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Introduction To Ultrasonic Testing

Ultrasonic testing uses high frequency sound waves to inspect materials for flaws and make measurements. A typical system consists of a pulser/receiver to generate sound waves using a transducer. When the waves encounter a discontinuity like a crack, some of the energy is reflected back to the transducer. The reflected signal is displayed to show the flaw's location and size. Ultrasonic testing can detect both surface and subsurface flaws accurately and with minimal preparation. However, it requires accessible surfaces and skilled technicians, and some materials are difficult to inspect.

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Jayyid Ghaffar Ibnu Muharrij
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165 views

Introduction To Ultrasonic Testing

Ultrasonic testing uses high frequency sound waves to inspect materials for flaws and make measurements. A typical system consists of a pulser/receiver to generate sound waves using a transducer. When the waves encounter a discontinuity like a crack, some of the energy is reflected back to the transducer. The reflected signal is displayed to show the flaw's location and size. Ultrasonic testing can detect both surface and subsurface flaws accurately and with minimal preparation. However, it requires accessible surfaces and skilled technicians, and some materials are difficult to inspect.

Uploaded by

Jayyid Ghaffar Ibnu Muharrij
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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9/19/2016

IntroductiontoUltrasonicTesting

Home AboutNDT Resources Careers Teaching SiteNavigation

HomeEducationResourcesNDTCourseMaterialUltrasound

BasicPrinciplesofUltrasonicTesting
UltrasonicTesting(UT)useshighfrequencysoundenergytoconductexaminationsandmakemeasurements.
Ultrasonicinspectioncanbeusedforflawdetection/evaluation,dimensionalmeasurements,material
characterization,andmore.Toillustratethegeneralinspectionprinciple,atypicalpulse/echoinspection
configurationasillustratedbelowwillbeused.

Introductionto
UltrasonicTesting
Introduction
BasicPrinciples
History
PresentState
FutureDirection

AtypicalUTinspectionsystemconsistsofseveralfunctionalunits,suchasthepulser/receiver,transducer,and
PhysicsofUltrasound
displaydevices.Apulser/receiverisanelectronicdevicethatcanproducehighvoltageelectricalpulses.Driven
WavePropagation
bythepulser,thetransducergenerateshighfrequencyultrasonicenergy.Thesoundenergyisintroducedand
ModesofSoundWaves
propagatesthroughthematerialsintheformofwaves.Whenthereisadiscontinuity(suchasacrack)inthewave
PropertiesofPlane
path,partoftheenergywillbereflectedbackfromtheflawsurface.Thereflectedwavesignalistransformedinto
Waves
anelectricalsignalbythetransducerandisdisplayedonascreen.Intheappletbelow,thereflectedsignal
Wavelength/Flaw
strengthisdisplayedversusthetimefromsignalgenerationtowhenaechowasreceived.Signaltraveltimecan
Detection
bedirectlyrelatedtothedistancethatthesignaltraveled.Fromthesignal,informationaboutthereflectorlocation,
ElasticPropertiesof
size,orientationandotherfeaturescansometimesbegained.
Solids
Attenuation
AcousticImpedance
Reflection/Transmission
Refraction&Snell's
Law
ModeConversion
SignaltonoiseRatio
WaveInterference
Equipment&
Transducers
Piezoelectric
Transducers
CharacteristicsofPT
RadiatedFields
TransducerBeam
Spread
TransducerTypes
TransducerTestingI
TransducerTestingII
TransducerModeling
Couplant
EMATs
PulserReceivers
UltrasonicInspectionisaveryusefulandversatileNDTmethod.Someoftheadvantagesofultrasonicinspection ToneBurstGenerators
thatareoftencitedinclude:
FunctionGenerators
ImpedanceMatching
Itissensitivetobothsurfaceandsubsurfacediscontinuities.
DataPresentation
ThedepthofpenetrationforflawdetectionormeasurementissuperiortootherNDTmethods.
ErrorAnalysis
Onlysinglesidedaccessisneededwhenthepulseechotechniqueisused.
Itishighlyaccurateindeterminingreflectorpositionandestimatingsizeandshape.
Measurement
Minimalpartpreparationisrequired.
Techniques
Electronicequipmentprovidesinstantaneousresults.
NormalBeam
Detailedimagescanbeproducedwithautomatedsystems.
Inspection
Ithasotheruses,suchasthicknessmeasurement,inadditiontoflawdetection.
AngleBeamsI
AngleBeamsII
CrackTipDiffraction
AutomatedScanning
Surfacemustbeaccessibletotransmitultrasound.
VelocityMeasurements
Skillandtrainingismoreextensivethanwithsomeothermethods.
MeasuringAttenuation
Itnormallyrequiresacouplingmediumtopromotethetransferofsoundenergyintothetestspecimen.
Materialsthatarerough,irregularinshape,verysmall,exceptionallythinornothomogeneousaredifficultto SpreadSpectrum
SignalProcessing
inspect.
Castironandothercoarsegrainedmaterialsaredifficulttoinspectduetolowsoundtransmissionandhigh FlawReconstruction

AswithallNDTmethods,ultrasonicinspectionalsohasitslimitations,whichinclude:

signalnoise.
Lineardefectsorientedparalleltothesoundbeammaygoundetected.
Referencestandardsarerequiredforbothequipmentcalibrationandthecharacterizationofflaws.
TheaboveintroductionprovidesasimplifiedintroductiontotheNDTmethodofultrasonictesting.However,to
effectivelyperformaninspectionusingultrasonics,muchmoreaboutthemethodneedstobeknown.The
followingpagespresentinformationonthescienceinvolvedinultrasonicinspection,theequipmentthatis
commonlyused,someofthemeasurementtechniquesused,aswellasotherinformation.

CalibrationMethods
CalibrationMethods
DACCurves
CurvatureCorrection
ThompsonGrayModel
UTSIM
GrainNoiseModeling
References/Standards
SelectedApplications
RailInspection
Weldments
ReferenceMaterial
UTMaterialProperties
References

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IntroductiontoUltrasonicTesting

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PartialsupportforthisworkwasprovidedbytheNSFATE(AdvancedTechnologicalEducation)programthroughgrant#DUE
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