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    Mechanisms of Hormone Action

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    Narasimha Murthy
    Hormones act on target cells through receptor-mediated mechanisms. Protein hormones bind to cell membrane receptors, activating the enzyme adenyl cyclase which synthesizes cyclic AMP (cAMP) as a second messenger. cAMP then activates intracellular enzymes to elicit the cell's response. Steroid hormones diffuse into cells and bind cytoplasmic receptors, forming complexes that enter the cell nucleus to activate genes and protein synthesis, bringing about the cell's response. In all cases, a cell will only respond to hormones for which it contains specific receptors.

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    Mechanisms of Hormone Action

    Uploaded by

    Narasimha Murthy
    486 views2 pages
    Hormones act on target cells through receptor-mediated mechanisms. Protein hormones bind to cell membrane receptors, activating the enzyme adenyl cyclase which synthesizes cyclic AMP (cAMP) as a second messenger. cAMP then activates intracellular enzymes to elicit the cell's response. Steroid hormones diffuse into cells and bind cytoplasmic receptors, forming complexes that enter the cell nucleus to activate genes and protein synthesis, bringing about the cell's response. In all cases, a cell will only respond to hormones for which it contains specific receptors.

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    Hormones act on target cells through receptor-mediated mechanisms. Protein hormones bind to cell membrane receptors, activating the enzyme adenyl cyclase which synthesizes cyclic AMP (cAMP) as a second messenger. cAMP then activates intracellular enzymes to elicit the cell's response. Steroid hormones diffuse into cells and bind cytoplasmic receptors, forming complexes that enter the cell nucleus to activate genes and protein synthesis, bringing about the cell's response. In all cases, a cell will only respond to hormones for which it contains specific receptors.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    486 views2 pages

    Mechanisms of Hormone Action

    Uploaded by

    Narasimha Murthy
    Hormones act on target cells through receptor-mediated mechanisms. Protein hormones bind to cell membrane receptors, activating the enzyme adenyl cyclase which synthesizes cyclic AMP (cAMP) as a second messenger. cAMP then activates intracellular enzymes to elicit the cell's response. Steroid hormones diffuse into cells and bind cytoplasmic receptors, forming complexes that enter the cell nucleus to activate genes and protein synthesis, bringing about the cell's response. In all cases, a cell will only respond to hormones for which it contains specific receptors.

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    MECHANISMS OF HORMONE ACTION

    Exactly how hormones exert their effects on their target organs involves a number of
    complex processes.
    1. A hormone must first bond to a receptor for it on or in the target cell. Cells
    respond to certain hormones and not to others because of the presence of specific
    receptors, which are proteins.
    2. These receptor proteins may be part of the cell membrane or within the cytoplasm
    or nucleus of the target cells.
    3. A hormone will affect only those cells that have its specific receptors. Liver cells,
    for example, have cell membrane receptors for insulin, glucagon, growth
    hormone, and epinephrine; bone cells have receptors for growth hormone, PTH,
    and calcitonin. Cells of the ovaries and testes do not have receptors for PTH and
    calcitonin, but do have receptors for FSH and LH, which bone cells and liver cells
    do not have.
    4. Once a hormone has bonded to a receptor on or in its target cell, other reactions
    will take place.
    THE TWO-MESSENGER MECHANISM
    PROTEIN HORMONES
    1. Protein hormones usually bond to receptors of the cell membrane, and the
    hormone is called the first messenger.
    2. The hormonereceptor bonding activates the enzyme adenyl cyclase on the inner
    surface of the cell membrane.
    3. In summary, a cells response to a hormone is determined by the enzymes within
    the cell, that is, the reactions of which the cell is capable.
    4. These reactions are brought about by the first messenger, the hormone, which
    stimulates the formation of the second messenger, cyclic AMP. Cyclic AMP then
    activates the cells enzymes to elicit a response to the hormone .
    5. The hormonereceptor bonding activates the enzyme adenyl cyclase on the inner
    surface of the cell membrane.
    6. Adenyl cyclase synthesizes a substance called cyclic adenosine monophosphate
    (cyclic AMP or cAMP) from ATP, and cyclic AMP is the second messenger.
    7. Cyclic AMP activates specific enzymes within the cell, which bring about the
    cells characteristic response to the hormone. These responses include a change in
    the permeability of the cell membrane to a specific substance, an increase in
    protein synthesis, activation of other enzymes, or the secretion of a cellular
    product.
    8. In summary, a cells response to a hormone is determined by the enzymes within
    the cell, that is, the reactions of which the cell is capable. These reactions are
    brought about by the first messenger, the hormone, which stimulates the
    formation of the
    second messenger,cyclic AMP. Cyclic AMP then activates the cells enzymes to
    elicit a
    response to the hormone .
    ACTION OF STEROID HORMONES
    1. Steroid hormones are soluble in the lipids of the cell membrane and diffuse easily
    into a target cell. Once inside the cell, the steroid hormone combines with a protein

    receptor in the cytoplasm, and this steroid protein complex enters the nucleus of the
    cell. Within the nucleus, the steroid-protein complex activates specific genes, which
    begin the process of protein synthesis.
    2. The enzymes produced bring about the cells characteristic response to the hormone
    3. inside the cell, the steroid hormone combines with a protein receptor in the cytoplasm,
    and this steroidprotein complex enters the nucleus of the cell.
    4. Within the nucleus, the steroid-protein complex activates specific genes, which begin
    the process of protein synthesis. The enzymes produced bring about the cells
    characteristic response to the hormone.

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