3.

QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS
IMPORTANT NOTES:
(i) The general form of a quadratic function is f(x) = ax2 + bx + c; a, b, c are constants and a 0.
(ii) Characteristics of a quadratic function:
(a) Involves one variable only,
(b) The highest power of the variable is 2.

3.1.1 Recognising a quadratic function

EXAMPLE
No.
Quadratic Functions
1. f(x) = x2 + 2x -3

Non-Quadratic Function

f2 (x) = 2x - 3
2
x

Reason
No terms in x2 ( a = 0)
2
x

2.

g(x) = x2 -

2
g(x) = x

3.

h(x) = 4 3x2

h(x) = x3 - 2x2

The term x3

4.

y = 3x2

y = 3 x -2

The term x -2

5.

p(x) = 3 4x + 5x2

x2 2xy + y2

Two variables

The term

Exercise : State whether the following are quadratic functions. Give your reason for Non Q.Functions.
No.

Functions

0.

f(x) = 10

1.

f(x) = 102

2.

g(x) = 10 - x2

3.

p(x) = x2 + x

4.

y = 2x2 + x - 3

5.

y=

6.

f(x) = x ( x 2)

7.

g(x) = 2x2 + kx -3, k a constant

8.

h(x) = (m-1) x2 + 5x + 2m , m constant

9.

10.

p(x) = x2 + 2hx + k+1, h, k constants

Q.F.

Non-Q.F.

REASON
No terms in x2 (second degree)

6
x

= 3 (p+1) x2 , p constant

NOTE : The proper way to denote a quadratic function is f : x ax 2 bx c .

f(x) = ax2 + bx + c is actually the value (or image) f for a given value of x.

3 Quadratic Functions

3.2 Minimum Value and Maximum value of a Quadratic Function

Do you know that ....

A non-zero number when

squared will always be
positive ?
(-5) 2 = 25

32 = 9

1 2
) =
2

(-1 )2 = 1

1
4

So, what is the minimum value when

we find the square of a number ?

Minimum value of

x2

This is obtained when

is ..

0!

0.

)2 = 0

The value inside the

brackets must be
So, the minimum value of
the minimum value of
the minimum value of
the minimum value of

0!

x2 is 0;
x2 + 3 is 0 + 3 = 3
x2 8 is 0 + ( 8) = 8
x2 + 100 is 0 + 100 = 100

The minimum value of x2 is 0 ,

It means
x2 0,
So,
Hence

x2 0

the maximum value of x2 is 0

the maximum value of x2 + 5 is 5
the maximum value of x2 3 is 3

3.2.1 To state the Minimum value of a Quadratic Function f(x) = ax2 + c , a

3 Quadratic Functions

>0

No.

1.

Function

f(x) = x2

Minimum

Corresponding

Minimum

value of y

value of x

Point

x=0

(0, 0)

(Sketched) Graph

2.

g(x) = x2 + 3

3
y

3.

h(x) = x2 - 4

(0, -4 )

4.

y = x2 +

5.

p(x) = x - 10

f(x) = 2x2 + 3

g(x) = x2 - 5

h(x) = 10x2 + 1

9.

y
O

8.

y
O

6.

y = 4 + 2x2
y

3.2.2 To state the Minimum Value of a Quadratic Function in the form

3 Quadratic Functions

f(x) = a (x + p)2 + q ,
No.

1.

Function

f(x) = (x 1) + 2

a>0

Minimum value Corresponding

of y

value of x
(x 1)2 = 0

x=1

Minimum
Point

(Sketched) Graph

(1, 2)
y

2.

g(x) = (x- 2) + 4

(x 2)2 = 0

x=

(1,2)

x x

x
O

3.

h(x) = (x 1)2 - 3

y
x
O

4.

y = (x 2)2
y

x
O

5.

f(x) = (x 3)2 + 2
y

6.

f(x) = (x + 2)2 + 3

x
O

No.

Function

3 Quadratic Functions

Minimum value Corresponding

of y

value of x

Minimum
Point

(Sketched) Graph

7.

f(x) = (x + 1)2 - 4
y

8.

f(x) = 2(x + 3)2

9.

f(x) = 2(x 1)2 + 3

x
O

10.

f(x) = 3(x + 2)2 - 1

x
O

11.

f(x) = 2 + (x + 1)2

x
O

12.

f(x) = 1 + 2 (x 3)2

x
O

13.

f(x) = 3x2 - 2
y

3.2.3 To state the Maximum Value of a Quadratic Function in the form f(x) = ax2 + c , a < 0
No.

Function

3 Quadratic Functions

Maximum value

Correspondin

Maximum

of y

g value of x

Point

(Sketched) Graph

1.

f(x) = - x2

x=0

(0, 0)

y
O

2.

g(x) = - x2 + 4

y
4

3.

h(x) = - x + 2

(0, 2 )

y
x

4.

y = - x2 +

y
O

5.

p(x) = 9 - x2

6.

f(x) = -2x + 3

g(x) = - x2 - 1

y
O

8.

h(x) = 2 - 10x2
y
O

No.

Function

3 Quadratic Functions

Minimum value

Corresponding

Minimum

of y

value of x

Point

(Sketched) Graph

9.

y = 4 2x2

y
x

10.

p(x) = 5 3x2

3.2.5 To state the Maximum Value of a Quadratic Function in the form

f(x) = a (x + p)2 + q ,
No.

1.

Function

f(x) = (x 1)2 + 2

a<0

Maximum

Corresponding

Maximum

value of y

value of x

Point

(x 1)2 = 0
x=1

(1, 2)

(Sketched) Graph

2.

g(x) = - (x- 2) + 4

(x 2)2 = 0
x=

x
O

3.

h(x) = - (x 1)2 - 3

y
x
O

4.

y = - (x 2)2

y
x
O

No.

Function

Minimum value Corresponding

of y

value of x

Minimum
Point

(Sketched) Graph

3 Quadratic Functions

7
O

5.

f(x) = - (x 3)2 + 2

x
O

6.

f(x) = - (x + 2)2 + 3

x
O

7.

f(x) = - (x + 1)2 - 4

y
x
O

8.

f(x) = - 2(x + 3)2

y
x

9.

f(x) = - 2(x 1) + 3

x
O

10.

f(x) = - 3(x + 2)2 - 1

y
x
O

11.

f(x) = 2 - (x + 1)2

x
O

12.

f(x) = 1 - 2 (x 3)2

3.2.6 To sketch the Graphs of Quadratic Functions in the form

f(x) = a (x + p)2 + q and state the equation of the axis of symmetry.
O

3 Quadratic Functions

Note : The equation of the axis of symmetry is obtained by letting

that is,

Case I : a > 0
No.

Function

Shape of Graph is

Min. Point :

atau
Function

Sketched Graph

f(x) = (x 1)2 + 2
1.

(x + p) = 0 ,
x = -p

Sketched Graph

f(x) = (x 1)2 + 4

(1, 2)

( , )

Min. Point. :

Axis of Symmetry :

Axis of Symmetry :

x=1

x=
y

f(x) = (x 2)2 + 3
2.

Min. Point. :

f(x) = (x 3)2 + 2
(1,2)

(2, 3)

Axis of Symmetry :

Min. Point :

Axis of Symmetry :

x=2

( , )

( , )
y

x=
y

f(x) = (x 4)2 + 2
3.

Min. Point. :

f(x) = (x 1)2 + 3
(2, 3)

(4, )

yO

Axis of Symmetry :

Min. Point :

Min. Point. :

(-2, 1)

f(x) = (x + 1)2 + 2
Min. Point. :

Axis of Symmetry :

f(x) = (x + 3)2

f(x) = (x + 4)2
Min. Point. :

Axis of Symmetry :

( , )

x=

3 Quadratic Functions

Axis of Symmetry :

x=

Case 2 : a < 0

x=
(-2,1)

Min. Point. :

( , 2)

Axis of Symmetry :

x = -2

5.

x=

f(x) = (x + 2)2 + 1
4.

( , )

Axis of Symmetry :

x=

Shape of Graph :
9

or

f(x) = - (x 1)2 + 2
1.

Max.Point :

f(x) = - (x 1)2 + 4

(1, 2)

Axis of Symmetry :

x=1

2.

Max.Point :

( , )
y

Axis of Symmetry :

f(x) = 3 - (x 1)
Max.Point. :

f(x) = - x 2 + 2
Max. Point :

x=

3.

( , )

x=

(3, 1)

Axis of Symmetry :

Axis of Symmetry :

(1, 2)

f(x) = - (x 3)2 + 1

( , )

Max.Point :

Max.Point :

( , 3)

Axis of Symmetry :

( ,

Axis of Symmetry :

f(x) = 5 - (x 2)2

x=
x

O
2

f(x) = - (x + 1) + 4
4.

Max.Point:

f(x) = - (x + 2) + 2

(-1, 4)

Max.Point : (-2,
y

Axis of Symmetry :

- 2(x 1)2

Max.Point:

(1,

f(x) = - (x 3)2

Axis of Symmetry :

Max.Point :
y

( , )

Axis of Symmetry :

x=

x=
x

GRAPHS OF QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS

3.2.7 Reinforcement exercises : To sketch graphs of Q.F. f(x) = a(x+ p)2 + q
3 Quadratic Functions

x=
O

5.

Axis of Symmetry :

x = -1

f(x) =

O
2

10

No.

Function

Sketched Graph

f(x) = (x 2)2 - 1
1.

Min. Point :

Function

Sketched Graph

f(x) = (x + 1)2 - 4

( , )

( , )

. Point :
y

Axis of Symmetry :

Axis of Symmetry :

x=

x=

Max. point :
2.

f(x) = 3 2 (x + 1)2

( , )

f(x) = - 2 (x 1)2

( , )

. Point :
y

Axis of Symmetry :

Axis of Symmetry :

x=

f(x) = (x + 1)2 + 2
. Point :
3.

( ,

f(x) = 1 (x + 2)2

. Point: (

Axis of Symmetry :

, )
y

Axis of Symmetry :

x=

x
x

f(x) = (x + 3)2

f(x) = 9 - 4(x - 1)2

. Point: ( , )

. Point:

Axis of symmetry :
x=

( , )
y

Axis of Symmetry :

O
O

f(x) =

f(x) = -3x2 3

x2 9

. Point:

. Point : ( , )
5.

Axis of Symmetry :
x=

Axis of Symmetry :

( , )

y
O

3.3.1 To express Quadratic Functions f(x) = ax2 + bx + c in the form

a(x+ p)2 + q : Method of COMPLETING THE SQUARE

SIMPLE TYPE (a = 1)
3 Quadratic Functions

11

1.

f(x)

EXAMPLE
= x + 4x + 5
2

4
= x2 4 x

f(x) =
2

(x + 2)2

( x + 2 )2 + 1

- 4

EXERCISE
x + 4x + 3
2

+ 5
(x + 2)2 - 1

2.

g(x) = x2 - 6x + 8

g(x) =

6
= x2 6 x

(x - 3)2

( x - 3 )2 - 1

- 9

x2 - 6x - 7

+ 8

(x 3)2 - 16

3.

h(x) = x - 4x

h(x) =

4
= x2 4 x

x2 + 2x

(x - 2)2

( x - 2 )2 - 4

- 4
(x + 1) - 1

4.

= x - 4x + 5

4
= x2 4 x

(x - 2)2

( x - 2 )2

- 4
+

= x2 + x - 6

+ 5
1
(x + )2 - 25/4

5.

f(x)

= x + 5x + 6
5

f(x)
2

= x2 5 x

= x

= x2 + 3x + 2

25
6
4

1
4
(x + 3/2)2 -

3.3.2 To express Q.F. f(x) = ax2 + bx + c in the form

a(x+ p)2 + q : Method of COMPLETING THE SQUARE

When a > 0 , a 1.
3 Quadratic Functions

12

1.

f(x)

EXAMPLE
= 2x + 4x + 6
2

f(x)

= 2 x 2 2 x 3
=

2
2 x 2 2 x

2( x 1)

EXERCISE
= 2x + 8x + 4

= 2 x 2
2

= 2 ( x 1) 2 1 3
=

= 2 (x+1)2 + 4
2 (x+2)2 - 4

2.

g(x) = 2x2 + 6x - 5

g(x) = 2x2 - 6x + 3
5

2
= 2 x 3 x
2

2
= 2 x 3x 2

2
= 2 (x )
2

19
4

2
= 2 (x )
2

9
4

5
2

=
2(x 3/2)2 - 3/2

3.

g(x) = 3x2 - 12x + 10

h(x) = 3x + 6x - 12
= 3 x 2

=
=
=

3(x + 1)2 15

3(x 2)2 - 2

Questions based on SPM Format (1)

EXAMPLE

3 Quadratic Functions

EXERCISE

13

C1 Express f(x) = x2 - 4x + 3 in the form (x + p)2 +

q; with p and q as constants. Hence
(i)
State the minimum value of f(x) and the
corresponding value of x,
(ii)
Sketch the graph of y = f(x) and state
the equation of the axis of symmetry.
Answers : a = 1 ( > 0) f has minimum value.
f(x) = x2 - 4x + 3
4

= x2 4 x

( x 2 )2
( x 2 )2

=
=
(i)

4
1

L1. Express f(x) = x2 - 6x + 8 in the form

(x + p)2 + q; with p and q as constants. Hence
(i)
State the minimum value of f(x)
and the corresponding value of x,
(ii)
Sketch the graph of y = f(x) and
state the equation of the axis of
symmetry.
Ans :

Minimum value of f(x) = -1 ,

when x = 2.
y

(ii)

3
O

2
(2, -1)

Equation of axix of symmetry : x = 2.

p = -3 , q = - 1
2

L2 Express f(x) = x + 2x - 3 in the form (x + p) +

q. Hence
(i)
State the minimum value of f(x) and the
corresponding value of x.
(ii)
Sketch the graph of y = f(x) and state
the equation of the axis of symmetry.
Ans :

L3. Express f(x) = x2 + x + 2 in the form

(x+ p)2 + q. Hence
(i)
State the minimum value of f(x)
and the corresponding value of x.
(iii)
Sketch the graph of y = f(x) and
state the equation of the axis of
symmetry.
Ans :

p = 1 , q = -4
p = , q = 7/4

Questions based on SPM Format (II)

EXAMPLE
3 Quadratic Functions

EXERCISE
14

C2 Express f(x) = - x2 + 6x + 7 in the form

k - (x + p)2 , k and p are constants. Hence
(i)
State the maximum value of f(x) and
state the coressponding value of x,
(ii)
Sketch the graph of y = f(x) and state
the equation of the axis of symmetry.
Ans: a = -1 ( < 0) f has maximum value
f(x) = - x2 + 6x + 7

Ans:

= x 2 6 x 7

6
2
= (x 6x 3

= ( x 3) 2
=

- [ (x - 3)2

16 - (x -3)2
(i)

L4. Express f(x) = - x2 - 8x + 9 in the form

- (x + p)2 + q. Hence
(i)
State the maximum value of f(x)
and state the coressponding value
of x,
(ii)
Sketch the graph of y = f(x) and
state the equation of the axis of
symmetry.

- 16 ]

Maximum f(x) = 16, when x =

3.

(ii)

(3, 16)

x=3

Axis of symmetry is : x = 3.
p = 4 , q = 25

L5 Express f(x) = - x2 + 4x + 1 in the form - (x +

p)2 . Hence
(i)
State the maximum value of f(x) and
state the coressponding value of x,
(ii)
Sketch the graph of y = f(x) and state
the equation of the axis of symmetry.
Jawapan :

L6. Express f(x) = 4 3x - x2 in the form

q - (x + p)2 Hence
(i)
State the maximum value of f(x)
and state the coressponding value
of x,
(ii)
Sketch the graph of y = f(x) and
state the equation of the axis of
symmetry.
Jawapan :

(sila gunakan kertas sendiri) 5 (x 2)2

25/4

- (x + 3/2)2

Questions based on SPM Format (III)

EXAMPLE
3 Quadratic Functions

EXERCISE
15

C3 Express f(x) = 2x2 - 8x + 7 in the form

a(x + p)2 + q, dengan a, p dan q pemalar.
Seterusnya
(i)
State the minimum value of f(x) and
state the coressponding value of x,
(ii)
Sketch the graph of y = f(x) and state
the equation of the axis of symmetry.
Ans: : a = 2 ( > 0) f minimum value
f(x)

Ans :

= 2x2 - 8x + 7
= 2(x2 - 4x ) + 7
2
4
= 2 x 4 x 2

L7. Express f(x) = 2x2 + 4x - 3 in the form

a (x + p)2 + q. Seterusnya
(i)
State the minimum value of f(x)
and state the coressponding value
of x,
(ii)
Sketch the graph of y = f(x) and
state the equation of the axis of
symmetry.

= 2 ( x 2) 4 7
= 2 ( x 2) 2 8 7
= 2 ( x 2) 2 1
(i)

Minimum value f(x) = -1 ,

when x = 2.

(ii)

x=2

Axis of symmetry :
O
2

x = 2.

x (2,
- 6-1)in

2 (x+1)2 - 5

L8 Express f(x) = 2x +
the form
a(x + p)2 + q. Seterusnya
(iii)
State the minimum value of f(x) and
state the coressponding value of x,
(iv)
Sketch the graph of y = f(x) and state
the equation of the axis of symmetry.
Jawapan :

L9. Express f(x) = 5 8x - 2x2 in the form

q - (x + p)2 . Seterusnya
(v)
State the maximum value of f(x)
and state the coressponding value
of x,
(vi)
Sketch the graph of y = f(x) and
state the equation of the axis of
symmetry.
Jawapan :

(sila gunakan kertas sendiri)

2( x + 1/4 )2 - 49/8

13 2 (x+2)2

3.4 Quadratic Inequalities

(Students must be able to solve simple linear inequlities first)

3.4.1 To Solve Simple Linear Inequalities (Back to Basic)

3 Quadratic Functions

16

No.
EXAMPLE
1. 2x 3 > 5

2.

2x

> 8

> 4

- 2x > 6
x <

EXERCISE 1
(a) 3x 2 > 10

EXERCISE 2
(b) 3 + 4x < 21

(a) -3x > 6

(b) - 4x < - 20

(a) 3x 2 > 10

(b) 3 + 4x < 21

EXERCISE 3
(c) 10 + 3x < 1

(c) -

6
2

1
x > 2
2

x < -3
3.

3 4x > 9

(c) 10 + 3x < 1

- 4x > 6

4.

5.

x <

6
4

x <

3
2

1 2x
3

1 - 2x

< 3

- 2x

< 2

(a)

>

> -1
x
4

2 x
4

(b)

3 4x
5

(c)

5x 3
2
4

2 5x
3

2
2

(a)

> 1

(b)

3 x
2

< 4

(d)

x
1
3

2x

3.4.2 To Solve linear inequlities which involve two variables

No
EXAMPLE
1. Given 2x + 3y = 10.
Find the range of x if y > 4.
3 Quadratic Functions

EXERCISE 1
(a) Given 2x - 3y = 12. Find

EXERCISE 2
(b) Given 4x - 3y = 15.

the range of x if y > 2.

Find the range of x if y < -3.

17

2x + 3y = 10
3y = 10 - 2x

10 2 x
3

y =

10 2 x
> 4
3

10 - 2x > 12
- 2x > 2

x < -1
2.

x > 9

x < 3/2

3 y
Given x =
.
3

5 y
(a) Given x =
.
3

(b) Given x =

Find the range of x if y > 6.

Find the range of x if y > 14.

Find the range of x if y -2.

x =

10 3 y
.
2

3 y
3

3x = 3 - y
y = 3 - 3x
3 3x > 6
- 3x > 3

x < -1
3.

x 8

(a) Find the range of x if

x < -3
(b) Find the range of x if

2y 1 = 3x and 4y > 12 + x

6y 1 = 3x and 3y > 2 + x.

x > 2

x > 3

x - 5/2

(a) Find the range of x if

(b) Find the range of x if

(c) Find the range of x if

3 + 2x > 5 and 7 2x > 1

5 + 2x > 3 and 9 2x > 1

1 <x < 3

-1 < x < 4

(c) Find the range of x if

2 3y = 4x and y 4.

4 3x < 7 and -2x + 10 > 0.

-1 < x < 5

3.4.3 To state the range of values of x (with the help of a line graph)
No
1.

EXAMPLE

EXERCISE 1
x

-2

Inequality : x 2
3 Quadratic Functions

EXERCISE 2

18

(Range of values of x)
2.
O

x > 1
3.

Range of x : 1 < x 3
4.

-2

-2

Range of x :

Given f(x) = ax2+bx+c, a>0

Given f(x) = ax2+bx+c, a>0

Given f(x) = ax2+bx+c, a>0

f(x) < 0

f(x) < 0

f(x) < 0

y=f(x)

y=f(x)

x
1

6.

3
2

0
Range of x :

Range of x :
x < atau x > 2

Range of x :

Range of x :

5.

y=f(x)

x
-1

x
0

Range of x : 1 < x < 2

Range of x :

Range of x :

Solve (x-1)(x-4) < 0

Solve (x+2)(x-4) < 0

Solve x (x + 3) < 0

y=f(x)

Range of x : 1 < x < 4

1

Range of x :

Range of x :

3.4.5 Solving Quadratic Inequalities [ by sketching the graph of y = f(x) ]

Guide
STEP 1 :

Make sure the inequality has been rearranged into the form f(x) < 0 or f(x) > 0
( Right-Hand Side MUST be 0 ! )
Example 1
Example 2
x2 4x > 5
2

x
3 Quadratic Functions

changed to

4x 5 > 0

x(2x 1) < 6
19

2x2 x

< 6

2x2 x 6 < 0

STEP 2 :

Factorise f(x).
[Here we consider only f(x) which can be factorised]
It is easier to factorise if a is made positive.
Example
x2 + 3x + 4

> 0

can be transformed into

x2 3x 4 < 0
Hence

(x+1) (x 4) < 0

STEP 3 :

Sketch the graph of y = f(x) and shade the region which satisfy the inequality.

STEP 4 :

State the range of values of x based on the graph.

C1 Solve

EXAMPLE
x 4x < -3

EXERCISE
L1. Solve x 5x + 6 < 0

x2 4x + 3 < 0
(x - 1) (x 3) < 0

[ In the form f(x) < 0 ]

[ faktorise ]

Consider f(x) = (x - 1) (x 3)
f(x) = 0 x = 1 atau x = 3

y=f(x)

From the graph above, the range of x which

x
satisfies the inequality f(x) < 0 ialah
3
1 < x < 31 .

EXAMPLE

3 Quadratic Functions

2 < x < 3

EXERCISE

20

L2 Solve x (x+ 4) < 12

x (x+ 4) < 12
x2 + 4x - 12 < 0
(
)(
)<0

L3. Finf the range of values of x which satisfies

x2 + 2x < 0.
[ in the form f(x) = 0 ]
[ faktorise ]

Consider f(x) =
f(x) = 0 x =

or x =

From the graph above, the range of x which

satisfies the inequality f(x) < 0 ialah
-2 < x < 0

C2 Solve the inequality

L4. Solve the inequality x2 + 3x - 10 0.

x + x - 6 0

x2 + x - 6 0
(x + 3) ( x 2) 0
Consider f(x) = 0. Then x = -3 , x = 2

Range of x is : x -3 atau
y=f(x)x 2

x -5 , x 2

L5 Solve the inequality 2x + x > 6.

L6. Solve the inequality x(4 x) 0.

x

-3

0 x 4

x < -2 , x > 3/2

3 Quadratic Functions

21

3.4.6 Quafratic Function f(x) = ax2 + bx + c

Relationship between the value of b2 4ac and the position of the
graph y = f(x)
Case1

b2 4ac > 0
Graph y = f(x) cuts x-axis at

TWO

different points.

y=f(x)

x
y=f(x)

a>0
Case 2

b2 4ac

a<0

Graph y = f(x)

touches the x-axis.

x

y=f(x)

y=f(x)

a>0
Case 3

b2 4ac

<

a<0

Graph y = f(x)

DOES NOT

touch the x- axis.

x

y=f(x)

y=f(x)

a>0

a<0

Curve lies above the x-axis

because f(x) is always positive.

Curve lies below the x- axis

because f(x) is always negative.

3.4.6 : Aplication (Relationship between b2 4ac position of graph y = f(x)

3 Quadratic Functions

22

EXAMPLE

EXERCISE
L1. Show that the function 4x 2x2 5
always negative for all values of x.

C1 (SPM 2000)
Show that the function 2x 3 x2 is always
negative for all values of x.

is

f(x) = 2x 3 x2
= - x2 + 2x - 3
a = -1, b = 2, c = -3
b2 4ac = 22 4(-1)(-3)
= 4 - 12
< 0
Since a < 0 dan b2 4ac < 0,
the graph y = f(x) always lies above
the x-axis
f(x) is always negative bagi semua x.

Ans : Let

Note: The method of completing the squareshall be

done later.

L2 Show that the function 2x2 3x + 2 x2 is

always positive for all values of x.

L3. Show that the curve

y = 9 + 4x2 12x touches the x-axis.

C2 Find the range of p if the graph of the

quadratic function f(x) = 2x2 + x + 5 + p cuts
the x-axis at TWO different points.

L4. Find the range of p if the graph of

quarritic function f(x) = x2 + px 2p cuts the
x-axis at TWO different points.

Jawapan : f(x) = 2x2 + 6x + 5 + p

a = 2, b = 1, c = 5 - p
b2 4ac > 0
62 4(2)(5 + p) > 0
36 40 8p > 0
8p > 4
p < -
p < -8 , p > 0

L5 The graph of the function

f(x) = 2x2 + (3 k)x + 8 does not touch the xaxis. Determine the range of k.

-5 < k < 11

L6. Find the values of k if the grapf of the

quadratic function y = x2 + 2kx + k + 6 touches
the x-axis.

k = -3 , k = 2

QUESTIONS BASED ON SPM FORMAT

3 Quadratic Functions

23

EXAMPLE
C1 ( SPM 1998)
(a) Given f(x) = 9x2 4.
Find the range of x for which f(x) is positive.
(b) Find the range of x which satisfy the
inequality
(x 2)2 < x 2

EXERCISE
L1. (a) Given f(x) = 2x2 8. Find the range
of x so that f(x) is positive.
(b) Find the range of x which satisfy the
inequality (x 1)2 > x 1

Ans : (a) f(x) > 0

9x2 4 > 0
(3x + 2) (3x 2) > 0
f(x) = 0 x = - ,

x < -

y=f(x)

or x >

x
2

(b) (x - 2)
<x2
x2 4x + 4 x + 2 < 0
x2 5x + 6 < 0
(x 2)(x 3) < 0

2
Range of x is

2 < x < 3.

(Ans : (a) x < -2, x > 2

L2 (a) Find the range of x if x (x + 2) 15

(b) State the range of x if 5x > 2 3x2.

(a) x -5 , x 3

L3. (a) Solve 2x (x 3) < 0

(b) Find the values of x x2 > 4.

(b) x < -2 , x > 1/3

(a) 0 < x < 3

L4 (a) Find the range of x if 3x (2x + 3) 4x + 1

(b) Solve 5 + m2 > 9 3m.

(a) x < -1, x > 1/6

(b) m < -4, m > 1

(b) x < -2 , x > 2

L5. (a) Solve -2x (x + 3) > 0

(b) Find the range of x if 9x2 > 4.

(a) -3 < x < 0

EXAMPLE /EXERCISE

3 Quadratic Functions

(b) x < 1, x > 2 )

(b) x < -2/3 , x > 2/3

EXERCISE

24

C2 Given f(x) = x2 + 2kx + 5k (k constant) has a

minimum value 4.
(a) By completing the square, determine the
TWO positive values of k
(b) Sketch the graph of y = f(x) for the bigger
value of k and state the equation of the axis
of symmetry.

L6. Given f(x) = x2 + kx + 3 (k constant)

has a minimum value k.
(a) By completing the square, determine
the possible values of k
(b) Sketch the graph of y = f(x) for the
value of k which id negative and state
the equation of the axis of symmetry.

Answer:
(a) f(x) = x2 + 2kx + 5k
2

2k
= x 2 2kx

( x + k)2

2k

- k2 + 5k = 4

k2

5k

5k

( minimum

value)

k2 5k + 4 = 0
(k 1) (k 4) = 0
k = 1 or k = 4
(b) k = 4, f(x) = x2 + 8x + 20
8
= x + 8x +
2
2

+ 20

= ( x + 4)2 - 16 + 20
= ( x + 4)2 + 4
(ii)

4
(-4, 4)
-4

(Ans: k = -6 atau 2)

Axis of symmetry : x = - 4.
L7 Diven y = h + 4kx 2x2 = q 2(x + p)2
(a) Find p and q in terms of h and / or k.
(b) If h = -10 and k = 3,
(i)
State the equation of the axis of
symmetry,
(ii)
Sketch the graph of y = f(x)

(Ans : p = -k , q = 2k2 + h ; paksi simetri : x = 3)

3 Quadratic Functions

25

L8. Sketch the graphs of

(a) y = x2 + 3
(b) y = 2 (x - 3)2 1

QUADRATIC
EQUATIONS
2
ax + bx + c = 0 , a 0

Types of roots
QUADRATIC
EQUATIONS

Discriminant

Maximum and
Minimum Values

b2 4ac

QUADRATIC
FUNCTIONS
f(x) = ax2 + bx + c , a 0

Graphs of QUADRATIC
FUNCTIONS
Shape and Position

Completing The
Square

f(x) = a (x +p)2 + q

Linear
Inequalities

Quadratic
Inequalities

Two unknowns

One Unknown

3 Quadratic Functions

26