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This question is about reactions of calcium compounds.

0 6 . 1 A pure solid is thought to be calcium hydroxide. The solid can be identified from its
relative formula mass.
The relative formula mass can be determined experimentally by reacting a measured
mass of the pure solid with an excess of hydrochloric acid. The equation for this
reaction is
Ca(OH)2 + 2HCl

CaCl2 + 2H2O

The unreacted acid can then be determined by titration with a standard sodium
hydroxide solution.
You are provided with 50.0 cm3 of 0.200 mol dm3 hydrochloric acid.
Outline, giving brief practical details, how you would conduct an experiment to
calculate accurately the relative formula mass of the solid using this method.
[8 marks]

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0 6 . 2

A 3.56 g sample of calcium chloride was dissolved in water and reacted with an
excess of sulfuric acid to form a precipitate of calcium sulfate.
The percentage yield of calcium sulfate was 83.4%.
Calculate the mass of calcium sulfate formed.
Give your answer to an appropriate number of significant figures.
[3 marks]

Mass of calcium sulfate formed =

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6
3 (a)

An unknown metal carbonate reacts with hydrochloric acid according to the following
equation.
M2CO3(aq) + 2HCl(aq) 2MCl(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)
A 3.44 g sample of M2CO3 was dissolved in distilled water to make 250 cm3 of
solution. A 25.0 cm3 portion of this solution required 33.2 cm3 of 0.150 mol dm3
hydrochloric acid for complete reaction.

3 (a) (i)

Calculate the amount, in moles, of HCl in 33.2 cm3 of 0.150 mol dm3
hydrochloric acid. Give your answer to 3 significant figures.
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(1 mark)

3 (a) (ii) Calculate the amount, in moles, of M2CO3 that reacted with this amount of HCl.
Give your answer to 3 significant figures.
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(1 mark)
3 (a) (iii) Calculate the amount, in moles, of M2CO3 in the 3.44 g sample. Give your answer to
3 significant figures.
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(1 mark)
3 (a) (iv) Calculate the relative formula mass, Mr, of M2CO3
Give your answer to 1 decimal place.
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(1 mark)
3 (a) (v) Hence determine the relative atomic mass, Ar, of the metal M and deduce its identity.
Ar of M ................................................................................................................................
Identity of M ......................................................................................................................
(2 marks)

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3 (b)

In another experiment, 0.658 mol of CO2 was produced. This gas occupied a volume
of 0.0220 m3 at a pressure of 100 kPa.
Calculate the temperature of this CO2 and state the units.
(The gas constant R = 8.31 J K1 mol1)
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(3 marks)

3 (c)

Suggest one possible danger when a metal carbonate is reacted with an acid in a
sealed flask.
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(1 mark)

3 (d)

In a different experiment, 6.27 g of magnesium carbonate were added to an excess of

sulfuric acid. The following reaction occurred.
MgCO3 + H2SO4

3 (d) (i)

MgSO4 + CO2 + H2O

Calculate the amount, in moles, of MgCO3 in 6.27 g of magnesium carbonate.

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(2 marks)

3 (d) (ii) Calculate the mass of MgSO4 produced in this reaction assuming a 95% yield.
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(3 marks)

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2 Ammonium sulfate reacts with sodium hydroxide to form ammonia, sodium sulfate and
water as shown in the equation below.
(NH4)2SO4(s) + 2NaOH(aq) 2NH3(g) + Na2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(l)
2

(a) A 3.14 g sample of ammonium sulfate reacted completely with 39.30 cm3 of a sodium
hydroxide solution.

(a)

(i) Calculate the amount, in moles, of (NH4)2SO4 in 3.14 g of ammonium sulfate.

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(2 marks)

(a)

(ii) Hence calculate the amount, in moles, of sodium hydroxide which reacted.
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(1 mark)

(a) (iii) Calculate the concentration, in mol dm3, of the sodium hydroxide solution used.
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(1 mark)

(b) Calculate the percentage atom economy for the production of ammonia in the reaction
between ammonium sulfate and sodium hydroxide.
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(2 marks)

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(c) Ammonia is manufactured by the Haber Process.

N2 + 3H2

2NH3

Calculate the percentage atom economy for the production of ammonia in this process.
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(1 mark)
2

(d) A sample of ammonia gas occupied a volume of 1.53 102 m3 at 37 C and a

pressure of 100 kPa.
(The gas constant R = 8.31 J K1 mol 1)
Calculate the amount, in moles, of ammonia in this sample.
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(3 marks)
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(e) Glaubers salt is a form of hydrated sodium sulfate that contains 44.1% by mass of
sodium sulfate. Hydrated sodium sulfate can be represented by the formula
Na2SO4. xH2O where x is an integer. Calculate the value of x.
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(3 marks)
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12
Section B
Answer all questions in the spaces provided.

Zinc forms many different salts including zinc sulfate, zinc chloride and zinc fluoride.

7 (a)

People who have a zinc deficiency can take hydrated zinc sulfate (ZnSO4.xH2O) as a
dietary supplement.
A student heated 4.38 g of hydrated zinc sulfate and obtained 2.46 g of anhydrous
zinc sulfate.
Use these data to calculate the value of the integer x in ZnSO4.xH2O
Show your working.
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(3 marks)

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7 (b)

Zinc chloride can be prepared in the laboratory by the reaction between zinc oxide and
hydrochloric acid.
The equation for the reaction is
ZnO

2HCl

ZnCl2

H2O

A 0.0830 mol sample of pure zinc oxide was added to 100 cm3 of 1.20 mol dm3
hydrochloric acid.
Calculate the maximum mass of anhydrous zinc chloride that could be obtained from
the products of this reaction.
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(4 marks)

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7 (c)

Zinc chloride can also be prepared in the laboratory by the reaction between zinc and
hydrogen chloride gas.
Zn

2HCl

ZnCl2

H2

An impure sample of zinc powder with a mass of 5.68 g was reacted with
hydrogen chloride gas until the reaction was complete. The zinc chloride produced had
a mass of 10.7 g.
Calculate the percentage purity of the zinc metal.
Give your answer to 3 significant figures.
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7 (d)

Predict the type of crystal structure in solid zinc fluoride and explain why its melting
point is high.
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Section C
These questions test your understanding of the skills and techniques you have
acquired during your AS course.
Answer all questions in the spaces provided.

17

Read the following instructions that describe how to make up a standard solution of a
solid in a volumetric flask.
Answer the questions which follow.
Take a clean 250 cm3 volumetric flask. Use the balance provided and a clean, dry
container, to weigh out the amount of solid required. Tip the solid into a clean, dry
250 cm3 beaker and add about 100 cm3 of distilled water. Use a stirring rod to help the
solid dissolve, carefully breaking up any lumps of solid with the rod. When the solid
has dissolved, pour the solution into the flask using a filter funnel. Add water to the
flask until the level rises to the graduation mark.

17 (a)

Suggest three further instructions that would improve the overall technique in this
account.
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17 (b)

In a series of titrations using the solution made up in Question 17 (a), a student

obtained the following titres (all in cm3).
Rough

25.7

25.20

25.35

State what this student must do in order to obtain an accurate average titre in this
experiment.
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(2 marks)
18

Barium chloride solution was added, dropwise, to magnesium sulfate solution until no
more white precipitate was formed. The mixture was filtered.
Give the formulae of the two main ions in the filtrate.
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(1 mark)

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14
Section B
Answer all questions in the spaces provided.

6 (a)

Calcium phosphate reacts with aqueous nitric acid to produce phosphoric acid and
calcium nitrate as shown in the equation.
Ca3(PO4)2

6 (a) (i)

6HNO3

2H3PO4

3Ca(NO3)2

A 7.26 g sample of calcium phosphate reacted completely when added to an excess of

aqueous nitric acid to form 38.0 cm3 of solution.
Calculate the concentration, in mol dm3, of phosphoric acid in this solution.
Give your answer to 3 significant figures.
[5 marks]
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6 (a) (ii) Calculate the percentage atom economy for the formation of calcium nitrate in this
reaction.
Give your answer to 1 decimal place.
[2 marks]
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6 (b)

Write an equation to show the reaction between calcium hydroxide and phosphoric acid
to produce calcium phosphate and water.
[1 mark]
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6 (c)

Calcium dihydrogenphosphate can be represented by the formula Ca(H2PO4)x where x

is an integer.
A 9.76 g sample of calcium dihydrogenphosphate contains 0.17 g of hydrogen,
2.59 g of phosphorus and 5.33 g of oxygen.
Calculate the empirical formula and hence the value of x.
Show your working.
[4 marks]
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8

The correct technique can improve the accuracy of a titration.

8 (a)

State why it is important to fill the space below the tap in the burette with solution A
before beginning an accurate titration.
[1 mark]
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8 (b)

Suggest one reason why a 250 cm3 conical flask is preferred to a 250 cm3 beaker for a
titration.
[1 mark]
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8 (c)

During a titration, a chemist rinsed the inside of the conical flask with deionised water.
The water used for rinsing remained in the conical flask.

8 (c) (i)

Give one reason why this rinsing can improve the accuracy of the end-point.
[1 mark]
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8 (c) (ii) Explain why the water used for rinsing has no effect on the accuracy of the titre.
[1 mark]
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8 (d)

Suggest one reason why repeating a titration makes the value of the average titre
more reliable.
[1 mark]
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