte, the equivalence point is reached; however, what we
actually measure is the end point where a sudden change in the physical or chemical property of
the analyte is observed e.g. indicator color change. The equivalence point and the end point are
rarely the same. However, in a good method the end point falls close to the equivalence point
that the two can be considered equal within experimental error, or, if there is a significant
difference between the two points, the difference is reproducible and may be corrected for.
For acid-base titrations, there are two most common methods for determining the end points of
titrations: use of colored indicators and use of a pH meter to monitor the solution pH as a
function of the volume of the added titrant. According to a book of Harris (2007), An indicator
is a compound with a physical property (usually color) that changes abruptly near the
equivalence point and the change is caused by the disappearance of analyte or the appearance of
excess titrant.
There are two types of titration conducted, the direct and back titration. In direct titration,
the titrant is added to the analyte until the reaction is complete, whereas in back titration, a
known excess of a standard solution is added to the analyte then the excess is titrated with a
second standard solution (Harris). Back titration is primarily used when the rate of reaction
between the analyte and reagent is slow or when the standard solution lacks stability (Skoog,
West, Holler & Crouch, 2014).
III.
IV.
Trial II
Trial II
NaOH
Final buret reading, mL
Initial buret reading, mL
Volume of NaOH used, mL
HCl (in case of back titration)
Final buret reading, mL
Initial buret reading, mL
Volume of HCl used, mL
Normality of NaOH, N
Average Normality d, N
Table 4.2 Standardization of Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) solution
Table 4.3. Determination of the volume needed to titrate the Hydrochloric acid (HCl) solution
Trial I
Trial II
HCl
Final buret reading, mL
Initial buret reading, mL
Volume of HCl used, mL
NaOH
Final buret reading, mL
Initial buret reading, mL
Volume of NaOH used, mL
Table 4.4 Comparison of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and hydrochloric acid (HCl) solutions
Ratio
Trial I
Trial II
Vol. of NaOH/Vol. of HCl
Average: 1 mL HCl =
mL NaOH
Vol. of HCl/Vol. of NaOH
Average: 1 mL NaOH =
mL HCl
Table 4.5 Determination of the normality of Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) solution
Trial I
Trial II
Normality of HCl, N
Average Normality d, N
Signature: __________
Date: __________
V.
REFERENCES:
Analytical and Environmental Chemistry Division. (2008). Instruction Manual for CHEM 32.1:
Quantitative Inorganic Analysis Laboratory: Institute of Chemistry, Laguna.
Harris, D.C. (2007). Quantitative Chemical Analysis 7th Ed.: W.H Freeman and Company, USA.
Skoog, D.A., West, D.M., Holler, F.J. & Crouch, S.R. (2014). Fundamentals of Analytical
Chemistry 9th Ed.: Mary Finch, USA.