Cost-Effectiveness of Pre-Engineered and Conventional Steel Frames

ISSN(Online): 2319-8753
ISSN (Print): 2347-6710
International Journal of Innovative Research in Science,

Engineering and Technology
(An ISO 3297: 2007 Certified Organization)
Vol. 4, Issue 8, August 2015
Cost-effectiveness of Pre-engineered and

Conventional Steel frames
Neha R. Kolate 1, Shilpa Kewate 2
P.G. Student, Department of Civil Engineering, Saraswati College of Engineering, Maharashtra, India1
Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Saraswati College of Engineering, Maharashtra, India2
ABSTRACT: Long span, column free structures are the most essential in any type of industrial structures, preengineered steel frames fulfils this requirement along with reduced time and cost as compared to conventional steel
frames.The present in paper presents the comparative study of analysis and design of pre-engineered and conventional
steel frames using Staad Pro software. Analysis and design of conventional steel frame has been done in Staad Pro
software and then compared with pre-engineered steel frame in terms of amount of steel required and overall cost of
structure. In the present work Conventional steel frame of span 30m, length 60m and varying bay spacing and preengineered steel frames of same dimensions are analyzed and designed using Staad-Pro software.
KEYWORDS: Conventional steel frame, Pre-engineered steel frame, tapered sections, Staad-Pro software.
I. INTRODUCTION
Conventional steel frames are low rise steel structures with roofing systems of truss with roof coverings. Standard hotrolled sections are usually used for the truss elements along with gusset plates. This leads to heavy and uneconomical
structures. Now a days pre-engineered steel frames are the best replacement to conventional steel frames.
Pre-engineered steel frames use a combination of built-up sections, hot rolled sections and cold form elements which
provide the basic steel framework with a choice of single skin sheeting for roof and wall cladding. Pre-engineered
frames can be constructed in less than half the normal time especially when compared with the other engineered
subsystems. Pre-engineered steel frames can be easily expanded in length by adding additional bays. Also expansion in
width and height is possible by pre designing for future expansion.
A frame lacking lateral stability against wind or earthquake loads will not be standing for long. The most popular preengineered structure, rigid frames, relies on its own moment resisting ability to laterally support to the frame. Other
frame systems, such as the familiar post and beam construction, do not possess such as rigidity of their own and absent
of any rigid walls, may collapse like a house of cards, if pushed laterally. So nowadays the structural engineers and
researchers are accepted the concept of PEB which is effective in strength and rigidity. So here is necessity to required
some research work and developments considering all point of views of structural designs regarding with preengineered steel frames.
II. RELATED WORK
K.K.Mitra Gen. Manager Lloyd Insulations (India) Limited (2009)(2) studied in detail about the
concept of Pre-Engineered Building, its construction system, benefits, applications and various categories of
buildings.Pre-Engineered Steel Buildings use a combination of built-up sections, hot rolled sections and cold
formed elements which provide the basic steel frame work with a choice of single skin sheeting with added
insulation or insulated sandwich panels for roofing and wall cladding. The concept is designed to provide a
complete building envelope system which is air tight, energy efficient, optimum in weight and cost and,
above all, designed to fit user requirement like a well fitted glove.
Copyright to IJIRSET
DOI:10.15680/IJIRSET.2015.0408128
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Paul McEntee, S.E., R & D Engineer for Simpson Strong Tie (2009)(3) has carried out the study of steel frame
structures were developed during 19th century in response to the limitations of masonary bearing wall structure were
limited to about 10 stories high & allowed for only small openings because of the strength of the masonary materials,
while steel frame construction using rigid frames or moment frames provide flexibility in meeting lateral load
demand and allowed for large openings.Combination of systems both vertical and horizontal combinations in same
direction, the lowest R factor for calculating seismic loading is used. The challenges of meeting the code beam bracing
requirements should be carefully considered when SMF used in light framed construction. Lower R factor for OMF
results in higher design forces that may increase costs, the advantage is that OMF can be designed without beam
bracing. Engineers can use the OMFs instead of SMFs beam bracing based on AISC seismic provision.
Nikhil Agrawal, Achal Kr. Mittal and V.K.Gupta (2009)(4) have carried out the comparison of wind pressures for
different zones of a building, is made using different international design wind codes. The selected building is analyzed
for various load combinations. Wind forces were taken from different countries codes but the design of members is
carried out as per Indian codes. In the present study, a building having the Howe type truss configuration is analyzed &
designed for 150, 200, 250 roof slope. For 50 & 100 roof slope another truss configuration is used in order to avoid
higher forces in the members. The wind codes of countries India, Japan, and Australia/New-Zealand and Hong kong
have been considered in the study.
Anbuchezian .A , Dr. Baskar. G (2013)(5), investigation had been done to study the behavior of cold formed steel Z
section purlins. Three members of zinc coated cold formed Z sections and ordinary cold formed Z were tested under
gradually applied two points bending with simple support. The results obtained from experiments i.e. the actual
deflections, the plastic moment carrying capacities are compared with theoretical values. The following conclusions are
made from the experimental study.
1. The elastic moment carrying capacity is directly proportional to the cross section of the member.
2. Comparison of actual deflection at midspan section for various specimen results that, the deflection of the specimen
is inversely proportional to the depth of the section and the thickness, i.e., the deflection is small for deeper section and
vice versa.
3. The actual deflection for all the specimens linearly varies with the gradually increased load.
III. METHODOLOGY
In this present paper, Conventional steel frames and pre-engineered steel frames of length 60m, span 30m and varying
bay spacing 4m, 5m and 6m are analysed and designed using g Staad Pro software. Eaves level for all portals is at 10m
from the ground level. The EOT crane is supported at the height of 8m from ground level. Support condition for
conventional steel frame and pre-engineered steel frame is pinned. All dead loads, live loads, wind load are confirming
to IS: 875-1987. Earthquake loads are confirming to IS: 1893-2002.
Load combinations considered:
1) Dead load + Imposed load
2) Dead load + Imposed load + Wind load/Earthquake load
3) Dead load + Wind load /Earthquake load
The structural analysis and design is performed with the help of Bentleys STAAD Pro software which is based on
finite element analysis technique, it includes the modules for generation and application of all loads, subsequent code
checking of structural elements and joints and capabilities to carryout static analysis.
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IV. LOAD CALCULATIONS

3.1 Modelling of conventional and pre-engineered steel frame on Staad-pro software.
Pre-engineered steel frame
Conventional steel frame
Fig. 1 Conventional and Pre-engineered steel frame in Staad Pro

3.1.1 Dead load
Calculation of dead load according to IS: 875 (Part-1)
Dead load on conventional steel frame
Purlin load 0.4045 k N/m
Sheeting load 0.655 kN/m
Dead load on Pre-engineered steel frame
Purlin load 0.2725 kN/m
Sheeting load 0.28 kN/m
3.1.2 Live load
Calculation of live load according to IS: 875 (Part 2)
Live load on conventional steel frame
Since the slope of the roof is 16.7 the live load for non accessible roof of 0.75 kN/m2 is reduce to 0.62 kN/m2
Intensity of load on rafter = 0.62 5 = 3.1 kN/m
Live load on conventional steel frame
Since the slope of the roof is 16.7 the live load for non accessible roof of 0.75 kN/m2 is reduce to 0.62 kN/m2
Intensity of load on rafter = 0.62 5 = 3.1 kN/m
3.1.3 Wind load
Calculation of wind load according to IS: 875 (Part 3)
Wind load on Conventional steel frame
Wind load is calculated according to IS:875 (Part 3)
Location: Bombay
Risk coefficient (k1): 1
Structure size factor (k2): 1.04
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Topography factor (k3): 1

Basic wind speed (Vb): 44 m/s
Design wind velocity (Vz): 44 x 1 x 1.04 x 1 = 45.8 m/s
Design wind pressure (Pz): 0.6 x 45.82 = 1.25 kN/m2
The internal pressure coefficients are taken as +0.2 and -0.2.
Building height ratio (h/w): 0.34 and Building plan ratio (L/w): 2
External pressure coefficients (Cpe) for walls of rectangular clad building are taken as +0.7 and -0.25
External pressure coefficients (Cpe) for pitch roof of rectangular clad building are taken as -0.64 and -0.4
Wind load on individual members can be calculated by, F = (Cpe Cpi) A P
Wind load on Conventional steel frame
Wind load is calculated according to IS:875 (Part 3).
Location: Bombay
Risk coefficient (k1): 1
Structure size factor (k2): 1.04
Topography factor (k3): 1
Basic wind speed (Vb): 44 m/s
Design wind velocity (Vz): 44 x 1 x 1.04 x 1 = 45.8 m/s
Design wind pressure (Pz): 0.6 x 45.82 = 1.25 kN/m2
The internal pressure coefficients are taken as +0.2 and -0.2.
Building height ratio (h/w): 0.34 and Building plan ratio (L/w): 2
External pressure coefficients (Cpe) for walls of rectangular clad building are taken as +0.7 and -0.25
External pressure coefficients (Cpe) for pitch roof of rectangular clad building are taken as -0.96 and -0.4
Wind load on individual members can be calculated by, F = (Cpe Cpi) A P
3.1.4 Earthquake load
Calculation of earthquake load according to IS: 1893-2002
Earthquake load on conventional steel frame
Dead load = 0.2119 kN/m2
Live load = 0.155 kN/m2 (25% of reduction as peer IS 1893-2002)
Total load = DL + LL = 0.367 kN/m2
Bay spacing of frame is 5m
Earthquake load on rafter = 0.367 5 = 1.835 kN/m2
Earthquake load on conventional steel frame
Dead load = 0.1105 kN/m2
Live load = 0.1875 kN/m2 (25% of reduction as peer IS 1893-2002)
Total load = DL + LL = 0.298 kN/m2
Bay spacing of frame is 5m
Earthquake load on rafter = 0.2985 = 1.49 kN/m
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V. RESULTS
4.1 Graphical representation of result comparison of conventional and pre-engineered steel frame of span 30m and bay
spacing 4m, 5m and 6m.
Lateral deflection at eaves level

Deflection (mm)
100
80
60
40
20
0
4m
5m
6m
PEB
72.378
68.432
79.663
CSF
13.189
16.041
19.295
Fig 2. Graphical representation of comparison of lateral deflection at eaves level
Deflection (mm)
Vertical deflection in ridge portion

120
100
80
60
40
20
0
4m
5m
6m
PEB
96.77
92.037
84.858
CSF
13.565
30.607
35.558
Fig 3. Graphical representation of comparison of Vertical deflection in ridge portion
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Steel consumption (ton)
Steel consumption
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
4m
5m
6m
CSF
86.013
76.31
67.162
PEB
82.66
70.09
62.604
Fig 4. Graphical representation of comparison of steel consumption
Cost of structure
3500000
Cost (Lakhs)
3000000
2500000
2000000
1500000
1000000
500000
0
4m
5m
6m
CSF
3096468
2747405
2417832
PEB
2975814
2523399
2253744
Fig 5. Graphical representation of comparison of cost of structure

VI.
CONCLUSION
Pre-engineered steel structure is almost 15% lighter than conventional steel structure. Also material wastage
plays a significant role in reducing steel quantity and cutting the cost of structure as all fabrication work for
conventional steel frames are performed at site results in lots of wastage in material.
Pre-engineered structure cost is 15% lesser than the cost of conventional steel structure. Pre-engineered
structure offers low cost, strength, durability and recyclability.
Steel quantity depends on primary members and purlins. As spacing of frame is increased steel consumption
decreased for primary members and increased for secondary members.
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The comparative study on conventional and pre engineered portal leads to the conclusion that PEB proves to
be relevant and beneficial for warehouses equipped with cranes. Hence pre engineered frames must be
preferred over conventional frames.
REFERENCES
[1]
[2]
INSDAG Guide for the Structural use of Steelwork in Buildings.

Pre-Engineered metal Buildings the latest trend in building construction by K.K.Mitra Gen. Manager (marketing) Lloyd Insulations (India)
Limited.
[3] Paul Mc Entee, S.E. (2009), Steel Moment Frames History and Evaluation, Structural Engineering Megazine.
[4] Nikhil Agrawal, Achal Kr. Mittal and V.K.Gupta (2009), Design of a Gable frames based wind forces from a few international design wind
codes, The Seveth Asia-Pacific conference on Wind Engineering, November 8-12, 2009, Taipei, Talwan.
[5] Anbuchezian A., Dr. Baskar. G (2013), Experimental study on cold formed steel purlin sections, IRACST Engineering Science and
Technology, An International Journal (ESTIJ), ISSN: 2250 3498, Volume.3. No.2
[6] N. Subramaniam, Design of steel structures
[7] S.K.Duggal, Limit state design of steel structures.
IS codes
[8] IS : 875 (Part 1) 1987 Code of Practice for design loads (other than earthquake) for buildings and structures (Dead load).
[9] IS : 875 (Part 2) 1987 Code of Practice for design loads (other than earthquake) for buildings and structures (Imposed load).
[10] IS : 875 (Part 3) 1987 Code of Practice for design loads (other than earthquake) for buildings and structures (Wind load)
[11] IS: 800 2007 Indian Standard General Construction in Steel Code of Practice.
[12] IS: 801 1975 Code of practice for use of Cold formed light gauge steel Structural members in general building construction.
DOI:10.15680/IJIRSET.2015.0408128
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ISSN(Online): 2319-8753

ISSN (Print): 2347-6710

International Journal of Innovative Research in Science,

Vol. 4, Issue 8, August 2015