10.

DIFFERENTIATION
Unit A : Determine the first derivative of the function y = axn using formula.
Example
Exercise
1.
y= x3
a. y = x 4
b.
y= x5

dy
dx

dy
dx

= 3x 3 1
= 3x2

c.

y= x7

[5x4]
[ 7x6]
[4x3]

2.

y = 2x

dy
dx

a.

y = 3x

dy
dx

= 2(3x2)
= 6x2

b.

y = 5x 3

c.

y = 10x 2

=
[15x2]

[12

[20x]

x3]

3.

y = 2x

dy
dx

a.

y= 5x

dy
dx

= 2(3x2)
= 6x2

b.

y= 8x5

c.

y = 12 x 2

=
[-40x4 ]

[-24x]

[ -20x ]

4.

f(x) = x

-2

a.

f(x) = x

-1

b.

f(x) =

f(x) = x -5

c.

f(x) =

f(x) = x -3
f(x) =

f ' ( x) = -2

x 2 1
= - 2 x 3

[- x56 ]

[- x12 ]
5.

f(x) = 3 x -2

f ' ( x) = 3(-2 x
= -6x

a.

f(x) = 4x -1

b.

f(x) =
-2-1

f(x) = 2x -4

[- x62 ]
c.

f(x) =

f(x) = 6x -1
f(x) =

-3

[- x42 ]
127

[- x85 ]

[- x62 ]

6.

a.

y=

dy
dx

1
2

x4

b.

y=

1
2 (4 x

=
= 2 x3

41

dy
dx

3
2

x4

c.

y=

1
3

x6

y=

1
6

x3

[2x5 ]

[ 2x1 4 ]

[ 6x ]

7.

a.

y=

dy
dx

2
3

x3

= 3 (3 x
= 2x

b.

y=

31

dy
dx

2
3

c.

f(x) =

5
2x

4
3x 6

f(x) =

f (x) =

f (x) =

[- 2x5 2 ]

[ x47 ]

[- x87 ]

Topic : DIFFERENTIATION
Unit B : Determine first derivative of a function involving : (a) addition, or (b) subtraction of algebraic
terms.
1.

Example

Exercise

y = x2 + 3x +4

a.

y = x2 +4x +3

b.

dy
= 2x + 3
dx
2.

y = x2 - 3x +4

[2x+4]

a.

y = x2 -4x +3

y = x3 + 4x2 + 5

[2x+5]

b.

dy
= 2x - 3
dx
3.

y = x2 + 5x +6

y = x2 - 5x +6

[2x-4]

a.

y = x3 +5x2 +7

dy
= 3x 2 + 8 x
dx

b.

[3x2 +10x]

128

[2x-5]

y = x3 + 6x2 + 8

[3x2 + 12x]

4.

y = x3 - 3x2 -6

a.

y = x3 -5x2 -7

b.

dy
= 3x 2 - 6x
dx
5.

y = x(x + 5)
y = x2 + 5x

[3x2-10x]

a.

dy
= 2x + 5
dx
6.

y = (x+1)(x + 5)
y = x2 + 6x + 5

7.

y = (x+3)
y = x2 + 6x + 9

y = x(x - 6)

b.

y = x(x+3)2
y = x(x2 + 6x + 9)
y = x3 + 6x2 + 9x

a.

y = (x+1)(x 6)

[ 3x2 + 10x]

b.

y = (x2 +1)(x - 4)

[3x2 -8x+1]

[2x5]

a.

y = (x+4)2

b.

y = (3x+1)2

[2(x+4)]

a.

y = x(x+4)2

dy
= 3x 2 + 12x + 9
dx

[6(3x+1)]

b.

y = x(3x+1)2

[27x2 +12x+1]
[3x2 + 16x+16]

Example

Exercise

9.

y = x2 +

y = x2(x + 5)

[2x-

dy
= 2x + 6
dx
8.

[3x2 -12x]

6]

dy
= 2x + 6
dx
2

y = x3 - 6x2 8

3
x

a
.

y = x2 +

b.

5
x

y = x3 -

y = x2 + 3x-1

129

4
x

dy
= 2x - 3x - 2
dx

[2x - x52 ]

dy
3
= 2x - 2
dx
x
10
.

3 4
y = x2 + + 2
x x

5 6
y = x2 + + 2
x x

[3x 2 + x42 ]
b.

4 5
y = x3 - - 2
x x

y = x2 + 3x-1 + 4x-2

dy
= 2 x - 3x - 2 - 8 x - 3
dx
dy
3 8
= 2- 2 - 3
dx
x x
11.
3

x + 4x + 5
y=
x

[3x 2 + x42 + 10x3 ]

[2x - x52 - 12x3 ]

a
.

b.
3

x 3 - 2x - 7
y=
x

x + 5x - 6
y=
x

y = x2 + 4 + 5x -1

dy
= 2 x - 5 x -2
dx
dy
5
= 2x - 2
dx
x
12
.

x + 4x + 5
y=
x2

[2x + x62 ]
a
.

[2x + x72 ]
b.

x + 5x - 6
y=
x2
130

x 3 - 2x - 7
y=
x2

y = x + 4x -1 + 5x -2

dy
= 1 - 4x -2 - 10x -3
dx

[1- x52 + 12x3 ]

dy
4 10
= 1- 2 - 3
dx
x x

[1+ x22 + 14x3 ]

Topic : DIFFERENTIATION
Unit C : To determine the first derivative of a product of two polynomials.
Example
Exercise
1
y= x ( x3+1)
a.
y= x ( x4+2)
b.
y= ( x 5+1)x

c.

y= ( x3-1)x

u=x , v =x3+1

du dv 2
1, 3x
dx dx
dy d
(uv)
dx dx
u
=
=

dv du
v
dx dx

x(3x2)+(x3+1)(1)

[ 5x4+2]

[ 6x5+1]

[4x3 -1]

3x3+x3+1
= 4x3 +1
2

y= 2x2 ( x3+1)

a.

y= 3x2 ( x3-1)

b.

u=2x2 , v =x3+1

du
dv
4 x 3x 2
dx
dx
dy d
(uv)
dx dx
131

y= ( x3-1)(5x2)

c.

y= ( x3-1)(-4x2)

u
=
=

dv du
v
dx dx

2x2(3x2)+(x3+1)

(4x)

[15x4-6x]

[25x4-10x]

[-20x4+8x]

6 x4+4x4 +4x
= 10x4 +4x

f(x)= (x+1) ( x3+1)

a.

f(x)= (x-1) ( 1+x3)

b.

f(x)= (1-x) ( x3+2)

c.

f(x)= (2-x) ( x3+3)

u=x+1 , v =x3+1

du
dv
1 ; 3x 2
dx
dx
f ' ( x)
u
=
=

d
(uv)
dx

dv du
v
dx dx

(x+1)(3x2)+(x3+1)(1)

3x3+3x2 +x3+1
[4 x3-3x2+1]
3

= 4x +3x +1

132

[-4x3+3x2-2 ]

[-4x3+6x2-3]

a.

y= (x+1) (

u=x+1 ,

x
2 +1)

b.

y= (x-1) (

x
3 +1)

c.

y= (2x+1) (

x
2 +1)

x
y= (3-2x) ( 2- 2 )

x
v = 2 +1

du dv 1
1
dx dx 2
dy d
(uv)
dx dx
u
=

dv du
v
dx dx

1
=
(x+1)( 2 )+
x
1
(2
)(1)
1 1 1
x x 1
2 2
=2
x 1
=

2 2
x
[3 3]

2x 2

1
2]

2x 5
[

1
2]

1
2

a.

y= (x2+1) (

u=x2+1 ,

x
2 +1)

b.

y= (x4+1) (

x
3 +1)

x
v = 2 +1
133

c.

y= (2+x2) (

x
4 -1)

y= (3-x3) (

x
3 +1)

du
dv 1
2x
dx
dx 2
dy d
(uv)
dx dx
u
=

dv du
v
dx dx

1
=
(x2+1)( 2 )+
x
1
2
(
)(2x)

5 4 3 1
x 4x
3
[3

3 2
1
x 2x ]
2
[ 4

1 2
x
2
=
+
1 2
x 2x
2
3 2
1
x 2x
= 2
2
Topic : DIFFERENTIATION
Unit D : To determine the first derivative of a quotient of two polynomials using formula.

y
Example :

ux
dy
1
dx

x
x 1

y
1.

v x 1
dv
1
dx
134

5x
2x 3

4 3 2
x 3x 1
[ -3
]

du
dv
u
dy
dx 2 dx
dx
v
x 11 x1

x 1 2
x 1 x

x 1 2
1

x 1 2
v

15
(2x+3)2

2.

y =

3x
4x 5

3. y =

15
(4x+5)2

6x
2x 7

42
- (2x-7)
2

135

4. y =

5x 4
3x 2

5. y =

1 4x
1 x

- (1+x)5 2

22
- (3x-2)
2

6.

1 x
y
1 2x

7. y =

136

x2
x 3

1
(1-2x) 2

8. y =

3x 2
1 5x

x
x-3

9. y =

4x3
x 2 10

6x-15x 2
(1-5x)2

10.

5x 2 - 3x
y=
8 + x3

4x 4 +120x 2
(x 2 +10)2

11. y =

137

x2 1
5x 3 4

-5x 4 +6x3 +80x-24

(8+x 3 )2

-5x 4 +15x 2 -8x

(5x3 -4)2

Topic : DIFFERENTIATION
Unit E : Determine the first derivative of composite function using chain rule.
Example
Exercise
1.
a.
b.
c.
2
4
5

y ( x 2)

y ( x 3)

y ( x 2)

dy
2( x 2) 1 1
dx
2( x 2)

[5(x+2
)4]

[4(x+3)3]

2.

a.

y (3x 2) 2
dy
2 (3x 2)1 3
dx
6(3x 2)

y ( x 8) 3

b.

y (2 x 3) 4

c.

y ( 4 x 2) 5

[8(2x+3)3]

138

[3(x+8)
2
]

[20(4x+2
)4]

y (5x 8) 3

[15(5x+8)2
]

3.

a.

y 3( x 2)

b.

y 5( x 2)

dy
3 2( x 2)1 1
dx
6( x 2)
4.

[20(x+2) ]

b.

5
y
( x 2) 4

2
( x 2) 2

y 2( x 2) 2
dy
2 2( x 2) 3 1
dx
4( x 2) 3
4

( x 2) 3
5.

2
5( x 2) 2

3
( x 2) 5

2
( x 8) 3

15
[- (x+2)
6]

20
[- (x+2)
5]

b.

[12(2x+8)
3
]

c.

a.

y 2(2 x 8) 3

[60(4x+2
)4]

a.

c.

y 3(4 x 2)

[- (x+8)6 4 ]
c.

4
y
5(2 x 3) 6

3
4( x 5) 3

5
2(3x 4) 4

2
y ( x 2) 2
5
2
y 2( x 2) 3 1
5
y

4
5( x 2) 3

[-

9
4(x+5)4

24
[- 5(2x-3)
7]

Topic : DIFFERENTIATION
Unit F : Determine the Gradient of a Tangent and a Normal at a point on a Curve.

139

10
[ (3x-4)
5]

Example 1 : Find the gradient of the tangent to

y 2 x 3x 7 x 5
3

Example: Given

of tangent at point P on the curve

y = f(x) is 29, find the coordinates of the
point P.

the curve
at the point (-2,5)

Solution:

y 2 x 3 3x 2 7 x 5

y f (x)

Solution:

dy
6x 2 6x 7
dx

y = 2x2 3x since f(x) = x(2x-3)

dy
4x 3
dx

At point (-2,5), x=-2

Hence, the gradient of tangent at the point (-2,5)

dy
mT
when x 2
dx
6 x 2 6 x 7 when x 2

At point P,

dy
29
dx
4x 3 = 29
x=8
y = 104

6(2) 2 6(2) 7
5
(1)

f ( x) x(2 x 3) and the gradient

The coordinates of P is (8 , 104)

(2) Find the gradient of the tangent to the curve

Given that the equation of a parabola is

y x 2 x 3 at the point (3,6).

y 1 4 x 2 x 2 , find the gradient of the tangent

to the curve at the point (-1,-3)

mT 8

mT 7

(3) Given that the gradient of the tangent at point P on

y 2 x 5

the curve
the point P.

f ( x) x

2
is 4, find the coordinates

4
x2

(4) Given
and the gradient of tangent
is 28. Find the value of x.

140

P(2 , 1)

x 23

Topic : DIFFERENTIATION
Unit G : Determine the Equation of a Tangent and a normal at a Point on a Curve.
Example 1 :
Example 2 :
Find the equation of the tangent at the point (2,7)
Find the equation of the normal at the point x = 1

2
y

3
x
5
on the curve
Solution:

2
y

2
x

3
x
on the curve
Solution:

y 3x 2 5

y 4 2 x 3x 2

dy
6x
dx

dy
2 6 x
dx
dy
when x 1,
2 6(1) 4
dx

when x 2,

dy
6(2) 12
dx

mN
Gradient of tangent, m T =12
Equation of tangent is

Gradient of normal,
when x = 1 , y = 4 2(1) + 3(1)2 = 5
Equation of normal is

y y1 mT x x1

y y1 m N x x1

y 7 12 x 2
y 7 12 x 24
y 12x 17 0
(1) Find the equation of the tangent at the point (1,9)

1
4

1
x 1
4
4 y 20 1( x 1)
x 4 y - 21 0
y 5

(2) Find the equation of the tangent to the curve

141

y 2 x 5
on the curve

y 2 x 1 x 1 at the point where its

x-coordinate is -1.

y 3x 3

y 12 x 21
(3) Find the equation of the normal to the curve

y 2 x 3x 2 at the point where its

2

4
2 x 3 at the

(4) Find the gradient of the curve

point (-2,-4) and hence determine the equation of
the normal passing through that point.

x-coordinate is 2.

x 5 y 22 0

mT 8 ; x 8 y 30 0

Topic : DIFFERENTIATION
Unit H : Problem of Second Derivatives
Example :

y f (x)
Differentiate the first time

dy
f ' ( x)
dx

First derivative

f ( x) 3 2 x 2

Second derivative

Given that
, find f (x) .
Hence, determine the value of f (1)
Solution:

Differentiate the second time

d2y
f ' ' ( x)
dx 2

142

f ( x) 3 2 x 2

4x
-20x 3 - 2x
4

f ' ( x) 5 3 2 x 2

2 4

f " ( x) (3 2 x 2 ) 4 [20] (20 x)[ 4 3 2 x 2 ( 4 x)]

20(3 2 x 2 ) 4 320 x 2 (3 2 x 2 ) 3

20 3 - 2x 2 16 x 2 (3 2 x 2 )

20(3 - 2x ) 18 x 3
2 3

60(3 - 2x 2 ) 3 (6x 2 - 1)
f " (1) 60(1)(5)
300
(1)

3
2
y

2
x

4
x
6 x 3 , find
Given that

(2) Given that

f ( x) 2 x 2 40 3x , find f(x).

d2y
dx 2

160 36x
12x + 8

(3) Given that

f ( x) (4 x 1) 5 , find f (0)

2
s

3
t
1
(4) Given that

d 2s
dt 2

143

when t =

1
2.

,calculate the value of

320
3

Topic : DIFFERENTIATION
Unit I : Determine the Types of Turning Points

(Minimum and Maximum Points)

Example :
Find the turning points of the curve

(1) Find the coordinates of two turning points on the

2
y

x
3
curve

y 2 x 12 x 18x 3 and determine

3

whether each of them is a maximum or a

minimum point.
Solution:
2

y 2 x 3 12 x 18 x 3
dy

dx

At turning points,

dy
0
dx

6 x 2 24 x 18 0
x 2 4x 3 0
x 1 x 3 0
x 1 or x 3

(1 , 2) and (1 , 2)

(2) Determine the coordinates of the minimum point of

y x 2 4x 4 .

Substitute the values of x into

y 2 x 3 12 x 2 18 x 3
3
2
y

2
(
1
)

12
(
1
)
18(1) 3 11
When x = 1 ,
3
2
y

2
(
3
)

12
(
3
)
18(1) 3 33
When x = 3 ,
Thus the coordinates of the turning points are
and

144

d2y
12 x 24
dx 2

(2 , 0)

d2y
12(1) 24 12 0
dx 2
When x = 1 ,
Thus (1 , 11) is the

,
point

d2y
12(3) 24 12 0
dx 2

When x=3,
Thus , (3 , 33) is the

point

2
y x3 2x 2 5
3
is an equation of a

(3) Given
curve, find the coordinates of the turning points of
the curve and determine whether each of the turning
point is a maximum or minimum point.

23
(
2
,

3)
min. point = (0 , 5) ; max. point =
Topic : DIFFERENTIATION
Unit J : Problems of Rates of Change

If y = f (x) and x = g(t), then using the chain rule

dy dy dx

dt dx dt ,

where

dy
dt

is the rate of change of

Task 1 : Answer all the questions below.

y and

is the rate of change of x.

145

2
y

3
x
2 x and x is increasing at a
(1) Given that

2
y

4
x
x and x is increasing at a
(2) Given that

constant rate of 2 unit per second, find the rate of

change of y when x = 4 unit.

constant rate of 4 unit per second, find the rate of

change of y when x = 0.5 unit.

dx
2
dt
y 3x 2 2 x
dy
6x 2
dx
When x 4
dy
6( 4) 2
dx
22
dy dy dx

dt dx dt
( 22)( 2)
44 unit s 1

v 9x

12 unit s 1

(4) SPM 2004 (Paper 1 Question 21)

[3 marks]
Two variables, x and y, are related by the equation

1
x

2
y 3x .
x Given that y increases at a constant

(3) Given that

and x is increasing at a
constant rate of 3 unit per second, find the rate of
change of v when x = 1 unit.

rate of 4 unit per second, find the rate of change of

x when x =2.

30 unit s 1

146

8
5 unit s 1

Task 2 : Answer all the questions below.

(1) The area of a circle of radius r cm increases at a
constant rate of 10 cm2 per second. Find the rate of
change of r when r = 2 cm. ( Use = 3.142 )

(2) The area of a circle of radius r cm increases at a

constant rate of 16 cm2 per second. Find the rate of
change of r when r = 3 cm. ( Use = 3.142 )

Answer :

dA
10
dt
A r2
dA
2 r
dr
When r 2 cm
dA
2 (2)
dr
4
dA dA dr

dt dr dt
dr
10 4
dt
dr
0.7957 cm s 1
dt

0.8487 cm s 1

(3) The volume of a sphere of radius r cm increases at a

constant rate of 20 cm3 per second. Find the rate of
change of r when r = 1 cm. ( Use = 3.142 )

(4) The volume of water , V cm, in a container is given

1
V h 3 8h,
3
by
where h cm is the height of the
water in the container. Water is poured into the

3 -1
10
cm
s.
container at the rate of

of change of the height of water, in

the instant when its height is 2 cm.

147

Find the rate

cm 3 s -1 , at
[3 marks]

1.591 cm s 1

5
6 cm s 1
Task 3 : Answer all the questions below.
Example :

(1) A spherical air bubble is formed at the base of a

pond. When the bubble moves to the surface of the
water, it expands. If the radius of the bubble is

h cm

expanding at the rate of 0.05 cm s , find the rate

at which the volume of the bubble is increasing
when its radius is 2 cm.

The above figure shows a cube of volume 729 cm.

If the water level in the cube, h cm, is increasing at

1
the rate of 0.8 cm s , find the rate of increase of
the volume of water.
Solution :
Let each side of the cube be x cm.
Volume of the cube = 729 cm
x = 729
x = 9

h cm

9 cm

9 cm
9 cm

0.8 cm s
3

Chain rule

1
dV
dh

148

Rate of change of the volume of water,

(2) If the radius of a circle is decreasing at the rate

1
of 0.2 cm s , find the rate of decrease of the
area of the circle when its radius is 3 cm.

dV dV dh

dt
dh dt
81 0.8

64.8 cm 3 s 1
Hence, the rate of increase of the volume of water

is 64.8 cm s .

1.2 cm s
2

(3) The radius of a spherical balloon increases at the

rate of 0.5 cm s 1. Find the rate of change in the
volume when the radius is 15 cm.

(4) The edge of a cube is decreasing at the rate of

3 cm s 1. Find the rate of change in the volume
when the volume is 64 cm3.

144 cm3 s 1

149

450 cm s
3

(5) Diagram 1 shows a conical container with a

diameter of 60 cm and height of 40 cm. Water is
40poured
cm into the container at a constant rate of

(6) Oil is poured into an inverted right circular cone of

base radius 6 cm and height 18 cm at the rate of

cm 3 s -1

3 -1

1 000

cm s

2
. Find the rate of increase of the height of
water level when the water level is 6 cm high.
( Use = 3.142 )

Diagram 60
1 cm

Water

Calculate the rate of change of the radius of the water

level at the instant when the radius of the water is 6 cm.

1
r 2 h
(Use = 3.142; volume of cone 3
)

0.1591 cm s 1
6.631cm3 s 1

150

Topic : DIFFERENTIATION
Unit K : Problems of Small Changes and Approximations
Small Changes

Approximate Value

where y small change in y

x small change in x

y new y original y
y original

dy
x
dx

Task 1 : Answer all the questions below.

2
y

x
4 x , find the small
(1) Given that

2
y

x
3x , find the small
(2) Given that

change in y when x increases from 2 to 2.01.

change in y when x increases from 6 to 6.01.

y x 2 4x
dy
2x 4
dx
x 2 2.01
x 2.01 2
0.01
dy
2(2) 4 when x 2
dx
8
dy
y x
dx
y (8)(0.01)
y 0.08

0.15

151

2
y

2
x
x , find the small
(3) Given that

y4 x

change in y when x decreases from 8 to 7.98.

dy
dx .

(4) Given that

, find
Hence, find the small change in y when x increases
from 4 to 4.02.

0.62

dy
dx

2x ; y 0.02

Task 2 : Answer all the questions below.

(2) A cuboid with square base has a total surface area,

A 3x 2 x
2

A 3x 2 4 x , where x is the length of the side of

(1) Given the area of a rectangle ,

,
where x is the width, find the small change in the
area when the width decreases from 3 cm to 2.98
cm.
Answer :

the base. Find the small change in the total surface

area when the length of the side of the base
decreases from 5 cm to 4.99 cm.

A 3x 2 2 x
dA
6x 2
dx
x 3 2.98
x 3 2.98
0.02
dA
6(3) 2 when x 3
dx
20
dA
A
x
dx
A (20)( 0.02)

A 0.4 cm 2 s 1
0.26 cm2

152

(3) The volume, V cm3 , of a cuboid with rectangular

(4) In a pendulum of length x meters, the period T

V x 3 2 x 2 3x

T 2

base is given by
, where x cm
is the width of the base. Find the small change in
the volume when the width increases from 4 cm to
4.05 cm.

x
dT
10 . Find dx .

seconds is given as
Hence, find the small change in T when x increases
from 2.5 m to 2.6 m.

1.75 cm3

dT
dx

Task 4 : Answer all the questions below.

153

10 x

; T 50

second

4
dy
x 5 , calculate the value of dx

(1) Given that

x = 2.
Hence, estimate the values of

(a )

4
2.03 5

(b)

y
if

(2) Given

4
1.98 5

27
x3 ,

find the value of

Hence, estimate the value of

dy
dx

when x = 3.

27
.
3.033

Solution :

4
4 x 5
5
x

dy
20
20 x 6 6
dx
x
dy
20
5
When x 2, 6
dx
16
x

(a )

y new y original y
y original

dy
x
dx

dy
dx

154

; 0.97

y
4
4
4

y
,
where
y

and x 2 2.03
2.03 5 2 5
25
dy
4
5 x
dx
2
4 5
5 2.03 2
2 16
4
3

32 320
0.116525

(b)

(3) Given

32
x4 ,

find

dy
dx

32
.
4
1
.
99
Hence, estimate the value of

y new y original y
y new y original

dy
x
dx

4
4 5
5 1.98 2
5
1.98
2 16

4
1

32 160
dy
dx

0.13125

155

128
x5

; 2.04

Task 5 : Answer all the questions below.

(2) SPM 2003 (Paper 1 Question 16)

20
2 x , find the approximate

y x 2 5x, use differentiation to

Given that
find the small change in y when x increases from 3
to 3.01.
[3 marks]

(1) Given that

change in x when y increases from 40 to 40.5.

0.11

1
160

4
v r3
3
(3) Given
, use the differentiation method
to find the small change in v when r increases from
3 to 3.01.

5
dy
,
x 3 find the value of dx

(4) Given that

x = 4.
Hence, estimate the value of

156

when

(a)

5
4.02 3

(b)

5
3.99 3

0.27

dy
dx

15
256

; (a) 0.07930 ; (b) 0.07871

Topic : DIFFERENTIATION
Unit L : Problems of Maximum and Minimum Values of a Function.

x = that satisfies

dy
0
dx

will minimize y if the value of

d2y
0
dx 2
at x =

will maximize y if the value of

at x =

Task 1 : Answer all questions below.

x = that satisfies

157

Example 1 :

2
L

x
(25 2 x) , find the value of x for
(1) Given

L x (40 5x)
2

Given
, find the value of x for
which L is maximum.
Hence, determine the maximum value of L.

which L is maximum.
Hence, determine the maximum value of L.

Solution:
L x 2 ( 40 5 x )
L 40 x 2 5 x 3
dL
80 x 15 x 2
dx
d 2L
80 30 x
dx 2
dL
when
0
dx
80 x 15 x 2 0
x(80 15 x ) 0
Knowing x 0, 80 15 x 0
16
3
2
d L
16
80 30
80
2
dx
3
x

d 2L
80 0
dx 2
16
x
will max imise L
3
Lmax

16

16
40 5 3

10240
27

x 253 , Lmax 15625

27
(2)

2
y

36
x

4
x
7 , find the value of x for
Given
which y is maximum.
Hence, determine the maximum value of y.

x 92 , ymax 88
158

Task 2 : Answer all questions below.

Example 2 :

16
L 3 ( x 2 )
x , find the value of x for
Given
which L is minimum.
Hence, determine the minimum value of L.

L 4 ( x 2

128
)
x , find the value of x for

(1) Given
which L is minimum.
Hence, determine the minimum value of L.

Solution:

16
)
x
L 3x 2 48 x 1
dL
6x 48x 2
dx
d 2L
6 96x 3
dx 2
dL
when
0
dx
6x 48x 2 0
L 3 ( x 2

6x 48x 2
48
6x 2
x
Knowing x 0, x 3 8
x2
d 2L
6 96 (2) 3
2
dx
d 2L
18 0
dx 2
x 2 will min imise L

16
2
Lmin 3 2

2

36

x 4 , Lmin 192
(2) Given

1
y (3x 2 8 x 2)
2
, find the value of x

for which y is minimum.

Hence, determine the minimum value of y.

(3) SPM 2003(Paper 1, No 15)

Given that y=14x(5 x), calculate
(a) the value of x when y is a maximum
(b) the maximum value of y
[3
marks]

159

(a) 2.5 ; (b) 87.5

x 43 , ymin 53
Task 3 : Answer all the questions below.
(1) The diagram below shows the skeleton of a wire
Box with a rectangular base of x by 3x and the
heigh of h.
h
x

3x

Given the total length of the wire is 348 cm,

(a) express h in terms of x,
(b) show that the volume of the box, V cm3 , is
given by V = 3x2 (87 4x),
(c) find the stationary value of V, stating whether
it is maximum or minimum value.

(a) h = 87 4x (b) (c) max = 18291.75 cm3

(2) The diagram below shows a solid cylinder with
circular cross-section of radius r and the height of
h.
r
h

Given the total surface area of the cylinder is

300 cm2 ,
(a) express h in terms of r,
(b) show that the volume of the cylinder, V cm3 ,
is given by V = 150 r r 3 ,
(c) determine the maximum volume of the
cylinder when r varies.

160

(a) h =

150r 2
r

(b) (c)

100

50

or 399

(3) A length of wire 160 m is bent to form a sector

r OPQ, of a circle of centre O and radius r as shown
in the diagram below.

(a) Show that (i)

160
2
r

(ii) the area, A, of the sector is

given by A = 80r r 2
(b) Find the value of and r when the area is a
maximum.
(c) Determine the maximum area.

(b) r = 40 m , = 2 rad (c)

161

Amax 1600