COOPERATIVE EXTENSION SERVICE

UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, FOOD AND ENVIRONMENT

Center for Crop Diversification Crop Profile

Culinary Herbs

Dr. Robert Geneve1, Cheryl Kaiser2, Matt Ernst3

Introduction

Culinary herbs are fresh or dried plant parts used

as a food flavoring. Culinary herbs are mostly
prepared from leaves, but can also include flower,
fruit and root parts. There are literally hundreds
of plants that can be grown for this purpose.
Some of the more popular commercially grown
herbs include cilantro or coriander (Coriandrum
sativum), chives (Allium schoenoprasum), dill
(Anthum graveolens), French tarragon (Artemisia
dracunculus), horseradish (Armoracia rusticana),
mint (Mentha spp.), oregano (Origanum
vulgare), parsley (Petroselinum crispum),
rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis), sage (Salvia
officinalis), sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum), and
thyme (Thymus vulgaris).

Marketing

Culinary herbs may be sold fresh, dried, and as live

plants. Potential fresh herb growers should talk to
upscale restaurant chefs, caterers, or to produce
brokers, especially those who sell to restaurants.
Kentucky restaurants surveyed in 2006 indicated
they were most interested in sourcing basil,
chives, cilantro, parsley, and rosemary from
local growers. Other herbs of specific interest to
restaurants include horseradish, oregano, sage,
tarragon, and thyme.
Chefs purchasing fresh herbs will
prefer a guaranteed supply of
quality herbs throughout the year.
In addition, fresh cut herbs may
be sold to gift shops and natural

Cilantro

food stores. Herbs are also excellent for early and

late-season sales at farmers markets; however,
these sales volumes may be highly variable.
Kentucky producers have had some success in
marketing greenhouse-grown herbs wholesale to
major grocery chains. Direct marketing through
roadside stands is also a possibility.
Live herb plants are most often
produced for point-of-sale markets
such as farmer markets, local garden

Dr. Robert Geneve is a Professor in the Department of Horticulture. He can be reached at 859-257-8610, or
[email protected].
Cheryl Kaiser is a former Extension Associate with the Center for Crop Diversification.
3
Matt Ernst is an independent contractor with the Department of Agricultural Economics.
1

Agriculture & Natural Resources Family & Consumer Sciences 4-H/Youth Development Community & Economic Development

centers, local grocery stores, and

roadside stands. Live plants are
marketed for use in traditional herb
and vegetable gardens or can be
promoted for edible landscaping
to homeowners and landscape
contractors. Larger grocery stores
may also sell live herb plants, but
marketing to these outlets requires a
consistent volume of quality plants
throughout the year.
Value-added products such as
herbal teas, butters, jellies, flavored
oils, bouquet garni, and wreaths are other ways to
market herbs. Displaying recipes with fresh-cut
or live herbs can help promote the sale of these
crops.

Market Outlook

Current consumer demand for herbs and herb

products is high, as is the interest in natural,
organically grown products. In addition, the
market for ethnic herbs, such as cilantro, is
expanding. Wholesale market channels are often
more difficult to access than direct markets;
however, some Kentucky producers have gained
access to regional wholesale markets because of
superior product quality.
Providing fresh, high-quality herbs when a
comparable product is not available is one key to
successful herb marketing. Off-season production
may mean the use of row covers, high tunnels, or
greenhouses to extend the season. Another key is
providing a fresher product than the one currently
available. For example, field-grown fresh cilantro
from California is commonly available at local
supermarkets; however, the quality is reduced by
the three-day shipment from out of state. Local
growers could successfully compete for this
market by providing a fresh, consistent supply of
this herb.
In general, herbs are part of a specialized niche
market that may take some time to develop.
Growers may find that they spend more time

Container-grown
herbs for
sale at a
farmers
market.

marketing their product than actually producing

it. Producers are cautioned against entering herb
production as their primary business, but instead
should consider beginning small and expanding
only as the market expands. Herbs may be a
good supplement to the existing product line of a
greenhouse or farm already in business.

Production considerations

Site selection and planting

Field-Grown Cut Herbs
In general, field-grown herbs can be produced
using similar cultivation techniques used for
standard or organic vegetable crops. However,
specific cultural requirements can vary depending
on the herb. As a rule, herbs are easy to grow,
tolerating a wide range of soils and growing
conditions. Preferably, select a warm, sunny site
with good soil drainage and few weed problems.
Raised beds with plastic mulch and drip irrigation
increase yields and produce a cleaner product.
Some herbs can be direct-seeded, while others
should be transplanted. Depending on the herb
and the targeted market, multiple crops from
sequentially seeded or transplanted crops may be
required. The use of row covers or low tunnels
can help extend the season.
Protected Cultivation Cut Herbs
Herbs can be grown in soil beds under protected
cultivation (i.e., greenhouse or high tunnels).
Seeds can be directly sown into raised beds
and thinned to a proper spacing, or the grower

can choose to use transplants.

consistent supply of plants at the
proper stage of development for
Alternatively, plants can be grown
optimal sales. Often containers
in a greenhouse bench with a 6are subirrigated on ebb and flow
to 8-inch-tall frame filled with an
benches or on capillary mats to
appropriate greenhouse substrate.
keep the foliage clean. Plants can
This reduces the incidence of soilbe produced under standard or
borne diseases. In both systems, drip
organic conditions.
irrigation is highly recommended
because it gives the grower more
Pest management
control over the root zone moisture
Preventative pest management
level and greatly reduces splashed
practices utilizing an Integrated
soil so the leaves are easier to clean.
Pest Management (IPM) program
Protected cultivation systems work
should be the main means of
best when a single herb is grown in
disease and insect control.
the entire bed. Growers seeking to
produce smaller quantities of many Herb production in alternative Following good cultural practices,
such as proper crop rotations
different herbs should group herbs biocontainers.
and sanitation, is essential
with similar cultural requirements
in
minimizing
losses due to pest problems.
in the same bed or alternatively, consider
There are limited pesticides available for field
producing plants in large individual nursery
and greenhouse herb production. Consult the
containers (1- to 3-gallon size).
University of Kentuckys Insecticides for
Managing Herb Pests ENTFACT-323 (http://
Protected cultivation herb production can be
www2.ca.uky.edu/entomology/entfacts/ef323.
adapted to conventional or organic production
asp) for a list of approved products for use during
systems. Herb plants can also be produced
herb production. Weed control in outdoor beds
hydroponically. Growing herbs hydroponically
or under protected cultivation is accomplished
reduces cleaning requirements after harvest;
through hand hoeing and mechanical cultivation.
however, hydroponic production is difficult to do
Organic or plastic mulches help with moisture
organically and requires significant investment
retention and reduce weed competition. Plants
and knowledge.
should receive adequate, but not excessive, water
and fertilizer to prevent stress. Healthy plants
Container-Grown Fresh Herbs
are much less susceptible than stressed plants to
Fresh herbs are produced in containers as pointattack by both insect and disease pests.
of-sale garden transplants or to be sold for fresh
kitchen herbs at farmer markets or groceries.
Harvest and storage
Container-grown fresh herbs are most commonly
The proper stage of harvest will depend upon
produced under greenhouse conditions. Container
a number of factors, including the type of herb
size is usually 4 to 6 inches, and marketing may
and market. Herbs are hand-harvested and then
be enhanced by producing in environmentally
washed, weighed, and packaged. Hydroponic
friendly biocontainers. Plants can be directly
plants are generally harvested and shipped with
sown in the finished container often with multiple
the roots intact for longer post-harvest life. Plants
seeds (seedlings) per container, or transplants
are often packaged individually in plastic bags
can be purchased from wholesale plug specialists
and then boxed as the market requires. Excess
for finishing in larger containers. Greenhouse
fresh herbs can be dried and stored until marketed.
production is similar to standard floral crop
production methods except plants are started
Labor requirements
on a more regular (weekly) basis to obtain a
Herb production is labor intensive because

these crops are planted and harvested by hand.

Labor is needed for seed sowing, transplanting,
harvest, packaging, and shipping. The harvest
and packaging process can be especially timeconsuming. For example, the total labor for one
100-foot by 4-foot bed of basil is at least 7 hours;
harvest and packing is nearly half the total labor
amount.

Economic considerations

Initial investments include land preparation,

purchase of plants or seeds, and installation of
an irrigation system. Additional expenses can
be incurred by growers using season extension
structures, such as high tunnels or greenhouses.
Growers planning to market dried herbs will
need an on-farm drying facility. Investment will
be required to train laborers for herb production,
harvest, and packaging.
Culinary herb production can result in significant
returns to the owners land, labor, and investment.
A 100-foot by 4-foot bed of basil marketed at $10
per pound can return more than $150 to land and
management. Higher-value herbs, such as chives,
can generate even greater value per square foot
of production. For well-managed, small-scale,
direct-market herb production, producers could
generate returns to land, labor, and management
from $5,000 to $10,000 per acre. Greenhouse
production of herbs, depending on the crop
produced, can potentially generate greater profits
but requires significantly more investment.
As with any new enterprise, it is critical that
producers carefully analyze the economic
viability of the operation. A well-developed
production and marketing plan should be in place
before beginning production of culinary herbs.

Selected Resources

Culinary Herbs, HO-74 (University of

Kentucky, 2005) http://www.ca.uky.edu/agc/
pubs/ho/ho74/ho74.pdf

NCHerb.org (North Carolina State

University) http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/fletcher/
programs/herbs/
Greenhouse Production of Garlic Chives and
Cilantro (University of Kentucky, 1996)
http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/
proceedings1996/V3-594.html
Selected Internet Resources for Herb
Marketing (University of Kentucky, 2005)
http://www.uky.edu/Ag/CCD/herbmarketing.pdf
Commodity Specific Food Safety Guidelines
for the Production, Harvest, Post-Harvest, and
Processing Unit Operations of Fresh Culinary
Herbs (Western Growers, 2013) 1.3 MB file
http://www.fda.gov/Food/GuidanceRegulation/
GuidanceDocumentsRegulatoryInformation/
ProducePlantProducts/ucm337088.htm
Herb Production in Organic Systems
(ATTRA, 2005)
http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/om-herb.html
Herbs: Organic Greenhouse Production
(ATTRA, 2005)
https://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/summaries/
summary.php?pub=53
International Herb Association
http://www.iherb.org
Iowa Vegetable Production Budgets: Basil
(Iowa State University, 2006)
http://www.extension.iastate.edu/Publications/
pm2017.pdf
Local Foods No. 1 Seed Spices: Cumin,
Dill, Anise, Fennel, Caraway, Ajwain
http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/summaries/
summary.php?pub=344
Local Foods No. 2 Cilantro (ATTRA, 2010)
http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/summaries/
summary.php?pub=345
Local Foods No. 3 Basils (ATTRA, 2010)
http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/summaries/
summary.php?pub=346
Local Foods No. 4 Oregano (ATTRA,
2010) http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/summaries/
summary.php?pub=347

Reviewed by Bob Geneve, Professor (Revised 2015)

April 2015
Photos courtesy of Bob Geneve, University of Kentucky
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