J. P. Cohoon and J. W.

Davidson
1999 McGraw-Hill, Inc.

Introduction to Programming and

Object-Oriented Design
Basics of machine, software, and
program design

Ch 1 / Foil 2

Computer Organization

Every computer is organized roughly into four parts

CPU - central processing unit
Where decisions are made, computations are performed,
and input/output requests are delegated
Memory
Stores information being processed by the CPU
Input devices
Allows people to supply information to computers
Output devices
Allows people to receive information from computers

Ch 1 / Foil 3

Computer Organization
Memory

Output
Devices

Input
Devices

CPU

Ch 1 / Foil 4

CPU

Brains of the computer

Arithmetic calculations are performed using the
Arithmetic/Logical Unit or ALU
Control unit decodes and executes instructions
Arithmetic operations are performed using binary number system

Ch 1 / Foil 5

CPU

Fundamental building block is a switch

Switches are made from ultrasmall transistors
Example -- Pentium II

Ch 1 / Foil 6

Binary Arithmetic

The individual digits of a binary number are referred to as bits

Each bit represents a power of two
Examples

01011 = 0 2

+ 1 23 + 0 22 + 1 21 + 1 20 = 11

00010 = 0 24 + 0 23 + 0 22 + 1 21 + 0 20 =
Binary
addition

00010
+ 01011
01101

2
+ 11
13

Equivalent
decimal
addition

Ch 1 / Foil 7

Binary Arithmetic
Binary
multiplication

0101
0011
0101
0101
0000
0000
0001111

Equivalent decimal
multiplication

5
3
15

Ch 1 / Foil 8

Twos Complement

Convention for handling signed numbers in binary representation

The leading bit is a sign bit
Binary number with leading 0 is positive
Binary number with leading 1 is negative
Magnitude of positive numbers is just the binary representation
Magnitude of negative numbers is found by performing the twos
complement
Complement the bits
Replace all the 1's with 0's, and all the 0's with 1's
Add one to the complemented number
Carry in most significant bit position is thrown away when
performing arithmetic

Ch 1 / Foil 9

Two's Complement Example

Performing two's complement on the decimal 7 to get -7

Using a five-bit representation

7 = 00111 Convert to binary

11000 Complement the bits
11000 Add 1 to the complement
+ 00001
11001 Is -7 in two's complement

Ch 1 / Foil 10

Two's Complement Arithmetic

Computing 8 - 7 using a two's complement representation with

five-bit numbers
8 - 7 = 8 + (-7)

= 1

01000 Two's complement of 8

11001 Two's complement of -7
Throw away the
high-order
carry as we are
using a five bit
representation

01000 Add 8 and -7

+ 11001
100001
00001 Is the five-bit result

Ch 1 / Foil 11

Control Unit

The fetch/execute cycle is

the steps the CPU takes to
execute an instruction
Performing the action
specified by an instruction is
known as executing the
instruction
The program counter (PC)
holds the memory address of
the next instruction

Fetch the instruction to

which the PC points

Increment the PC

Execute the fetched

instruction

Ch 1 / Foil 12

Input and Output Devices

Accessories that allow computer to perform specific tasks

Receiving information for processing

Return the results of processing

Store information
Common input and output devices

Speakers
Mouse
Scanner

Printer
Joystick
CD-ROM

Keyboard
Microphone
Some devices are capable of both input and output

Floppy drive

Hard drive

Magnetic tape units

Ch 1 / Foil 13

Monitor

Display device
Also known as CRT (cathode ray tube)
Operates like a television
Controlled by an output device called a graphics card

Ch 1 / Foil 14

Monitor and Card Characteristics

Refresh rate
1280
1024
pixels
How fast image is
pixels
across
updated on the screen
down
screen
screen
Resolution
Displayable area
Measured in dots per inch, dots
are often referred to as pixels (short for picture element)
Standard resolution is 640 by 480
Some cards support resolution up to 1280 by 1024
Number of colors supported

Ch 1 / Foil 15

Software

Application software
Programs designed to perform specific tasks that are
transparent to the user
System software
Programs that support the execution and development of
other programs
Two major types
Operating systems
Translation systems

Ch 1 / Foil 16

Application Software

Application software is the software that has made using

computers indispensable and popular
Common application software

Word processors

Desktop publishing programs

Spreadsheets

Presentation managers

Drawing programs
Learning how to develop application
software is our focus

Ch 1 / Foil 17

Operating System

Controls and manages the computing resources

Important services that an operating system provides
File system
Directories, folders, files
Commands that allow for manipulation of the file system
Sort, delete, copy
Ability to perform input and output on a variety of devices
Management of the running systems
Examples
MSDOS , Windows , UNIX

Ch 1 / Foil 18

Translation System

Set of programs used to develop software

A key component of a translation system is a translator
Types of translators

Compiler

Converts from one language to another

Linker

Combines resources
Examples
Borland C++ , Microsoft Visual C++ , g++, Code Warrior
Performs compilation, linking, and other activities.

Ch 1 / Foil 19

Software Development

Major activities

Editing

Compiling

Linking with precompiled files
Object files
Library modules

Loading and executing

Viewing the behavior of the program

Ch 1 / Foil 20

Software Development Cycle

Source Program

Compile
Library routines
Edit

Link
Other object files

Think

Load

Execute

Ch 1 / Foil 21

IDEs

Integrated Development Environments or IDEs

Translation systems that support the entire software
development cycle
E.g., Borland, MS Visual C++, Code Warrior
Combine all of the capabilities that a programmer would want
handy while developing software

Editor

Compiler

Linker

Loader

Debugger

Viewer

Ch 1 / Foil 22

Engineering Software

Software engineering
Area of computer science concerned with building large
software systems
Challenge
Tremendous advances in hardware have not been
accompanied by comparable advances in software

Ch 1 / Foil 23

Complexity Trade-off

System complexity tends to grow as the system becomes more

user friendly
High
Total Software
Complexity
Complexity
User Simplicity
Low

Ch 1 / Foil 24

Software Engineering Goals

Reliability
An unreliable life-critical system can be fatal
Understandability
Future development becomes very difficult if software is hard
to understand
Cost Effectiveness
Cost to develop and maintain should not exceed profit
Adaptability
System that is adaptive is easier to alter and expand
Reusability
Improves reliability and maintainability, and reduces
development costs

Ch 1 / Foil 25

Software Engineering Principles

Abstraction
Extract the relevant properties of an object while ignoring
inessential details
Encapsulation
Breaking down an object into parts, hiding and protecting its
essential information, and supplying an interface to modify
the information in a controlled and useful manner
Modularity
Dividing an object into smaller pieces or modules such that
the object is easier to understand and manipulate
Hierarchy
Ranking or ordering of objects based on some relationship
between them

Ch 1 / Foil 26

Abstraction

Process of extracting only the relevant properties of an object

Extracted properties define a view of the object
Example

Car dealer views a car from selling features standpoint
E.g., price, length of warranty, color, optional equipment

Mechanic views a car from systems maintenance standpoint
E.g., type of oil, size of the oil filter, type of spark plugs
Price?

Oil change?

Ch 1 / Foil 27

Encapsulation

Breaking down an object into parts, hiding and protecting its

essential information, and supplying an interface to modify the
information in a controlled and useful manner
By hiding the information its representation and content can be
changed without affecting other
Radio
parts of the system
Example - car radio
Interface consists of the
Power
controls and types of
Antenna
Connector
connectors for
Input
connecting the radio to the car
Speaker
The details of how it works is hidden
Connectors
To install and use a radio, we do not
need to know anything about the radios electrical system

Ch 1 / Foil 28

Modularity

Dividing an object into smaller pieces or modules such that the

modules hold useful information and the object is easier to
understand and manipulate
Most complex systems are modular
Example - Automobile can be decomposed into subsystems

Cooling system
Ignition system
Radiator
Battery
Thermostat
Starter
Spark plugs
Water pump

Ch 1 / Foil 29

Hierarchy

Ranking or ordering of objects based on some relationship

between them
Hierarchies help us understand complex systems
Example - a company hierarchy helps employees
understand the company and their positions within it
For complex systems, a useful way of ordering similar
abstractions is from least general to most general
Scientists use this technique to identify and classify species
Hierarchical ordering based
on natural relationships is
called a taxonomy

Ch 1 / Foil 30

Northern Timber Wolf Taxonomy

Kingdom Animalia
Subkingdom Metaoza
Phylum Chordata
Subphylum Vertabrata
Superclass Tetrapoda
Class Mammalia
Subclass Theria
Infraclass Eutheria
Cohort Ferungulata
Superorder Ferae
Order Carnivora
Suborder Fissipeda
Superfamily Canoidea
Family Caninae
Subfamily Caninae
Genus Canis
Subspecies Canis lupus occidentalis
(Northern Timber Wolf)

Ch 1 / Foil 31

OO Design and Programming

Object-oriented (OO) design and programming is a methodology

that supports good software engineering
Object-oriented design promotes thinking about software in a
way that models the way we think and interact with the real world
Example - watching television
The remote is a physical object
with properties
Weight, size, can send
messages to the television
The television is also a physical
object with various properties

Ch 1 / Foil 32

Objects

An object is almost anything that can be attributed with the

following characteristics

Name

Properties

The ability to act upon receiving a message
Basic message types
Directive to perform an action
Request to change one of its properties

Ch 1 / Foil 33

Object-Oriented Programming

Example
Sketch the design of a simple computer game called Bug
Hunt
Goal of game is to eliminate the bugs on the screen
Features of game
A moving bug is displayed in a window on the screen
The bug changes directions randomly
A bug is eliminated by swatting it several times
If a bug is eliminated, a faster one pops up
If an attempted swat misses the bug, the game ends

Ch 1 / Foil 34

Object-Oriented Programming

First step
Determine the objects
Mouse
Window
Bug

Ch 1 / Foil 35

Bug Hunt

To implement Bug Hunt, a

bug needs the following
properties
Position in the window
A display image or picture
Current speed
Current direction
Strength (the number of
swats it takes to eliminate
the bug)

Other possible
directions

Current
direction

Ch 1 / Foil 36

Bug Hunt

A bug needs to handle the

following messages
Draw
Move
Change direction
Hit
Kill
Is-pointed-at

Yes or No
Response

Is Pointed
At?

Game
Controller
MouseClick
Mouse

Ch 1 / Foil 37

Bug Instantiation
DrawBug
Position
Image
Speed
Direction
Strength

Position: 9,2.2
Image:
Speed: 4
Direction: Left
Strength: 4

Set Direction
Hit
Kill
Is pointed at

Position: 5,3.8
Image:
Speed: 2
Direction: Right
Strength: 2

The bug
class

Bug objects
with
particular
properties

Ch 1 / Foil 38

Inheritance
Bug
Properties
Messages

Properties
inherited by
descendants

Position

Draw

Image

SetDirection

Velocity

Hit

Strength

Kill

Direction

IsPointed At

is a
SlowBug
Messages
Move

Messages
inherited by
descendants

is a
FastBug
Messages
Move