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Parameters of The PT1 Element 1

A PT1 element is a first-order system with one energy storage element that exhibits proportional and time-delayed response. The document describes how to characterize a PT1 element using its step response, including determining the proportional coefficient KP and time constant T graphically using tangent and 63% methods. An example is given of a mechanical spring-mass system that behaves as a PT1 element. An experiment is described to measure the step responses of two PT1 circuits and determine their KP and T values. Repeating the experiment with a different step height is used to test if the parameters change.

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Diah Anggraini
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335 views7 pages

Parameters of The PT1 Element 1

A PT1 element is a first-order system with one energy storage element that exhibits proportional and time-delayed response. The document describes how to characterize a PT1 element using its step response, including determining the proportional coefficient KP and time constant T graphically using tangent and 63% methods. An example is given of a mechanical spring-mass system that behaves as a PT1 element. An experiment is described to measure the step responses of two PT1 circuits and determine their KP and T values. Repeating the experiment with a different step height is used to test if the parameters change.

Uploaded by

Diah Anggraini
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Parameters of the PT1 element

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Classification of the PT1 element
A time delay element of the 1st order is called a PT 1 -element. In this context the
relationship between the input variable y(t) and the output variable x(t) can be
expressed by the differential equation

The parameter KP is referred to as the proportional coefficient, the parameter T is


called the time constant of the PT1 element.
The following Figure shows the step response and the block symbol of the PT 1
element.

Here the final steady-state value of the output variable is assumed to be only
asymptotic, i.e. time delayed. The time constant T specifies how fast the output
variable tends towards the final value. In mathematical terms the following equation
expresses the characteristic of the output variable for t > 0

A PT1 element is thus a system with compensation and time delay (see the following
Figure).

Determining the time constants on the basis of the step


response
Whereas the proportional coefficient KP of the PT1 element for an input variable step
change of the height 1 can be read directly off the step response (as it corresponds
to the final steady-state value of the output variable), finding out the time constant T
is somewhat more complicated. It can be achieved in two different ways.

Determining the value of T using the tangent method


The so-called tangent method uses the application of tangents on the step response
to determine the time constant T. The point where the tangent intersects with the final
steady-state value of the output variable and then drop a perpendicular line down to
the time axis. The resulting segment of the time axis corresponds to the time
constant.

Fig. on the left: Determining the time constant


T according to the tangent method. The
tangent is drawn as a red line to the step
response from the time point t = 0.

Determining the value of T according to the 63% method


The so-called 63% method is based on the fact that the time corresponding to the
time constant T has elapsed when 63% of the final value has been reached. This can

be derived directly from the equation given above by inserting the value T for the
time variable t. We thus obtain the following for the output variable

The following graph illustrates how the time constant can be derived directly from the
step response by this method.

Fig. left: Determining the time constant T


according to the 63% method. This method
gives relatively good results even when the
signals are distorted.

Example for a PT1 element


PT1 behavior is evident wherever there is a system with precisely one energy storage
element. The Figure below shows a mechanical system comprising a mass m
(energy storage element) and a shock absorber r, whose frictional force is assumed
to be proportional to the velocity. Furthermore an external force F acts on the mass.
If you take the sum of the forces, you arrive at the following expression for the
motion

As can be seen from a comparison to the differential equation of the general PT 1


element shown above, this mechanical system demonstrates PT 1 characteristics.

Fig. right: Shock absorber


system for a mass as an
example of a mechanical PT1
element.

What are the system's proportional coefficient and time constant? Enter your
answer into the following answer box.

Experiment
In the following experiment you shall determine the step response of the two PT 1
elements of the P element of the experiment card "controlled system simulation"
(SO4201-5U). Use the step response to determine the respective proportional
coefficient KP and the time constant T.
First set up the following experiment circuit.

Activate the step response plotter and configure it as shown in the following
Table.
Settings Input
Channel A

Meas. range: 10 V

Coupling: DC

Channel B

Meas. range: 10 V

Coupling: DC

Range: 100

Offset: 0

Other

Settings Output
Step response from ... to
...

50%

Delay time/ms

Measurements

300
Settings Diagram

Display

Channel A

x-axis from ... to ...

0.2 s

y-axis from ... to ...

100

Now determine the step response of the left-hand PT 1-element and copy the
diagram into the upper space reserved for the graph. Determine the proportional
coefficient and time constant in accordance with both the tangent and the 63%
method. Then repeat the experiment with the right-hand PT 1 element, copy the
step response into the lower space reserved for graphs and determine from this
the proportional coefficient and time constants. Enter the numerical values
obtained for the parameters in the answer box below.

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

Step response of the left-hand PT1 element

t/s

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

t/s

Proportional coefficients and time constants determined:

1. Kp=63% t=0,2s
2. kp = % t= s
Now repeat the experiment using the right-hand PT 1 element, but for a different
amplitude of the input variable step change (alter the step change from 0 to 25%).
Drag and drop the step response into the space reserved for the graphic below and
use this to also determine proportional coefficient and time constant. Do the
parameters change because the height of the step response changes? Enter the
your answer with your reasons into the answer box below!

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

t/s

Step response of the right-hand PT1 element for a change in the height of the input variable step

63%-25%=38%
Kp2-Kp3 =

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