Farmers use selective breeding and artificial insemination to improve the traits of dairy cows over generations. In this exercise, students evaluate the traits of 3 dairy cows - Cow 1 has low milk production but good type; Cow 2 has very low milk production and average other traits; Cow 3 has average to good traits. Students then choose the best bull to mate with each cow to improve upon their weaker traits while maintaining their stronger traits. For Cow 1, the student chooses Reliable bull to increase milk while balancing protein. For Cow 2, Silva bull is chosen to greatly increase milk. For Cow 3, Mifflin bull is selected to increase all traits except protein.
Farmers use selective breeding and artificial insemination to improve the traits of dairy cows over generations. In this exercise, students evaluate the traits of 3 dairy cows - Cow 1 has low milk production but good type; Cow 2 has very low milk production and average other traits; Cow 3 has average to good traits. Students then choose the best bull to mate with each cow to improve upon their weaker traits while maintaining their stronger traits. For Cow 1, the student chooses Reliable bull to increase milk while balancing protein. For Cow 2, Silva bull is chosen to greatly increase milk. For Cow 3, Mifflin bull is selected to increase all traits except protein.
Farmers use selective breeding and artificial insemination to improve the traits of dairy cows over generations. In this exercise, students evaluate the traits of 3 dairy cows - Cow 1 has low milk production but good type; Cow 2 has very low milk production and average other traits; Cow 3 has average to good traits. Students then choose the best bull to mate with each cow to improve upon their weaker traits while maintaining their stronger traits. For Cow 1, the student chooses Reliable bull to increase milk while balancing protein. For Cow 2, Silva bull is chosen to greatly increase milk. For Cow 3, Mifflin bull is selected to increase all traits except protein.
Farmers use selective breeding and artificial insemination to improve the traits of dairy cows over generations. In this exercise, students evaluate the traits of 3 dairy cows - Cow 1 has low milk production but good type; Cow 2 has very low milk production and average other traits; Cow 3 has average to good traits. Students then choose the best bull to mate with each cow to improve upon their weaker traits while maintaining their stronger traits. For Cow 1, the student chooses Reliable bull to increase milk while balancing protein. For Cow 2, Silva bull is chosen to greatly increase milk. For Cow 3, Mifflin bull is selected to increase all traits except protein.
Farmers work with artificial insemination companies that have a vast array of bulls they can choose from, and they often work with someone who trait mates their cows to find the perfect match for their genetic make-up. Through using this process of genetic selection, farmers have been able to dramatically improve both the productivity and longevity of cows in the past 50 years. In this lab exercise, students should compare and contrast traits of three dairy cows and evaluate the list of six bulls on page 2 of this exercise. Identify the best dairy bull to balance each dairy cows traits. Each cow and each bull has a PTA Score for milk, fat, protein, production life (a measurement of longevity), type (a measurement of their overall appearance), udder score, and feet and legs. The PTA Score compares the bull or cows evaluation to the breed average for that trait. Look for the traits that are negative in the cow and try to improve upon those with bulls that are positive in those traits. Make sure negative traits in the bull do not pull the cows positive traits down. Try to choose the bull that balances all the cows traits the best. The individual cows are listed below, and descriptions of the bulls are listed on Page 2. You may only use each bull once.
Cow No. 1
Gracistate Rubens Tessie
PTA Scores:
-320 Milk +1.93 Type
First Bull Choice for Tessie:
Explain Bull Choice:
- 9 Fat +4 Protein +2.22 Udder Composite
+1.3 Production Life
+.95 Feet & Leg Composite
Reliable
Reliable had high production which would
help offset Tessie's low milk production. ________
His low protein production would also be balanced by Tessie's high protein. All other traits are positive. Cow No. 2
R-S-F Prestar Revlon
PTA Scores:
-2351 Milk - .13 Type
First Bull Choice for Revlon:
Explain Bull Choice:
- 59 Fat - 52 Protein +.03 Udder Composite
+.1 Production Life
-.30 Feet & Leg Composite
Silva
_________
Silva has the highest milk production, which is is a low trait for Revlon. He also
increases her scores in all other traits.
Cow No. 3
Richdale Igniter Deanna
PTA Scores:
+148 Milk +1.28 Type
First Bull Choice for Deanna:
Explain Bull Choice:
+10 Fat +2 Protein
+1.2 Udder Composite
+0.0 Production Life
+.14 Feet & Leg Composite
Mifflin
_______
He would increase all of Deanna's traits except Protein.
Discover Dairy is an initiative of the American Dairy Association North East, Center for Dairy Excellence, Midwest Dairy Council and the Pennsylvania Dairy Promotion Program, and, funded in part by the Center for Dairy Excellence Foundation of Pennsylvania.
USDA PTA Score:
-26 Milk +.07 Fat +2.23 Type
-.04 Protein +1.8 Productive Life +1.61 Udder Composite
USDA PTA Score:
+1,166 Milk -.01 Fat +0.68 Type
-.03 Protein +1.7 Productive Life +0.72 Udder Composite
USDA PTA Score:
+746 Milk -.05 Fat +0.08 Type
-.09 Protein +1.6 Productive Life +0.94 Udder Composite
USDA PTA Score:
+1,556 Milk -.10 Fat +1.06 Type
-.03 Protein +0.7 Productive Life +0.37 Udder Composite
USDA PTA Score:
+146 Milk +.10 Fat +1.61 Type
+.01 Protein +1.2 Productive Life +1.52 Udder Composite
USDA PTA Score:
+442 Milk +.00 Fat +1.89 Type
+.04 Protein +1.2 Productive Life +2.22 Udder Composite
Additional Lab Questions:
1. Which bulls did you not use? Re Design, Butch, and Mr. Sam (suggested answers) Why not? Those bulls would do the least for the dam's traits - they would increase the cows traits The least. 2. Name one other species in which selective breeding may be used? Dogs, Horses, Sheep, Pigs 3. As selective breeding improves the genetics of dairy cows, do you think the scores of existing bulls get higher or lower? Lower Why? Because as genetics imporive the quality of the animals, the breed average improves, and PTA scores are a comparison to the average. Discover Dairy is an initiative of the American Dairy Association North East, Center for Dairy Excellence, Midwest Dairy Council and the Pennsylvania Dairy Promotion Program, and, funded in part by the Center for Dairy Excellence Foundation of Pennsylvania.
Part II Lab Component:
Name:
Needed for exercise (per student or group)
- 3 cups spinach
- Baby or whole carrots
- 1 cheese stick
- One 12 oz. cup of orange juice
A healthy, well-cared-for cow will give more milk. The way farmers care for their cows and how they feed them has helped to increase the amount of milk cows give over the past 50 years.
Just like our diets, a cows diet must be balanced based on her stage of life. For instance, a baby calf requires higher energy foods to fuel her rapid growth.
A cow that has just given birth requires higher levels of certain nutrients to replenish her body. Farmers must adjust feed rations to accommodate those needs.
To balance cows diets to meet their precise nutrient needs, farmers work closely with a nutritionist and use a variety of feed products.
Farmers ensure cows have a fresh, clean supply of water throughout their life cycle. Cows have constant access to fresh, clean water.
Students should use carrots, spinach, cheese and orange juice to make a snack of a spinach salad and orange juice that meets the required nutrients listed on the page. They should use a weight scale to measure the right amount of each feed. Measuring cups can be used in place of the scale if necessary. This exercise is designed to simulate how farmers use a large feeding scale to balance and weigh each feed to meet the cows precise nutrient needs
Steps to Lab Exercise:
1. Weigh each of the foods and record. If you are using measuring cups, here are translations: 1 cup of Spinach weighs 30 grams. 2 baby carrots weigh about 15 grams. 1 stick of string weighs about 24 grams.
2. Divide carrots, spinach and orange juice into serving sizes. A serving size for each is as follows: Carrots 15 grams Spinach 30 grams Orange Juice 8 ounces
3. Use the table on the back of this page to balance the four foods to make a snack of spinach salad and orange juice with the following total nutrient content:
299 total calories
Discover Dairy is an initiative of the American Dairy Association North East, Center for Dairy Excellence, Midwest Dairy Council and the Pennsylvania Dairy Promotion Program, and, funded in part by the Center for Dairy Excellence Foundation of Pennsylvania.
Use a piece of scratch paper to balance the four foods to meet the nutrient requirements for the snack. Blend the ingredients together once you have determined the right amounts of each. Write the correct answers below and include amount of each nutrient provided by food. Calculate what percentage of the salads total weight each food is.
Weight (in grams)
Calories
Protein (grams)
90g
21
String Cheese
24g
Carrots Orange Juice
Spinach
Calcium (mgs)
Iron (mgs)
Percent of Total Weight
3g
117mg
1.5mg
19%
100
7.2g
214mg
0mg
5%
30g
10
0mg
1mg
6%
340g
168
.03g
39mg
0.15mg
70%
Total Amount Required for Snack: 299 calories, 13 g Protein, 370 mg Calcium & 2.65 mg Iron. Nutrients found in one serving size of each food are listed below. String Cheese
Spinach
Carrots
Orange Juice
1 stick (24 grams)
30 grams
15 grams
8 ounces (226 grams)
100 calories
7 calories
5 calories
112 calories
7.2 grams protein
1 grams protein
0 grams protein
2 grams protein
214 mg Calcium
39 mg calcium
0 mg calcium
26 mg calcium
0 mg Iron
mg iron
mg iron
0.1 mg iron
4. Review lab exercise.
What nutrient was the hardest to balance? Calories
Why? Because certain foods had a lot and certain ones had very little, and they affected everything else
What happened if you tried to add more than one serving of string cheese? Calories and protein went too high
What happened when you added too much orange juice?
Calories went to high
Our bodies need 18 essential nutrients for good health. How do you think adding 10 more nutrients to the equation would change this exercise? More nutrients would make the exercise much more difficult because you would have to balance even more together
Discover Dairy is an initiative of the American Dairy Association North East, Center for Dairy Excellence, Midwest Dairy Council and the Pennsylvania Dairy Promotion Program, and, funded in part by the Center for Dairy Excellence Foundation of Pennsylvania.
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