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Electromagneticcompatibility
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Electromagneticcompatibility(EMC)isthebranchofelectrical
engineeringconcernedwiththeunintentionalgeneration,propagation
andreceptionofelectromagneticenergywhichmaycauseunwanted
effectssuchaselectromagneticinterference(EMI)orevenphysical
damageinoperationalequipment.ThegoalofEMCisthecorrect
operationofdifferentequipmentinacommonelectromagnetic
environment.
EMCpursuestwomainclassesofissue.Emissionisthegenerationof
electromagneticenergy,whetherdeliberateoraccidental,bysome
sourceanditsreleaseintotheenvironment.EMCstudiestheunwanted
emissionsandthecountermeasureswhichmaybetakeninorderto
reduceunwantedemissions.Thesecondclass,susceptibilityisthe
tendencyofelectricalequipment,referredtoasthevictim,to
malfunctionorbreakdowninthepresenceofunwantedemissions,
whichareknownasRadiofrequencyinterference(RFI).Immunityis
theoppositeofsusceptibility,beingtheabilityofequipmentto
functioncorrectlyinthepresenceofRFI,withthedisciplineof
"hardening"equipmentbeingknownequallyassusceptibilityor
immunity.Athirdclassstudiediscoupling,whichisthemechanism
bywhichemittedinterferencereachesthevictim.
Interferencemitigationandhenceelectromagneticcompatibilitymay
beachievedbyaddressinganyoralloftheseissues,i.e.,quietingthe
sourcesofinterference,inhibitingcouplingpathsand/orhardeningthe
potentialvictims.Inpractice,manyoftheengineeringtechniques
used,suchasgroundingandshielding,applytoallthreeissues.

AnechoicRFchamberusedforEMC
testing(radiatedemissionsandimmunity).
Thefurniturehastobemadeofwoodor
plastic,notmetal.

Logperiodicantennameasurementfor
outdoors

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Typesofinterference
2.1 Continuousinterference
2.2 Pulseortransientinterference
3 Couplingmechanisms
3.1 Conductivecoupling
3.2 Inductivecoupling
3.2.1 Capacitivecoupling
3.2.2 Magneticcoupling
3.3 Radiativecoupling
4 EMCcontrol
4.1 Characterisingthethreat
4.2 Lawsandregulators
4.2.1 Regulatoryandstandardsbodies
4.2.2 Laws
4.3 EMCdesign
4.3.1 Groundingandshielding
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5
6
7
8
9

4.3.1 Groundingandshielding
4.3.2 Othergeneralmeasures
4.3.3 Emissionssuppression
4.3.4 Susceptibilityhardening
4.4 EMCtesting
4.4.1 Emissionstesting
4.4.2 Susceptibilitytesting
History
EMCtestequipmentmanufacturers(alphabetic)
Seealso
References
Externallinks
9.1 Websites
9.2 Generalintroductions
9.3 Specifictopics

Introduction
Whileelectromagneticinterference(EMI)isaphenomenontheradiationemittedanditseffectselectromagnetic
compatibility(EMC)isanequipmentcharacteristicorpropertynottobehaveunacceptablyintheEMI
environment.
EMCensuresthecorrectoperation,inthesameelectromagneticenvironment,ofdifferentequipmentitemswhich
useorrespondtoelectromagneticphenomena,andtheavoidanceofanyinterferenceeffects.Anotherwayof
sayingthisisthatEMCisthecontrolofEMIsothatunwantedeffectsareprevented.
Besidesunderstandingthephenomenainthemselves,EMCalsoaddressesthecountermeasures,suchascontrol
regimes,designandmeasurement,whichshouldbetakeninordertopreventemissionsfromcausinganyadverse
effect.

Typesofinterference
Electromagneticinterferencedividesintoseveralcategoriesaccordingtothesourceandsignalcharacteristics.
Theoriginofinterference,oftencalled"noise"inthiscontext,canbemanmade(artificial)ornatural.

Continuousinterference
Continuous,orContinuousWave(CW),interferenceariseswherethesourcecontinuouslyemitsatagivenrangeof
frequencies.Thistypeisnaturallydividedintosubcategoriesaccordingtofrequencyrange,andasawholeis
sometimesreferredtoas"DCtodaylight".
AudioFrequency,fromverylowfrequenciesuptoaround20kHz.Frequenciesupto100kHzmay
sometimesbeclassifiedasAudio.Sourcesinclude:
Mainshumfrom:powersupplyunits,nearbypowersupplywiring,transmissionlinesandsubstations.
Audioprocessingequipment,suchasaudiopoweramplifiersandloudspeakers.
DemodulationofahighfrequencycarrierwavesuchasanFMradiotransmission.
RadioFrequencyInterference(RFI),fromtypically20kHztoanupperlimitwhichconstantlyincreasesas
technologypushesithigher.Sourcesinclude:
WirelessandRadioFrequencyTransmissions
TelevisionandRadioReceivers
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Industrial,scientificandmedicalequipment(ISM)
Digitalprocessingcircuitrysuchasmicrocontrollers
Broadbandnoisemaybespreadacrosspartsofeitherorbothfrequencyranges,withnoparticularfrequency
accentuated.Sourcesinclude:
Solaractivity
Continuouslyoperatingsparkgapssuchasarcwelders
CDMA(spreadspectrum)mobiletelephony

Pulseortransientinterference
Anelectromagneticpulse(EMP),sometimescalledatransientdisturbance,ariseswherethesourceemitsashort
durationpulseofenergy.Theenergyisusuallybroadbandbynature,althoughitoftenexcitesarelativelynarrow
banddampedsinewaveresponseinthevictim.
Sourcesdividebroadlyintoisolatedandrepetitiveevents.
SourcesofisolatedEMPeventsinclude:
Switchingactionofelectricalcircuitry,includinginductiveloadssuchasrelays,solenoids,orelectric
motors.
Electrostaticdischarge(ESD),asaresultoftwochargedobjectscomingintocloseproximityor
contact.
Lightningelectromagneticpulse(LEMP),althoughtypicallyashortseriesofpulses.
Nuclearelectromagneticpulse(NEMP),asaresultofanuclearexplosion.Avariantofthisisthehigh
altitudeEMP(HEMP)nucleardevice,designedtocreatethepulseasitsprimarydestructiveeffect.
Nonnuclearelectromagneticpulse(NNEMP)weapons.
Powerlinesurges/pulses
SourcesofrepetitiveEMPevents,sometimesasregularpulsetrains,include:
Electricmotors
Electricalignitionsystems,suchasingasolineengines.
Continualswitchingactionsofdigitalelectroniccircuitry.

Couplingmechanisms
Someofthetechnicalwordsemployedcanbeusedwithdifferingmeanings.Thesetermsareusedhereinawidely
acceptedway,whichisconsistentwithotherarticlesintheencyclopedia.
Thebasicarrangementofnoisesource,couplingpathandvictim,receptororsinkisshowninthefigurebelow.
Sourceandvictimareusuallyelectronichardwaredevices,thoughthesourcemaybeanaturalphenomenonsuch
asalightningstrike,electrostaticdischarge(ESD)or,inonefamouscase,theBigBangattheoriginofthe
Universe.

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Thefourelectromagneticinterference(EMI)couplingmodes.

Therearefourbasiccouplingmechanisms:conductive,capacitive,magneticorinductive,andradiative.Any
couplingpathcanbebrokendownintooneormoreofthesecouplingmechanismsworkingtogether.Forexample
thelowerpathinthediagraminvolvesinductive,conductiveandcapacitivemodes.

Conductivecoupling
Conductivecouplingoccurswhenthecouplingpathbetweenthesourceandthereceptorisformedbydirect
electricalcontactwithaconductingbody,forexampleatransmissionline,wire,cable,PCBtraceormetal
enclosure.
Conductednoiseisalsocharacterisedbythewayitappearsondifferentconductors:
Commonmodeorcommonimpedance[1]coupling:noiseappearsinphase(inthesamedirection)ontwo
conductors.
Differentialmodecoupling:noiseappearsoutofphase(inoppositedirections)ontwoconductors.

Inductivecoupling
Inductivecouplingoccurswherethesourceandreceiverareseparatedbyashortdistance(typicallylessthana
wavelength).Strictly,"Inductivecoupling"canbeoftwokinds,electricalinductionandmagneticinduction.Itis
commontorefertoelectricalinductionascapacitivecoupling,andtomagneticinductionasinductivecoupling.
Capacitivecoupling
Capacitivecouplingoccurswhenavaryingelectricalfieldexistsbetweentwoadjacentconductorstypicallyless
thanawavelengthapart,inducingachangeinvoltageonthereceivingconductor.
Magneticcoupling
Inductivecouplingormagneticcoupling(MC)occurswhenavaryingmagneticfieldexistsbetweentwoparallel
conductorstypicallylessthanawavelengthapart,inducingachangeinvoltagealongthereceivingconductor.

Radiativecoupling
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Radiativecouplingorelectromagneticcouplingoccurswhensourceandvictimareseparatedbyalargedistance,
typicallymorethanawavelength.Sourceandvictimactasradioantennas:thesourceemitsorradiatesan
electromagneticwavewhichpropagatesacrossthespaceinbetweenandispickeduporreceivedbythevictim.

EMCcontrol
Thedamagingeffectsofelectromagneticinterferenceposeunacceptablerisksinmanyareasoftechnology,andit
isnecessarytocontrolsuchinterferenceandreducetheriskstoacceptablelevels.
Thecontrolofelectromagneticinterference(EMI)andassuranceofEMCcomprisesaseriesofrelateddisciplines:
Characterisingthethreat.
Settingstandardsforemissionandsusceptibilitylevels.
Designforstandardscompliance.
Testingforstandardscompliance.
Foracomplexornovelpieceofequipment,thismayrequiretheproductionofadedicatedEMCcontrolplan
summarizingtheapplicationoftheaboveandspecifyingadditionaldocumentsrequired.

Characterisingthethreat
Characterisationoftheproblemrequiresunderstandingof:
Theinterferencesourceandsignal.
Thecouplingpathtothevictim.
Thenatureofthevictimbothelectricallyandintermsofthesignificanceofmalfunction.
Theriskposedbythethreatisusuallystatisticalinnature,somuchoftheworkinthreatcharacterisationand
standardssettingisbasedonreducingtheprobabilityofdisruptiveEMItoanacceptablelevel,ratherthanits
assuredelimination.

Lawsandregulators
Regulatoryandstandardsbodies
Severalorganizations,bothnationalandinternational,worktopromoteinternationalcooperationon
standardization(harmonization),includingpublishingvariousEMCstandards.Wherepossible,astandard
developedbyoneorganizationmaybeadoptedwithlittleornochangebyothers.Thishelpsforexampleto
harmonizenationalstandardsacrossEurope.
Internationalstandardsorganizationsinclude:
InternationalElectrotechnicalCommission(IEC),whichhasseveralcommitteesworkingfulltimeonEMC
issues.Theseare:
TechnicalCommittee77(TC77),workingonelectromagneticcompatibilitybetweenequipment
includingnetworks.
ComitInternationalSpcialdesPerturbationsRadiolectriques(CISPR),orInternationalSpecial
CommitteeonRadioInterference.
TheAdvisoryCommitteeonElectromagneticCompatibility(ACEC)coordinatestheIEC'sworkon
EMCbetweenthesecommittees.
InternationalOrganizationforStandardization(ISO),whichpublishesstandardsfortheautomotiveindustry.
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Amongthemainnationalorganizationsare:
Europe:
ComitEuropendeNormalisation(CEN)orEuropeanCommitteeforStandardization).
ComitEuropendeNormalisationElectrotechniques(CENELEC)orEuropeanCommitteefor
ElectrotechnicalStandardisation.
EuropeanTelecommunicationsStandardsInstitute(ETSI).
UnitedStates:
TheFederalCommunicationsCommission(FCC).
TheSocietyofAutomotiveEngineers(SAE).
Britain:TheBritishStandardsInstitution(BSI).
Germany:TheVerbandderElektrotechnik,ElektronikundInformationstechnik(VDE)orAssociationfor
Electrical,ElectronicandInformationTechnologies.
Laws
Compliancewithnationalorinternationalstandardsisusuallylaiddownbylawspassedbyindividualnations.
Differentnationscanrequirecompliancewithdifferentstandards.
InEuropeanlaw,manufacturersofelectronicdevicesareadvisedtorunEMCtestsinordertocomplywith
compulsoryCElabeling.EUdirective2004/108/EC(previously89/336/EEC)onEMCdefinestherulesforthe
distributionofelectricdeviceswithintheEuropeanUnion.MorearegiveninthelistofEMCdirectives.

EMCdesign
Electromagneticnoiseisproducedinthesourceduetorapidcurrentand
voltagechanges,andspreadviathecouplingmechanismsdescribedearlier.
Sincebreakingacouplingpathisequallyeffectiveateitherthestartorthe
endofthepath,manyaspectsofgoodEMCdesignpracticeapplyequally
topotentialemittersandtopotentialvictims.Further,acircuitwhicheasily
couplesenergytotheoutsideworldwillequallyeasilycoupleenergyinand
willbesusceptible.Asingledesignimprovementoftenreducesboth
emissionsandsusceptibility.
Groundingandshielding
GroundingandshieldingaimtoreduceemissionsordivertEMIawayfrom
thevictimbyprovidinganalternative,lowimpedancepath.Techniques
include:

ATVtunercardshowingmanysmall
bypasscapacitorsandthreemetal
shields:thePCIbracket,themetal
boxwithtwocoaxinputs,andthe
shieldfortheSVideoconnector

Groundingorearthingschemessuchasstarearthingforaudio
equipmentorgroundplanesforRF.Theschememustalsosatisfy
safetyregulations.
Shieldedcables,wherethesignalwiresaresurroundedbyanouterconductivelayerthatisgroundedatone
orbothends.
Shieldedhousings.Aconductivemetalhousingwillactasaninterferenceshield.Inordertoaccessthe
components,suchahousingistypicallymadeinsections(suchasaboxandlid)anRFgasketmaybeused
atthejointstoreducetheamountofinterferencethatleaksthroughthejoint.RFgasketscomeinvarious
types.Aplainmetalgasketmaybeeitherbraidedwireoraflatstripslottedtocreatemanyspringy"fingers".
Whereawaterproofsealisrequired,aflexibleelastomericbasemaybeimpregnatedwithchoppedmetal
fibersdispersedintotheinteriororlongmetalfiberscoveringthesurfaceorboth.
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Othergeneralmeasures
Decouplingorfilteringatcriticalpointssuchascableentriesandhighspeedswitches,usingRFchokes
and/orRCelements.Alinefilterimplementsthesemeasuresbetweenadeviceandaline.
Transmissionlinetechniquesforcablesandwiring,suchasbalanceddifferentialsignalandreturnpaths,
andimpedancematching.
Avoidanceofantennastructuressuchasloopsofcirculatingcurrent,resonantmechanicalstructures,
unbalancedcableimpedancesorpoorlygroundedshielding.
Emissionssuppression
Additionalmeasurestoreduceemissionsinclude:
Avoidunnecessaryswitchingoperations.Necessaryswitchingshould
bedoneasslowlyasistechnicallypossible.
Noisycircuits(withalotofswitchingactivity)shouldbephysically
separatedfromtherestofthedesign.
Highpeakscanbeavoidedbyusingthespreadspectrummethod,in
whichdifferentpartsofthecircuitemitatdifferentfrequencies.
HarmonicWaveFilters.
Designforoperationatlowersignallevels,reducingtheenergy
availableforemission.
Susceptibilityhardening
Additionalmeasurestoreducesusceptibilityinclude:
Fuses,tripswitchesandcircuitbreakers.
Transientabsorbers.
Designforoperationathighersignallevels,reducingtherelative
noiselevelincomparison.
Errorcorrectiontechniquesindigitalcircuitry.Thesemaybe
implementedinhardware,softwareoracombinationofboth.

Spreadspectrummethodreduces
EMCpeaks.Frequencyspectrumof
theheatingupperiodofaswitching
powersupplywhichusesthespread
spectrummethodincl.waterfall
diagramoverafewminutes

EMCtesting
Testingisrequiredtoconfirmthataparticulardevicemeetstherequiredstandards.Itdividesbroadlyinto
emissionstestingandsusceptibilitytesting.
Openairtestsites,orOATS,arethereferencesitesinmoststandards.Theyareespeciallyusefulforemissions
testingoflargeequipmentsystems.
HoweverRFtestingofaphysicalprototypeismostoftencarriedoutindoors,inaspecialisedEMCtestchamber.
Typesofchamberincludeanechoic,reverberationandtheGigahertzTransverseElectromagneticcell(GTEMcell).
Sometimescomputationalelectromagneticssimulationsareusedtotestvirtualmodels.
Likeallcompliancetesting,itisimportantthatthetestequipment,includingthetestchamberorsiteandany
softwareused,beproperlycalibratedandmaintained.
Typically,agivenrunoftestsforaparticularpieceofequipmentwillrequireanEMCtestplanandfollowupTest
report.Thefulltestprogrammayrequiretheproductionofseveralsuchdocuments.
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Emissionstesting
Emissionsaretypicallymeasuredforradiatedfieldstrengthandwhereappropriateforconductedemissionsalong
cablesandwiring.Inductive(magnetic)andcapacitive(electric)fieldstrengthsarenearfieldeffects,andareonly
importantifthedeviceundertest(DUT)isdesignedforlocationclosetootherelectricalequipment.
TypicallyaspectrumanalyzerisusedtomeasuretheemissionlevelsoftheDUTacrossawidebandoffrequencies
(frequencydomain).SpecializedspectrumanalyzersforEMCtestingareavailable,calledEMITestReceiversor
EMIAnalyzers.TheseincorporatebandwidthsanddetectorsasspecifiedbyinternationalEMCstandards.EMI
Receiversalongwithspecifiedtransducerscanoftenbeusedforbothconductedandradiatedemissions.Pre
selectorfiltersmayalsobeusedtoreducetheeffectofstrongoutofbandsignalsonthefrontendofthereceiver.
Forconductedemissions,typicaltransducersincludetheLISN(LineImpedanceStabilisationNetwork)orAMN
(ArtificialMainsNetwork)andtheRFcurrentclamp.
Forradiatedemissionmeasurement,antennasareusedastransducers.Typicalantennasspecifiedincludedipole,
biconical,logperiodic,doubleridgedguideandconicallogspiraldesigns.Radiatedemissionsmustbemeasured
inalldirectionsaroundtheDUT.
Somepulseemissionsaremoreusefullycharacterizedusinganoscilloscopetocapturethepulsewaveforminthe
timedomain.
Susceptibilitytesting
RadiatedfieldsusceptibilitytestingtypicallyinvolvesahighpoweredsourceofRForEMpulseenergyanda
radiatingantennatodirecttheenergyatthepotentialvictimordeviceundertest(DUT).
Conductedvoltageandcurrentsusceptibilitytestingtypicallyinvolvesahighpoweredsignalorpulsegenerator,
andacurrentclamporothertypeoftransformertoinjectthetestsignal.
TransientimmunityisusedtotesttheimmunityoftheDUTagainstpowerlinedisturbancesincludingsurges,
lightningstrikesandswitchingnoise.[2]Inmotorvehicles,similartestsareperformedonbattery[3]andsignal
lines.[4]
Electrostaticdischargetestingistypicallyperformedwithapiezosparkgeneratorcalledan"ESDpistol".Higher
energypulses,suchaslightningornuclearEMPsimulations,canrequirealargecurrentclamporalargeantenna
whichcompletelysurroundstheDUT.Someantennasaresolargethattheyarelocatedoutdoors,andcaremustbe
takennottocauseanEMPhazardtothesurroundingenvironment.

History
TheearliestEMCissuewaslightningstrike(lightningelectromagneticpulse,orLEMP)onbuildings.Lightning
rodsorlightningconductorsbegantoappearinthemid18thcentury.Withtheadventofwidespreadelectricity
generationandpowersupplylinesfromthelate19thcenturyon,problemsalsoarosewithequipmentshortcircuit
failureaffectingthepowersupply,andwithlocalfireandshockhazardwhenthepowerlinewasstruckby
lightning.Powerstationswereprovidedwithoutputcircuitbreakers.Buildingsandapplianceswouldsoonbe
providedwithinputfuses,andlaterinthe20thcenturyminiaturecircuitbreakers(MCB)wouldcomeintouse.
Asradiocommunicationsdevelopedinthefirsthalfofthe20thcentury,interferencebetweenbroadcastradio
signalsbegantooccurandaninternationalregulatoryframeworkwassetuptoensureinterferencefree
communications.
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Asswitchingdevicesbecamecommonplace,typicallyinpetrolpoweredcarsandmotorcyclesbutalsoindomestic
appliancessuchasthermostatsandrefrigerators,transientinterferencewithdomesticradioand(afterWorldWar
II)TVreceptionbecameproblematic,andinduecourselawswerepassedrequiringthesuppressionofsuch
interferencesources.
ESDproblemsfirstarosewithaccidentalelectricsparkdischargesinhazardousenvironmentssuchascoalmines
andwhenrefuellingaircraftormotorcars.Safeworkingpracticeshadtobedeveloped.
AfterWorldWarIIthemilitarybecameincreasinglyconcernedwiththeeffectsofnuclearelectromagneticpulse
(NEMP),lightningstrike,andevenhighpoweredradarbeams,onvehicleandmobileequipmentofallkinds,and
especiallyaircraftelectricalsystems.
WhenhighRFemissionlevelsfromothersourcesbecameapotentialproblem(suchaswiththeadventof
microwaveovens),certainfrequencybandsweredesignatedforIndustrial,ScientificandMedical(ISM)use,
allowingunlimitedemissions.Avarietyofissuessuchassidebandandharmonicemissions,broadbandsources,
andtheincreasingpopularityofelectricalswitchingdevicesandtheirvictims,resultedinasteadydevelopmentof
standardsandlaws.
Fromthe1970s,thepopularityofmoderndigitalcircuitryrapidlygrew.Asthetechnologydeveloped,withfaster
switchingspeeds(increasingemissions)andlowercircuitvoltages(increasingsusceptibility),EMCincreasingly
becameasourceofconcern.ManymorenationsbecameawareofEMCasagrowingproblemandissued
directivestothemanufacturersofdigitalelectronicequipment,whichsetouttheessentialmanufacturer
requirementsbeforetheirequipmentcouldbemarketedorsold.Organizationsinindividualnations,acrossEurope
andworldwide,weresetuptomaintainthesedirectivesandassociatedstandards.Thisregulatoryenvironmentled
toasharpgrowthintheEMCindustrysupplyingspecialistdevicesandequipment,analysisanddesignsoftware,
andtestingandcertificationservices.
Lowvoltagedigitalcircuits,especiallyCMOStransistors,becamemoresusceptibletoESDdamageastheywere
miniaturised,andanewESDregulatoryregimehadtobedeveloped.
Fromthe1980s,theeverincreasinguseofmobilecommunicationsandbroadcastmediachannelshasputhuge
pressureontheavailableairspace.Regulatoryauthoritiesaresqueezingbandallocationscloserandclosertogether,
relyingonincreasinglysophisticatedEMCcontrolmethods,especiallyinthedigitalcommunicationsarena,to
keepcrosschannelinterferencetoacceptablelevels.Digitalsystemsareinherentlylesssusceptiblethananalog
systems,andalsoofferfareasierways(suchassoftware)toimplementhighlysophisticatedprotectionmeasures.
Mostrecently,eventheISMbandsarebeingusedforlowpowermobiledigitalcommunicationssuchasWiFiand
remotelyoperatedcardoorkeys.ThisapproachreliesontheintermittentnatureofISMinterferenceanduseof
sophisticatederrorcorrectionmethodstoensurelosslessreceptionduringthequietgapsbetweenburstsof
interference.

EMCtestequipmentmanufacturers(alphabetic)
Aaronia
Aeroflex
Anritsu
Keysight(formerlyAgilentandbeforethatthetestandmeasurementdivisionofHewlettPackard)
MILMEGA
NationalInstruments
Rohde&Schwarz
Tektronix
Teseq(formerlySchaffner)
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Wrth

Seealso
ElectrostaticDischarge
IEEEElectromagneticCompatibilitySociety
ConductedElectromagneticInterference
EMCAwareProgramming
EmissionAwareProgramming
ImmunityAwareProgramming
LISN
ListofEMCdirectives
Spreadspectrum
Televisioninterference
InternationalCommissiononNonIonizingRadiationProtection(ICNIRP)
GTEM

References
1.LearnEMCWebSite:CommonImpedanceCoupling(http://learnemc.com/commonimpedancecoupling).
2.EMCTestingandStandardsinTransientImmunityTesting,RFImmunity(http://www.electronicsprojectdesign.com/E
MCTesting.html).Electronicsprojectdesign.com.Retrievedon20110719.
3.ISO76372:2004/Amd1:2008(http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?
csnumber=45931).Iso.org(20110301).Retrievedon20110719.
4.ISO76373:2007RoadvehiclesElectricaldisturbancesfromconductionandcouplingPart3:Electricaltransient
transmissionbycapacitiveandinductivecouplingvialinesotherthansupplylines(http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/c
atalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=40581).Iso.org(20100906).Retrievedon20110719.

Externallinks
Websites

TheWikibookPractical
Electronicshasapageon
thetopicof:EMCdesign
guidelines

AutomotiveEMCNetwork(http://www.autoemc.net)
EMCDirective(http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/newapproach/standard
ization/harmstds/reflist/emc.html)EuropeanCommission
HarmonisedstandardsforEMC
EMCNewsandBlog(http://www.rheintech.com/blog/)
EmctestTechnologies(http://www.emctest.it)
EuropeanEMIandEMCConformityAssessment(http://celectronics.com/europe.htm)
FederalCommunicationsCommission(http://www.fcc.gov/)
IEEEEMCSociety,OrangeCounty,CA,Section(http://www.ewh.ieee.org/r6/ocs/emc/)
IEEEEMCSociety,LongIslandSection(http://www.ieee.li/emc/)
NewsandinformationonElectromagneticCompatibilityregulations(http://EMCrules.com)
InterferenceTechnologyTheInternationalJournalofElectromagneticCompatibility(http://www.interfere
ncetechnology.com)
UKEMCComplianceClub(http://www.nutwooduk.co.uk/)
U.S.TelecommunicationCertificationBody(http://celectronics.com/us.htm)

Generalintroductions
AusefulYouTubevideoexplainingwhatEMCis.(http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rxbu9_rrm5g)
FAQAboutEMC(http://www.tuvsud.co.uk/uken/activity/testing/emctesting)
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EMCcomplianceFAQ(http://users.metro2000.net/~purwinc/compliance_faq.html)
IntroductiontoEMC(http://www.williamsonlabs.com/480_emc.htm)
IntroductiontoEMC&EMI(http://www.epuniversity.org/tech/)
EMCandRegulatoryComplianceBlog(http://EMCrules.com)
IntroductiontoEMC(http://learnemc.com/introductiontoemc)
IntroductiontoEMCandinductivecomponents(http://www.nklemv.de/downloads/emctrain.pdf)

Specifictopics
Analog,RF&EMCConsiderationsinPrintedWiringBoardDesign(http://ieee.li/pdf/viewgraphs_pwb_desi
gn.pdf)
ApplicationNote:DesignforEMCCompliance(http://www.rheintech.com/images/WhitePapers/rtl_appnot
e101_design_analysis_for_emc_compliance.pdf)
DesignforEMCEffectsofViaSlots,SplitPlanes,GapsandReturnPathsonClockSignal(http://www.rhei
ntech.com/images/WhitePapers/app_note_102_effects_on_clocks_via_slots_gaps.pdf)
EMCDesignFundamentals(http://www.ieee.li/pdf/viewgraphs/emc_design_fundamentals.pdf)
EMCDesignGuidelines(http://learnemc.com/emcdesignguidelines)
EMCengineeringpracticesforpanelbuilders(http://www.reo.co.uk/good_emc_engineering_practices_for_p
anel_builders)
EMCResources(http://www.cvel.clemson.edu/emc/)(ClemsonUniversity)
FundamentalsofthePlaneElectromagneticShield(http://www.ieee.li/pdf/viewgraphs/fundamentals_electro
magnetic_shield.pdf)
SummaryofEUstandards(http://www.rfemcdevelopment.eu/en/emcemistandards)byequipmenttype
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Categories: Electromagneticcompatibility
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