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    Ayah Al-Anani 260735054 AEBI120 Q1/ii) Eukaryotic Cell:: More Complex Cell Type That Contains A Nucleus and

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    Ayah Al-Anani
    This document discusses the structure and functions of eukaryotic cells. It describes the four main macromolecules that make up eukaryotic cells: carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids. It then focuses on carbohydrates and their role in releasing energy to cells through respiration. Next, it covers proteins and their structural functions, using keratin and alpha helices as examples. It also explains how nucleic acids like DNA store genetic information and direct protein synthesis. Finally, it provides details on the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and their roles in processing and transporting proteins and lipids within cells.

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    Ayah Al-Anani 260735054 AEBI120 Q1/ii) Eukaryotic Cell:: More Complex Cell Type That Contains A Nucleus and

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    Ayah Al-Anani
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    This document discusses the structure and functions of eukaryotic cells. It describes the four main macromolecules that make up eukaryotic cells: carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids. It then focuses on carbohydrates and their role in releasing energy to cells through respiration. Next, it covers proteins and their structural functions, using keratin and alpha helices as examples. It also explains how nucleic acids like DNA store genetic information and direct protein synthesis. Finally, it provides details on the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and their roles in processing and transporting proteins and lipids within cells.

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    This document discusses the structure and functions of eukaryotic cells. It describes the four main macromolecules that make up eukaryotic cells: carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids. It then focuses on carbohydrates and their role in releasing energy to cells through respiration. Next, it covers proteins and their structural functions, using keratin and alpha helices as examples. It also explains how nucleic acids like DNA store genetic information and direct protein synthesis. Finally, it provides details on the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and their roles in processing and transporting proteins and lipids within cells.

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    40 views3 pages

    Ayah Al-Anani 260735054 AEBI120 Q1/ii) Eukaryotic Cell:: More Complex Cell Type That Contains A Nucleus and

    Uploaded by

    Ayah Al-Anani
    This document discusses the structure and functions of eukaryotic cells. It describes the four main macromolecules that make up eukaryotic cells: carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids. It then focuses on carbohydrates and their role in releasing energy to cells through respiration. Next, it covers proteins and their structural functions, using keratin and alpha helices as examples. It also explains how nucleic acids like DNA store genetic information and direct protein synthesis. Finally, it provides details on the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and their roles in processing and transporting proteins and lipids within cells.

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    Ayah Al-Anani

    260735054
    AEBI120
    Q1/ii)
    Eukaryotic cell: more complex cell type that contains a nucleus and

    membrane bound organelles such as mitochondria, nucleus, or chloroplasts.


    Compromised of four major macromolecules:
    1. Carbohydrates i.e. starch, sucrose, and glucose: a macromolecule/polymer, made
    up of repeating subunits called monomers. They have the general molecular formula
    (CH2O)n (where n is the number of carbon rings). Monomer: simple sugar unit called
    glucose. They are known to provide the main source of energy for cells and are the
    most abundant macromolecule.
    Function:
    Releasing energy to cells: Animals, which are composed of eukaryotic cells,
    obtain energy to carry out cellular processes using energy released from a type
    of carbohydrate called a monosaccharide (which is the simplest type of
    carbohydrate): simple sugar; made up of a single sugar molecule. i.e. glucose.
    Since these sugars contain many hydroxyl groups (-OH bonds, given the
    chemical formula of glucose is C6H12O6) this means they interact with water
    easily and are highly soluble. Thus, this allows them to dissolve and transported
    in the blood of animals easily (since the blood plasma is 90% water), where it
    breaks down and releases energy to the cell process of respiration
    2. Proteins i.e. fibrous proteins, channel proteins: a macromolecule/polymer, where
    the building block/monomer is amino acids. Proteins are formed when; two or more
    amino acids take part in a dehydration reaction (one water molecule is removed)
    where the carboxyl (-COOH) group of one amino acid reacts with the amine (-NH 2)
    group of another amino acid forming a polypeptide or protein.
    Function:
    Structural Support: As the polypeptide begins its initial folding (achieving
    secondary structure), it begins to form what is called an alpha-helix (spiral
    shaped). An alpha helix is formed when amino acid chains (polypeptides) are
    linked together by hydrogen bonds between their carbonyl and NH groups that
    stabilize the helix. These helices then wind around each other to form extremely
    stable coils that are found in fibrous proteins (proteins that provide structural
    support for cells and tissues) such as keratin. Keratin is a protein that
    strengthens hair, nails, hooves, horns and beaks; thus, providing structural
    support to organisms composed of these eukaryotic cells.
    3. Nucleic acids i.e. DNA, RNA: they are composed of subunits or monomers called
    nulceotides. A nucleotide is composed of 3 parts: 1/ a five carbon sugar: ribose in
    RNA; deoxyribose in DNA
    2/ a nitrogen base: ONE of the following:
    a. Pyrimidines (one carbon ring): Uracil, cytosine, and thymine.
    b. Purines (two carbon rings): Adenine and guanine.
    ***Note: Uracil is only found in RNA, while thymine is only found in DNA***
    Nucleic acids are formed when two or more nucleotides are joined together with
    phosphodiester bonds.

    Function:
    Stores genetic information: In eukaryotic cells, genetic information is stored in
    the DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), which is made up of the nucleic acids thymine,
    adenine, guanine, and cytosine. The genetic information is passed from parent to
    offspring. This DNA is then used to direct protein synthesis, maintaining the
    health and homeostasis (maintenance of an internal environment) of eukaryotic
    organisms.
    ***Note: lipids are not large enough to be considered polymers/macromolecules***

    Q2/i)

    Endoplasmic reticulum:
    Consists of a complicated system of membranous channels
    Comprised of the rough endoplasmic reticulum: studded with ribosomes on the
    side of the membrane that faces the cytoplasm produces protein.
    Smooth endoplasmic reticulum: continuous with the rough endoplasmic
    reticulum but has no attached ribosomes produces lipids

    Golgi apparatus: consists of a stack of slightly curved flattened saccules, found


    in both plant and animal cells.

    The rough endoplasmic reticulum has ribosomes embedded in its membrane, which
    produce proteins. These proteins are folded into the cisternae spaces (inner membrane
    foldings) called a lumen. When enough proteins are produced, the lumen pinches off
    these folds and produces what is called a transport vesicle. The Golgi apparatus then
    receives these vesicles at the cis face, (sometimes carbohydrates are added to the
    proteins produced forming glycoproteins) and may further modify these proteins and
    the proteins are again packaged in another vesicle called the secretory vesicle that
    leaves the Golgi apparatus from the trans face and moves using the cytoskeleton
    through the cytoplasm. The vesicle then fuses with the cell membrane and releases the
    contents outside the cell by exocytosis. The same applies with the
    Smooth endoplasmic reticulum and the production of lipids.
    In conclusion, the Golgi Apparatus packages, sorts and releases the products
    produced by the rough/smooth endoplasmic reticulum.

    Eukaryotes
    Have true nucleus or nuclear envelope
    (membrane bound nucleus)

    Prokaryotes

    Contain membrane bound organelles


    i.e. Golgi Apparatus
    Larger ribosomes
    Contains RNA
    DNA associated with histones, no
    plasmid
    Cells are larger
    Cell wall present
    Cytoplasm present
    Flagella present (microtubules present)
    Cilia present (microtubules present)
    Multicellular/unicellular
    Cell membrane composed of
    phospholipids
    Contains chromosomes

    No membrane bound organelles i.e. no


    Golgi Apparatus
    Smaller ribosomes
    Contains RNA
    Circular, naked DNA, plasmid

    No true nucleus or nuclear envelope

    Cells are very small


    Cell wall present
    Cytoplasm present
    Flagella present (no microtubules)
    Cilia NOT present
    Unicellular ONLY
    Cell membrane is composed of
    peptidoglycans (protein sugars)
    Contains chromosomes

    Q3/i)

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