Chapter 3

Desciptive Statistics: Numerical Measures

Ahmad Fadly Nurullah bin Rasedee

[email protected]

December 17, 2015

www.unikl.edu.my

Chapter 3

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Contents

Contents
Measures of Location
Measures of Variability
Measures of Variability
Measures of Distribution
Shape, Relative Location,
and Detection of Outliers

Measures of Location

Exploratory Data Analysis

Measures of Variability

Measures of Association
Between Two Variables
The Weighted Mean and
Working with Grouped
Data

Measures of Distribution Shape, Relative Location, and

Detection of Outliers
Exploratory Data Analysis
Measures of Association Between Two Variables
The Weighted Mean and Working with Grouped Data

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Measures of Location

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Mean

Contents
Measures of Location
Measures of Variability
Measures of Variability
Measures of Distribution
Shape, Relative Location,
and Detection of Outliers
Exploratory Data Analysis

Mean or Average value is a measure of central location

computed by summing the data values and dividing by the
number of observations.

Measures of Association
Between Two Variables
The Weighted Mean and
Working with Grouped
Data

The mean is denoted by x; if the data are for a population,

the mean is denoted by the Greek letter

Sample mean
P
x=

Ahmad Fadly Nurullah bin Rasedee

xi
n

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Measures of Location

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Mean

Contents
Measures of Location
Measures of Variability
Measures of Variability
Measures of Distribution
Shape, Relative Location,
and Detection of Outliers
Exploratory Data Analysis
Measures of Association
Between Two Variables
The Weighted Mean and
Working with Grouped
Data

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Measures of Location

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Mean

Contents
Measures of Location
Measures of Variability
Measures of Variability
Measures of Distribution
Shape, Relative Location,
and Detection of Outliers
Exploratory Data Analysis

Population mean

Measures of Association
Between Two Variables
The Weighted Mean and
Working with Grouped
Data

P
=

xi
N

The sample mean x is a point estimator of the population

mean, .

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Measures of Location

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Median

Contents
Measures of Location
Measures of Variability
Measures of Variability
Measures of Distribution
Shape, Relative Location,
and Detection of Outliers

The median is a measure of central location provided by

the value in the middle when the data are arranged in
ascending order.

Exploratory Data Analysis

Measures of Association
Between Two Variables
The Weighted Mean and
Working with Grouped
Data

Median
Arrange the data in ascending order (smallest value to
largest value)
For an odd number of observations, the median is the
middle value.
For an even number of observations, the median is the
average of the two middle values.

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Measures of Location

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Median

Contents
Measures of Location
Measures of Variability
Measures of Variability
Measures of Distribution
Shape, Relative Location,
and Detection of Outliers
Exploratory Data Analysis
Measures of Association
Between Two Variables
The Weighted Mean and
Working with Grouped
Data

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Measures of Location

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Mode

Contents
Measures of Location
Measures of Variability
Measures of Variability
Measures of Distribution
Shape, Relative Location,
and Detection of Outliers
Exploratory Data Analysis
Measures of Association
Between Two Variables
The Weighted Mean and
Working with Grouped
Data

A third measure of location is the mode.

Mode
The mode is a measure of location, defined as the value
that occurs with greatest frequency.

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Measures of Location

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Percentile

Contents
Measures of Location
Measures of Variability
Measures of Variability
Measures of Distribution
Shape, Relative Location,
and Detection of Outliers
Exploratory Data Analysis
Measures of Association
Between Two Variables
The Weighted Mean and
Working with Grouped
Data

A percentile provides information about how the data are

spread over the interval from the smallest value to the
largest value.

Percentile
The pth percentile is a value such that at least p percent
of the observations are less than or equal to this value
and at least (100-p) percent of the observations are
greater than or equal to this value.

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Measures of Location

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Percentile

Contents
Measures of Location
Measures of Variability
Measures of Variability
Measures of Distribution
Shape, Relative Location,
and Detection of Outliers
Exploratory Data Analysis
Measures of Association
Between Two Variables
The Weighted Mean and
Working with Grouped
Data

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Measures of Location

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Percentile

Contents
Measures of Location
Measures of Variability
Measures of Variability
Measures of Distribution
Shape, Relative Location,
and Detection of Outliers
Exploratory Data Analysis
Measures of Association
Between Two Variables
The Weighted Mean and
Working with Grouped
Data

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Measures of Location

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Quartiles

Contents
Measures of Location
Measures of Variability
Measures of Variability
Measures of Distribution
Shape, Relative Location,
and Detection of Outliers
Exploratory Data Analysis
Measures of Association
Between Two Variables
The Weighted Mean and
Working with Grouped
Data

It is often desirable to divide data into four parts, with each

part containing approximately one-fourth, or 25% of the
observations. The division points are referred to as the
quartiles and are defined as
Q1 = first quartile, or 25th percentile.
Q2 = second quartile, or 50th percentile (aslo median).
Q3 = third quartile, or 75th percentile.

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Measures of Variability

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Contents
Measures of Location
Measures of Variability
Measures of Variability
Measures of Distribution
Shape, Relative Location,
and Detection of Outliers
Exploratory Data Analysis
Measures of Association
Between Two Variables
The Weighted Mean and
Working with Grouped
Data

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Measures of Variability

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Contents
Measures of Location
Measures of Variability
Measures of Variability
Measures of Distribution
Shape, Relative Location,
and Detection of Outliers
Exploratory Data Analysis
Measures of Association
Between Two Variables
The Weighted Mean and
Working with Grouped
Data

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Measures of Variability

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Contents
Measures of Location
Measures of Variability
Measures of Variability
Measures of Distribution
Shape, Relative Location,
and Detection of Outliers
Exploratory Data Analysis
Measures of Association
Between Two Variables
The Weighted Mean and
Working with Grouped
Data

In addition to measures of location, it is often desirable

to consider measures of variability,or dispersion.
The variability in the delivery time creates uncertainty for
production scheduling. Methods in this section help
measure and understand variability.

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Measures of Variability

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Range

Contents
Measures of Location
Measures of Variability
Measures of Variability
Measures of Distribution
Shape, Relative Location,
and Detection of Outliers
Exploratory Data Analysis
Measures of Association
Between Two Variables
The Weighted Mean and
Working with Grouped
Data

The simplest measure of variability is the Range. Range

A measure of variability, defined to be the largest value
minus the smallest value.

Range
Range = Largest value Smallest Value

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Measures of Variability

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Interquartile range (IQR)

Contents
Measures of Location
Measures of Variability
Measures of Variability
Measures of Distribution
Shape, Relative Location,
and Detection of Outliers
Exploratory Data Analysis
Measures of Association
Between Two Variables
The Weighted Mean and
Working with Grouped
Data

Interquartile range (IQR) a measure of variability, defined

to be the difference between the third and first quartiles.

Interquartile range (IQR)

IQR = Q3 Q1

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Measures of Variability

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Variance

Contents
Measures of Location
Measures of Variability
Measures of Variability
Measures of Distribution
Shape, Relative Location,
and Detection of Outliers
Exploratory Data Analysis
Measures of Association
Between Two Variables
The Weighted Mean and
Working with Grouped
Data

Variance a measure of variability based on the squared

deviations of the data values (value of each observation,
xi ) about the mean.
The difference between each xi and the mean ( for a
sample, for a population) is called a deviation about
the mean. A deviation about the mean is written (xi x);
for a population, it is written (xi ).

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Measures of Variability

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Variance

Contents
Measures of Location
Measures of Variability
Measures of Variability
Measures of Distribution
Shape, Relative Location,
and Detection of Outliers
Exploratory Data Analysis
Measures of Association
Between Two Variables
The Weighted Mean and
Working with Grouped
Data

If the data are for a population, the average of the squared

deviations is called the population variance. For a
population of N observations and with denoting the
population mean, the definition of the population variance
is as follows.

Population variance
2 =

Ahmad Fadly Nurullah bin Rasedee

(xi )2
N

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Measures of Variability

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Variance

Contents
Measures of Location
Measures of Variability
Measures of Variability
Measures of Distribution
Shape, Relative Location,
and Detection of Outliers

the sample variance, denoted by s2 , is defined as follows

Exploratory Data Analysis

Measures of Association
Between Two Variables
The Weighted Mean and
Working with Grouped
Data

Sample variance
2

s =

Ahmad Fadly Nurullah bin Rasedee

(xi x)2
n1

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Measures of Variability

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Variance

Contents
Measures of Location
Measures of Variability
Measures of Variability
Measures of Distribution
Shape, Relative Location,
and Detection of Outliers

The variance is useful in comparing the variability of two

or more variables.

Exploratory Data Analysis

Measures of Association
Between Two Variables
The Weighted Mean and
Working with Grouped
Data

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Measures of Variability

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Variance

Contents
Measures of Location
Measures of Variability
Measures of Variability
Measures of Distribution
Shape, Relative Location,
and Detection of Outliers
Exploratory Data Analysis
Measures of Association
Between Two Variables
The Weighted Mean and
Working with Grouped
Data

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Measures of Variability

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Standard deviation

Contents
Measures of Location
Measures of Variability

Standard deviation a measure of variability computed by

taking the positive square root of the variance.

Measures of Variability
Measures of Distribution
Shape, Relative Location,
and Detection of Outliers

Standard deviation

Exploratory Data Analysis

Measures of Association
Between Two Variables
The Weighted Mean and
Working with Grouped
Data

p
s2

Population standard deviation = = 2

Sample standard deviation = s =

The sample standard deviation s is the estimator of the

population standard deviation .
The standard deviation is easier to interpret than the
variance because the standard deviation is measured in
the same units as the data.
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Measures of Variability

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Coefficient of variation

Contents
Measures of Location
Measures of Variability
Measures of Variability
Measures of Distribution
Shape, Relative Location,
and Detection of Outliers
Exploratory Data Analysis
Measures of Association
Between Two Variables
The Weighted Mean and
Working with Grouped
Data

Coefficient of variation a measure of relative variability

computed by dividing the standard deviation by the mean
and multiplying by 100.

Coefficient of variation



Standard deviation
100 %
Mean

The coefficient of variation is a relative measure of

variability; it measures the standard deviation relative to
the mean.

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Measures of Distribution Shape, Relative

Location, and Detection of Outliers

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Skewness
Contents
Measures of Location
Measures of Variability
Measures of Variability
Measures of Distribution
Shape, Relative Location,
and Detection of Outliers
Exploratory Data Analysis
Measures of Association
Between Two Variables
The Weighted Mean and
Working with Grouped
Data

Skewness a measure of the shape of a data distribution.

Data skewed to the left result in negative skewness; a
symmetric data distribution results in zero skewness; and
data skewed to the right result in positive skewness.

The formula for the skewness of sample data:

Skewness =

X
n
(n 1)(n 2)

xi x
s

3
%

The coefficient of variation is a relative measure of

variability; it measures the standard deviation relative to
the mean.
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Measures of Distribution Shape, Relative

Location, and Detection of Outliers

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Skewness
Contents
Measures of Location
Measures of Variability
Measures of Variability
Measures of Distribution
Shape, Relative Location,
and Detection of Outliers
Exploratory Data Analysis
Measures of Association
Between Two Variables
The Weighted Mean and
Working with Grouped
Data

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Measures of Distribution Shape, Relative

Location, and Detection of Outliers

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z-Scores
Contents
Measures of Location
Measures of Variability
Measures of Variability
Measures of Distribution
Shape, Relative Location,
and Detection of Outliers

z-Score a value computed by dividing the deviation about

the mean (xi x) by the standard deviation s. A z-score
is referred to as a standardized value and denotes the
number of standard deviations xi is from the mean.

Exploratory Data Analysis

Measures of Association
Between Two Variables

z-Scores

The Weighted Mean and

Working with Grouped
Data

zi =

xi x
s

where zi = the z-score for xi

x =the sample mean
s = the sample standard deviation
The coefficient of variation is a relative measure of
variability; it measures the standard deviation relative to
the mean.
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Measures of Distribution Shape, Relative

Location, and Detection of Outliers

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z-Scores
Contents
Measures of Location
Measures of Variability
Measures of Variability
Measures of Distribution
Shape, Relative Location,
and Detection of Outliers
Exploratory Data Analysis
Measures of Association
Between Two Variables
The Weighted Mean and
Working with Grouped
Data

The z-score is often called the standardized value.

Can be interpreted as the number of standard deviations
xi is from the mean x.
The z-score for any observation can be interpreted as a
measure of the relative location of the observation in a
data set. Thus, observations in two different data sets
with the same z-score can be said to have the same

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Measures of Distribution Shape, Relative

Location, and Detection of Outliers

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Chebyshevs theorem
Contents
Measures of Location
Measures of Variability
Measures of Variability
Measures of Distribution
Shape, Relative Location,
and Detection of Outliers
Exploratory Data Analysis
Measures of Association
Between Two Variables
The Weighted Mean and
Working with Grouped
Data

Chebyshevs theorem a theorem that can be used to

make statements about the proportion of data values that
must be within a specified number of standard deviations
of the mean.

Chebyshevs theorem
At least (1 1/z 2 ) of the data values must be within z
standard deviations of the mean, where z is any value
greater than 1.

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Location, and Detection of Outliers

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Chebyshevs theorem
Contents
Measures of Location
Measures of Variability
Measures of Variability
Measures of Distribution
Shape, Relative Location,
and Detection of Outliers
Exploratory Data Analysis
Measures of Association
Between Two Variables
The Weighted Mean and
Working with Grouped
Data

Some of the implications of this theorem, with z = 2, 3

and 4 standard deviations, follow.
At least .75, or 75%, of the data values must be within
z = 2 standard deviations of the mean.
At least .89, or 89%, of the data values must be within
z = 3 standard deviations of the mean.
At least .94, or 94%, of the data values must be within
z = 4 standard deviations of the mean.
Chebyshevs theorem requires z > 1; but z need not be
an integer.

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Measures of Distribution Shape, Relative

Location, and Detection of Outliers

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Chebyshevs theorem
Contents
Measures of Location
Measures of Variability
Measures of Variability
Measures of Distribution
Shape, Relative Location,
and Detection of Outliers
Exploratory Data Analysis
Measures of Association
Between Two Variables
The Weighted Mean and
Working with Grouped
Data

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Measures of Distribution Shape, Relative

Location, and Detection of Outliers

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Empirical rule
Contents
Measures of Location
Measures of Variability
Measures of Variability
Measures of Distribution
Shape, Relative Location,
and Detection of Outliers
Exploratory Data Analysis
Measures of Association
Between Two Variables
The Weighted Mean and
Working with Grouped
Data

Empirical rule rule that can be used to compute the

percentage of data values that must be within one, two,
and three standard deviations of the mean for data that
exhibit a bell-shaped distribution.
When the data are believed to approximate this
distribution, the empirical rule can be used to determine
the percentage of data values that must be within a
specified number of standard deviations of the mean.

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Measures of Distribution Shape, Relative

Location, and Detection of Outliers

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Empirical rule
Contents
Measures of Location
Measures of Variability

Empirical rule

Measures of Variability
Measures of Distribution
Shape, Relative Location,
and Detection of Outliers
Exploratory Data Analysis
Measures of Association
Between Two Variables
The Weighted Mean and
Working with Grouped
Data

For data having a bell-shaped distribution:

Approximately 68% of the data values will be within one
standard deviation of the mean.
Approximately 95% of the data values will be within two
standard deviations of the mean.
Almost all the data values will be within three standard
deviations of the mean.
The empirical rule is based on the normal probability
distribution, which will be discussed in Chapter 6. The
normal distribution is used extensively throughout the text.
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Measures of Distribution Shape, Relative

Location, and Detection of Outliers

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Empirical rule
Contents
Measures of Location
Measures of Variability
Measures of Variability
Measures of Distribution
Shape, Relative Location,
and Detection of Outliers
Exploratory Data Analysis
Measures of Association
Between Two Variables
The Weighted Mean and
Working with Grouped
Data

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Measures of Distribution Shape, Relative

Location, and Detection of Outliers

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Detection of Outliers
Contents
Measures of Location
Measures of Variability
Measures of Variability
Measures of Distribution
Shape, Relative Location,
and Detection of Outliers
Exploratory Data Analysis
Measures of Association
Between Two Variables
The Weighted Mean and
Working with Grouped
Data

Outlier extreme values unusually small or unusually large

data value.
An outlier may be a data value that has been incorrectly
recorded.
Standardized values (z-scores) can be used to identify
outliers.
It is a good idea to check for outliers before making
decisions based on data analysis. Errors are often made
in recording data and entering data into the computer.
Outliers should not necessarily be deleted, but their
accuracy and appropriateness should be verified

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Exploratory Data Analysis

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Five-Number Summary

Contents
Measures of Location
Measures of Variability
Measures of Variability
Measures of Distribution
Shape, Relative Location,
and Detection of Outliers
Exploratory Data Analysis
Measures of Association
Between Two Variables
The Weighted Mean and
Working with Grouped
Data

Five-number summary An exploratory data analysis

technique that uses five numbers to summarize the data:
1. Smallest value.
2. First quartile, (Q1 ).
3. Median, (Q2 ).
4. Third quartile, (Q3 ).
5. Largest value

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Exploratory Data Analysis

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Five-Number Summary

Contents
Measures of Location
Measures of Variability
Measures of Variability
Measures of Distribution
Shape, Relative Location,
and Detection of Outliers
Exploratory Data Analysis
Measures of Association
Between Two Variables
The Weighted Mean and
Working with Grouped
Data

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Exploratory Data Analysis

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Box Plot

Contents
Measures of Location
Measures of Variability
Measures of Variability
Measures of Distribution
Shape, Relative Location,
and Detection of Outliers
Exploratory Data Analysis
Measures of Association
Between Two Variables
The Weighted Mean and
Working with Grouped
Data

Box plot a graphical summary of data based on a

five-number summary. A key to the development of a box
plot is the computation of the median and the quartiles,Q1
and Q3 . The interquartile range, IQR = Q3 Q1 , is also
used.
Box plots provide another way to identify outliers. But they
do not necessarily identify the same values as those with
a z-score less than 3 or greater than +3. Either or both
procedures may be used.

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Exploratory Data Analysis

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Box Plot

Contents
Measures of Location
Measures of Variability
Measures of Variability
Measures of Distribution
Shape, Relative Location,
and Detection of Outliers
Exploratory Data Analysis
Measures of Association
Between Two Variables
The Weighted Mean and
Working with Grouped
Data

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Exploratory Data Analysis

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Box Plot

Contents
Measures of Location
Measures of Variability
Measures of Variability
Measures of Distribution
Shape, Relative Location,
and Detection of Outliers
Exploratory Data Analysis
Measures of Association
Between Two Variables
The Weighted Mean and
Working with Grouped
Data

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Exploratory Data Analysis

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Box Plot

Contents
Measures of Location
Measures of Variability
Measures of Variability
Measures of Distribution
Shape, Relative Location,
and Detection of Outliers
Exploratory Data Analysis
Measures of Association
Between Two Variables
The Weighted Mean and
Working with Grouped
Data

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Measures of Association Between Two

Variables

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Covariance
Contents
Measures of Location
Measures of Variability
Measures of Variability
Measures of Distribution
Shape, Relative Location,
and Detection of Outliers
Exploratory Data Analysis
Measures of Association
Between Two Variables
The Weighted Mean and
Working with Grouped
Data

Covariance a measure of linear association between two

variables. Positive values indicate a positive relationship;
negative values indicate a negative relationship. For a
sample of size n with the observations (x1 , y1 ), (x2 , y2 ),
and so on, the sample covariance is defined as follows:

Sample Covariance
sxy

Ahmad Fadly Nurullah bin Rasedee

P
(xi x)(yi y )
=
n1

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Variables

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Covariance
Contents
Measures of Location
Measures of Variability
Measures of Variability
Measures of Distribution
Shape, Relative Location,
and Detection of Outliers
Exploratory Data Analysis
Measures of Association
Between Two Variables
The Weighted Mean and
Working with Grouped
Data

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Measures of Association Between Two

Variables

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Covariance
Contents
Measures of Location
Measures of Variability
Measures of Variability
Measures of Distribution
Shape, Relative Location,
and Detection of Outliers
Exploratory Data Analysis
Measures of Association
Between Two Variables
The Weighted Mean and
Working with Grouped
Data

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Measures of Association Between Two

Variables

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Covariance
Contents
Measures of Location
Measures of Variability
Measures of Variability
Measures of Distribution
Shape, Relative Location,
and Detection of Outliers
Exploratory Data Analysis
Measures of Association
Between Two Variables
The Weighted Mean and
Working with Grouped
Data

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Measures of Association Between Two

Variables

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Covariance
Contents
Measures of Location
Measures of Variability
Measures of Variability
Measures of Distribution
Shape, Relative Location,
and Detection of Outliers
Exploratory Data Analysis
Measures of Association
Between Two Variables
The Weighted Mean and
Working with Grouped
Data

The formula for computing the covariance of a population

of size N

Population Covariance
xy

Ahmad Fadly Nurullah bin Rasedee

P
(xi x )(yi y )
=
N

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Measures of Association Between Two

Variables

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Interpretation of the Covariance

Contents
Measures of Location
Measures of Variability
Measures of Variability
Measures of Distribution
Shape, Relative Location,
and Detection of Outliers
Exploratory Data Analysis
Measures of Association
Between Two Variables
The Weighted Mean and
Working with Grouped
Data

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Measures of Association Between Two

Variables

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Interpretation of the Covariance

Contents
Measures of Location
Measures of Variability
Measures of Variability
Measures of Distribution
Shape, Relative Location,
and Detection of Outliers
Exploratory Data Analysis
Measures of Association
Between Two Variables
The Weighted Mean and
Working with Grouped
Data

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Measures of Association Between Two

Variables

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Interpretation of the Covariance

Contents
Measures of Location
Measures of Variability
Measures of Variability
Measures of Distribution
Shape, Relative Location,
and Detection of Outliers
Exploratory Data Analysis
Measures of Association
Between Two Variables
The Weighted Mean and
Working with Grouped
Data

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Measures of Association Between Two

Variables

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Correlation Coefficient
Contents
Measures of Location
Measures of Variability
Measures of Variability
Measures of Distribution
Shape, Relative Location,
and Detection of Outliers
Exploratory Data Analysis
Measures of Association
Between Two Variables
The Weighted Mean and
Working with Grouped
Data

Correlation coefficient A measure of linear association

between two variables that takes on values between 1
and +1. Values near +1 indicate a strong positive linear
relationship; values near 1 indicate a strong negative
linear relationship; and values near zero indicate the lack
of a linear relationship.

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Measures of Association Between Two

Variables

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Correlation Coefficient
Contents
Measures of Location
Measures of Variability
Measures of Variability
Measures of Distribution
Shape, Relative Location,
and Detection of Outliers

Pearson product moment correlation coefficient:

sample data

Exploratory Data Analysis

Measures of Association
Between Two Variables
The Weighted Mean and
Working with Grouped
Data

rxy =

sxy
sx sy

where
rxy =sample correlation coefficient
sxy = sample covariance
sx = sample standard deviation of x
sy = sample standard deviation of y

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Measures of Association Between Two

Variables

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Correlation Coefficient
Contents
Measures of Location
Measures of Variability
Measures of Variability
Measures of Distribution
Shape, Relative Location,
and Detection of Outliers
Exploratory Data Analysis
Measures of Association
Between Two Variables
The Weighted Mean and
Working with Grouped
Data

the Pearson product moment correlation coefficient for

sample data (commonly referred to more simply as the
sample correlation coefficient) is computed by dividing the
sample covariance by the product of the sample standard
deviation of x and the sample standard deviation of y .

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Measures of Association Between Two

Variables

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Correlation Coefficient
Contents
Measures of Location
Measures of Variability
Measures of Variability
Measures of Distribution
Shape, Relative Location,
and Detection of Outliers

Pearson product moment correlation coefficient:

population data

Exploratory Data Analysis

Measures of Association
Between Two Variables

xy =

The Weighted Mean and

Working with Grouped
Data

xy
x y

where
xy = sample correlation coefficient
xy = sample covariance
x = sample standard deviation of x
y = sample standard deviation of y
The sample correlation coefficient rxy provides an
estimate of the population correlation coefficient xy .
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Measures of Association Between Two

Variables

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Interpretation of the Correlation Coefficient

Contents
Measures of Location
Measures of Variability
Measures of Variability
Measures of Distribution
Shape, Relative Location,
and Detection of Outliers
Exploratory Data Analysis
Measures of Association
Between Two Variables
The Weighted Mean and
Working with Grouped
Data

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Measures of Association Between Two

Variables

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Interpretation of the Correlation Coefficient

Contents
Measures of Location
Measures of Variability
Measures of Variability
Measures of Distribution
Shape, Relative Location,
and Detection of Outliers
Exploratory Data Analysis
Measures of Association
Between Two Variables
The Weighted Mean and
Working with Grouped
Data

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Chapter 3

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The Weighted Mean and Working with

Grouped Data

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Weighted mean
Contents
Measures of Location
Measures of Variability
Measures of Variability
Measures of Distribution
Shape, Relative Location,
and Detection of Outliers
Exploratory Data Analysis

Weighted mean The mean obtained by assigning each

observation a weight that reflects its importance.

Weighted mean

Measures of Association
Between Two Variables
The Weighted Mean and
Working with Grouped
Data

P
wi xi
x= P
wi
where
xi = value of observation i
wi = weight for observation i
Computing a grade point average is a good example of
the use of a weighted mean.
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The Weighted Mean and Working with

Grouped Data

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Weighted mean
Contents
Measures of Location
Measures of Variability
Measures of Variability
Measures of Distribution
Shape, Relative Location,
and Detection of Outliers
Exploratory Data Analysis
Measures of Association
Between Two Variables
The Weighted Mean and
Working with Grouped
Data

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The Weighted Mean and Working with

Grouped Data

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Grouped Data
Contents
Measures of Location
Measures of Variability
Measures of Variability
Measures of Distribution
Shape, Relative Location,
and Detection of Outliers
Exploratory Data Analysis
Measures of Association
Between Two Variables
The Weighted Mean and
Working with Grouped
Data

Grouped data Data available in class intervals as

summarized by a frequency distribution.
weighted mean formula can be used to obtain
approximations of the mean, variance, and standard
deviation for grouped data.

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The Weighted Mean and Working with

Grouped Data

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Grouped Data
Contents

Sample variance for grouped data

Measures of Location
Measures of Variability
Measures of Variability

Measures of Distribution
Shape, Relative Location,
and Detection of Outliers

x=

Exploratory Data Analysis

Measures of Association
Between Two Variables
The Weighted Mean and
Working with Grouped
Data

fi Mi
n

where
Mi = the midpoint for class i
fi = the frequency for class i
n = the sample size

Sample variance for grouped data

2

s =
Ahmad Fadly Nurullah bin Rasedee

fi (Mi x)2
n1
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The Weighted Mean and Working with

Grouped Data

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Grouped Data
Contents
Measures of Location
Measures of Variability
Measures of Variability
Measures of Distribution
Shape, Relative Location,
and Detection of Outliers
Exploratory Data Analysis
Measures of Association
Between Two Variables
The Weighted Mean and
Working with Grouped
Data

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The Weighted Mean and Working with

Grouped Data

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Grouped Data
Contents
Measures of Location
Measures of Variability
Measures of Variability
Measures of Distribution
Shape, Relative Location,
and Detection of Outliers
Exploratory Data Analysis
Measures of Association
Between Two Variables
The Weighted Mean and
Working with Grouped
Data

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The Weighted Mean and Working with

Grouped Data

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Grouped Data
Contents
Measures of Location
Measures of Variability
Measures of Variability

Population variance for grouped data

Measures of Distribution
Shape, Relative Location,
and Detection of Outliers
Exploratory Data Analysis

Measures of Association
Between Two Variables

The Weighted Mean and

Working with Grouped
Data

fi Mi
N

Population variance for grouped data

2

Ahmad Fadly Nurullah bin Rasedee

fi (Mi )2
N

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The Weighted Mean and Working with

Grouped Data

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Grouped Data
Contents
Measures of Location
Measures of Variability
Measures of Variability
Measures of Distribution
Shape, Relative Location,
and Detection of Outliers
Exploratory Data Analysis
Measures of Association
Between Two Variables
The Weighted Mean and
Working with Grouped
Data

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Thank You