This document discusses classful and classless IP addressing. It compares the classful addressing system of Class A, B and C addresses to the newer classless system of CIDR and VLSM. CIDR allows more efficient use of addresses through variable length subnet masking and route summarization. VLSM allows subnets to be further subnetted according to individual needs. Route summarization aggregates multiple routes into a single summarized route to reduce routing table sizes. Examples are provided to illustrate how to calculate IP addresses and subnet masks using VLSM and how to perform route summarization.
This document discusses classful and classless IP addressing. It compares the classful addressing system of Class A, B and C addresses to the newer classless system of CIDR and VLSM. CIDR allows more efficient use of addresses through variable length subnet masking and route summarization. VLSM allows subnets to be further subnetted according to individual needs. Route summarization aggregates multiple routes into a single summarized route to reduce routing table sizes. Examples are provided to illustrate how to calculate IP addresses and subnet masks using VLSM and how to perform route summarization.
This document discusses classful and classless IP addressing. It compares the classful addressing system of Class A, B and C addresses to the newer classless system of CIDR and VLSM. CIDR allows more efficient use of addresses through variable length subnet masking and route summarization. VLSM allows subnets to be further subnetted according to individual needs. Route summarization aggregates multiple routes into a single summarized route to reduce routing table sizes. Examples are provided to illustrate how to calculate IP addresses and subnet masks using VLSM and how to perform route summarization.
This document discusses classful and classless IP addressing. It compares the classful addressing system of Class A, B and C addresses to the newer classless system of CIDR and VLSM. CIDR allows more efficient use of addresses through variable length subnet masking and route summarization. VLSM allows subnets to be further subnetted according to individual needs. Route summarization aggregates multiple routes into a single summarized route to reduce routing table sizes. Examples are provided to illustrate how to calculate IP addresses and subnet masks using VLSM and how to perform route summarization.
Objectives Compare and contrast classful and classless IP addressing. VLSM CIDR
Classful and Classless Addressing
Classful IP Addressing Exponential growth of hosts on the Internet
As of January 2007, there are over 433 million hosts on the Internet Initiatives to conserve IPv4 address space include: VLSM & CIDR notation (1993, RFC 1519) Network Address Translation NAT (1994, RFC 1631) Private Addressing (1996, RFC 1918)
Classful IP Addressing
Class
Higher Order Bits
Start
End
Class A
0.0.0.0
127.255.255.255
Class B
10
128.0.0.0
191.255.255.255
Class C
110
192.0.0.0
223.255.255.255
Multicast
1110
224.0.0.0
239.255.255.255
Experimental
1111
240.0.0.0
255.255.255.255
Classes of IP addresses are identified by the decimal number of the 1st
octet Class A address begin with a 0 bit Range of class A addresses = 0.0.0.0 to 127.255.255.255 Class B address begin with a 1 bit and a 0 bit Range of class B addresses = 128.0.0.0 to 191.255.255.255 Class C addresses begin with two 1 bits & a 0 bit Range of class C addresses = 192.0.0.0 to 223.255.255.255
Classful IP Addressing Subnet Mask based on Class
Number of Networks and Hosts per Network for Each Class
Address Class
First Octet Range
Number of Possible Networks
Number of Host per Network
Class A
0 to 127
128 (2 are reserved)
16,777,214
Class B
128 to 191
16,348
65,534
Class C
192 to 223
2,097,152
254 6
Classful Routing Protocol
Classful Routing Updates
R2 applies its
R3 applies the
serial 0/0/0 /24 mask
classful/16 mask
to the 172.16.1.0
to the 172.16.0.0
routing update from R1
routing update from R2
Classful Routing Protocol:
RIPv1 IGRP
Classless IP Addressing Classless Inter-domain Routing (CIDR RFC 1517) allows for: More efficient use of IPv4 address space Prefix aggregation, which reduced the size of routing tables To CIDR-compliant routers, address class is meaningless. The network portion of the address is determined by the network subnet mask, also known as the network prefix, or prefix length (/8, /19, etc.)
Classless IP Addressing
Summary Route
Variable Length Subnet Masking (VLSM): Allows a subnet to be further subnetted according to individual needs Prefix Aggregation also know as Route Summarization CIDR allows for routes to be summarized as a single route 9
Routing updates include the subnet mask Supports VLSM Supports Route Summarization 10
VLSM (Variable Length Subnet Mask)
VLSM in Action VLSM Subnets
10.0.0.0/8
12
VLSM and IP Addresses
Subnets of the Subnet
13
Calculating Addresses: Case 1
Network Topology
14
Calculating Addresses: Case 1
Calculating Addresses with VLSM Address Ranges for Subnets
15
Calculating Addresses: Case 2
Calculating Addresses for Host Requirements
12
The given IP address is
192.168.1.0/24
16
Calculating Addresses: Case 3
IP Address 192.168.1.0 60 hosts
100 hosts
12 hosts
12 hosts
17
CIDR (Classless Interdomain Routing)
Route Summarization
ip route 172.16.0.0 255.248.0.0 s0/0/0
Routes are summarized with masks that are less than that of the default classful mask. Example: 172.16.0.0/13 is the summarized route for the 172.16.0.0/16 to 172.23.0.0/16 classful networks 19
