TRN 4010 003 01 - SG Ins - Lec - EN

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Mathcad Prime 3.0 Essentials
Authored and published using
Copyright 2013 PTC Inc. and/or Its Subsidiary Companies. All Rights Reserved.
User and training guides and related documentation from PTC Inc. and its subsidiary companies
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UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT RESTRICTED RIGHTS LEGEND
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This document and the software described herein are Commercial Computer Documentation and
Software, pursuant to FAR 12.212(a)-(b) (OCT95) or DFARS 227.7202-1(a) and 227.7202-3(a)
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and Computer Software Clause at DFARS 252.227-7013 (OCT88) or Commercial Computer
Software-Restricted Rights at FAR 52.227-19(c)(1)-(2) (JUN87), as applicable. 01282013
PTC Inc., 140 Kendrick Street, Needham, MA 02494 USA
PRINTING HISTORY
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Document No.
TRN-4010-M02-EN-LM-P01
Printed in the U.S.A
Date
Description
10/21/2013
Initial Printing of:

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Before the end of the class, your instructor will review the map
corresponding to the course you are taking. This review, along with instructor
recommendations, should give you some ideas for additional training that
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For Students: How to Use this Course Handbook

Guide Layout
The information in this guide is organized as topics to aid students in finding
information after the class is complete. Each topic is divided into the following
sections:
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Concept this section contains the initial introduction to the topic and is
presented during the class lecture.
Theory this sections provides detailed information introduced in the
Concept.
Procedure This section provides step-by-step instructions on how to
complete the topic within MATHCAD. Procedures are short, focused,
and simple exercises that cover the specific topics to which they apply.
Procedures are found in this Student Handbook only. Not every topic has a
Procedure as there are knowledge topics that can not be exercised.
Exercise Exercises are longer than procedures, and may cover multiple
topics, so not every topic will have an associated exercise. Exercises are
typically more involved and use more complicated models. Exercises are
found in the printed Exercise Guide and the online exercise HTML files.
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Additionally, these topics are organized into modules. Except for the first
module, all modules are grouped to keep similar functionality together.
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The first module is a process module. In this module, you will find the generic
process used to solve the common types of Behavioral Modeling problems.
Training Agenda
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
3-D Plotting
Boolean Conditions
Symbolics
Solving
Optimization
Differential Equations
Programming
Data Exchange
Data Analysis
Project Day 2
Challenge Exercise Solutions
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Day 2
Module
Module
Module
Module
Module
Module
Module
Module
Module
Module
Module
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Getting Started
Documenting and Formatting
Entering and Editing Math
Variables
Functions
Range Variables
Controlling Calculations
Vectors and Matrices
Units
2-D Plotting
Project Day 1
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01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
Module
Module
Module
Module
Module
Module
Module
Module
Module
Module
Module
Day 1
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Table of Contents
Getting Started ............................................................................1-1
Opening Mathcad ....................................................................1-2
The Mathcad Workspace ..........................................................1-5
Mathcad Worksheets ...............................................................1-6
Saving Mathcad Files ...............................................................1-7
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Documenting and Formatting........................................................2-1

Text Regions ..........................................................................2-2
Embedding Math in a Text Region ..............................................2-4
Options for Formatting Worksheets .............................................2-6
Understanding Mathcad Templates .............................................2-7
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Entering and Editing Math ............................................................3-1

Using Operators......................................................................3-2
Entering and Evaluating a Mathematical Expression .......................3-5
Formatting Math Regions ..........................................................3-9
Formatting Mathematical Results.............................................. 3-11
Implied Multiplication.............................................................. 3-12
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Variables ....................................................................................4-1
Defining a Variable ..................................................................4-2
Numerically Evaluating a Variable ...............................................4-5
Defining a Global Variable .........................................................4-7
Assigning an Expression Retroactively ........................................4-9
Using Literal Subscripts .......................................................... 4-11
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Functions ...................................................................................5-1
Defining a User-Defined Function ...............................................5-2
Inserting a Built-In Function .......................................................5-5
Design of Experiments Functions ...............................................5-8
Using Deprecated Functions......................................................5-9
Range Variables ..........................................................................6-1
Defining a Range Variable.........................................................6-2
Using a Range Variable ............................................................6-7
Controlling Calculations ...............................................................7-1
Controlling Calculations ............................................................7-2
Using Calculation Options .........................................................7-5
Using Areas ...........................................................................7-6
Vectors and Matrices ...................................................................8-1
Vectors and Matrices ...............................................................8-2
Defining Vectors and Matrices....................................................8-5
Extracting Elements from an Array ............................................ 8-10

Nested Arrays ...................................................................... 8-14
Using Array Operators and Functions ........................................ 8-17
Units ..........................................................................................9-1
Selecting a Unit System............................................................9-2
Using Units ............................................................................9-4
Adding Units to Arrays and Range Variables .................................9-9
Using Angular Units ............................................................... 9-13
Using Temperature Units ........................................................ 9-14
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2-D Plotting............................................................................... 10-1

Plotting Data in 2-D ............................................................... 10-2
Plotting Functions in 2-D ......................................................... 10-5
2-D Plot Formatting ............................................................... 10-8
2-D Trace Formatting ........................................................... 10-11
2-D Axes Formatting ............................................................ 10-14
Using Units with 2-D Plots ..................................................... 10-18
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Project Day 1 .......................................................................... 11-1

Structural Engineering Project Day 1 ...................................... 11-2
Mechanical Engineering Project Day 1 .................................... 11-4
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3-D Plotting............................................................................... 12-1

Plotting Functions in 3-D ......................................................... 12-2
Formatting a 3-D Plot ............................................................. 12-6
Plotting Data in 3-D ............................................................... 12-8
Plotting Multiple Traces ........................................................ 12-11
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Boolean Conditions ................................................................... 13-1

Using Boolean Operators ........................................................ 13-2
Writing Equations Using Boolean Operators................................ 13-3
Creating Conditional Statements .............................................. 13-4
Using Piecewise Continuous Functions...................................... 13-5
Symbolics ................................................................................ 14-1
Symbolics ............................................................................ 14-2
Symbolic Calculation.............................................................. 14-5
Symbolic Algebra .................................................................. 14-8
Solving..................................................................................... 15-1
Solving for Roots of Equations ................................................. 15-2
Numerically Solving Systems of Linear Equations ........................ 15-7
Numerically Solving Systems of Nonlinear Equations.................. 15-12
Symbolically Solving Systems of Equations .............................. 15-15
Modifying the Convergence and Constraint Tolerance................. 15-17
Optimization ............................................................................. 16-1
Constrained Optimization ........................................................ 16-2
Unconstrained Optimization..................................................... 16-5

Differential Equations ................................................................ 17-1
Ordinary Differential Equations................................................. 17-2
Programming ............................................................................ 18-1
Creating a Program ............................................................... 18-2
Conditional Statements .......................................................... 18-6
Looping Constructs.............................................................. 18-12
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Data Exchange .......................................................................... 19-1

Importing Data ...................................................................... 19-2
Exporting Data...................................................................... 19-6
Using the Excel Component .................................................... 19-8
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Data Analysis ............................................................................ 20-1

Data Analysis ....................................................................... 20-2
Smoothing Data .................................................................... 20-4
Interpolating Data ................................................................ 20-10
Regressing Data ................................................................. 20-16
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Project Day 2 .......................................................................... 21-1

Structural Engineering Project Day 2 ...................................... 21-2
Mechanical Engineering Project Day 2 .................................... 21-3
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Challenge Exercise Solutions ...................................................... A-1
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Module
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Getting Started
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Module Overview
In this module, you learn how to open Mathcad and save Mathcad files.
Objectives
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After completing this module, you will be able to:

Open Mathcad files.
Save Mathcad files.
2013 PTC
Module 1 | Page 1
Opening Mathcad
This process enables you to open Mathcad, a new worksheet,
or an existing file.
To get started:
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Open Mathcad and display a blank

worksheet.
Open a new Mathcad worksheet.
Open an existing Mathcad file.
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Figure 1 Blank Mathcad

Worksheet
Figure 2 Opening a New

Worksheet or an Existing
Mathcad File
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Opening Mathcad
To get started, you must learn how to:

Open Mathcad and display a blank worksheet.
Open a new Mathcad worksheet.
Module 1 | Page 2
2013 PTC
PROCEDURE - Opening Mathcad and Mathcad Files

Task 1:
Open Mathcad.
button.
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1. Click the Prime
Open a new Mathcad file.
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Task 2:
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1. Click Start > PTC Mathcad

Prime 3.0.
Mathcad opens and displays a
blank worksheet.
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2. Click New
. A new
worksheet tab opens.
2013 PTC
Module 1 | Page 3
Task 3:
1. Click the Prime

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click Open
button and
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This completes the procedure.
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2. The Open dialog box displays.

Select any appropriate Mathcad
file and click Open.
Module 1 | Page 4
2013 PTC
The Mathcad Workspace

The Mathcad workspace consists of worksheets and user
interface items.
The Mathcad workspace contains the following user interface items:
Mathcad Prime button
Ribbon
Quick Access toolbar
Status Bar
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Figure 1 The Mathcad Workspace
The Mathcad Workspace
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The Mathcad workspace consists of worksheets and the following user

interface items:
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The Mathcad Prime

button When selected, you can access
commands related to files such as Open, Save, and Print.
Ribbon The ribbon contains tabs that group related commands. The
following tabs are available:
Math Contains operators, symbols, constants, and units.
Input/Output Contains data input and output elements.
Functions Contains Mathcad built-in functions.
Matrices/Tables Contains matrices, table operators, and functions.
Plots Contains commands to insert and format plots.
Math Formatting Contains math, results, and label formatting
commands.
Text Formatting Contains text and paragraph formatting commands.
Calculation Contains calculation options, controls, and error tracing.
Document Contains documentation and page options.
Getting Started Contains help, tutorials, and various other supporting
resources.
Quick Access toolbar Contains frequently used commands. By default,
the New, Open, Save, Undo, and Redo commands are located here. You
can customize this by right-clicking a command or icon located in the
ribbon and selecting Add to Quick Access Toolbar.
Status Bar Located at the bottom of the Mathcad window and contains:
Find and Replace commands.
A Zoom Slider.
Page and Draft View icons.
2013 PTC
Module 1 | Page 5
Mathcad Worksheets
Display and calculate your work in Mathcad worksheets.
Math, text, and other elements
are contained in regions in your
worksheet. The following types of
regions are available:
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Math
Table
Plot
Solve Block
Image
Text Block or Box
Figure 1 Math Region
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Mathcad Worksheets
Figure 3 Text Region
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Figure 2 Plot Region
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Math
Table
Plot
Solve Block
Image
Text Block or Box
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Mathcad worksheets are where you display and calculate your work. You can
have multiple worksheets open in Mathcad at once. To display a worksheet,
select the tab for that worksheet. Math, text, and other elements are contained
in regions in your worksheet. The following types of regions are available:
The Document tab contains commands that enable you to customize your
worksheet. The following commands are available:
Page Size Print page size.

Page Orientation Portrait or Landscape.
Margin Type Standard, Narrow, or Wide.
Show Grid Show or hide gridlines.
View Print or Draft view.
Zoom Slider Increase or decrease the zoom level of the page.
Headers and Footers Add headers and footers.
Module 1 | Page 6
2013 PTC
Saving Mathcad Files

Mathcad enables you to select from three file types when saving
files.
To save a Mathcad file, select one of
the following file types to Save As:
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MCDX
MCTX
XPS
Figure 2 Available File Types
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Figure 1 Selecting a File

Type from Save As
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Saving Mathcad Files
To save a Mathcad file, select one of the following file types to Save As:
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MCDX The default save format for Mathcad files is a Mathcad MCDX
document (.mcdx).
MCTX You can save your document as a template that can be used to
create future worksheets.
XPS You can also select an XML Paper Specification format (.xps). The
XPS format is Microsofts electronic paper file format and is similar to
a PDF.
2013 PTC
Module 1 | Page 7
PROCEDURE - Saving Mathcad Files

Task 1:
Save a Mathcad file.
1. Click the Prime

click Save
button and
.
2. The Save As dialog box displays.

Type a file name in the File name
field.
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3. Select a file type from the Save

as type drop-down menu. The
default save format is the native
Mathcad file format (.mcdx).
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4. Click Save.
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Module 1 | Page 8
2013 PTC
Documenting and Formatting
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Module
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Module Overview
To create readable and aesthetically pleasing worksheets, Mathcad provides

many options for formatting worksheets. In this module, you learn how to work
with text regions and use various options for formatting Mathcad worksheets.
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Objectives
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Work with text regions.
Embed math in a text region.
Use various options for formatting Mathcad worksheets.
Use Mathcad templates.
2013 PTC
Module 2 | Page 1
Text Regions
Mathcad supports calculation documentation through the use
of text regions.
Text regions:
Are text blocks or text boxes.
Contain resize handles.
Have a text style that you can view
on the Text Formatting tab which
determines:
Font
Size
Color
Other standard text properties
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Figure 1 Text Region
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Figure 2 Text Formatting Tab
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Text Regions
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Mathcad supports calculation documentation through the use of text regions.

You can insert a text region by selecting the Document or Math tabs.
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You can also utilize these additional methods to insert text:

A text block by pressing CTRL+SHIFT+T.
A text box by pressing CTRL+T.
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A text block is a text region that extends the full page width and does not
overlap with other regions in the worksheet. A text box is a text region that
expands as text is typed and can be moved across the worksheet. Text boxes
contain a resize handle to control the width of the region.
Text Regions: Style

Each text region has an associated text style. A style determines the font,
size, color, and other standard text properties. The current text style displays
in the Text Font group of the Text Formatting tab. You can change the text
style globally or locally.
The Formatting tab also enables you to:
Alter justification.
Add bullets or numbers to lists.
Decrease or increase font size.
Locally modify text.
Module 2 | Page 2
2013 PTC
PROCEDURE - Text Regions

Task 1:
Globally modify text.
1. Select the Text Formatting tab.

2. In the Text Font group, click the
Font drop-down list and select
a font.
Locally modify text.
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Task 2:
3. In the Font group, click the Font

Size drop-down list and select
a size.
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2. Click in the text box and type

Formatting text in Mathcad
Prime.
1. Click in a blank space in the

worksheet and press CTRL+T to
insert a text box.
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3. Highlight the word Mathcad in

the text region.
4. Select the Text Formatting tab.
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5. In the Font group, make all desired changes.
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2013 PTC
Module 2 | Page 3
Embedding Math in a Text Region

You can insert a math region in a text block or a text box.
You can embed:
Expressions
Definitions
Functions
Matrices
Figure 1 Embedded Live Math
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Embedding Math in a Text Region
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You can insert a math region in a text block or a text box. The embedded
math region is live. Mathematical functions, equations, and definitions are
evaluated as if they were located outside of the text.
The embedded math region can include:
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Expressions
Definitions
Functions
Matrices
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Module 2 | Page 4
2013 PTC
PROCEDURE - Embedding Math in a Text Region

Task 1:
Embed a math region inside of a text region.
1. Click in a blank space in the

worksheet. Right-click and select
Insert Text Box from the context
menu.
2. In the text box, type The
acceleration due to gravity,.
3. Select the Math tab.
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4. In the Regions group, click Math
to embed a math
Region
region in the text region.
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6. In the text box, click outside of

the math region and type is a
Mathcad built-in variable..
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5. In the math region, type g= to

evaluate the acceleration due to
gravity (g).
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7. Click outside of the text region to

complete embedding the math
region inside of the text region.
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2013 PTC
Module 2 | Page 5
Options for Formatting Worksheets

Mathcad enables you to create readable, aesthetically pleasing
worksheets.
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Inserting and deleting blank lines.

Separating overlapping regions.
Displaying grids and adjusting the grid size.
Editing the worksheet header and footer.
Moving selected text regions using the arrow keys.
You can format worksheets using one or more of the following options:
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Options for Formatting Worksheets
To create readable, aesthetically pleasing worksheets, you can format

worksheets using one or more of the following options:
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Insert and delete blank lines by right-clicking a blank area between two
regions and selecting Add Space or Remove Space.
Separate overlapping regions by selecting both regions, right-clicking, and
selecting Separate Regions Vertically or Separate Regions Horizontally.
Toggle the worksheet grid off and on by selecting the Document tab. In the
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In
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Page group, click Show Grid
Adjust the grid size by selecting the Document tab. In the Page group, click
Grid Size and select Standard or Fine from the Grid Size drop-down list.
To edit the header or footer, select the Document tab. In the Headers and
Footers group, click Header
to edit the worksheet header, or click
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to edit the worksheet footer. By specifying the commands in

Footer
the Headers and Footers group, you can:
Insert a page number.
Insert the last saved date.
Insert the file name or the full file path.
To move a math or text region, select it and use the arrow keys on your
keyboard.
Module 2 | Page 6
2013 PTC
Understanding Mathcad Templates

Templates are an important aspect of calculation management
within an organization.
Mathcad templates can specify the following:
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Math styles
Text styles
Page defaults
Headers and footers
Numerical formats
Unit systems
Calculation mode
Plot values
Understanding Mathcad Templates
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Templates are an important aspect of calculation management within an

organization. You can have multiple templates: a single corporate standard
or separate templates for a variety of tasks that need to be standardized.
Templates have the extension .mctx and are identical in form to a .mcdx
worksheet.
Mathcad templates can specify the following:
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Math styles Available on the Math Formatting tab.

Text styles Available on the Text Formatting tab.
Page defaults Available on the Document tab.
Headers and footers Available on the Document tab.
Numerical formats Available on the Math Formatting tab.
Unit systems Available on the Math tab.
Calculation mode Available on the Calculation tab.
Plot values Available on the Plots tab.
Templates are often starting points for new worksheets in which all document
settings have been established. Your personal templates are stored in the
My Templates folder. You can also share your templates by saving them to
the Shared Templates folder.
To use a Mathcad template, click Prime
the following options:
, select New, and select one of
From My Templates
From Shared Templates
From Default Templates
Alternately, you can select a template from the Recently Used Templates
section.
Once your new worksheet has been created using the template, save your
worksheet as a .mcdx file using a new file name.
2013 PTC
Module 2 | Page 7
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Module 2 | Page 8
2013 PTC
Entering and Editing Math
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Module
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Module Overview
In this module, you learn how to input math in a Math region in Mathcad, edit
the mathematical expressions you typed, and format the evaluated results.
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Objectives
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Use and modify operators.
Enter and evaluate a mathematical expression.
Format math regions.
Format mathematical results.
Use implied multiplication.
2013 PTC
Module 3 | Page 1
Using Operators
Operators are symbols, such as the plus sign (+) and the
minus sign (-), that link variables and numbers together to form
expressions.
When typing or modifying a
mathematical expression in Mathcad
you can:
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Insert an operator.
Identify the operands.
Modify an existing operator.
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Figure 1 Mathcad Expression

Using Multiple Operators
Using Operators
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Operators are symbols, such as the plus sign (+) and the minus sign (-), that
link variables and numbers together to form expressions. When typing or
modifying a mathematical expression in Mathcad you can:
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Insert an operator You can insert an operator by typing it in the worksheet

or by selecting an operator from the Operators and Symbols group of the
Math tab.
Identify the operands Operands are the variables and numbers linked by
the operators. The operands linked by an operator are easily identified by
clicking the operator.
Modify an existing operator You can modify an existing operator by
clicking it and inserting a new operator, or by deleting it and inserting
a new operator.
Module 3 | Page 2
2013 PTC
PROCEDURE - Using Operators

Task 1:
Insert an operator.
1. Click in the worksheet and insert the Square Root and Nth Root
operator.
Select the Math tab.
In the Operators and Symbols group, click Operators
operator.
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Select the Square Root and Nth Root
, and selecting the
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the Math tab, clicking Operators

desired operator.
All operators in this procedure are accessed by selecting
2. Type 2+3 in the placeholder under the Square Root operator. The
cursor appears to the right of the 3 when complete.
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operator. Type 2 in the placeholder
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3. Insert the Exponentiation

that appears.
4. Click in the placeholder for the Nth Root and type 3.
operator.
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Division
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5. Press SPACEBAR until the entire expression is highlighted. Insert the
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6. Click in the denominator placeholder and insert the Absolute Value

or Determinant
operator. Type 10+9 in the placeholder. The
cursor appears to the right of the 9 when complete.
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7. Insert the Exponentiation

that appears.
operator. Type 3 in the placeholder
8. Press SPACEBAR until the entire expression is highlighted. Insert the

Inline Division
operator.
9. Type 25 in the placeholder that

appears. Click outside of the
region to complete.
An alternate method of
inserting an operator
is to use the keystroke
shown in the tooltip for
the operator.
2013 PTC
Module 3 | Page 3
Task 2:
Identify operands.
1. Using the expression typed in for the previous task, click any operator.
2. Note that the operator color changes to blue and blinks. The operands
associated with the blue highlighted operator highlight in gray.
3. Click other operators and note how the operands change.
Task 3:
Modify an operator.
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1. Using the expression typed in for

Task 1, click the + operator in the
numerator.
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2. Type - and click outside of the

expression.
3. Using the modified expression,

click the + operator in the
denominator.
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Root
operator. Note the
operand location.
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4. Insert the Square Root and Nth
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Module 3 | Page 4
2013 PTC
Entering and Evaluating a Mathematical

Expression
A mathematical expression in Mathcad is typed in a Math region
using natural math notation.
You can use the following items to
insert and evaluate mathematical
expressions:
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Placeholders
Operators
Symbols
Constants
Figure 1 Evaluated Mathematical

Expression
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Entering and Evaluating a Mathematical Expression
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Placeholders
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Placeholders
Operators
Symbols
Constants
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Mathcad enables you to type a mathematical expression in a Math region

using natural math notation. Mathcad assembles and evaluates the parts of
an expression using the rules of precedence. You can use the following items
to insert and evaluate mathematical expressions:
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Placeholders appear whenever you apply an operator. In the placeholder, you

can type a constant, variable, or another expression. If you do not fill in the
placeholder, an error message appears when you click outside of the region.
Placeholders also display when you insert constructs such as integrals,

derivatives, and summations. You can type an appropriate number, variable,
or expression in each placeholder. To navigate to each placeholder, you can
use one of the following methods:
Click in each placeholder individually.
Press the arrow keys.
2013 PTC
Module 3 | Page 5
Operators, Symbols, and Constants
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Operators, Symbols, and Constants are all found on the Math tab in
the Operators and Symbols group. You can use them when entering a
mathematical expression.
Module 3 | Page 6
2013 PTC
PROCEDURE - Entering and Evaluating Mathematical

Expressions
Task 1:
Create a mathematical expression.
1. Click in the worksheet and type

the term shown.
Insert operators by
selecting the Math
tab. In the Operators
and Symbols group,
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3. Insert the Division

operator.
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2. Select the entire term. Place the

cursor on the right side of the
term. Press (the minus symbol)
and type 100 in the placeholder.
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,
click Operators
and select the desired
operator.
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4. Insert the Pi
constant.
In the Operators and Symbols
group, click Constants
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Select Pi
2013 PTC
Pi displays in a different
color. This denotes
that Pi is labeled as a
constant.
Module 3 | Page 7
Task 2:
Evaluate the mathematical expression.
1. Click anywhere in the expression

you created in the previous task.
2. Press = (equal sign).
You can also insert the
Evaluation operator
by selecting the Math
tab, clicking Operators
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, and selecting
Evaluation
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Module 3 | Page 8
2013 PTC
Formatting Math Regions

Formatting can be applied to all math regions in a worksheet
or in selected regions.
Formatting math regions can include:
Math font properties.
Label styles.
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Figure 1 Math Font Group
Figure 2 Label Styles Group
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Formatting Math Regions
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Formatting can be applied to all math regions in a worksheet or in selected

regions. Each math region has a math font style associated with variables
and constants. A style determines the font, size, color, and other standard
text properties. You can view the style you are using in a math region in the
Math Font group on the Math tab when the region is selected.
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Formatting math regions can include:
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Math font properties.

Label styles.
You can also add highlighting to a math region. This is an effective method
for drawing attention to a region or a set of regions.
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Each region, math or text, is an individual entity that you can move or position
within a workspace. You can move these regions individually or as a group.
2013 PTC
Module 3 | Page 9
PROCEDURE - Formatting Math Regions

Task 1:
Globally format math styles.
1. Click in the worksheet, type

g=, and click outside of the
region. The built-in variable g is
evaluated as shown.
2. Select the Math Formatting tab.
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3. In the Label Styles group, select

Constant from the Label Styles
drop-down menu.
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4. Select the color red from the

color options. The built-in
variable name g changes to a
red font as shown.
to restore
Highlight a region.
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Task 2:
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5. In the Label Styles group, click Restore Label Style

the labels to the default style.
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1. Click inside of the math region

created previously, evaluating g.
2. Select the Math Formatting tab.
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3. In the Math Font group, click
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and select
Highlight Color
the color yellow from the color
options. The region is highlighted
as shown.
Module 3 | Page 10
2013 PTC
Formatting Mathematical Results

You can apply results formatting globally or to one or more
regions in your worksheet.
The following formatting options are
available:
Result Format
Display Precision
Show Trailing Zeros
Complex Values
Figure 1 Results Group: Math

Formatting Tab
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Formatting Mathematical Results
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You can apply results formatting globally or to one or more regions in your
worksheet. The following formatting options are available:
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Result Format You can select the display format of numeric results from
this drop-down list. The following options are available:
General
Decimal
Scientific
Engineering
Percent
Display Precision Controls the number of digits displayed to the right
of the decimal point.
To set the zero threshold for your worksheet, set the result format to
Decimal and then modify the display precision. Any result smaller than
the selected display precision is displayed as zero.
Show Trailing Zeros Toggles the display of trailing zeros to the right of
the decimal point. The display precision selected controls the number
of trailing zeros displayed.
Complex Values Displays the result in Cartesian or Polar form.
To remove any changes and return to the default result formatting, click Clear
Format.
2013 PTC
Module 3 | Page 11
Implied Multiplication
Mathcad supports implied multiplication.
Implied multiplication:
Useful when typing expressions.

Insert by typing a numerical
constant followed by a variable.
Use is not supported with the
following variables:
i, j.
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Figure 1 Implied Multiplication
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Figure 2 Explicit Multiplication
Implied Multiplication
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Mathcad supports implied multiplication; you do not necessarily have to use

the Multiplication operator between constants and variables.
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When inserting and editing expressions, Mathcad may insert a Multiplication

operator when one is not explicitly specified. To use implied multiplication,
you must type a numerical constant followed by a variable.
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When you use implied multiplication, a Multiplication operator is automatically

inserted between the leading constant and the variable. Clicking outside of
the region suppresses the operator for display and printing purposes. You can
create the same expression by explicitly typing the Multiplication operator.
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There are two variables in which Mathcad does not insert an implied
Multiplication operator. These two variables are reserved suffixes and are the
letters i and j. These are reserved for complex numbers using i or j notation.
You can select these letters as variables, but you must always explicitly type
the Multiplication operator.
Module 3 | Page 12
2013 PTC
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Module
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Variables
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Module Overview
In this module, you learn how to define and evaluate variables, assign an
expression retroactively, and use literal subscripts.
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Objectives
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Define a variable.
Evaluate a variable.
Define a global variable.
Assign an expression retroactively.
Use literal subscripts.
2013 PTC
Module 4 | Page 1
Defining a Variable
A variable may equal a scalar, array, string, or range of scalar
values.
Variables in Mathcad:
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Are defined by the Definition operator.

Variable names may include the following:
Upper and lowercase letters.
Digits (0-9).
Underscore (_) character.
Symbols.
Literal subscripts.
Constants.
The following restrictions apply to variable names:
Variable names cannot start with a digit.
All characters must have the same font.
Mathcad does not distinguish between variable and function names.
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Defining a Variable
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Often you must define values as variables that you can use in subsequent
calculations.
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To insert definitions, or assignments, select the Math tab. In the Operators

and select Definition
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and Symbols group, click Operators
A variable may equal a scalar, array, string, or range of values. Variable

names in Mathcad may include:
Digits (0-9).
Symbols.
Literal subscripts.
Constants.
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The following restrictions apply to variable names:

Variable names cannot start with a digit.
Variable Error Messages

Expressions may contain a variable that has been previously defined to
the left or above the location of its current use. Math regions are read and
processed left to right, top to bottom.
Module 4 | Page 2
2013 PTC
If the variable used in the expression has not been previously defined, an error
message displays and the undefined variable is circled in red. Even if more
than one variable is undefined, Mathcad flags only one variable at a time.
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You can overwrite a previous variable definition, built-in variable definition, or

function name. If you redefine these names the previous or built-in meaning
no longer works.
2013 PTC
Module 4 | Page 3
PROCEDURE - Defining a Variable

Task 1:
Define a variable.
1. Type a variable name.

2. Select the Math tab. In the
Operators and Symbols group,
click Operators
and select
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3. Type one of the following in the

placeholder:
A scalar.
An expression.
An array.
A string.
A range variable.
Definition
. The Definition
operator and a placeholder
appears.
Module 4 | Page 4
2013 PTC
Numerically Evaluating a Variable

Mathcad evaluates variables and expressions in a left-right,
top-down order.
Variables and expressions in
Mathcad:
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Immediately update as you make

changes, provided the default Auto
Calculation mode is enabled.
Are evaluated to the right or below
where they are defined.
You can define and evaluate a

variable in Mathcad directly in the
definition statement.
Figure 2 Evaluation within a

Definition Statement
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Figure 1 Define and Evaluate

a Variable
Numerically Evaluating a Variable
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Expressions in Mathcad are evaluated in a left-right, top-down order. All

expressions immediately update as you make changes, provided you have
the Auto Calculation mode enabled, which is the default mode.
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You can evaluate a variable to the right of where it is defined or below where it
is defined. If a variable is redefined to the left or below the original definition,
the variable takes on the new definition value when evaluated.
You can also evaluate a variable directly in the definition statement. The
result is bound to the assigned variable name.
2013 PTC
Module 4 | Page 5
PROCEDURE - Numerically Evaluating a Variable

Task 1:
Numerically evaluate a variable in Mathcad.
1. To define the variable, type x3.

Select the Math tab. In the
and select
click Operators
Definition
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2. Type the expression shown in the

placeholder after the Definition
operator.
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You can also press

SHIFT : to insert the
Definition operator.
The keystrokes display
in the hovertext
description of the
operator.
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3. To evaluate the variable, type

x3. Select the Math tab. In the
and select
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click Operators
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Evaluation
You can evaluate a

variable:
To the right of where
it is defined.
Below where it is
defined.
You can also evaluate
a variable in the
definition statement,
binding the result to
the assigned variable
name.
Module 4 | Page 6
2013 PTC
Defining a Global Variable

Mathcad also uses a definition construct called a global
definition.
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Figure 1 Global Variable Definition
The array origin.

Custom units and unit
abbreviations.
Material properties.
Other variables and functions that
remain the same.
Global definitions can be used to

specify:
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Defining a Global Variable
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Global definitions are similar to other variable definitions except they are
evaluated first. When a worksheet is opened, Mathcad scans the entire
document twice. The first scan processes global definitions. The second
scan processes other variable definitions.
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If you define a variable or function with a global definition, that variable or

function is available to all other definitions in your worksheet, regardless of
whether the definitions appear above or below the global definition.
The array origin.

Custom units and unit abbreviations.
Material properties.
Other variables and functions that remain the same.
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Global definitions can be used to specify:
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Once a variable name is used to define a global variable it cannot be

redefined in the same worksheet. Any attempt to redefine the variable name
results in an error.
2013 PTC
Module 4 | Page 7
PROCEDURE - Defining a Global Variable

Task 1:
Define a global variable.
1. Click in the worksheet and type

the variable name global.
A global variable name

adheres to the same
rules and restrictions
as a local variable
name.
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3. Click Operators
from the
Operators and Symbols group.
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4. Click Global Definition
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A global variable
definition can contain
variables that have
been globally defined
to the left or above
where they are being
used.
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5. Type 100 in the placeholder.
from the Definition and

Evaluation group.
Task 2:
Evaluate the global variable.
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1. Click in the worksheet below or

to the right of where you have
defined the global variable. Type
global.
2. Press = (equal sign) to evaluate
the variable.
Once a variable name
is used to define a
global variable, it
cannot be redefined in
the same worksheet.
Any attempt to redefine
the variable name
results in an error.
Module 4 | Page 8
2013 PTC
Assigning an Expression Retroactively

Mathcad enables you to retroactively assign an expression to a
variable or function name.
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There are many instances in which

it is useful to retroactively assign an
expression.
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Figure 1 Expression to be
Retroactively Assigned
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Figure 2 Retroactively Assigned

Expression
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Assigning an Expression Retroactively
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You often assign a value to a variable or function name after evaluating it

in the worksheet.
2013 PTC
Module 4 | Page 9
PROCEDURE - Assigning an Expression Retroactively

Task 1:
Retroactively assign an expression.
1. Type and evaluate the

expression shown.
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2. Click in the region and place

the cursor on the left side of the
expression as shown.
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. A placeholder
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Definition
appears.
and select
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click Operators

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4. Type Value in the placeholder

and click outside of the region.
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Module 4 | Page 10
2013 PTC
Using Literal Subscripts

Mathcad provides literal subscripts for use in variable names.
You use literal subscripts in Mathcad
for:
Variable names.
Representing derivatives in partial
differential equations.
Figure 1 Literal Subscript
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Using Literal Subscripts
You use literal subscripts in Mathcad for:
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Variable names.
Representing derivatives in partial differential equations.
click Subscript
You create literal subscripts by selecting the Math tab. In the Style group,
and type the subscript text.
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Be sure not to confuse literal subscripts with array subscripts. They

appear similar, but are different. Literal subscripts represent a
variable name. Array subscripts identify an element of an array,
specified by the subscript.
2013 PTC
Module 4 | Page 11
PROCEDURE - Using Literal Subscripts

Task 1:
Create a variable containing a literal subscript.
1. In a blank area of the worksheet

type v. Select the Math tab. In
the Style group, click Subscript
. Note the cursor position.
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2. Type the subscript text and click

outside of the math region.
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Module 4 | Page 12
2013 PTC
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Module
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Functions
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Module Overview
In this module, you learn how to define and evaluate user-defined and built-in
functions.
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Objectives
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Define a user-defined function.
Insert a built-in function.
2013 PTC
Module 5 | Page 1
Defining a User-Defined Function

A user-defined function is a mathematical expression that
provides a unique output for one or more input values.
User-defined functions in Mathcad are defined using the Definition
operator.
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Function names may include the following:

Digits (0-9).
Symbols.
Literal subscripts.
Constants.
Function names have the following restrictions:
Function names cannot start with a digit.
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Defining a User-Defined Function
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A user-defined function is a mathematical expression that provides a unique

output for one or more input values. These input values are referred to as the
arguments of the function and are always enclosed in a pair of parentheses.
Mathcad contains built-in functions and enables the input of user-defined
functions.
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User-defined function names in Mathcad may include:
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Digits (0-9).
Symbols.
Literal subscripts.
Constants.
The following restrictions apply to user-defined function names:
Function names cannot start with a digit.
Function Error Messages

User-defined function expressions may contain a variable that has been
previously defined to the left or above the location of its current use. Math
regions are read and processed left to right, top to bottom.
If the variable used in the expression has not been previously defined, an error
message displays and the undefined variable is circled in red. Even if more
than one variable is undefined, Mathcad flags only one variable at a time.
Module 5 | Page 2
2013 PTC
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You can overwrite a previous variable definition, built-in variable definition,

or function name. If you redefine these names, their previous or built-in
meaning no longer works.
2013 PTC
Module 5 | Page 3
PROCEDURE - Defining a User-Defined Function

Task 1:
Define a user-defined function.
1. Type the function name, func,

and press SHIFT+9.
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2. Type the arguments of the

function, x,y, in the placeholder.
and select
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. The Definition
Definition
operator and a placeholder
appears.
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click Operators

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4. Type the function expression in the placeholder and click outside of

the region.
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Module 5 | Page 4
2013 PTC
Inserting a Built-In Function

Mathcad provides a library of built-in functions.
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Core Mathematical functions.

Discrete Transform functions.
Statistics, Probability, and Data Analysis functions.
Design of Experiments functions.
Differential Equation Solvers.
File Access functions.
Finance functions.
Image and Signal Processing functions.
Probability Distribution.
Solving and Optimization functions.
Vector and Matrix functions.
Miscellaneous functions.
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Mathcad provides a library of built-in functions in the following areas:
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Figure 1 Function Tab
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Inserting a Built-In Function

Mathcad provides a library of built-in functions in the following areas:
Core Mathematical functions.
Discrete Transform functions.
Statistics, Probability, and Data Analysis functions.
Design of Experiments functions.
Differential Equation Solvers.
File Access functions.
Finance functions.
Image and Signal Processing functions.
Probability Distribution.
Solving and Optimization functions.
Vector and Matrix functions.
Miscellaneous functions.
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To access these functions, select the Functions tab. You can also directly
type in a built-in function. Built-in functions are not font sensitive, but they are
case sensitive and you must spell them correctly.
2013 PTC
Module 5 | Page 5
PROCEDURE - Inserting a Built-In Function

Task 1:
Insert and evaluate a built-in function.
1. Click in a blank area of the worksheet. Select the Functions tab. In

the Functions group, click All Functions
. The Functions dialog
box appears on the left side of the worksheet.
2. Expand the Trigonometric function category.
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You can sort functions in the Functions dialog box by

category or by name.
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3. Select acos. This action inserts

the function into the worksheet.
Module 5 | Page 6
You can also directly

type in a built-in
function. Built-in
functions are not font
sensitive, but they are
case sensitive and
you must spell them
correctly.
2013 PTC
4. Type 0.5 in the function

placeholder and press = (equal
sign).
To insert a function
in the worksheet,
select the Functions
tab. In the Functions
group, click a function
category and select the
desired function.
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2013 PTC
Module 5 | Page 7
Design of Experiments Functions

Design of Experiments (DOE) functions and plots enable you
to analyze the resulting data from experiments performed in a
DOE or Robust Design process.
You can use these functions for:
Constructing experimental design matrices.

Analyzing and screening factors, and plotting results.
Developing statistical models.
Performing Monte Carlo simulations.
Figure 2 Pareto Plot
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Figure 1 Design Matrix
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Design of Experiments Functions
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Design of Experiments (DOE) functions and plots enable you to analyze

the resulting data from experiments performed in a DOE or Robust Design
process. You can use these functions for:
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Constructing experimental design matrices.

Create, analyze, or modify design matrices using Mathcads built-in
functions.
Analyzing and screening factors, and plotting results.
Screen factors by calculating their effects, level effects, and interactions.
Plot experimental results using the plot functionality.
Developing statistical models.
Mathcad DOE functions offer different types of regression analysis.
Performing Monte Carlo simulations.
You can generate random numbers for Monte Carlo simulations as well
as create a Monte Carlo sample for a given function.
Module 5 | Page 8
2013 PTC
Using Deprecated Functions

Deprecated functions are functions that are not available in
Mathcad Prime.
Deprecated functions:
Are not documented in Mathcad Prime.

Work if typed in a worksheet, or imported in a legacy worksheet.
Are supported by Mathcad Prime for several releases.
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Using Deprecated Functions
Deprecated functions are functions that are not available in Mathcad Prime.
Deprecated functions:
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Are not documented in Mathcad Prime.

Work if typed in a worksheet, or imported in a legacy worksheet.
Are supported by Mathcad Prime for several releases.
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Many of the deprecated functions have alternative functions in Mathcad

Prime. The Mathcad Prime Help files contain a list of the deprecated
functions and the existing alternative functions.
2013 PTC
Module 5 | Page 9
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Module 5 | Page 10
2013 PTC
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Module
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Range Variables
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Module Overview
In this module, you learn how to define, evaluate, and use a range variable.
Objectives
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Define a range variable.
Use a range variable.
2013 PTC
Module 6 | Page 1
Defining a Range Variable

Range variables are variables that are equal to a sequence or
range of values.
You can use a range variable to:
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Iterate a function over a range of

values.
Define a vector or array,
element-by-element.
Control the domain of a 2-D plot.
Every range variable must have:
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A starting value.
An ending value.
A second value specified, if not
using a unit step.
Figure 1 A Range Variable

Definition and Evaluation
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Defining a Range Variable

As shown previously, a variable can be equal to a scalar, expression, or
a string. Variables can also be equal to a sequence or range of values.
Iterative processes in Mathcad worksheets depend on ranges of values or
range variables.
Use a range of values to:
Iterate a function over a range of values.
Define a vector or array, element-by-element.
Control the domain of a 2-D plot.
To evaluate a function over a range of points, you must define a range
variable and pass the range to the function.
Module 6 | Page 2
2013 PTC
Define a range variable by selecting the Math tab, clicking Operators
in
operator.
the Operators and Symbols group, and selecting the Range

Every range variable must have:
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A starting value.
An ending value.
A second value specified, if not using a unit step.
2013 PTC
Module 6 | Page 3
PROCEDURE - Defining a Range Variable

Task 1:
Define a range variable with a constant step size.
1. Click in a blank area of the

worksheet and type the variable
name force.
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group, click Operators

Select Definition
2. Insert the Definition

operator.
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, and
Operators
selecting the desired
operator.
You can insert any

operator by selecting
the Math tab, clicking
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3. Type the starting value of the

range followed by a comma, 1,.
Two placeholders and the Range
operator appear.
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4. Type 1.5 in the first placeholder,

and type 5 in the second
placeholder.
Module 6 | Page 4
The step size is

determined by the
difference between
the first and second
value in the range. The
range variable has a
constant step size over
the entire range.
2013 PTC
Task 2:
Define a range variable with a unit step size.

name force1.
operator.
3. Type 1..20 in the placeholder.
Alternatively, you can
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Evaluate a range variable.
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worksheet, type force1, and
press =.
Task 3:
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insert the Range

operator rather than
typing ...
2013 PTC
Module 6 | Page 5
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2. When evaluating range

variables, Mathcad displays
only the first 12 values in the
range. To view the remaining
values:
Click the three dots in the
evaluation display.
The navigator window
appears. Place the cursor
over the window and click and
drag to view the entire range
variable.
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Module 6 | Page 6
2013 PTC
Using a Range Variable

You can use range variables to iterate a function over a range.
To use range variables to iterate a
function:
Figure 1 Range Variable Definition
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Define the function.

Define the range variable.
Evaluate the function using the
range variable.
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Figure 2 Function Definition and Evaluation
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Using a Range Variable
Evaluating a function over a range of points using single point evaluation is

cumbersome. To evaluate a range of points:
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Define the function.

Define the range using a range variable.
Evaluate the function by passing the range variable to the function.
2013 PTC
Module 6 | Page 7
PROCEDURE - Using a Range Variable

Task 1:
Use a range variable in a function calculation.

worksheet and define the
function shown.
You can insert any
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, and
Operators
operator.
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3. Pass the range variable to the

function and evaluate.
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2. Using a range variable, define

the range and the step size over
which the function iterates.
Module 6 | Page 8
2013 PTC
7
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Module
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Module Overview
In this module you learn how to control calculations by disabling and

re-enabling regions and automatic calculations, selecting calculations
options, and using areas.
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Objectives
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Control calculations.
Use calculation options.
Use areas.
2013 PTC
Module 7 | Page 1
By default, Mathcad opens in Auto Calculation mode. In this
mode, all results are automatically updated.
You can control calculations in
Mathcad by:
Disabling and enabling Auto

Calculation mode.
Disabling and re-enabling a
specific region or group of regions.
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Figure 1 Disabled Regions
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By default, Mathcad opens in Auto Calculation mode. In this mode, all

results are automatically updated. When Mathcad is in Auto Calculation
mode, a green circle appears in the message line on the lower-left corner of
the window.
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The numerical results and graphs you see in your window are always
up-to-date when in Auto Calculation mode. If your worksheet contains
several computationally intensive equations, scrolling through the worksheet
becomes time consuming as Mathcad updates all calculations as you scroll.
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You can control calculation updates and calculations in Mathcad by:
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Disabling and enabling Auto Calculation mode.

Disabling and re-enabling a specific region or group of regions to prevent
their evaluation.
If you have disabled a region, or group of regions, the following rules apply:
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You can edit the disabled region but the result is not recalculated, and any
regions that depend on the disabled region are not affected.
The disabled regions are not affected by changes to other regions.
Module 7 | Page 2
2013 PTC
PROCEDURE - Controlling Calculations

Task 1:
Disable Automatic Calculation mode.
1. Select the Calculation tab.

2. In the Controls group, click Stop
.
All Calculations
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3. This de-selects Auto Calculation

in the Controls group. A gray
circle now appears in the
message line on the lower-left
corner of the window.
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4. To re-enable Auto Calculation

mode, select the Calculation
tab.
Calculation
Disable math regions.
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Task 2:
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6. A green circle now appears in the

message line on the lower-left
corner of the window.
5. In the Controls group, click Auto
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1. Create the expressions for the

variable, x, and the function,
Calc(x), shown.
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2. Select both regions, as shown.
2013 PTC
Module 7 | Page 3
3. Disable the regions.

Select the Calculation tab.
In the Controls group, click
.
Disable Region
Re-enable math regions.
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Task 3:
Mathcad dims the

regions to indicate
that the regions are
disabled.
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Disable Region
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2. Re-enable the regions.

In the Controls group, click
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1. Select both disabled regions, as

shown.
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Mathcad removes the

dimming to indicate
that the regions are
now enabled.
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Module 7 | Page 4
2013 PTC
Using Calculation Options

Mathcad provides calculation options that can be used when
evaluating mathematical expressions.
The following calculation options are
available:
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Approximate Equality
ORIGIN in Strings
Strict Singularity Check
Multithreading
Units/Constants in Symbolics
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Figure 1 Calculation Options
Using Calculation Options
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Mathcad provides calculation options that can be used when evaluating

mathematical expressions. The following calculation options are available:
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Approximate Equality This option controls the standard used in Boolean

expressions and truncation functions. When this option is selected:
Two numbers must differ by less than the maximum accuracy of your
computers floating point processor to be considered equal.
Numbers from 10-307 to 10-307 are considered to be zero.
All decimal places are used in determining the floor, ceiling, or truncated
value of a number.
ORIGIN in Strings This option controls the integer associated with the
first character in a string. String functions consider the worksheet value for
ORIGIN to be the index of the first character when this option is selected.
Strict Singularity Check This option controls the matrix inversion algorithm
used by Mathcad. If this option is selected, Mathcad checks whether the
input matrix or the inverted matrix is singular or ill-conditioned.
Multithreading Enables multiple calculations to run in parallel. Speeds
up processing of large data sets and matrices.
Units/Constants in Symbolics Controls automatic labeling of certain
variables as built-in units and constants in symbolics.
You can access these options by selecting the Calculation tab. In the
Worksheet Settings group, click Calculation Options
required option.
2013 PTC
, and select the
Module 7 | Page 5
Using Areas
Calculations in Mathcad can be enclosed in an area and
collapsed and/or disabled.
To enclose calculations in an area:
Insert an area.
Type calculations in the area.
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Figure 1 Inserted Area
Figure 3 Disabled Regions
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Figure 2 Enabled Regions
Using Areas
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Calculations in Mathcad can be enclosed in an area and collapsed and/or

disabled. Areas enable you to group, hide, and disable calculation regions
within the area.
To enclose calculations in an area:
Insert an area.
Type calculations in the area.
An area enables you to:
Group related calculations.
Collapse or expand sets of calculations.
Disable all the math regions within the area at once by clicking in the area,
selecting the Calculation tab and clicking Disable Region
Within an area you cannot:

Insert a page break.
Insert an area, or a worksheet header or footer.
Module 7 | Page 6
2013 PTC
8
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Module
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Module Overview
In this module, you learn how to define and use vectors and matrices.
Objectives
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Define vectors and matrices.
Extract elements from an array.
Nest arrays.
Use array operators and functions.
2013 PTC
Module 8 | Page 1

A variable can be comprised of a group of data in the form of a
vector or matrix.
You can insert an array in Mathcad
by:
Manual entry.
Defining each element using a
range variable.
Importing data from a file.
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Elements in an array:
By default, have a starting index of
0, referred to as the array ORIGIN.
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Figure 1 Mathcad Array
Figure 2 Array Origin
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A variable can be comprised of a group of data in the form of a vector or

matrix. You can insert an array in Mathcad by:
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Manual entry.
Defining each element using a range variable.
Reading in the array directly from a file.
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The terms array and matrix are synonymous in Mathcad. A vector

is an array containing a single column.
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The row and column index starting point default for the array elements is a
built-in variable in Mathcad. This variable is named ORIGIN and by default is
set to 0. You can globally set this variable by selecting the Calculation tab.
In the Worksheet Settings group, select 0 or 1 from the ORIGIN drop-down
list. You can also set this variable locally or globally using a definition in
the worksheet.
IMPORTANT! For the examples used in this training, the array
ORIGIN is equal to 1.
Range Variables and Vectors: An Important Distinction

A range variable and a vector may look similar, but they are two distinct
quantities and Mathcad treats them differently.
Some differences to consider:
A range variable is evaluated as a sequence of values, one at a time. A
vector or matrix evaluates all values simultaneously.
It is not possible to extract a single element from a range. It is always
possible to extract a single element from a vector or matrix.
Module 8 | Page 2
2013 PTC
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A range variable is used to iterate evaluations or definitions. A vector or

matrix is used to store and access information.
2013 PTC
Module 8 | Page 3
PROCEDURE - Vectors and Matrices

Scenario
Change the array ORIGIN both globally and locally.
Task 1:
Globally change the array ORIGIN.
1. Select the Calculation tab.
2. In the Worksheet Settings group,

select 0 or 1 from the ORIGIN
drop-down list.
Task 2:
Locally change the array ORIGIN.
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and insert the Definition

operator.
1. Type the word ORIGIN (all

capital letters) in the worksheet
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The ORIGIN is set to 0

by default.
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You can insert all

operators by selecting
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, and
Operators
operator.
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2. Type the desired array ORIGIN

in the placeholder and click
outside of the region.
This reassigns the
array ORIGIN from the
insertion point to the
end of the worksheet.
Module 8 | Page 4
2013 PTC
Defining Vectors and Matrices

You can define a vector or matrix in Mathcad using various
methods.
You can define a vector or matrix in
Mathcad by:
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Manual entry.
Populating an array
element-by-element.
Using range variables.
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Figure 1 Populating a Matrix

Using Manual Entry

Using Range Variables
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Element-by-Element
Defining Vectors and Matrices
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You can define a vector or matrix in Mathcad using various methods:

Manual entry by selecting the Matrices/Tables tab. In the Matrices and
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and select the number of elements

Tables group, click Insert Matrix
required.
You can insert a matrix containing up to 144 elements using this method.
Populating a matrix element-by-element by defining each element in the
array.
To populate an array using this method, you must use a matrix subscript
operator
to identify each element. You can locate the Matrix Index
by selecting the Matrices/Tables tab. In the Matrices and Tables group,
click Vector and Matrix Operators
and select the Matrix Index
operator.
Populating a matrix using range variables.
Here the definition process is automated by using an iterative variable:
a range variable representing the index.
2013 PTC
Module 8 | Page 5
Each value in the matrix may be one of the following:

A scalar.
A string.
An array.
A variable or function that evaluates to a scalar, string, or array.
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Module 8 | Page 6
2013 PTC
PROCEDURE - Defining Vectors and Matrices

Scenario
Define a vector or matrix manually, element-by-element, and using range
variables.
Task 1:
Define a vector or matrix manually.
1. Type the variable name Matrix
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operator. Do not remove your
cursor from the math region.
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, and
Operators
operator.
You can insert all

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2. Insert the matrix.

Select the Matrices/Tables
tab.
In the Matrices and Tables
group, click Insert Matrix
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.
Click and drag to select a 3x3
matrix.
3. A matrix with three rows and

three columns appears. Each
element is represented by a
placeholder.
4. Type the values shown in the

placeholders. To navigate
between placeholders, use the
mouse, use the arrow keys, or
press TAB.
2013 PTC
Module 8 | Page 7
Task 2:
Define a vector or matrix element-by-element.
1. Type the variable name Array in

the worksheet.
2. Insert the Matrix Index
operator.
You can also insert
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the Matrix Index

the Matrices/Tables
tab, clicking Vector
and Matrix Operators
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operator.
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3. Type the subscript number of the

element in the placeholder as
shown.
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, and selecting the

desired operator.
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6. Repeat for each element in the

array.
Module 8 | Page 8
2013 PTC
7. Evaluate the array by typing

Array and inserting the
Evaluation
operator.
Define a vector or matrix using range variables.
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Task 3:
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1. Define a range variable to

represent the index of the vector.
The following are some
important guidelines:
The range variable
for the index usually
begins at the origin.
The subscript value
must be integer
valued and take unit
steps most of the
time.
You can also define

a matrix using this
procedure. The
subscript notation
used is in the form row,
column.
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2. Using the definition statement

shown, define the elements in
the vector.
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The elements of the

array may depend on
the range variable.
3. Evaluate the vector by typing

the vector name vector1 and
inserting the Evaluation
operator.
2013 PTC
Module 8 | Page 9
Extracting Elements from an Array

You can extract elements in arrays and use them in functions
and definition statements.
You can extract three types of data
from a matrix or array:
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A single element.
An entire column or row.
A subset, or submatrix of data.
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Figure 1 Original Matrix
Figure 3 Extracted Submatrix
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Figure 2 Extracted Column
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Extracting Elements from an Array
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You can extract elements from arrays and use them in functions and definition
statements.
There are three basic types of data that you can extract from a matrix or array:
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A single element.
An entire column or row.
A subset, or submatrix of data.
You can use the built-in submatrix function to extract a subset of data from an
array. The submatrix function returns the data in a matrix consisting of the
specified number of rows and columns.
Module 8 | Page 10
2013 PTC
PROCEDURE - Extracting Elements from an Array

Scenario
Extract basic types of data from an array.
Task 1:
Extract a single element from an array.
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1. Define the matrix CP as shown.
2. Type the matrix name, CP, and
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You can insert matrix

operators using one of
the following methods:
Select the Math
tab, click Operators
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insert the Matrix Index

operator.
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In
, and select the

required operator.
Select the
Matrices/Tables
tab, click Vector and
Matrix Operators
, and select the
required operator.
Type the shortcut
for the required
operator.
3. Type the row and column indexes

shown, separated by a comma,
in the index placeholder.
Vectors require only
a single subscript
containing the row
index.
4. Insert the Evaluation

operator.
2013 PTC
Module 8 | Page 11
Task 2:
Extract a column from an array.

insert the Matrix Column
operator.
2. Type the column index, 2, in the

index placeholder.
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insert the Matrix Row

operator.
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Extract a row from an array.
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Task 3:
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operator.
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2. Type the row index, 2, in the

index placeholder.

operator.
Extract a subset of data from an array.
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Task 4:
1. Type the variable name, CPSUB,

to which you want to assign the
extracted data, and insert the
Definition
Module 8 | Page 12
operator.
2013 PTC
2. Insert the submatrix function.

Select the Matrices/Tables tab.
In the Matrices and Tables group, click Vector and Matrix
.
Functions
Select submatrix.
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You can also type in the submatrix function or insert it from

the Functions tab.
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3. The submatrix function displays in the worksheet. Complete the

arguments as shown. Do not click outside of the math region.
The arguments required for the submatrix function are:
The name of the array that contains the data to extract.
The row to start extracting data.
The row to stop extracting data.
The column to start extracting data.
The column to stop extracting data.

operator to evaluate the
extracted data.
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2013 PTC
Module 8 | Page 13
Nested Arrays
An array may contain an element that is another array.
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An array embedded within another

array is called a nested array.
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Figure 1 Nested Array
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Figure 2 Evaluated Nested Array
Figure 3 Evaluated Expanded

Array
Nested Arrays
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An array may contain elements that are other arrays. An array that is
embedded within another array is called a nested array.
When initially evaluating an array containing a nested array, Mathcad
indicates the nested array using a shorthand notation. This shorthand
indicates the dimensions (rows, columns) of the nested array and encloses
the dimensions in brackets.
Module 8 | Page 14
2013 PTC
PROCEDURE - Nested Arrays

Scenario
Display nested arrays by extracting them and by specifying the result format.
Task 1:
Display nested array elements by extracting the array.
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1. Define the two matrices shown. The matrix Nest is nested in the
matrix P.
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insert the Matrix Index

operator.
2. Type the matrix name, P, and
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3. In the placeholder, type the

row and column location of the
nested array, 2,2.
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operator.
Task 2:
Display nested array elements by specifying the result format.
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1. Evaluate the parent array P as shown.
2013 PTC
Module 8 | Page 15
2. Select the evaluated matrix P. To expand the nested matrix:

Select the Matrices/Tables tab.
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In the Result Format section, click Collapse Nested Matrices

to de-select it.
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Module 8 | Page 16
2013 PTC
Using Array Operators and Functions

You can use vectors and arrays when working with operators
and functions in Mathcad.
You can find operators and functions
used with vectors and arrays:
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On the Matrices/Tables tab.

Matrices and Tables group.
You can also find Vector and
Matrix operators on the Math tab.
You can also find Vector and Matrix
functions on the Functions tab.
Functions group.
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Figure 1 The Function and

Arguments
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Figure 2 Incorrect Evaluation
Figure 3 Correct Evaluation Using

the Vectorization Operator
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Using Array Operators and Functions
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You can use vectors and arrays when working with operators and functions in
Mathcad. You can find operators and functions used with vectors and arrays:
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On the Matrices/Tables tab.

Matrices and Tables group.
You can also find Vector and Matrix operators on the Math tab.
You can also find Vector and Matrix functions on the Functions tab.
Functions group.
The Vectorization Operator

Many functions that typically use a scalar argument also accept a vector.
This is termed implicit vectorization, which means passing each element,
one-by-one, to the function as an argument.
When a matrix is passed to the same function for element-by-element
processing, an error often occurs or incorrect answers result as shown on
the slide.
You can use element-by-element processing of a function or operator by
selecting the Vectorization
and Math tabs.
2013 PTC
operator located on both the Matrices/Tables
Module 8 | Page 17
Array Functions
The Vector and Matrix Functions category located in the Matrices and Tables
group on the Matrices/Tables and Functions tabs contains a list of functions
that operate on arrays.
The following functions are useful when working with vectors and matrices:
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rows and cols Returns the number of rows or columns in an array.

length Returns the number of elements in a vector.
last Returns the index of the last element in a vector. The number
returned depends on the value of ORIGIN.
max and min Returns the maximum or minimum element in an array.
stack Places the arrays one on top of the other.
augment Places the arrays side-by-side.
Module 8 | Page 18
2013 PTC
PROCEDURE - Using Array Operators and Functions

Scenario
Use the Vectorization operator.
Task 1:
Use the Vectorization operator.
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2. Type the function name and

arguments, F1(b), as shown.
Press SPACEBAR until the entire
function name highlights.
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1. Define the function, F1(b), and matrix, b, shown.
In
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3. Insert the Vectorization

operator.
tab.
group, click Vector and Matrix
.
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Operators
Select Vectorization
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You can also insert the

Vectorization
operator by one of the
following methods:
Selecting the
Math tab, clicking
,
Operators
and selecting the
Vectorization
operator.
Press CTRL ^ .
2013 PTC
Module 8 | Page 19
4. Evaluate the function or operator by inserting the Evaluation

operator.
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Module 8 | Page 20
2013 PTC
9
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Module
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Units
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Module Overview
In this module, you learn how to select a unit system and use units in
calculations.
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Objectives
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Select a unit system.
Use units in calculations.
Add units to arrays and range variables.
Use angular and temperature units.
2013 PTC
Module 9 | Page 1
Selecting a Unit System

Mathcad currently supports three systems of units.
The SI system is the default unit
system for Mathcad. You can modify
this by selecting the Math tab and
selecting the commands in the Units
group.
Mathcad also supports the following

systems:
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CGS
USCS
Figure 1 Units Group
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Selecting a Unit System

Mathcad currently supports three systems of units.
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The SI system is the default unit system for Mathcad. Mathcad also supports
the following unit systems:
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CGS
USCS
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Every unit system has a set of base dimensions and derived units associated
with it. Mathcad stores all units in terms of the base units for a particular
dimension. Because of this, unit results are initially returned in the base
units for the default system of units.
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For example, if you select the SI system as the default unit system:
Length is initially returned in meters, m.
Mass is initially returned in kilograms, kg.
Time is initially returned in seconds, s.
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You can select the default unit system by selecting the Math tab. In the Units
, and select a unit system. Regardless of
group, click Unit System
the unit system selected, you can use units from other systems to define
variables and evaluate results.
Module 9 | Page 2
2013 PTC
PROCEDURE - Selecting a Unit System

Task 1:
Select a default unit system.

2. In the Units group, click Unit System
3. Select the default unit system SI from the drop-down list.
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When you change the default unit system, Mathcad converts

all of the evaluated values that have a unit into the new
base unit. Definitions do not change.
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2013 PTC
Module 9 | Page 3
Using Units
Mathcad enables you to multiply values by built-in units or
custom defined units.
Using Mathcad you can:
Add units to variable definitions.
Change units.
Define a custom unit.
Figure 1 Variable Definition

with Units
Adding Units to Variable Definitions
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You can add units to a variable definition by typing them in or by selecting the
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and select the desired unit.

Math tab. In the Units group, click Units
Mathcad uses the units in calculations and, if possible, simplifies the result
units to a base unit from the default unit system specified for the worksheet.
You can then rescale the results of a calculation in terms of a different unit.
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Click in the worksheet.

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1.
2.
To display results in base units:
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3. In the Units group, click Base Units

.
Mathcad redisplays the result in terms of unsimplified base units.
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Mathcad checks your worksheet for dimensional consistency. It is a

units-aware product. The unit checking feature may prevent costly mistakes
in calculations that involve multiple units. Mathcad converts all units to base
units internally. Therefore, you can add or subtract different units from the
same dimension, if the equation is dimensionally correct. If you attempt to
add variables containing units from different dimensions, an error message
appears. If the equation contains any dimensionless or unitless values, they
are treated as though they came from an incompatible dimension.
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Built-in units are predefined variables and you can overwrite them with a
variable of the same name. For example, you can rewrite the built-in unit
m, representing meters, to represent any quantity, but any subsequent
results depending on meters represented by m do not make sense and may
generate an error. To avoid overwriting predefined variables, if you evaluate
the variable you are using, Mathcad evaluates a built-in unit.
Creating Custom Units

Although Mathcad provides an extensive list of built-in units, you can also
use custom units. You can define your own unit if:
Mathcad does not recognize the unit you need.
You want to use a different abbreviation that Mathcad does not recognize.
To create custom units or unit abbreviation definitions, define the custom unit
as a variable at the top of the worksheet or globally. If defined at the top, you
can use a custom unit or unit abbreviation just like a built-in unit anywhere to
the right or below where it is defined to rescale results.
Module 9 | Page 4
2013 PTC
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A custom unit or abbreviation must contain one of Mathcad's built-in units.

Once defined, you can use the custom units the same way you use built-in
units, but they do not display in the Units group.
2013 PTC
Module 9 | Page 5
PROCEDURE - Using Units

Task 1:
Add units to variable definitions.
1. Click in a blank area in the

name mass.
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Select Definition

operator.
U
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You can insert

the appropriate group,
and selecting the
desired operator or
symbol.
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3. Type 40 in the placeholder and
In
insert the Multiplication

operator.
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Mathcad does
not require the
Multiplication operator
when using units.
You can use implied
multiplication.
4. Insert the kg unit.

In the Units group, click Units
.
Select the kg unit.
You can also type
a unit directly in the
worksheet.
Module 9 | Page 6
2013 PTC
Task 2:
Change units.
1. Evaluate the variable mass

defined in the previous task.
2. Click to the right of the equation.
Press BACKSPACE until the kg
unit is deleted.
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O
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U
Define a custom unit.
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Task 3:
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The abbreviation
lb refers to pound
mass, while lbf is the
abbreviation for pound
force.
3. Type lb or insert the lb unit from

the Units group. Click outside
of the region. Mathcad rescales
and redisplays the result. This
result is now locked and will not
be rescaled if the unit system
changes.
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In

worksheet and type the unit
variable name cfs.
Fo

operator.
A custom unit can
also be defined
globally by inserting
the Global Definition
operator.
3. Type the custom unit definition

as shown and click outside of the
region. The custom unit must
contain one of Mathcad's built-in
units.
2013 PTC
Module 9 | Page 7
4. In the definition expression

you have just typed, select the
variable name cfs.
5. In the ribbon, select the Math
tab.
6. Click Labels
group.
from the Style
7. Select Unit from the drop-down

list.
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You can use a custom

unit to the right or below
where it is defined
in the worksheet to
rescale results.
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Custom units do not

appear in the Units
group.
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Module 9 | Page 8
2013 PTC
Adding Units to Arrays and Range Variables

Mathcad enables you to add units to arrays and range variables.
In Mathcad you can add units to:
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Arrays.
Range variables.
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Figure 1 Array Definition

with Units
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Figure 2 Range Variable

Definition with Units
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Adding Units to Arrays and Range Variables

You can add units to array elements and range variables.
In
Use one of the following methods to add a unit to an array:
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Add a unit to each element of the array.

Add a unit to the entire array.
Fo
When adding units to range variables, you should add the unit to each
element in the range variable definition. A dimensioned range variable must
always specify the second value in the range in the appropriate dimension,
even if the step size is equal to one. If this is not specified, an error message
appears.
2013 PTC
Module 9 | Page 9
PROCEDURE - Adding Units to Arrays and Range

Variables
Task 1:
Add units to an entire array.

name Shear.
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O
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Select Definition

operator.
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, and
Operators
operator.
You can insert

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In
3. Insert a 5x1 matrix in the

placeholder.
tab.
Fo
.
Click the cursor and drag to
highlight a 5x1 matrix and
release. A 5x1 matrix of blank
placeholders appears in the
original placeholder for the
variable.
Module 9 | Page 10
2013 PTC
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4. Type the numbers shown in the

placeholders. Press SPACEBAR
to highlight the entire matrix.
5. Insert the Multiplication

operator.
, and
Add units to each element of an array.
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Task 2:
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tab, clicking Units

selecting kip.
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6. Type kip in the placeholder, or

insert it by selecting the Math
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1. Insert a 5x1 matrix Shear1 as

shown.
2. In each placeholder, type each

matrix element and multiply by
the unit shown.
Elements of an array
can be from different
systems. Mathcad also
supports arrays with
mixed dimensions.
2013 PTC
Module 9 | Page 11
Task 3:
Add units to a range variable.
1. Type the variable name Press

operator.
2. Complete the following:
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Type 1 and insert a Multiplication

operator.
Type psi in the placeholder.
Press COMMA. Two placeholders and the range variable operator
appear.
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In the first placeholder type 2 and insert a Multiplication

operator.
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In the second placeholder type 5 and insert a Multiplication

operator.
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3. To evaluate the range variable,

type the variable name Press
and press =.
The variable is
evaluated in the default
units for the worksheet.
You can then change
these to the desired
unit, as shown.
Module 9 | Page 12
2013 PTC
Using Angular Units

Mathcad assumes that values provided for functions requiring
an angular argument are in radians.
You must specify degrees when
using them in Mathcad.
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Figure 1 Default Angular Units
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Figure 2 Using Degrees
Using Angular Units
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Mathcad assumes that values provided for functions requiring an angular

argument are in radians. If you use a number or a variable as a function
argument without a unit associated to it, the function uses that argument as if
it is in radians. If you use degrees, you must specify them. The number or
variable that you use as the argument must have degrees in the definition.
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Functions returning angular measurements provide the initial results in

radians. You can then edit the result and use degrees as the unit.
2013 PTC
Module 9 | Page 13
Using Temperature Units

Temperature units do not follow a typical multiplicative
relationship with other temperature units.
Mathcad supports the following temperature units:
nl
Kelvin.
Rankine.
Degrees Fahrenheit.
Change in degrees Fahrenheit.
Degrees Celsius.
Change in degrees Celsius.
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Using Temperature Units
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Mathcad enables you to type temperature expressions in natural notation and

return results that have the quantity temperature associated with them. The
most common temperature scales are Fahrenheit and Celsius. In Mathcad,
these temperature units do not follow a typical multiplicative relationship with
other temperature units. These scales have a multiplicative factor and an
additive constant in the transformation. Kelvin and Rankine temperatures are
related in the usual multiplicative manner.
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In Fahrenheit and Celsius units, temperature differences are required to

convert results when finding the difference between two temperatures.
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Example of calculating a correct temperature difference:
Fo
Example of calculating an incorrect temperature difference:
The incorrect equation is obtained because both temperatures were

converted internally to degrees K, the default temperature unit. The resulting
difference was then evaluated as 0 K. When 0 K is then converted to
Fahrenheit, the result is -459.67. Degrees are measured against the
absolute zero while a change in degrees represents the change between
two temperatures.
Temperature differences are also required when you add two temperatures,
because doing so implies a change from the current temperature.
Module 9 | Page 14
2013 PTC
PROCEDURE - Using Temperature Units

Task 1:
Define variables using degrees Celsius or Fahrenheit.
1. In a blank area of the worksheet,

type the variable name Temp.
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Select Definition

operator.
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, and
Operators
operator.
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You can insert

In
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4. Insert a Fahrenheit temperature

unit.
In the Units group, click Units
Fo
.
Select F.
You can insert units

tab, clicking Units
, and selecting
the desired unit. Use
implied multiplication
when defining units.
You can insert a
degrees Celsius
temperature unit using
the same method.
2013 PTC
Module 9 | Page 15
Task 2:
Rescale temperatures to degrees Celsius or Fahrenheit from

degrees Kelvin or Rankine.
1. Define and evaluate a

temperature variable using
Kelvin as shown.
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2. Click in the math region

containing the temperature
evaluation to the right of the K.
Press BACKSPACE until the K
is deleted.
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1. Type 10 and insert a Fahrenheit

temperature unit as shown.
Press .
Evaluate temperature differences.
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Task 3:
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3. Insert a Fahrenheit temperature

unit and click outside of the
region to evaluate.
operator.
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Multiplication
In
2. Type 10 and insert a
Fo
3. Insert a Change F temperature unit. Press =.
4. Click to the right of the K and press BACKSPACE until the K is deleted.
Insert a F temperature unit. Click outside of the region to evaluate.
Module 9 | Page 16
2013 PTC
10
y
Module
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2-D Plotting
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Module Overview
In this module, you learn how to plot data and functions on a 2-D plot.
Objectives
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Plot data in 2-D.
Plot functions in 2-D.
Format a 2-D plot and axes.
Use units with 2-D plots.
2013 PTC
Module 10 | Page 1
Plotting Data in 2-D

You can plot data stored in vectors on 2-D plots.
2-D plots of data in Mathcad have
the following properties:
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They are plotted as a line plot by

default.
A simple legend is shown along
the vertical y-axis.
Axes limits are automatically
selected based on the properties
of the data set.
Both axes are automatically
partitioned and numbered.
Figure 2 2-D Plot
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Figure 1 Data Set
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You can plot data stored in vectors on 2-D plots. When plotting vectors of
data, you must store the data to be plotted in two vectors of equal length. The
data must be free of strings or variables, and functions which do not equal
scalar quantities. For large vectors, you can determine the number of rows
using the built-in rows function.
You can create vectors by:
Manually typing them in.
Using a function or a range variable.
Importing them from a data source, such as Microsoft Excel.
Once plotted, the graphs have the following properties:
They are plotted as a line plot by default.
A simple legend is shown along the vertical y-axis.
Axes limits are automatically selected based on the properties of the data
set.
Both axes are automatically partitioned and numbered.
Module 10 | Page 2
2013 PTC
PROCEDURE - Plotting Data in 2-D

Task 1:
Plot data on a 2-D graph.
1. Create two vectors of data, x and

y, as shown.
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2. Insert a plot region.

Select the Plots tab.
In the Traces group, click
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Select XY Plot
. A blank
plot region appears.
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Insert Plot
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3. Type y in the y-axis placeholder,

and type x in the x-axis
placeholder as shown. Click
outside of the plot region to
display the plot.
2013 PTC
Module 10 | Page 3
Task 2:
Format the plot to display individual data points.
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1. Click y to select the trace.
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.
Symbol
Select x.
In the Styles group, click Line
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2. Display the data as points.

In the Styles group, click
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.
Style
Select (none). The data
displays as data points.
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Module 10 | Page 4
2013 PTC
Plotting Functions in 2-D

You can plot functions of a single independent variable on 2-D
plots.
In Mathcad you can plot:
User-defined functions.
Built-in functions.
A quickplot.
Figure 2 Function Quickplot
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Figure 1 User-Defined Function
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In
You can plot functions of a single independent variable on a 2-D plot. In

Mathcad you can plot:
User-defined functions.
Built-in functions.
A quickplot.
Quickplots have the following properties:
Fo
The horizontal axis must be populated with the independent variable, not
previously defined.
The plot is made over a default domain of 10 to 10, if possible.
2013 PTC
Module 10 | Page 5
PROCEDURE - Plotting Functions in 2-D

Task 1:
Plot a function using a quickplot.
1. Define the function shown.
When defining the

function, select an
independent variable
that you have not
previously used in the
worksheet.
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Insert Plot
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2. Insert an x-y plot region.

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Select XY Plot
. A blank
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arguments, Plot(x), in the
vertical axis placeholder. Type
the independent variable, x, in
the horizontal axis placeholder.
Click outside of the plot region to
display the plot.
Task 2:
Plot a function using a defined independent variable.
2. Define a range variable that

specifies the plot domain.
For a smooth plot, the
second value specified
must create a small
step.
Module 10 | Page 6
2013 PTC
Manually edit the axis limits.
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Task 3:
3. Insert a blank x-y plot region.

Type the function name and
display the plot.
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1. Click the 6.5 axis limit and press

BACKSPACE until the number
deletes, as shown.
In
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2. Type a new limit, 5, in the

placeholder. Click outside of the
plot region to display the plot.
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You can change

the remaining axis
limits using the same
procedure.
2013 PTC
Module 10 | Page 7
2-D Plot Formatting

Mathcad provides several options for formatting a 2-D plot.
Plot formatting features in Mathcad
include:
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Adding vertical markers.

Adding horizontal markers.
Figure 1 Plot Markers
2-D Plot Formatting
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There are many formatting features available for 2-D plots in Mathcad.
Features discussed here are:
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Adding vertical markers.

This feature adds vertical lines to a plot at specified locations.
Adding horizontal markers.
This feature adds horizontal lines to a plot at specified locations.
Module 10 | Page 8
2013 PTC
PROCEDURE - 2-D Plot Formatting

Task 1:
Plot a function using a quickplot.
When defining the

function, select an
independent variable
that you have not
previously used in the
worksheet.
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Select XY Plot
. A blank
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Insert Plot
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In
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display the plot.
Task 2:
Add markers to a plot.
1. Double-click inside of the plot

region.
2. Insert a vertical marker.
In the Markers group, click
. A
Add Vertical Marker
vertical marker appears on the
plot.
2013 PTC
Module 10 | Page 9
3. Highlight the number in the

callout and press BACKSPACE
to delete the number. Type 6
in the callout and click outside
of the plot region. The marker
moves to the location specified.
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4. Click the marker callout to delete the marker.

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You can also move the

marker by placing the
cursor over the marker.
The cursor changes
to a double-headed
arrow. Click the
marker and drag it
to the desired location.
. The marker is
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In the Markers group, click Delete Marker

deleted.
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Module 10 | Page 10
2013 PTC
2-D Trace Formatting

Mathcad enables you to plot multiple traces on a single plot.
Once plotted, you can individually
format each trace. Formatting
options include:
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Symbol style, color, and weight.

Line type, weight, and color.
Trace type.
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Figure 1 Plotting Multiple Traces
2-D Trace Formatting
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Symbol style
Symbol weight
Line type
Line weight
Color
Trace type (line, points, bar)
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Mathcad enables you to plot multiple traces on a single plot. Once plotted,
you can individually format each trace. Formatting options include:
2013 PTC
Module 10 | Page 11
PROCEDURE - 2-D Trace Formatting

Task 1:
Add additional traces to a plot.
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1. Define the functions, y1(x) and

y2(x), and the independent
variable, x, shown.
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Select XY Plot
. A blank
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Insert Plot
2. Insert a x-y plot region.

In
3. Type x in the horizontal axis

placeholder.
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4. Add a trace.
Click in the vertical axis
placeholder.
In the Traces group, click Add
Fo
. A second vertical
Trace
axis placeholder appears.
5. Type y1(x) in the first vertical axis

placeholder and type y2(x) in the
second vertical axis placeholder,
as shown.
Module 10 | Page 12
2013 PTC
Task 2:
Format a trace.
1. Click in the first vertical axis

expression, y1(x). Any formatting
selections will be applied to this
trace.
Click Symbol
select x.
2. Format the trace.

In the Styles group, make the
following selections:
Click Line Style

select (none).
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, and
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You can also modify

Trace Color and Trace
Thickness.
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, and
2013 PTC
Module 10 | Page 13
2-D Axes Formatting

Mathcad provides many options to format axes on a 2-D plot.
The formatting options available for
the 2-D plot axes include:
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Axes Formatting
Log scale
Cross axes at 0,0
Tick marks
Tick mark values
Axis expressions
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Figure 1 Default Plot
Figure 2 Formatted Axes
2-D Axes Formatting
Fo
Mathcad provides many options to format axes on a 2-D plot. The formatting
options available for the 2-D plot axes include:
Axes Formatting
Log scale Plot using a logarithmic scale.
Cross axes at 0,0.
Tick marks Add or remove tick marks from the axes.
Tick mark values Add or remove values from the tick marks on the
axes.
Axis expressions Add or remove the axes expressions.
Mathcad also provides a feature that enables you to change the displayed
format and precision of the axis limits and markings. The options available
are:
General
Decimal
Module 10 | Page 14
2013 PTC
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Scientific
Engineering
Percent
2013 PTC
Module 10 | Page 15
PROCEDURE - 2-D Axes Formatting

Task 1:
Add additional traces to a plot.
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1. Define the functions, y1(x) and

y2(x), and the independent
variable, x, shown.
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Select XY Plot
. A blank
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Insert Plot

In
3. Type x in the horizontal axis

placeholder.
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4. Add a trace.
Click in the vertical axis
placeholder.
In the Traces group, click Add
Fo
. A second vertical
Trace
axis placeholder appears.
5. Type y1(x) in the first vertical axis

placeholder and type y2(x) in the
second vertical axis placeholder,
as shown. Click outside of the
plot region to display the plot.
Module 10 | Page 16
2013 PTC
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1. You can edit the first, second,

and last tick marks. Editing the
second tick mark changes the
numbering interval for the axis.
To edit the tick marks:
Click to the right of the 0 on the
x-axis. The first, second, and
last values on the axis change
to black, indicating that you
can edit them.
Press BACKSPACE to delete
the 0 and type 1.0.
Repeat for the second and
last value. Type 1.5 to replace
the second value. Type 5.0 to
replace the last value.
Click outside of the plot region
to display the plot.
Edit the tick mark values on the x-axis.
Task 2:
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2. Move the y-axis.

Cursor over the y-axis.
The cursor changes to a
double-headed arrow.
Click the cursor and drag it to
a new location.
Fo
2013 PTC
Module 10 | Page 17
Using Units with 2-D Plots

In Mathcad, you can plot a function or data with units.
To plot a function or data with units:
Define the data or function.
Plot the data. Include the units in
the axis expression.
Click outside of the plot region.
Figure 2 Data Plot
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Figure 1 Dimensioned Input Data
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Using Units with 2-D Plots
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In Mathcad, you can plot a function or data with units. To plot a function, or
data, with units:
Define the data or function.
Plot the data. Include the units in the axis expression.
Click outside the plot region.
Fo
The tick marks are not associated with units. Only the axis
expressions can have units.
Module 10 | Page 18
2013 PTC
PROCEDURE - Using Units with 2-D Plots

Task 1:
Plot a 2-D plot.
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Insert Plot
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1. Create the data matrices for Shear, in kip, and Position, in ft, as
shown.
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Select XY Plot
. A blank
x-y plot region appears.
Fo
3. Type Shear in the y-axis

placeholder. Type Position in
the x-axis placeholder. Click
outside of the plot region.
2013 PTC
If units are not included

in the plot arguments,
the data is plotted
using default units.
Module 10 | Page 19
Task 2:
Change the plot units.
1. Place the cursor to the right of

the N in the y-axis placeholder.
2. Press BACKSPACE to delete the
N. Type kip in the placeholder.
3. Place the cursor to the right of
the m in the x-axis placeholder.
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4. Press BACKSPACE to delete the

m. Type ft in the placeholder.
Click outside of the region.
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Module 10 | Page 20
2013 PTC
11
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Module
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Project Day 1
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Module Overview
Using Mathcad and the skills that you have learned so far complete one of
the projects in this module.
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Objectives
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Define variables.
Create and evaluate equations.
Use operators.
Define range variables.
Create and use matrices.
Create a 2D plot.
2013 PTC
Module 11 | Page 1
Structural Engineering Project Day 1

In this project, you analyze a simply supported beam.
5.
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Figure 1 Beam Section
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6.
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4.
3.
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2.
Calculate reactions, moment,

slope, and deflection at the
supports.
Input the deflection equation
for the deflection along the
length of the beam.
Differentiate the deflection
equation to derive the equation
for slope, moment, and shear.
Plot the deflection, slope,
moment, and shear.
Calculate the average shear
stress at the intersection
between the flange and the
web at the location of maximum
shear.
Format the Mathcad document
with headers and footers.
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1.
Complete the following exercise

steps:
Figure 2 Beam Loading
Fo

In this project, you analyze a simply supported beam. The beam section is a
914x305x201 I beam and has the following properties:
t=20.2 mm
h=903.3 mm
b=303.3 mm
s= 15.1 mm
Ix=325253 cm4
E=120 kN/mm2
The beam is a simply supported beam with the following dimensions and load:
L=15 m
a= 5 m
W=18 kN
Module 11 | Page 2
2013 PTC
Complete the following exercise steps:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
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6.
Calculate reactions, moment, slope, and deflection at the supports.

Input the deflection equation for the deflection along the length of the
beam.
Differentiate the deflection equation to derive the equation for slope,
moment, and shear.
Plot the deflection, slope, moment, and shear.
Calculate the average shear stress at the intersection between the
flange and the web at the location of maximum shear.
Format the Mathcad document with headers and footers.
2013 PTC
Module 11 | Page 3
Mechanical Engineering Project Day 1

In this project, you calculate the critical speed of a shaft bearing
with an asymmetrical load, and how the critical speed varies
with load location.
Complete the following exercise
steps:
y
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Figure 1 Shaft
Figure 2 Load Diagram
In
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3.
4.
2.
Define the variables and

calculate the critical speed of
the shaft.
Calculate how the critical
speed varies with load location.
Plot the results.
Format the Mathcad document
with headers and footers.
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1.
Youngs Modulus, E = 210 GPa

Outer Diameter, D = 10 cm
Inner Diameter, d = 9 cm
Shaft Length, l = 1 m
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In this project, you calculate the critical speed of a shaft bearing with an
asymmetrical load, and how the critical speed varies with load location. The
shaft has the following properties:
The shaft has the following load properties:

Mass, M = 10 kg
Load Location, a = 50 cm
1.
2.
3.
4.
Define the variables and calculate the critical speed of the shaft.
Calculate how the critical speed varies with load location.
Plot the results.
Format the Mathcad document with headers and footers.
Module 11 | Page 4
2013 PTC
12
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Module
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3-D Plotting
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Module Overview
In this module, you learn how to plot data and functions on a 3-D plot.
Objectives
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Plot data in 3-D.
Plot functions in 3-D.
Format a 3-D plot and axes.
2013 PTC
Module 12 | Page 1

You can create 3-D plots from a function of two variables.
The following data types can be
plotted:
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A function of two variables.

A vector-valued function.
In
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Figure 1 Function Plot
Figure 2 Vector-Valued
Function Plot
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You can create 3-D plots from a function of two variables. The following data
types can be plotted:
Fo
A function of two variables.

A vector-valued function. The vector-valued function can have either one
or two variables and must contain three elements defining the x, y, and z
coordinates.
When you define a function and graph it in three dimensions, you are creating
a QuickPlot with a default domain of -10 to 10. Once the function is plotted
you can do the following:
Change the plot domain.
Change the trace type.
Check for singularities in the default domain.
Occasionally, the function being plotted has a singularity over the default
domain in both independent variables. When this function is plotted as
a QuickPlot, Mathcad issues an error message. It is not possible to
use range variables to control the domain of the plot. Therefore, the
ranges must be modified.
Module 12 | Page 2
2013 PTC
PROCEDURE - Plotting Functions in 3-D

Task 1:
Plot a function in three dimensions.
2. Insert a 3D plot region.

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Insert Plot
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3. Type the function name only,

S, with no arguments, in the
placeholder. Click outside the
plot to display the surface plot.
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Select 3D Plot
. A blank
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A QuickPlot always
appears over the
default domain of
10 to 10 for both
independent variables.
Change the plot domain.
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Task 2:
1. Click in the plot region inserted

in task 1.
2. Click the x axis in the axis
selector. The x axis that appears
in both the axis selector and in
the plot is highlighted in blue.
2013 PTC
Module 12 | Page 3
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3. Click the tick mark values and

edit them, as shown.
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Change the default domain to not include any values that cause a
singularity in the plotted function.
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4. Click outside the region to view

the modified plot.
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2. Insert a blank 3D plot region and

type the function name, Sing, no
arguments, in the placeholder.
Review the resulting error
message.
Module 12 | Page 4
2013 PTC
3. Click the appropriate axis in the

axis selector and modify the x
and y axis ranges as follows:
x axis Range from 2 to 5
y axis Range from 3 to 5
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4. Click outside the plot region to

view the modified results.
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2013 PTC
Module 12 | Page 5
Formatting a 3-D Plot

Mathcad provides many options for formatting a 3-D plot.
3-D plot formatting options include:
Appearance.
Axes.
View control.
Suppressing the plot arguments.
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Formatting a 3-D Plot
Figure 2 View Control
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Figure 1 Formatted 3-D Plot
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Mathcad provides many options for formatting a 3-D plot. 3-D plot formatting
options include the following:
Appearance.
Axes.
View Control.
Suppressing the plot arguments.
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Appearance
Appearance options are located on the Plots tab, in the Styles group. These
options enable you to add color to the traces and perform other basic
formatting changes. The following options are available:
Fill options
Line options
Symbol options
Color options
If there is more than one plot in the graph, these options are specific to each
plot. You can fill each plot with its own color, lines, and configure other
options.
You can also define the grid size per trace in the x and y directions by
selecting the number of points in the Traces group.
Module 12 | Page 6
2013 PTC
Axes
Axes options are located on the Plots tab, in the Axes group, and in the plot
region. You can modify the axis tick marks and tick mark values.
To modify a specific axis click the axis using the Axis Selector in the
upper-right corner of the plot. The Editable Axis, located on the right side of
the plot, can then be used to edit the tick mark values.
View Control
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To modify the view and orientation of the plot use the View Control located in
the upper-left corner of the plot. The View Control options enable you to spin,
pan, zoom, or reset the view of the plot.
Suppressing the Plot Arguments
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To clean up the appearance of a 3-D plot, suppress the display of the plot
argument(s) on the bottom of the plot. To toggle the arguments on and off:
In the Axes group, click Axis Expressions
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Suppressing the arguments gives a cleaner look to the plot within the
Mathcad document.
2013 PTC
Module 12 | Page 7

You can store data in various formats. The format that is passed
to the 3-D plot operator affects how the plot is rendered.
You can plot data as:
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A three column matrix.

An m x n matrix.
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Figure 1 A Three Column

Matrix Plot
Figure 2 An m x n Matrix Plot
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You can store data in various formats. The format that is passed to the 3-D
plot operator affects how the plot is rendered.
You can plot data as:
A three column matrix. The three columns in the matrix represent the x,
y, and z coordinates.
An m x n matrix. Mathcad plots each element as an elevation in the z-axis
versus its respective row, x-axis, and column, y-axis, index.
Module 12 | Page 8
2013 PTC
PROCEDURE - Plotting Data in 3-D

Task 1:
Plot a three column matrix.
1. Define the matrix, as shown.
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Insert Plot
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Select 3D Plot
. A blank
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3. Type the matrix name M in the

placeholder. Click outside the
plot to display the data plot.
4. Review the plot. Note the following:

Each column in the matrix represents the x, y, and z coordinates.
Each row represents one point.
The points are formatted to appear larger than the default. Click in
the plot region and you can format this as follows:
.
In the Styles group, click Trace Thickness
Select the thickness required to display the data points.
2013 PTC
Module 12 | Page 9
Task 2:
Plot data using an m x n matrix.
1. Define the matrix, as shown.
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O
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Insert Plot

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Select 3D Plot
. A blank
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3. Plot the data.

Type the matrix name MM in
the placeholder. Click outside
the plot to display the data plot.
To format the plot click in the
plot region and select the
Plots tab.
In the Styles group, click
Fo
and select the

Symbol
circular dot.
In the Styles group, click Line
and select (none).
Style
You can increase the

trace thickness for
better visibility.
4. Review the plot. Note that each point is plotted as an elevation in the
z-axis versus its respective row, x-axis, and column, y-axis, index.
Module 12 | Page 10
2013 PTC
Plotting Multiple Traces

You can plot multiple traces on a single plot.
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You can also add traces to an

existing plot.
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Figure 1 Multiple Traces
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Plotting Multiple Traces
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You can plot multiple traces on a single plot, or add traces to an existing plot.
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By default, the second trace appears as the same type as the first. You can
then modify each plot to the appropriate type.
2013 PTC
Module 12 | Page 11
PROCEDURE - Plotting Multiple traces

Task 1:
Plot multiple traces on a single plot.
1. Define the functions shown.
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Insert Plot

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3. Type the function name only,

P, with no arguments, in the
placeholder.
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Select 3D Plot
. A blank
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4. Add a second trace.

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. A second
Add Trace
placeholder appears.
Type the function name only,
Q, with no arguments, in the
placeholder. Click outside
the plot to display the surface
plots.
A QuickPlot always
appears over the
default domain of
10 to 10 for both
Module 12 | Page 12
2013 PTC
Task 2:
Format the traces.
1. Change the plot to symbols for the first trace.

Click in the plot region and select the first trace, P.
and select the dot symbol.
and select (none).
and select red.
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In the Styles group, click Trace Color
In the Styles group, click Line Style
2. Change the color of the second trace.

Select the second trace, Q in the plot region.
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In the Styles group, click Symbol
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3. Click outside the plot region to

display the plot.
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2013 PTC
Module 12 | Page 13
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Module 12 | Page 14
2013 PTC
13
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Module
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Boolean Conditions
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Module Overview
In this module, you learn how to use Boolean operators to create equations,
conditional statements, and Piecewise Continuous functions.
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Objectives
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Use Boolean operators.
Use Piecewise Continuous functions.
2013 PTC
Module 13 | Page 1
Using Boolean Operators

You can use Boolean operators to evaluate Boolean expressions
and specify constraints in solve blocks.
You can locate Boolean operators by
selecting the Math tab and clicking
from the Operators

Operators
and Symbols group. You can use
them to:
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Write equations used in solving

systems of equations.
Create conditional statements.
Document equations which do not
need to be evaluated.
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Figure 1 The Boolean Operators
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Using Boolean Operators
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You can use Boolean operators to evaluate Boolean expressions and specify
constraints in solve blocks. You can locate Boolean operators by selecting
from the Operators and Symbols
the Math tab and clicking Operators
group. They include Comparison and Logical operators. You can use them to:
Fo
Write equations used in solving systems of equations.

Create conditional statements.
Document equations which do not need to be evaluated.
Module 13 | Page 2
2013 PTC
Writing Equations Using Boolean Operators

All equations used inside a solving construct must use Boolean
operators.
The Equal To
operator is
the most commonly used Boolean
operator when solving a system of
equations.
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Figure 1 Boolean Equal

to Operator
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Figure 2 Evaluation Operator
Writing Equations Using Boolean Operators
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All equations used inside a solving construct must use Boolean operators.
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The Equal To
operator is the most commonly used Boolean operator
when solving a system of equations. You can use it to express equality
between two sides of an equation. A Boolean Equal To operator appears as
a bold equal sign to distinguish it from the Evaluation operator.
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Mathcad does not evaluate equations created with Boolean operators unless
they are used in a Mathcad program or another construct requiring a Boolean
condition. Therefore, it is ideal to use Boolean operators for documenting
equations.
2013 PTC
Module 13 | Page 3
Creating Conditional Statements

Boolean operators, unlike other operators, can only return a
zero or one.
Mathcad returns the following results
for a conditional statement:
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If the expression using the

Boolean operator is true, the
Boolean operator returns a one.
If the expression using the
Boolean operator is false, the
Boolean operator returns a zero.
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Figure 1 True Expression
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Creating Conditional Statements
Figure 2 False Expression
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Boolean operators, unlike other operators, can only return a zero or one. They
are useful in performing tests or comparisons within conditional expressions.
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If the expression using the Boolean operator is true, the Boolean operator
returns a one.
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If the expression using the Boolean operator is false, the Boolean operator
returns a zero.
Boolean expressions are those whose results are either true or false. For
example, 1 > 2 is Boolean because its value is false, represented as a 0 in
Mathcad. The Boolean operators enable you to set up expressions, which
you can evaluate like any other Mathcad expression.
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You can use Boolean operators to write functions that are not uniform over a
range. You can then integrate and differentiate these functions.
Module 13 | Page 4
2013 PTC
Using Piecewise Continuous Functions

A function that is not uniform over its range is known as a
Piecewise function.
To create Piecewise Continuous
functions using Boolean operators:
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Define a range of values over

which the function is to be
evaluated.
Define the function using Boolean
operators.
Graph the function to validate the
results.
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Figure 1 Piecewise Continuous

Function
Figure 2 Piecewise Continuous

Function Graph
Using Piecewise Continuous Functions
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A function that is not uniform over its range is known as a Piecewise function.
Mathcad has six Piecewise Continuous built-in functions.
To create Piecewise Continuous functions using Boolean operators:
Define a range of values over which the function is to be evaluated.
Define the function using Boolean operators.
Graph the function to validate the results.
2013 PTC
Module 13 | Page 5
PROCEDURE - Using Piecewise Continuous Functions

Task 1:
Define the range and function to use in the Piecewise Continuous

function.
1. Define the range shown, over

which you will evaluate the
function.
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You can insert

operators or constants
and Symbols group,
select the desired
operator or constant.
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You can type in or

insert functions in the
worksheet by selecting
the Functions tab. In
the Functions group,
click All Functions
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2. Define the function shown to

use in the Piecewise Continuous
function.
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. Expand the
appropriate group,
and select the desired
function.
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3. Define the Piecewise Continuous

function.
Type the function name and
arguments g(x).
Insert the Definition
operator.
Insert the if function.
Select the Functions tab.
In the Functions group, click
.
All Functions
Expand the Piecewise
Continuous group, and
select the if function.
4. Complete the placeholders as
shown.
Module 13 | Page 6
2013 PTC
5. Graph the functions f(x) and g(x)

to validate.
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A symbol was selected

for the g(x) trace to
make identification
clearer.
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2013 PTC
Module 13 | Page 7
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Module 13 | Page 8
2013 PTC
14
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Module
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Symbolics
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Module Overview
In this module, you learn how to use Mathcad symbolic features.
Objectives
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Use symbolic calculation features.
Use symbolic algebra.
2013 PTC
Module 14 | Page 1
Symbolics
Mathcad can perform operations on symbolic expressions,
expressions that contain variables or mathematical symbols,
and return results in symbolic form.
You can perform symbolic
calculations on:
Variables
Functions
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Symbolic calculations can return

results in terms of:
Floating point numbers.

Undefined variables and functions.
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Figure 1 Numeric Evaluation
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Figure 2 Symbolic Evaluation
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Symbolics
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All the calculations shown in Mathcad to this point have been numeric.
Numeric calculations require that all variables and functions involved be
defined to the left or above where the calculation is made. They always
return answers in terms of floating point numbers. Numeric calculations
rely on built-in algorithms and tolerances to perform calculations quickly
and accurately.
Mathcad can also perform operations on symbolic expressions, expressions
that contain variables or mathematical symbols, and return results in symbolic
form.
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You can perform symbolic calculations on variables and functions, which

may or may not be defined in the worksheet. They can also return results in
terms of floating point numbers, or undefined variables and functions. They
also may reveal relationships among variables that may not be apparent
from numeric results.
Symbolic evaluations are performed by clicking the Symbolic Evaluation
operator. You can use the Symbolic Evaluation operator to evaluate

expressions containing Mathcad operators, including integrals, derivatives,
matrix operations (most matrix functions), summations, and products.
Mathcad simplifies the expression by performing arithmetic and combining
like terms. If the variables used in the expressions have an assigned value
you receive a numeric result.
Examples:
Derivatives
Module 14 | Page 2
2013 PTC
Indefinite Integrals
Definite Integrals
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When evaluating a definite integral, note that the symbolic

answer is exact. Numeric evaluation results in an approximate,
floating point answer.
2013 PTC
Module 14 | Page 3
PROCEDURE - Symbolics
Task 1:
Evaluate a result symbolically.
1. Type the expression to be

evaluated symbolically, as
shown.
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You can symbolically

evaluate expressions
that have variables not
assigned to numeric
values.
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.
group, click Symbolics
Select Symbolic Evaluation
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the Symbolic Evaluation

operator.
2. Position the cursor to the right of

the expression, as shown. Insert
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The Symbolic
Evaluation operator
can also be inserted
and Symbols group,
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click Operators
and select Symbolic
Evaluation
3. Click outside the region.
Module 14 | Page 4
2013 PTC
Symbolic Calculation
When you evaluate an expression with the Symbolic Evaluation
operator, Mathcad simplifies the result by performing arithmetic
and combining like variables.
Symbolic keywords provide an
additional level of control over
symbolic evaluation.
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With Keyword
Symbolic Calculation
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When you evaluate an expression with the Symbolic Evaluation operator,

Mathcad simplifies the result by performing arithmetic and combining like
variables. It is a live operator, meaning that if you make a change to the
worksheet anywhere above or to the left of the expression, Mathcad updates
the result automatically. It also uses previously defined functions and
variables to reduce expressions where appropriate.
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To perform more complex symbolic operations, you can insert a keyword that
specifies the operation before the symbolic equals sign. Symbolic keywords,
located in the Operators and Symbols group, Symbolic section, provide an
additional level of control over symbolic evaluation.
Evaluating a definite integral, using the Symbolic Evaluation operator, results
in a symbolic expression as shown in Figure 1.
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You can have the result appear as a floating point approximation by using the
keyword float as shown in Figure 2.
When you apply a keyword to an expression containing a variable that has an
assigned value, Mathcad first replaces the variable with its value and then
applies the keyword. If you do not want Mathcad to substitute the assigned
value of a variable before applying the keyword you can use one of the
following clear functions:
clear(x,y,..) Clears variables both symbolically and numerically.
clearsym(x,y,...) Clears variables symbolically but not numerically. The
subscript sym is a literal subscript.
2013 PTC
Module 14 | Page 5
PROCEDURE - Symbolic Calculation

Task 1:
Use a symbolic keyword.
1. Type the expression shown to be

symbolically evaluated.
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the expression. Insert the float
keyword.
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You can insert any

keyword by selecting
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group, click Symbolics

Select float.
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and
Symbolics
keyword.
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3. Type 3 in the placeholder and

click outside the expression to
evaluate.
Task 2:
Use more than one symbolic keyword to return a detailed solution

to an equation.
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1. Type the expression shown to be

symbolically evaluated.
the expression. Insert the solve
keyword.
the solve keyword and type ,xx.
4. Position the cursor to the right
of solve,xx and insert the fully
keyword.
Module 14 | Page 6
2013 PTC
5. Click outside the expression to

evaluate. The detailed result
shows the value of yy for which
the solution is undefined.
Task 3:
Use the explicit keyword.
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1. Type the variable definitions and

the calculation as shown for
which the intermediate steps are
to be displayed.
2. Position the cursor to the right of the expression and insert the
explicit keyword.
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You can use the explicit keyword to replace specified

variables in an expression with their assigned values,
without performing any other operations. The explicit
command replaces each variable specified with its
assigned value. It does not replace any other variables
with their values, or perform any other numeric or symbolic
calculations on the expression.
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3. Position the cursor to the right of the explicit keyword and type ,a,b,c
and click outside the region to evaluate.
If you evaluate a variable that is defined by an expression
containing other variables with assigned values, explicit
substitutes the expression in terms of the variables, not
their assigned values.
2013 PTC
Module 14 | Page 7
Symbolic Algebra
You can use keywords to algebraically simplify, expand, or
factor expressions.
Mathcad contains the following
algebraic keywords:
simplify
expand
factor
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Figure 1 The simplify Keyword
Figure 3 The factor Keyword
Figure 2 The expand Keyword
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Symbolic Algebra
You can use the following keywords to algebraically simplify, expand, or

factor expressions.
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simplify Simplifies an expression by performing arithmetic, cancelling

common factors, and using basic trignometric and inverse function
identities.
expand Expands all powers and products of sums in an expression.
factor Factors an expression into a product, if the entire expression can
be written as a product.
Module 14 | Page 8
2013 PTC
15
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Module
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Solving
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Module Overview
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Mathcad supports many functions for solving a single equation in one

unknown through large systems of linear, and nonlinear equations, with
multiple unknowns. Mathcad also offers two built-in functions to numerically
and symbolically locate the roots of functions of single independent variables.
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Objectives
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Numerically and symbolically solve for roots of equations.
Numerically and symbolically solve systems of linear equations.
Numerically and symbolically solve systems of nonlinear equations.
2013 PTC
Module 15 | Page 1
Solving for Roots of Equations

Mathcad enables you to numerically and symbolically solve for
the roots of functions of single independent variables.
There are two built-in functions to
numerically solve for the roots of
functions of a single independent
variable.
The root function.
The polyroots function.
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You can solve for roots symbolically

by using the solve keyword on the
symbolic key word toolbar.
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Figure 1 The Root Function
Figure 3 Symbolic Roots
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Figure 2 The Polyroots Function
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Solving for Roots of Equations
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Mathcad enables you to numerically solve for the roots of functions of single
Mathcad offers two built-in functions to numerically locate the roots of
functions of single independent variables:
The root function.
The polyroots function.
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The Root Function
You can use the root function for all types of functions. You can use it in
two formats:
A two-argument case, which uses a guess value to search for the root.
A four-argument case, which uses a range over which to search for the root.
The root function, two-argument case, has the format:
root(f(t),t)
where:
f(t) is the function.
t is the guess value for the root of the function.
You can make a guess by assigning the independent variable before the
function, and using this variable in the function definition. Mathcad attempts
to provide a solution near the guess value. Different guesses may yield
Module 15 | Page 2
2013 PTC
different results, or may return the same result. The results depend on the
guess value and its location with respect to the actual root. It is useful to plot
the functions prior to evaluating the root.
The root function, four-argument case, has the format:
root(f(t),t,A,B)
where:
f(t) is the function.

t is the independent variable of the function.
A and B define the interval in which Mathcad searches for the root.
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No guess values are required for this format. The values of the function
at each endpoint of the range must be of opposite sign. This ensures that
there is a root in the range. You can evaluate multiple roots of a function by
giving different boundary conditions.
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The Polyroots Function
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The polyroots function has the format:
The polyroots function finds all the roots of a polynomial function.
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polyroots(v)
where:
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v is a vector containing the coefficients of the polynomial.
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The Symbolic Root Function
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Mathcad provides the ability to solve for roots symbolically by selecting the
Math tab. In the Operators and Symbols group click Symbolics
click the solve keyword.
and
The following apply when solving for roots symbolically:
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Mathcad does not require you to specify =0 when solving symbolically

for roots.
The roots are returned in a vector.
No guess value is required.
Results can include complex values.
Results can be in terms of other variables.
The solve keyword is not limited to polynomials.
If an equation has a periodic solution the solve keyword returns a single
value from the set of solutions. To view a detailed solution, add the modifier
fully after the keyword solve, separated by a comma.
2013 PTC
Module 15 | Page 3
PROCEDURE - Solving for Roots of Equations

Task 1:
Utilize the root function, two-argument case.
1. Type in the function shown below.

To insert any operator, select the Math tab, click Operators
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, and select the operator to insert.
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2. Assign a guess value for the

independent variable of the
function.
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3. Insert the root function.

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.
Solving
Select root.
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4. Complete the placeholders as shown. Delete the remaining two

placeholders.
operator to evaluate.
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Utilize the root function, four-argument case.
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Task 2:
1. Type in the function shown below.
2. Insert the root function.

.
Solving
Select root.
Module 15 | Page 4
2013 PTC
3. Complete the placeholders as shown.

Utilize the polyroots function.
Task 3:
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The values of the function at each endpoint of the range

must be of opposite sign. This ensures that there is a root
in the range. You can evaluate additional roots using a
different range in the function statement.
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1. Type in the function.
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2. Define the coefficient matrix as

shown.
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To insert a
matrix, select the
Matrices/Tables tab,
click Insert Matrix
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, and select the

desired matrix.
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3. Insert the polyroots function.

.
Solving
Select polyroots.
4. Type coeff in the placeholder.

2013 PTC
Module 15 | Page 5
Task 4:
Symbolically solve for roots.
1. Type in the function as shown.
2. Insert the solve keyword.

.
In the Operators and Symbols group, click Symbolics

Select solve.
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3. Type ,x after the solve keyword and click outside the region to
evaluate.
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Module 15 | Page 6
2013 PTC
Numerically Solving Systems of Linear Equations

Mathcad provides functions for solving systems of linear
equations with multiple unknowns.
Mathcad can solve a linear system
of equations by:
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Using Isolve, a built-in function.

Using a solve block.
Figure 2 A Solve Block
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Figure 1 The lsolve Function
Numerically Solving Systems of Linear Equations

Mathcad provides functions for solving systems of linear equations with
multiple unknowns. Mathcad can solve a linear system of equations by:
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Using Isolve, a built-in function.

Using a solve block.
The lsolve Function

Mathcad can solve a linear system of equations using the built-in function
lsolve. The system must be written in matrix notation.
The format for the lsolve function is:
lsolve (M,v)
where:
M is the matrix of coefficients for the linear system.
v is the vector of constants for the linear system.
To solve a system of equations using lsolve:
1.
Rewrite the system in matrix form, using a coefficient matrix and a

constant matrix.
2013 PTC
Module 15 | Page 7
2.
The numbers used in the function can be real or complex, and the
use of units is supported.
Assign a matrix containing the unknown variables to the function lsolve,
and evaluate the results.
lsolve returns the solution for the linear system of equations written in matrix
form.
Solve Blocks
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You can also solve a linear system using a solve block. Using solve blocks
enables you to write the problem using natural mathematical notation, so the
constraints, functions, and initial values are easier to identify, both for you
and for others reading your document.
A solve block is a special construct in Mathcad which:
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Solves systems of linear and nonlinear equations.

Maximizes and minimizes functions subject to constraints.
Solves systems of ordinary differential equations.
You can numerically evaluate solve blocks, and units are supported within a
solve block.
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Each solve block includes guess values, a set of constraints, and a solving
function. All solve blocks follow a similar setup. The difference is the function
that you use to close the solve block.
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The solve block first evaluates the constraints using the guess values to
check for errors and determine the domain of the solution. This can dictate
whether real or complex solutions are returned. If the problem is treated as
real and complex results are encountered during the solution, absolute values
are taken. If the type is complex, complex results are carried out as is. To
find a complex solution, you must provide a complex guess. Mathcad does
not look in the complex plain without a complex guess.
Module 15 | Page 8
2013 PTC
PROCEDURE - Numerically Solving Systems of Linear

Equations
Scenario
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1. Rewrite the system in matrix

form, using a coefficient matrix,
M, and a column matrix of
constants, v.
Use the built-in lsolve function to solve the system of equations.
Task 1:
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Numerically solve the following system of linear equations using the built-in
lsolve function and a solve block.
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2. Insert the lsolve function.

Fo
.
Solving
Select lsolve.
3. Type the variable names of the

coefficient matrix, M, and the
column matrix of constants, v, in
the placeholders.
4. Retroactively assign a matrix
containing the unknown variables
to the function lsolve and
evaluate the results.
The Isolve function
enables you to use real
or complex numbers
and supports the use
of units.
2013 PTC
Module 15 | Page 9
Task 2:
Use a solve block to solve the system of equations.
1. Define any constant variables and functions in the equation set.

This example does not have any constants to define.
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worksheet and insert a solve
block.
In the Regions group, click
Fo
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3. In the Guess Values section of

the solve block, type a guess
value for each variable to be
solved, as shown.
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. A solve
Solve Block
block region appears.
Module 15 | Page 10
2013 PTC
4. In the Constraints section of

the solve block, define the
constraints shown using Boolean
operators.
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5. In the Solver section of the solve

block, close the solve block by
assigning the unknown variables
to the Find built-in function, as
shown.
The Find built-in function
returns a solution that
satisfies Mathcad's internal
convergence tolerance,
defined by the built-in variable
TOL.
You can use the

following operators:
Equal To
Greater Than
Greater Than or
Equal To
Less Than
Less Than or Equal
To
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You can also write the

solve block in matrix
form.
Fo
6. Evaluate the solution.

Your answer may not
display exactly zero.
This display depends
on the Results setting.
The Results setting is
located in the Results
group on the Math
Formatting tab.
2013 PTC
Module 15 | Page 11
Numerically Solving Systems of Nonlinear

Equations
You can also use a solve block to solve systems of nonlinear
equations.
You can solve nonlinear systems
using the following format for the
solve block:
In
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Guess values
Constraint listing
Solution statement
Figure 1 Nonlinear Solve Block
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Numerically Solving Systems of Nonlinear Equations

You can also use a solve block to solve systems of nonlinear equations using
the following format for the solve block:
Fo
Guess values
Constraint listing
Solution statement
The solve block returns one solution, even if the system has multiple
solutions. Mathcad uses the guess values as a starting point to find the
solution. Different guesses may yield different solutions.
To find a complex solution, you must provide a complex guess. Mathcad
does not look in the complex plain without a complex guess.
Module 15 | Page 12
2013 PTC
PROCEDURE - Numerically Solving Systems of

Nonlinear Equations
Task 1:
Use a solve block to solve the system of nonlinear equations.
1. Define any constant variables

and functions in the equation set.
This example does not
have any constants to
define.
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2. In a blank area of the worksheet,

insert a solve block.
Fo
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In
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the solve block, type the guess
values, as shown.
. A blank
Solve Block
solve block region appears.
2013 PTC
Module 15 | Page 13
4. In the Constraints section

of the solve block, define
the constraints shown, using
Boolean operators.
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In
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Find returns a solution

that satisfies Mathcad's
internal convergence
tolerance, defined by
the built-in variable
TOL.
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5. Close the solve block by

assigning the unknown variables
to the built-in function Find.
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You can use the

following operators:
Equal To
Greater Than
Greater Than or
Equal To
Less Than
Less Than or Equal
To
Fo
6. Evaluate the result.
Module 15 | Page 14
2013 PTC
Symbolically Solving Systems of Equations

Mathcad enables you to solve a system of linear or nonlinear
equations symbolically.
Symbolically Solving Systems of Equations
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Figure 1 The Solve Keyword
To solve a system of equations

symbolically use the solve keyword.
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Mathcad enables you to solve a system of linear or nonlinear equations

symbolically. To solve a system of equations symbolically use the solve
keyword.
Fo
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When solving a system of equations symbolically be aware of the complexity

of the problem. It is much harder to solve a system of equations symbolically
than numerically. Solving systems of equations, inequality equations, or
periodic equations may produce some special results that do not have
meaning when evaluated numerically.
2013 PTC
Module 15 | Page 15
PROCEDURE - Symbolically Solving Systems of

Equations
Task 1:
Solve a system of equations symbolically.
1. Insert a 2x1 matrix.

tab.
nl
.
Click and drag to select a 2x1
matrix.
3. Insert the solve keyword.

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2. Type the equations shown in the

placeholders.
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In the Operators and Symbols group, click Symbolics

Select solve.
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4. Type ,x,y after the solve keyword.
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5. Click outside the region to evaluate.
The variables to be solved for, x and y, could also be placed in

a 2x1 matrix as shown.
Module 15 | Page 16
2013 PTC
Modifying the Convergence and Constraint

Tolerance
Mathcad enables you to customize a solve block.
You can customize a solve block by:
Modifying the convergence

tolerance.
Modifying the constraint tolerance.
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Figure 1 The Convergence and

Constraint Tolerance
The Convergence Tolerance
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The Find function attempts to return an answer with an error satisfying the
built-in convergence tolerance, which is 0.001 by default. Mathcad enables
you to change the tolerance as required.
rn
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You can globally modify the convergence tolerance by selecting the

Calculation tab. In the Worksheet Setting group, click TOL and select the
tolerance required. To locally modify the convergence tolerance, define it
in the worksheet.
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The Constraint Tolerance
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In
The constraint tolerance, which is 0.001 by default, controls how close a

constraint in a solve block must be met. Mathcad enables you to change the
tolerance as required.
You can globally modify the convergence tolerance by selecting the
Calculation tab. In the Worksheet Setting group, click CTOL and select
the tolerance required. To locally modify the constraint tolerance, define it
in the worksheet.
Fo
Tightening both tolerances may lead to a better solution, but keep in mind that
it may also place an unreasonable expectation on the solver and generate
an error.
2013 PTC
Module 15 | Page 17
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Module 15 | Page 18
2013 PTC
16
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Module
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Optimization
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Module Overview
Mathcad supports functions for solving constrained and unconstrained

optimization problems.
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Objectives
Fo
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In
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Solve a constrained optimization problem.
Solve an unconstrained optimization problem.
2013 PTC
Module 16 | Page 1
Constrained Optimization
Constrained optimization in Mathcad requires a solve block
construct because you specify the constraints that the variables
must satisfy.
Constrained optimization requires:
An objective function to optimize and constraints that must be satisfied

within the optimization.
Guess values for each independent variable.
nl
To solve a constrained optimization problem:
Define the objective function to optimize.

Define guess values for the variables.
Define the constraints.
To close the solve block, assign a vector of the variables to the function
maximize or minimize.
Evaluate the results.
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Constrained Optimization
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Constrained optimization in Mathcad requires a solve block construct

because you must specify the constraints that the variables must satisfy.
In
Constrained optimization requires:
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An objective function to optimize and constraints that must be satisfied

within the optimization.
Guess values for each independent variable.
To solve a constrained optimization problem:
Fo
Define the objective function to optimize.

Define guess values for the variables.
Define the constraints.
Inequality constraints, using Boolean operators, are permitted.
To close the solve block, assign a vector of the variables to the function
maximize or minimize.
Note that the objective function used in the maximize or minimize
function is defined outside of the solve block.
Evaluate the results.
After solving a problem, validate that constraints were met and use the
variables selected to solve the problem to evaluate the function.
Module 16 | Page 2
2013 PTC
PROCEDURE - Constrained Optimization

Task 1:
Solve a constrained optimization problem.
nl
1. Define the constant, weight of steel, and objective function, shaft

weight.
In
te
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al
. A blank
Solve Block
solve block regions appears.
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2. Insert a solve block.

Fo
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the solve block, define guess
values for the variables.
2013 PTC
Module 16 | Page 3
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4. In the Constraints section of the

solve block, define the deflection,
length, and diameter constraints
shown.
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U
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You can insert the

minimize function
by selecting the
Functions tab. In
5. In the Solver section, close the

solve block by assigning a vector
of the variables shown to the
function minimize.
In
te
,
click Solving
and select minimize.
Fo
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6. Evaluate the results.
7. Validate the constraints and

evaluate the function.
Module 16 | Page 4
2013 PTC
Unconstrained Optimization
You can solve unconstrained optimization problems in Mathcad
with or without using a solve block.
To solve an unconstrained optimization problem:
Define the objective function.

Define guess values for each independent variable.
Assign the independent variables to the maximize or minimize function.
Evaluate the function.
nl
Unconstrained Optimization
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In Mathcad, you can solve unconstrained optimization problems with or

without using a solve block. To solve an unconstrained optimization problem:
In
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rn
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Define the function to be optimized (referred to as the objective function).

Define guess values for each independent variable.
Assign the independent variables to the maximize or minimize function,
depending on the type of optimization.
The maximize and minimize functions return the values of the variables
specified that make the function take on its largest or smallest value
respectively.
Evaluate the function at the point found to determine the maximum or
minimum.
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Avoid using unconstrained optimization on a function that does not have a

maximum or minimum. Mathcad issues an error message if this occurs. If
possible, it is a best practice to confirm the result with a plot. To view the point
and the function, plot the maximum or minimum point and the function.
Fo
The algorithms used in the unconstrained optimization solution attempt to

determine the solution, starting at the guess value, and follow the steepest
gradient to find the local max or min.
2013 PTC
Module 16 | Page 5
PROCEDURE - Unconstrained Optimization

Task 1:
Solve an unconstrained optimization problem using a solve block.
1. Define the function to be optimized (referred to as the objective

function).
nl

rn
al
se
. A blank
Solve Block
solve block appears.
Fo
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In
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the solve block, define guess
values for each independent
variable, u and v, as shown.
Module 16 | Page 6
2013 PTC
4. In the Solver section, assign the

independent variables u and v
to the maximize function and
evaluate the variables.
You can insert the
maximize function
by selecting the
Functions tab. In
nl
and
click Solving
select maximize.
Solve an unconstrained optimization problem without a solve

block.
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Task 2:
In
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5. Evaluate the resulting variable

values and function to determine
the maximum.
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1. Define the function to be optimized (referred to as the objective

function).
2. Define guess values for each

independent variable.
2013 PTC
Module 16 | Page 7
3. Assign the independent variables to the minimize function and

evaluate, as shown.
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4. Evaluate the function at the point

found to determine the minimum
function value, as shown.
Fo
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Module 16 | Page 8
2013 PTC
17
y
Module
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Differential Equations
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Module Overview
Mathcad supports functions for solving ordinary differential equations.
Objectives
Fo
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Solve an ordinary differential equation.
2013 PTC
Module 17 | Page 1
Ordinary Differential Equations

Mathcad can numerically solve ordinary differential equations
using the solve block approach.
Ordinary differential equations
(ODEs) depend on a single
independent variable, usually time, t.
Consider the spring-mass system
shown.
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Figure 1 Spring-Mass System
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Figure 2 Ordinary Differential Equation for the Spring-Mass System
Ordinary Differential Equations
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Mathcad can numerically solve ordinary differential equations using the solve
block approach.
In
Mathcad can solve:
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Mathcad provides a numerical approximation of the exact solution to the

differential equation. The solution is provided at a sequence of time steps
over a specified finite range of values. Currently, it is not possible to find a
general or symbolic solution to an ordinary differential equation.
Fo
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A single ordinary differential equation.

A system of ordinary differential equations.
Differential algebraic equations.
Linear or nonlinear ordinary differential equations.
Higher order systems.
Initial value problems (IVPs).
Boundary value problems (BVPs).
Ordinary differential equations (ODEs) depend on a single independent
variable, usually time, t. Consider the spring-mass system shown.
Where:
The displacement function is x(t).
The forcing function is F(t).
The mass is M.
The spring constant is k.
The damping coefficient is c.
The ODE representing this system is given by the equation shown.
You can insert operators and derivatives by selecting the Math tab, clicking
Operators
Module 17 | Page 2
, and selecting the desired operator or derivative.

2013 PTC
You can also write the ODE representing the system by clicking the Prime
operator. Where each prime applied to x represents a derivative with
respect to t.
Fo
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In
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You can use a solve block to solve an ODE, system of ODEs, or differential
algebraic equations. The setup is the same as the solve block approach
presented in previous modules.
2013 PTC
Module 17 | Page 3
PROCEDURE - Ordinary Differential Equations

Task 1:
Solve an ordinary differential equation using a solve block.
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In
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1. Define constants for Mass, Spring Constant, k, Damping Coefficient,

c, and forcing function F(t) for the system shown. Units are not
permitted.

Fo
. A blank
Solve Block
solve block region appears.
Module 17 | Page 4
2013 PTC
3. In the Constraints section of the

solve block, define the differential
equation and initial conditions.
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4. Close the solve block with a

function name only (do not use
arguments) assigned to the
odesolve function.
For an ODE with a single
unknown function, odesolve
requires two arguments and one
optional argument.
The first argument is a
function, or column vector of
functions, as they appear in
the solve block.
The second argument is the
right endpoint of the solution
interval, in this case 20.
The argument of the initial
conditions determines the left
endpoint.
The last argument is
optional. It is the number
of approximating points to use
over the interval.
If the optional argument is
omitted, as it is here, Mathcad
defaults the number of points to
1000.
You may use derivative

or prime notation for
the ODE, but Mathcad
requires prime notation
for any initial conditions
of the derivatives.
To insert the odesolve

function, select the
Functions tab, click
Differential Equation
Solving
, and
select odesolve.
Delete any unused
placeholders.
2013 PTC
Module 17 | Page 5
Task 2:
Mathcad interpolates a function through the data points returned

by odesolve. To utilize the solution, you can perform one of the
following steps:
1. Evaluate the function at the

single points shown.
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2. Evaluate the function over the

range of points shown. Define a
range variable, range, and use it
in the function evaluation.
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3. Plot the function over the solution domain. Define a range variable, t,
as shown, to define the domain of the plot.
Module 17 | Page 6
2013 PTC
18
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Module
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Programming
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Module Overview
Mathcad supports a local programming capability. The programming features

enable you to loop and create conditional statements within a program
structure.
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Objectives
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Create a program.
Use conditional statements.
Use looping constructs.
2013 PTC
Module 18 | Page 1
Creating a Program
Mathcad's programming operators enable the extension of
Mathcad's functionality when writing customized functions and
processes for calculations.
You can access Mathcad's programming operators by selecting the Math
.
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tab, and clicking Programming
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Figure 1 Programming Operators
Creating a Program
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In Mathcad, you can type a program in the programming operator, which is

a multi-step container for Mathcad program-control operators. You can use
specific programming operators to specify local assignments to variables
or functions, loop over calculations, conditionally evaluate branches, add
breakpoints, trap errors, and return values.
In
Mathcad provides several programming operators. These operators enable

the extension of Mathcad's functionality when writing customized functions
and processes for calculations.
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You can access Mathcad's programming operators by selecting the Math

tab, and clicking Programming
With a Mathcad program, you can use:
Fo
If/else conditional statements.

For loops.
While loops.
You cannot type in any of these commands from the keyboard; typing "for"
results in an error. Instead, you must use either a keyboard shortcut or insert
the operator.
Mathcad evaluates the sequence of statements in a program in the order
specified by the programming operators and then returns the result of the
last step. Although you can write a program as a series of expressions,
Mathcad enables you to group a calculation using a program and return
only the results you want. You can also incorporate features similar to those
found in other higher-level languages, such as conditional branches, error
handling, and recursive calls.
Module 18 | Page 2
2013 PTC
PROCEDURE - Creating a Program

Task 1:
Start a program in Mathcad.
1. Type the function name

NewProg(a,b) and insert a
definition operator.
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2. Insert a programming construct.

group, click Programming
When typing a function

name, the arguments
are the variables
passed to the program
from the Mathcad
worksheet. You can
also use a variable
name.
Select Program
rn
.
.
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In
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You can insert

programming
Fo
,
Programming
and selecting the
desired programming
operator.
Task 2:
Assign a local program definition.
1. Click in the top placeholder of the

program started in the previous
task.
In each placeholder,
you can insert:
A local variable or
function definition.
A programming
operator, such as a
for loop.
2013 PTC
Module 18 | Page 3
2. Insert a Local Assignment

operator. A left pointing arrow
with two placeholders appears.
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All assignments
made using the Local
Assignment operator
are local to the program
and are not recognized
outside of the program.
Definitions made
outside and before
the program are not
overwritten inside the
program.
3. Type the expression shown in

the right placeholder, and the
variable c in the left placeholder.
The expression, a/10, is now
locally assigned to the variable
c. Press SPACEBAR until the
entire expression highlights.
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In
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4. Press ENTER. A new line

appears with a placeholder.

operator and type in the
expression shown.
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6. Press SPACEBAR until the

bottom line highlights. Press
ENTER to add a new line.
To insert a line below
the selected line, place
the cursor to the right
of the line selected. If
it appears to the left
of the line selected,
Mathcad inserts the
line above the selected
line.
Module 18 | Page 4
2013 PTC
Task 3:
End a program in Mathcad.
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2. The last line of a program

displays what is returned to the
Mathcad worksheet from the
program. The last line of the
program may contain:
A variable.
An expression.
A function.
A vector or matrix containing
variables or functions as
elements.
In the placeholder, type the
variable d.
1. Using the program modified in

the previous task, click in the last
placeholder.
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To return multiple
values from a program,
place the values in a
vector or matrix on the
last line of a program.
Task 4:
Evaluate a program in Mathcad.
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1. Define the variables being

passed to the program.
You can define the
variables before or
after the program
definition, or as
part of the program
evaluation.
2. Type the name of the program,

including the variables in
parentheses. Insert the
Evaluation
operator.
Click outside of the region to
evaluate.
2013 PTC
Module 18 | Page 5
Conditional Statements
Mathcad provides operators to enable conditional program
branching.
The operators that enable conditional
branching are:
if
else
else if
also if
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Conditional Statements
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if
else
else if
also if
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Mathcad provides operators to enable conditional program branching. The

operators that enable conditional branching are:
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You can use conditional statements to execute or skip certain calculations.

They use Boolean conditions to direct a program execution. The Boolean
condition must be a comparison or expression that evaluates to 0 (false) or
1 (true).
Module 18 | Page 6
2013 PTC
PROCEDURE - Conditional Statements

Scenario
The program will accept a number sent to the program. If the number is
odd it will return the word True. If the number is even it will return the word
False. A built-in function mod (modulus) is used in this program. The function
mod divides the first argument of the function by the second argument of the
function. The function returns the remainder of this integer division. The
remainder has the same sign as the first argument. Therefore:
nl
mod(x,2) of even numbers is 0.

mod(x,2) of positive odd numbers is 1.
mod(x,2) of negative odd numbers is -1.
Use the if programming operator.
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1. Type in the name of the program,

including argument, IsOdd(x),
Task 1:
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Create this program twice, once using only if programming operators and
once using a combination of if and else operators.
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and insert a Definition

operator.
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In
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2. Click in the placeholder displayed

and insert a program construct.
.
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Select Program
You can insert

programming
Programming
and selecting the
desired operator.
2013 PTC
Module 18 | Page 7

operator and type in the
expression shown.
To create the string

variable False, click
in the placeholder
and press the double
quotation key (). Type
False.
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4. Press SPACEBAR until the first

expression highlights. Press
ENTER to create a new line.
Insert the if operator.
5. Type the expressions in the placeholders, as shown.
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You can type the mod function in the placeholder or

insert it by selecting the Function tab. In the Functions
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rn
. Expand the Number

group, click All Functions
Theory/Combinatorics category and select mod. You can
insert all other operators by selecting the Math tab, clicking
Fo
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In
, and selecting the desired operator. The

Operators
equal sign (=) is a Boolean operator.
Module 18 | Page 8
2013 PTC
6. Press SPACEBAR until the entire if construct highlights. Press

ENTER and type the variable word in the placeholder.
The value returned by the program is the variable on the last line of
the program. In this case, the last line contains the variable word.
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To execute multiple statements when the Boolean condition

defined by the if statement is true:
Press SPACEBAR until the second line of the if construct
highlights.
Press ENTER as many times as needed to add additional
lines. Mathcad stacks the statements to be executed
below the condition.
Use the else programming operator.
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Task 2:
In
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7. Evaluate the program using

varying inputs, as shown.
1. Type in the name of the program,

including argument, IsOdd(x),
Fo

operator.
2013 PTC
Module 18 | Page 9
2. Click in the placeholder displayed

and insert a program construct.
.
Select Program
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Programming
and selecting the
desired operator.
You can insert program

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3. Insert the if operator.
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shown.
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5. Press SPACEBAR until the entire

if construct highlights. Press
ENTER.
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6. Insert the else operator in the

placeholder.

shown.
Module 18 | Page 10
2013 PTC
8. Evaluate the program using

varying inputs, as shown.
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2013 PTC
Module 18 | Page 11
Looping Constructs
Mathcad looping constructs enable you to iterate any
combination of expressions in a way that is difficult to execute
with range variables or other constructs.
Two program looping constructs are
available:
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For loops.
While loops.
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Figure 1 A For Looping Construct
Figure 2 A While Looping

Construct
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Looping Constructs
A loop is a block of code that causes one or more statements comprising the
body of the loop to iterate until a termination condition occurs. There are
two kinds of loops within Mathcad:
A for loop.
A while loop.
When using these constructs, do not type the words for and while. This does
not produce the operators.
You can use a for loop to iterate a calculation, or set of calculations, a fixed
number of times. The for loop construct contains three placeholders, with
the bottom placeholder indented. On the first line of the construct, the first
placeholder contains an index. The second placeholder contains a range, a
vector, or a list. The symbol shown between the placeholders reads " is an
element of " and is used because the index can be an element of a range, a
vector, or a list of numbers. The second line of the construct, the indented
Module 18 | Page 12
2013 PTC
placeholder, contains one or more statements to be executed within the loop.

When multiple placeholders are added within a loop, Mathcad creates a
double vertical black bar within the loop to indicate that the calculations are
part of the loop.
It is possible to nest for loops within one another. When using a nested for
loop to iterate over the rows and columns of an array, be sure that your index
starts at the array origin value for your sheet. Perform a quick check by
evaluating the built-in ORIGIN variable in your worksheet.
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Like for loops, you can use while loops to iterate a calculation or set of
calculations. Unlike for loops, while loops repeat based on the evaluation of
a Boolean condition. While a condition is met, the steps contained in the
loop repeat.
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A while loop has two placeholders, one of which is indented. The placeholder
on the first line of the construct contains a condition that must be satisfied
to execute the statement(s) on the second line of the construct. Like the
conditional placeholder that appears to the right of an if operator, the
conditional placeholder here must also contain an expression or statement
which evaluates to true (1) or false (0). You can use comparative Boolean
operators to form conditional statements.
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While loops are useful for converging processes. To avoid an infinite loop,
keep in mind that:
In
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The condition must initially be true for the loop to execute.

The condition must involve a variable or variables whose values are
changed within the body of the loop; otherwise, the condition would always
remain true or false.
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If an infinite loop occurs, press ESC. Mathcad prompts you to interrupt

processing. Click OK to terminate the loop. You can disable evaluation of
the program by modifying the condition in the while loop before executing the
program again.
2013 PTC
Module 18 | Page 13
PROCEDURE - Looping Constructs

Task 1:
Use a for loop to program the Fibonacci series.
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, and
Programming
selecting the desired operator.
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2. Type in the program definition

and the first lines of the program,
as shown. You can insert
programming operators by
selecting the Math tab, clicking
1. By definition, the first two

numbers in the Fibonacci series
are both 1.0. After that, each
element in the series is the sum
of the previous two elements.
Set the origin for your worksheet
equal to 1.0.
In the Worksheet Setting
group, click ORIGIN.
Select 1.
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You use the following

in the program shown:
The equal signs
are comprised of
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the Equal To
operator.
The subscripts are
comprised of the
Matrix Index
operator.
The word return
is a Programming
operator.
Module 18 | Page 14
2013 PTC
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4. In the first line of the for loop,

type i in the left placeholder. In
the right placeholder, type the
range 3..n.
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3. Highlight the last line of the

program and press ENTER. Click
in the placeholder displayed and
insert the for operator.
5. In the last line of the for loop,

type the expression shown.
Fo
Select the Matrix Index

operator to create the subscripts.
Press SPACEBAR to highlight
the entire for loop and press
ENTER to add the final program
line.
It is necessary to
highlight the entire
loop; otherwise,
Mathcad adds a line
inside the loop.
2013 PTC
Module 18 | Page 15
6. Click in the placeholder on the

last line of the program and
insert the return operator. Type
v with a subscript of n in the
placeholder. Select the Matrix
nl
Index
operator to create
the subscript.
Use a while loop to program Newton's method for finding the

root of a number.
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1. Type in the program definition

and the first two lines of the
program. Add a new line.
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Task 2:
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7. Evaluate the program, as shown.
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You can insert math

, and
Operators
operator.
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2. Click in the empty placeholder

and insert a while operator.
3. Click in the placeholder on the

second line of the while loop and
press ENTER to add another line
to the while loop construct.
Module 18 | Page 16
2013 PTC
4. Type the expressions in the

while loop placeholders, as
shown. When you finish, press
SPACEBAR until the while loop
highlights.
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6. Evaluate the program, as shown.

Note that the program results
compare favorably to the results
from the square root operator.
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5. Press ENTER to add a new line.

Insert the return operator. Type
rnew in the placeholder.
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2013 PTC
Module 18 | Page 17
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Module 18 | Page 18
2013 PTC
19
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Data Exchange
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Module Overview
Mathcad enables you to import and export data to and from a worksheet in
a variety of formats.
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Objectives
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Import data into Mathcad.
Export data from Mathcad.
2013 PTC
Module 19 | Page 1
Importing Data
Mathcad works with files and functionality from other
applications, such as Excel and Matlab.
There are a variety of methods that
you can use to import data into
Mathcad:
Copy and paste into Mathcad from

Excel.
Import data.
Import data from Excel.
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Figure 1 Importing Data
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Figure 2 Importing Data from Excel
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Importing Data
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Mathcad works with files and functionality from other applications, such as
Excel and Matlab. There are a variety of methods that you can use to import
data and functionality into Mathcad:
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Copy and paste into Mathcad from Excel.

Copying data into a table creates a local copy of the data within the
Mathcad worksheet. When you use this method, there is no dependency
on an external file and the Mathcad array does not update if you make
changes to the external file.
Import data.
The READFILE function enables you to read data from Excel, delimited
text, and fixed width text files.
Import data from Excel.
The READEXCEL function enables you to read data from Excel.
Module 19 | Page 2
2013 PTC
PROCEDURE - Importing Data

Task 1:
Copy data in Excel and paste into Mathcad.
1. Browse to the Excel file

datastep_07.xlsx, and open the
file.
2. Copy rows 12 through 15 and

columns A and B to the clipboard.
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3. Right-click in a blank area of the

Mathcad worksheet and select
Paste. The data is pasted into
Mathcad as a table.
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4. Click in the top-left placeholder

and type A1. Click in the top-right
placeholder and type A2.
2013 PTC
Module 19 | Page 3
5. Evaluate A1 and A2 as shown.
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Import data into Mathcad using the READFILE function.
Task 2:
Copying data into

a table creates a
local copy of the data
within the Mathcad
worksheet. There is
no dependency on an
external file and the
Mathcad array does
not update if you make
changes to the external
file.
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1. Assign a variable name to the data file name and path.
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Type in the variable name File and insert a Definition

operator.
Select the Input/Output tab.
.
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In the Data Import/Export group, click Data Filename

The Browser dialog box appears. Browse to the file
interpolation.prn. Click Open.
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Your file path is where you stored your file.
2. Assign the function READFILE to a variable name.

operator.
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Type the variable name In and insert a Definition

.
In the Functions group, click File Access
Select the READFILE function.
Complete the first two placeholders as shown. Delete the remaining
placeholders.
The second argument is a string variable with a value that
can be delimited, fixed, or Excel.
Module 19 | Page 4
2013 PTC
Import data into Mathcad using the READEXCEL function.
Task 3:
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3. Evaluate the matrix In, as shown.
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operator.
In the Data Import/Export
group, click READEXCEL
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1. Assign a variable name to the

data file name and path.
Type in the variable name EX
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.
The READEXCEL dialog box
appears. Browse to the Excel
file datastep_07.xlsx. Click
Open.
Select rows 1 through 4 and
columns A and B.
Click Insert.
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2. The file is assigned to the variable EX. Evaluate the variable EX as

shown.
2013 PTC
Module 19 | Page 5
Exporting Data
Mathcad supports writing data stored in a vector or matrix to
a data file.
Mathcad provides multiple file output
options for exporting data to a data
file:
Tab delimited text.
Comma separated values.
Microsoft Excel.
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Figure 1 WRITEFILE Function
Exporting Data
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Mathcad provides multiple file output options for exporting data to a data file:
Tab delimited text.

Comma separated values.
Microsoft Excel.
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It is critical to store the data you want to output as a vector or matrix and not a
range or sequence of numbers. This file output link is dynamic. Each time
you recalculate the worksheet, Mathcad writes out the vector or matrix again.
This ensures that the output file reflects any changes to the variable.
Module 19 | Page 6
2013 PTC
PROCEDURE - Exporting Data

Task 1:
Export data to a data file.
1. Create the following matrix in

Mathcad.
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2. Type the variable name OUT

operator.
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3. In the placeholder, type the function WRITEFILE(OUT.xlsx,M). Use

the double quotation () key to type the filename as a string variable .
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This expression outputs your matrix to an Excel file,

OUT.xlsx, located in your current working directory. To
determine your current working directory, type CWD= in
your Mathcad worksheet.
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4. Browse to your current working

directory and open the Excel file
OUT.xlsx.
This file output link is
dynamic. Each time
you recalculate the
worksheet, Mathcad
writes out the vector or
matrix again. This
ensures that the
output file reflects
any changes to the
variable.
2013 PTC
Module 19 | Page 7
Using the Excel Component

An Excel component is an embedded Excel table inserted within
a Mathcad worksheet.
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The Excel component enables the

exchange of data with an Excel
worksheet.
Figure 1 Excel Component
Using the Excel Component
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The Excel component enables the exchange of data with an Excel worksheet
embedded as an object in a Mathcad worksheet. Using the Excel component
enables you to exchange data and use Excels functionality.
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You can send values in your worksheet to Excel, use Excel functionality
to manipulate them, and then send new values back to your Mathcad
worksheet, as shown in Figure 1.
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The Excel component is a local copy of the spreadsheet. You can save
the data in an Excel component as an external Excel file. There is no
link between the Mathcad Excel component and the saved Excel file. Any
changes made in the Mathcad Excel component are not reflected in the
external file and vice versa.
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You must have Excel 2003 or later installed on your system to

insert an Excel component.
Module 19 | Page 8
2013 PTC
PROCEDURE - Using the Excel Component

Task 1:
Input a matrix from Mathcad into an Excel component.
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1. Create the matrix, M, shown.
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2. In a blank area of the worksheet, below the matrix definition, insert an

Excel component.
.
In the Data Import/Export group, click Excel Component
from the drop-down menu. A
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Select Insert Excel Component

blank Excel component appears.
2013 PTC
Module 19 | Page 9
3. Click in the Inputs region of the component and insert an Input

expression.
.

Select Insert Input Expression
blank input expression appears.
from the drop-down menu. A
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An input expression can also be inserted by right-clicking

in the Inputs region of the component and selecting Insert
Input Expression.
4. Type M in the placeholder and click outside the Excel component.
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The input expression can also be typed in directly. Use a
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operator to specify the cell range string

Matrix Index
in the subscript location. If you are writing to the first Excel
worksheet you do not have to specify the worksheet name.
The subscript A1 is equivalent to the subscript shown.
Module 19 | Page 10
2013 PTC
Task 2:
Calculate the sum of each row using Excel functionality and return
the results to Mathcad.
1. To access the full functionality of Excel, double-click the component to

invoke in-place activation of the object. The Excel worksheet opens.
2. Type the following:
In the D1 cell, type =SUM(A1:C1).
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3. Close the Excel application and return to the Mathcad worksheet. The
additions are listed in the Excel component.
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4. Click in the Outputs region of the component and insert an Output

expression.
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Select Insert Output Expression

A blank output expression appears.
2013 PTC
from the drop-down menu.
An output expression can also be inserted by right-clicking

in the Outputs region of the component and selecting Insert
Output Expression.
Module 19 | Page 11
5. Type RowSum in the left placeholder.

6. Modify the excel subscript by typing D1:D3 as the script variable.
The output expression can also be typed in directly. Use a
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worksheet, below the Excel
component. Type RowSum= to
display the results.
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operator to specify the cell range string

Matrix Index
in the subscript location.
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Module 19 | Page 12
2013 PTC
20
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Data Analysis
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Module Overview
Mathcad supports the analysis of data. Within Mathcad, you can smooth,
interpolate, and regress data.
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Objectives
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Smooth data.
Interpolate data.
Regress data.
2013 PTC
Module 20 | Page 1
Data Analysis
Mathcad supports a variety of data analysis options.
The data analysis options supported
in Mathcad include:
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Smoothing
Interpolation
Regression
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Figure 1 Smoothed Data
Figure 2 Interpolated Data
Figure 3 Regressed Data
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Data Analysis
Mathcad supports a variety of data analysis options, including:
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Smoothing
Kernel
Median
Super
Interpolation
Linear
Cubic Spline
Regression
Linear
Polynomial
General
You can find the applicable built-in functions by selecting the Functions tab.
Most of the functions used in data analysis are listed in one of the following
categories:
Curve Fitting and Smoothing
Module 20 | Page 2
2013 PTC
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Data Analysis
Interpolation and Prediction
2013 PTC
Module 20 | Page 3
Smoothing Data
A data smoother takes a set of data and returns a new set that
contains less noise than the original set; however, it still retains
the basic shape and properties of the original data.
Mathcad provides three smoothing
functions.
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medsmooth
ksmooth
supsmooth
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Figure 1 Function: medsmooth
Figure 2 Function: ksmooth
Figure 3 Function: supsmooth
Smoothing Data
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A data smoother takes a set of data and returns a new set that contains
less noise than the original set; however, it still retains the basic shape and
properties of the original data.
Mathcad provides three smoothing functions.
Function: medsmooth
The median smoothing function (medsmooth) takes a window of data
around a given data point and replaces that point with the median of
the values in the window. This function is the most robust of the three
smoothing functions. It is least likely to be affected by false data points.
Function: ksmooth
The kernel smoothing function (ksmooth) uses a Gaussian kernel to
compute and return local weighted averages of y. This function is most
useful when the data lies along a band of relatively constant width.
Module 20 | Page 4
2013 PTC
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Function: supsmooth
The super smoothing function (supsmooth) uses a local smoother that
returns a localized linear fit. This function is most useful when the data
lies scattered along a band whose width fluctuates. The supsmooth
function adaptively selects different bandwidths for different portions
of the data.
2013 PTC
Module 20 | Page 5
PROCEDURE - Smoothing Data

Task 1:
Import a set of data to use in the smoothing functions.

Type in the variable name Smooth and insert a Definition
operator.
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.
The Browser dialog box appears. Browse to the file smoothdata.prn.
Click Open.
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Type the variable name Data1 and insert a Definition

operator.
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.
placeholders.
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The second argument is a string variable that may have one

of the following values: delimited, fixed, or Excel.
3. Using the Matrix Column

operator, extract the first column
of the data and assign it to the
variable X1. Extract the second
column of the data and assign it
to the variable Y1.
Remember to set
ORIGIN equal to 1.
Module 20 | Page 6
2013 PTC
Task 2:
Smooth a set of data using median smoothing.
1. Assign the medsmooth function to a variable Msmooth.

Type Msmooth and insert a Definition
operator.
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In the Functions group, click Curve Fitting and Smoothing

Select medsmooth.
Type in the arguments Y1,5 as shown. Delete any unused
placeholders.
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The modified data vector contains the same number of data

points as the original data. The arguments represent the
following:
First argument: A real vector of data, vy.
Second argument: The window size, n. The window size
must be an odd integer less than the number of elements
in the data vector, vy.
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2. Plot the original data and the

smoothed data on an x-y plot.
2013 PTC
Module 20 | Page 7
Task 3:
Smooth a set of data using kernal smoothing.
1. Assign the ksmooth function to a variable Ksmooth.

Type Ksmooth and insert a Definition
operator.

Select ksmooth.
Type in the arguments X1,Y1,0.1, as shown.
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following:
First argument: A real vector of data, vx, in ascending
order.
Second argument: A real vector of data, vy. The vectors
vx and vy must be the same size.
Third argument: The bandwidth of the smoothing window
b. Bandwidth is usually set to a few times greater than
the spacing between data points on the x-axis, depending
on the desired degree of smoothing.
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Module 20 | Page 8
2013 PTC
Task 4:
Smooth a set of data using super smoothing.
1. Assign the supsmooth function to a variable Ssmooth.

Type Ssmooth and insert a Definition
operator.

Select supsmooth.
Type in the arguments X1,Y1 as shown.
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following:
order.
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2013 PTC
Module 20 | Page 9
Interpolating Data
Interpolation draws lines, or polynomial curves, between data
points to predict values that are not in the data set.
Mathcad supports several types
of interpolation. The following two
types are discussed here:
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Linear Interpolation
Cubic Spline Interpolation
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Figure 1 Linear Interpolation
Figure 2 Cubic Spline

Interpolation
Interpolating Data
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Interpolation draws lines, or polynomial curves, between data points to

predict values not in the data set. Interpolation methods attempt to connect
all points, making no effort to describe the data using a set of parameters.
Mathcad supports several types of interpolation. The following two types
are discussed here:
Linear interpolation linterp function.
To find the interpolated value for x, linterp connects the two points
on either side of the x value with a straight line, and returns the
corresponding value of y that lies on the straight line for the given value
of x. You can evaluate the function at a given value of x, or over a range.
Linear interpolation is a straightforward process, but you should note the
following properties:
The resulting curve is not differentiable at any of the known data
values.
Module 20 | Page 10
2013 PTC
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Do not use the linterp function to determine extrapolated values. Use

the predict function.
Cubic Spline interpolation cspline function.
You can use cubic spline interpolation to obtain a smooth differentiable
curve where each section is represented by a cubic polynomial of the
form: ax3 + bx2 + cx + d.
You can use cubic splines to create well-behaved, differentiable
functions. Though they are not represented as closed form expressions,
you can use them in many of the same types of mathematical analyses.
Cubic spline interpolation is a two-step process, and involves both the
cspline and interp functions.
Mathcad initially uses the cspline function and requires that the second
derivative at each point is determined by the straight line through
the nearest two points. The output of the cspline function is a vector
containing the values of the second derivative of the desired spline at
each point of x. This vector is then used by the interp function.
The interp function is then used to construct interpolated points from
the output of the cspline function.
2013 PTC
Module 20 | Page 11
PROCEDURE - Interpolating Data

Task 1:
Import a set of data and create a range variable to use in the

interpolation functions.
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The Browser dialog box appears. Browse to the file
interpolation.prn. Click Open.
Type in the variable name Inter and insert a Definition

operator.
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operator.
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.
placeholders.
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to the variable Y2.
Remember to set
ORIGIN equal to 1.
Module 20 | Page 12
2013 PTC
4. Create a range variable, range2. Use the built-in functions min and
max as shown.
Task 2:
Interpolate a set of data using a linear interpolation function.
1. Assign the linterp function to a function LIN(range2).
nl
operator.
Type LIN(range2) and insert a Definition

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. The Functions
In the Functions group, click All Functions
dialog box appears on the left side of your worksheet.
Expand the Interpolation and Prediction category and select linterp.
Type in the arguments X2,Y2,range2 as shown.
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The arguments represent the following:

order.
Third argument: The value of the independent variable at
which you want an interpolated value or range of values.
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interpolated data on an x-y plot.
2013 PTC
Module 20 | Page 13
Task 3:
Interpolate a set of data using the cubic spline interpolation

function cspline.
1. Assign the cspline function to a variable vs to create an intermediate

set of data to be used by the interp function.
Type vs and insert a Definition
operator.
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. The Functions
Expand the Interpolation and Prediction category and select
cspline.
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order.
Module 20 | Page 14
2013 PTC
2. Assign the interp function to a function CSinterp(range2).

Type CSinterp(range2) and insert a Definition
operator.

. The Functions
Expand the Interpolation and Prediction category and select interp.
Type in the arguments vs,X2,Y2,range2 as shown.
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First argument: A vector of spline coefficients returned by
the spline function cspline.
Second argument: A real vector of data, vx, in ascending
order.
Third argument: A real vector of data, vy. The vectors vx
and vy must be the same size.
Fourth argument: The value of the independent variable
at which you want an interpolated value or range of
values.
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interpolated data on an x-y plot.
2013 PTC
Module 20 | Page 15
Regressing Data
Parametric, or regression, methods approximate the parameters
of a function to a set of data.
Mathcad supports several types of
regression methods. The following
are discussed here:
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Linear Regression
Polynomial Regression
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Figure 1 Linear Regression
Figure 2 Polynomial Regression
Regressing Data
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Regression methods approximate the parameters of a function to a set of

data. You can predict new points in the data set using the resulting function.
The model may attempt to represent the physics that generated the data, or it
may be a representation of the points in space.
Mathcad supports several types of regression. The following two types are
discussed here:
Linear regression line function.

The line function finds the least squares and best fit line through a set
of x-y data. Least squares regression calculates a final fitted line that
minimizes the distance between each point in the data set and the final
fitted line. The output of the line function is a vector containing the
values of the coefficients for a line of the form, y = mx + b.
Polynomial regression polyfit function.
Polynomial regression fits a polynomial that minimizes the vertical
distance of all data points to a polynomial curve of degree n. You use
Module 20 | Page 16
2013 PTC
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the polyfit function for polynomial regression to determine a single

polynomial that best approximates the entire set of data.
You can use the polyfitc function to obtain the coefficients of the
regressed function. The output of polyfitc is a vector containing the
polynomial coefficients and other values. You can extract the coefficients
to generate the polynomial.
If only a numerical evaluation is required, use the polyfit function. You
use the polyfit function to construct the regressed points.
2013 PTC
Module 20 | Page 17
PROCEDURE - Regressing Data

Task 1:
Import a set of data and create a range variable to use in the

regression functions.
Type in the variable name Reg and insert a Definition

operator.
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.
The Browser dialog box appears. Browse to the file regression.prn.
Click Open.
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operator.
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placeholders.
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to the variable Y3.
Remember to set
ORIGIN equal to 1.
Module 20 | Page 18
2013 PTC
4. Create a range variable, range3. Use the built-in functions min and
max as shown.
Task 2:
Regress a set of data using the linear regression function line.
Type Coeff and insert a Definition

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operator.
1. Assign the line function to a variable Coeff.
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Select line.
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First argument: A real vector of data, vx.
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2. The Coeff vector contains the

y intercept and the slope of the
best fit line for the given data.
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Using the Matrix Index

operator, extract the first element
of the vector and assign it to the
variable Int. Extract the second
element of the vector and assign
it to the variable Lslope.
3. Type the linear regression function shown using the calculated

intercept and slope.
2013 PTC
Module 20 | Page 19
Regress a set of data using the polynomial regression function

polyfit.
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1. Assign the polyfit function to a variable Preg.
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Task 3:

regressed data on a x-y plot.
Type Preg and insert a Definition

operator.
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. The Functions
Expand the Design of Experiments category and select polyfit.
Type in the arguments X3,Y3,4 as shown.
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order.
Third argument: The order of the regressed polynomial.

regressed data on a x-y plot. Plot
both the R1 and R2 functions
evaluated using the variable
range.
Module 20 | Page 20
2013 PTC
3. To obtain the coefficients of the regressed function, assign the polyfitc

function to a variable P.
Type P and insert a Definition
operator.
. The Functions
Expand the Design of Experiments category and select polyfitc.
Type in the arguments X3,Y3,4 as shown.
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order.
Third argument: The order of the regressed polynomial.
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4. Evaluate the variable P to view the coefficients. The second column

contains the coefficients listed in increasing powers of x, beginning
with the coefficient of x0.
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2013 PTC
Module 20 | Page 21
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Module 20 | Page 22
2013 PTC
21
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Module
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Project Day 2
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Module Overview
Use the skills that you have learned so far in Mathcad to complete one of
the projects in this module.
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Objectives
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Create a spec table.
Create a program.
Create and use matrices and matrix functions
Import data.
2013 PTC
Module 21 | Page 1

In this project, you import a table of beam sections for the beam
used in the Structural Engineering Day 1 project and select the
sections that satisfies given design criteria.
Import a table of beam sections.
Select sections that satisfy given design criteria.
For the sections that satisfy the given design criteria calculate the
maximum stress.
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1.
2.
3.
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Import a table of beam sections.

Select sections that satisfy given design criteria.
Maximum allowable deflection: ymax = 4 mm
Maximum width of beam: bmax = 300 mm
For the sections that satisfy the given design criteria calculate the
maximum stress.
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1.
2.
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In this project, you import a table of beam sections for the beam used in the
Structural Engineering Day 1 project and select the sections that satisfies
given design criteria.
Module 21 | Page 2
2013 PTC

In this project, you set a threshold limit for the critical speed
and vary the inner and outer diameter of the shaft used in the
Mechanical Engineering Day 1 project.
Set a threshold for the rpm.
Create a spec table varying the inner and outer diameter of the shaft.
Create a program to determine which combination of inner and outer
diameter satisfies the threshold rpm limit.
Plot the thickness of the shaft verses the critical speeds at each
thickness.
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In this project, you set a threshold limit for the critical speed and vary the
inner and outer diameter of the shaft used in the Mechanical Engineering
Day 1 project.
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3.
Set a threshold for the rpm.

Rlimit=nc2=1.946x104 rpm
Create a spec table varying the inner and outer diameter of the shaft.
Create a program to determine which combination of inner and outer
diameter satisfies the threshold rpm limit.
Plot the thickness of the shaft verses the critical speeds at each
thickness.
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2013 PTC
Module 21 | Page 3
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Module 21 | Page 4
2013 PTC
Challenge Exercise Solutions
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Appendix
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Module Overview
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This module contains solutions to the challenge exercises used throughout

this course. The solutions are presented in a step-by-step format.
2013 PTC
Appendix A | Page 1

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Mathcad Prime 3.0 Essentials

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About PTC University

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This methodology is continued in PTC University subscriptions, offering

Precision Learning Programs offer you the ability to create a customized

Precision Learning In The Classroom

Precision Learning After the Class

A Pro/FICIENCY assessment from the course content that generates a

Precision Learning Recommendations

For Students: How to Use this Course Handbook

Documenting and Formatting........................................................2-1

Entering and Editing Math ............................................................3-1

Extracting Elements from an Array ............................................ 8-10

2-D Plotting............................................................................... 10-1

Project Day 1 .......................................................................... 11-1

3-D Plotting............................................................................... 12-1

Boolean Conditions ................................................................... 13-1

Unconstrained Optimization..................................................... 16-5

Data Exchange .......................................................................... 19-1

Data Analysis ............................................................................ 20-1

Project Day 2 .......................................................................... 21-1

Challenge Exercise Solutions ...................................................... A-1

After completing this module, you will be able to:

Open Mathcad and display a blank

Figure 1 Blank Mathcad

Figure 2 Opening a New

To get started, you must learn how to:

PROCEDURE - Opening Mathcad and Mathcad Files

1. Click the Prime

Open a new Mathcad file.

1. Click Start > PTC Mathcad

Open an existing Mathcad file.

1. Click the Prime

This completes the procedure.

2. The Open dialog box displays.

The Mathcad Workspace

Figure 1 The Mathcad Workspace

The Mathcad Workspace

The Mathcad workspace consists of worksheets and the following user

The Mathcad Prime

Figure 1 Math Region

Figure 3 Text Region

Figure 2 Plot Region

Page Size Print page size.