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JIF 314-Chapter 2

The document discusses thermodynamic equilibrium and systems. It states that thermodynamic equilibrium occurs when a system reaches mechanical, thermal, and chemical equilibrium. For a system to be in thermodynamic equilibrium, its thermodynamic properties like temperature must remain constant over time. The document also discusses how systems can change states due to interactions with the environment or other systems, and how these state changes occur through quasi-static processes that involve a series of near-equilibrium intermediate states. It introduces the concept of equations of state that relate the appropriate thermodynamic properties of a system at equilibrium.

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124 views9 pages

JIF 314-Chapter 2

The document discusses thermodynamic equilibrium and systems. It states that thermodynamic equilibrium occurs when a system reaches mechanical, thermal, and chemical equilibrium. For a system to be in thermodynamic equilibrium, its thermodynamic properties like temperature must remain constant over time. The document also discusses how systems can change states due to interactions with the environment or other systems, and how these state changes occur through quasi-static processes that involve a series of near-equilibrium intermediate states. It introduces the concept of equations of state that relate the appropriate thermodynamic properties of a system at equilibrium.

Uploaded by

Yus Nordin
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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JIF 314

Thermodynamics

Chapter 2
Simple thermodynamic systems

Thermodynamic equilibrium (TE)


For a thermodynamic system, three types of equilibrium are
possible: (a) Mechanical equilibrium, (b) Thermal
equilibrium, (c) chemical equilibrium
Thermodynamic Equilibrium (TE) an equilibrium that has
all three types of equilibrium (a) (c).
In a thermodynamic equilibrium, all thermo coordinates
become constant in time.
Only in a TE have the thermodynamic coordinates a valid
meaning to represent the properties of the thermodynamic
system.
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Change of state is a result of


interactions
When a thermodynamic system suffers a change in
any of the values of its thermodynamic coordinates,
we say the system undergoes a change of state.
The change of state is a result caused by
interaction between the system with its surrounding
These interaction may be in the form of e.g.
9 external force acting on the system
9 heat flowing in or out from the system, or
9 Inflow or outflow of substances through the
boundary
9 work done by external agent on the system.
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Thermodynamic system in a nonequilibrium state


In a Non-TE state, the thermo coordinates fails
to account for the properties of the system of a
whole since different parts of the system are
thermodynamically inequivalent.
A single value of e.g. temperature T = 300 K is
insufficient to account for the temperature of the
system as a whole since in different parts of a
system in non-TE the temperature are different.
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We will only study Equilibrium


thermodynamics in this course
In the thermodynamic course we shall
learn here, we will deal exclusively with
equilibrium thermodynamics only.
That is, all formula that shall be mentioned
in this course has a valid meaning only for
system in TE.
Non-equilibrium thermodynamics will not
be discussed here. This is an advanced
field of research that is beyond the scope
of most undergraduate course.
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System is not in TE when state


changes
When a state of a thermo system changes
during a transition of states, the system
will not in an TE
Hence, thermodynamic calculation that
apply only on TE states may not apply in
during the transient period of a change of
states.

Quasi-static process
It is assumed that in a finite transitional process from state
i to state f, the process happens in a series of
intermediate transient states which are separated from
one to another infinitesimally, and each of such transient
states are at all times infinitesimally near a
thermodynamic equilibrium.
Such assumption is necessary so that we can treat each
of the intermediate transient states as though they are in
TE
Hence this make it possible to calculate the thermo
properties of the system from state i to state f, despite the
thermo coordinates undergo changes.
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A finite transition of state i f is made up of


a series of infinitesimally separated near-TE
transient states
state f

Adjacent transient states


separated infinitesimally

Each represents a transient state


that is infinitesimally near to an TE
state, hence we can describe them
with equilibrium TE formulation
state i
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A quasi-equilibrium or quasi-static process the


system remains practically in equilibrium at all times.

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A system with three thermo coordinates the xyz


system
Consider a thermo system at TE that is described by three
thermo coordinates {x, y, z}.
At equilibrium, once any two of the coordinates, say {x, y}
are fixed, the value of the other coordinate, here, z could
not varied anymore.
This means that there exists a relation that ties z to {x, y}
such that z is not a free variable but is dependent on the
values of {x, y}.
This can be mathematically described as z=z(x,y)
Despite having three coordinates, the system has only two
degree of freedom.
In this case, {x, y} is taken to be two free variable,
whereas z is not.
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Equation of state (EoS)


In the previous example, the relation that
ties z to {x,y}, a function of the form
z=z(x,y), is the so-called
Equation of State (EoS)
EoS relates the appropriate thermo
coordinates of a system in equilibrium.

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Equation of state of an Ideal gas


One specific xyz-system is the hydrostatic system
Its a system that exerts uniform hydrostatic pressure to the
surrounding -sometimes is referred to as fluid system
Example gas, mixture of gases contained in a closed
volume
It can be described by three coordinates: P, V, T
We refer such system as a PVT system
A specific example of a PVT system is the ideal gas system
EoS for ideal gas: PV = nRT
This is the specific form of z=z(x,y) taken by the idea gas
system.
Different system has different EoS.
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