Definite Integrals

Theory - Definite Integrals

f (x )dx is the integration of f(x) w.r.t. x with x = a as lower limit and x = b as upper limit.
a

1.

GEOMETRICAL INTERPRETATION OF DEFINITE INTEGRAL

Let f(x) be a function defined on a closed interval [a, b]. Then f ( x )dx represents the algebraic
a

Illustration 1:
4

Evaluate : (2 x 3)dx .

ww
w

.s
t

ud

ys

te

ps

.i

sum of the areas of the region bounded by the curve y = f(x), xaxis and the lines x = a, x = b. Here
algebraic sum means that area which is above the xaxis will be added in this sum with + sign and
area which is below the xaxis will be added in this sum with sign. So value of the definite integral
may be positive, zero or negative.

Solution:
3

3
y = 2x 3 is a straight line, which lie below the xaxis in 1, and above in ,
2

Definite Integrals

1 5
25
Now area of ABC = 5 =
2 2
4
1 5
25
Area of CDE = 5 =
2 2
4
4

So

(2x 3)dx

25 25

0
4
4

Illustration 2:
0

Evaluate :

4 x 2 dx .

Solution:
4 x 2 , x [ 2, 0]
Represents a quarter circle in 2nd quadrant, which is above the xaxis radius of circle is 2.

so

4 x 2 dx =

FUNDAMENTALTHEOREM OF CALCULUS

ww
w

2.

1
(2) 2 = square unit
4

.s
t

ud

ys

te

ps

.i

y=

d
f ( t )dt f ( x ) ( x [a , b] )
If f(x) is a continuous function on [a, b], then
dx a
Now if we take F( x ) f ( x ) , then by the above theorem
x

d
F( x ) f ( t )dt f ( x ) f ( x ) 0
dx
a

F( x ) f ( t )dt = constant = c (say)

F( x ) f ( t )dt c
a

Now

F(a ) f ( t )dt c 0 c c
a

Definite Integrals
x

F( x ) f ( t )dt F(a )

So

F(b) f ( t )dt F(a )

F(b) F(a ) f ( t )dt

Hence if f ( x )dx g ( x ) c , then f ( x )dx g( x ) | g(b) g(a )

Illustration 3:
Evaluate :

dx
2 x2

dx

So

2x

= sin 1

ps

0 =
4
4

GENERAL PROPERTIES OF DEFINITE INTEGRAL

3.1

x 1
1
1
| sin 1
c sin (0) c
20
2

f(g(x))g(x)dx =
a

g(b)

f(t)dt

ww
w

3.

te

ys

2x

x
+c
2

1
= sin

ud

dx

.s
t

.i

Solution:

g(a)

Illustration 4:
9

Evaluate :

dx
dx .
x 1 x

Solution:
9

I=

dx
dx
x 1 x

Put

1 x t

dx
= dt
2 x

dx
= 2dt
x

Definite Integrals

Now

when x = 4, t = 1 4 = 3
when x = 9, t = 1 9 = 4
16
2dt
4

n

=
=
=
2
|

n
|
t
||
2
(

n
4

n
3
)

3 t
3
9
4

So

3.2

I=

f(x)dx g(x)dx =

(f(x) g(x))dx .

Illustration 5:

2x 2

dx .
Evaluate : 4
2
x

3
x

2
3

Solution:

In 1st put x

1
1
= t, in 2nd put x = y
x
x

.i

ud

10 / 3

dt
dy
2
I= 2
t 5 5/ 2 y 1
3/ 2

ps

.s
t

8/3

(1 (1 / x 2 ))dx
2 (x (1 / x )) 2 1

( x 2 1)dx
2 x 4 3x 2 1
3

te

(1 (1 / x 2 ))dx
=
+
( x (1 / x )) 2 5
2
3

( x 2 1)
2 x 4 3x 2 1 dx +
3

ys

2x 2
dx =
I = 4
2
x 3x 1
2
3

1 1 8
3
10
5
tan 1
tan 1 tan 1
tan
5
3
2
3 5
2 5

7 5
1
5
tan 1
tan 1

5
56
54

ww
w

DRILL EXERCISE - 1
Evaluate the following integrals :
1.

2x 3
2
0 5x 1
1

3.

cos x
dx
4 3 sin x

/ 2

5.

sin x cos5 x dx

2.

1 5x
3

4.

x 5 1 dx

3
x cos 2 x 2 dx

Definite Integrals

3.3

f(x)dx = f(t)dt = f(y)dy

Illustration 6:

1 2x, x 0
Evaluate f (x)dx , where f(x) =
.
1 2x, x 0
1
1

Solution:
1

f (x) dx f (x) dx f (x) dx = (1 2x) dx (1 2x) dx

ps

f(x)dx = - f(x)dx

te

3.4

.i

= [x x 2 ]01 [x x 2 ]10 = 4

Evaluate

x
2

dx
4x 2 1

ud

ys

Illustration 7 :

I=

x
2

Put x =

dx
4x 2 1
1
dt
dx = 2
t
t

ww
w

dt
dt
I=
=
2
4
1/ 2 4 t
1/ 2 2 1
t 2 1
t t
1/ 3

So

.s
t

Solution:

1/ 2

2
= n t 4 t |

1/ 3

1/ 3

3 17 1

= n

2
37

Definite Integrals
c1

3.5

c2

f(x)dx = a f(x)dx + c f(x)dx + ......... + c f(x)dx .

Illustration 8 :
3

2
Evaluate | x 1 | dx .
2

Solution:
1

| x

| x

1 | dx =

1 | dx | x 1 | dx | x 2 1 | dx
2

( Here modulus function will change at the points, when x2 1 = 0 i.e. at x = 1)

So

I=

(x

1)dx (1 x )dx ( x 2 1)dx

f(a + b - x)dx .

x dx
.
x 9x

Solution:

x dx
x 9x
7

I=

I=

.s
t

Evaluate

ww
w

ud

Illustration 9 :

.i
te

f(x)dx =

ys

ps

2 2 2 2
2
28
6
=
3 3 3 3
3
3

1
3
x3
x3 1 x3
x | x
| x|
3
3 1 3
2
1

3.6

.........(i)

9x
dx
9 x 9 ( x)
9x
dx
9x x

.......(ii)

adding (i) and (ii), we get

x
9x
dx

2I =
x 9x
x 9 x
2
7

So

I=

5
2

dx = x | = 5
2

Definite Integrals
a

3.7

f(x)dx

-a

(f(x) + f(-x)d x .
0

Illustration 10 :
3

Evaluate

dx
(1 e ) (1 x 2 ) .
3
x

Solution:
3

dx
(1 e ) (1 x 2 )
3
x

1
f(x) = (1 e x ) (1 x 2 )

ex
1
f(x) =
=
(1 e x ) (1 ( x ) 2 )
(1 e x ) (1 x 2 )

so

I =

2 a f(x)dx if f(x) is an even function (f(-x) = f(x))

-a f(x)dx = 0 0
if f(x) is an odd function (f(-x) = - f(x))

Illustration 12:

Evaluate

ax
dx
ax
a

= a.2
0

ww
w

Solution:
a

ud

ys

ax
dx
ax

.s
t

3.8

te

3
dx

1
tan
x
|
=
=
2
1 x
3
0

ps

.i

Here

I=

ax

a2 x2

dx
a2 x2

dx = a

0 (

dx
a2 x2

x dx
a2 x2

x
a2 x2

is an odd function)

1 x
= 2a sin
2a[sin1(1) sin1(0)] = 2a 2 0 = a

a 0

Definite Integrals
2a

3.9

f(x)dx

f(x)dx + f(2a - x)dx .

Illustration 13 :

x dx

1 cos

Evaluate

Solution:

I=

x dx

1 cos

( x ) dx
I=
=
1 cos 2 ( x )
0

( x ) dx
2
x
0

1 cos

Addition both, we get

I =
0

dt
t 2
2

t
2
tan 1
| =
2
20
2 2

3.10

put tan x = t

f(x)dx

ww
w

sec 2 x dx
2 tan 2 x

.s
t

ys

1 cos

ud

/ 2

dx

2
( x )

/ 2

ps

.i

dx
= 2 1 cos 2 x
0

dx
I =
2 0 1 cos 2 x

te

dx
2I =
1 cos 2 x
0

= (b - a) f((b - a)x + a) dx

Illustration 14 :

Evaluate

dx

1 2sin
0

Solution:

dx
0 1 2sin 2 x
/ 2

=2

/ 2

=2

a
2a

f (x)dx 2 f (x)dx, if f 2a x f (x)

dx
1 2sin 2 x

sec 2 xdx
sex 2 x 2 tan 2 x

/ 2

=2

sec 2 xdx
1 3 tan 2 x

(Note that in the beginning we can not divide Nr. and Dr. by cos2x, as cosx = 0 at x = / 2 )

Definite Integrals

dt

1 3t

=2

(tan x = t)

1 1
= 2
tan
t
3
0
3
3 2
3

=2

Illustration 15 :
4

2/3

9 ( x 2 / 3)
( x 4)
dx .
e dx = 3 e
2

Prove that

1/ 3

Solution:
2/3

Let I = 3 e9( x 2 / 3) dx
2

1/ 3

2 1

1 2

dx =

Also

( x 4)2

.i

dx

dx =

Alternative :

( x 1) 2

ps

( x 1)
e dx
2

ys

x 1
9
3 3

ud

te

2 1 9 x
= 3 e 3 3 3 3 dx
3 3 0

x + 4 = 3t 2

.s
t

DRILL EXERCISE - 2

ww
w

Evaluate the following integrals :

1.

nx dx

2.

1/ e

/ 2

3.

n
x (1 x ) dx .
0

/ 2

5.

x dx
.
sin x cos x

sin x if 0 x 2
9

0 f (x )dx . If f(x) = 1 if 2 x 3
x 3
if 3 x 9
e

4.

(2 n(sin x) n(sin 2x)) dx .

Definite Integrals

4.

PERIODIC PROPERTIES OF DEFINITE INTEGRAL

4.1

If f(x) is a periodic function with period p, then

f(x)dx = n f(x)dx, n I .
0

Illustration 16 :
n v

| sin x | dx (2n 1) cos v , where n N and 0 v .

Prove that

Solution:
v

I = | sin x | dx = | sin x | dx
v

n v

I1 = | sin x | dx sin dx

| sin x | dx I1 I 2

(as 0 v and sin x 0 , when n [0, ] )

n v

.i

= cos x | = cos v + 1 = 1 cos v

n v

te

If f(x) is a periodic function with period p, then

ud

4.2

I = 1 cos v + 2n = (2n + 1) cos v

ys

So

ps

I2 = | (sin x ) | dx = n | (sin x ) | dx = n sin dx = n cos x 0 = 2n

10

(n - m) f(x)dx, n, m I .
0

{2x}dx , where {.} denotes the fractional part of x.

Evaluate

3 / 2

ww
w

Solution:

f(x) = {2x}is a periodic function with period

1
2

20 (1 / 2 )

10

Let I =

f(x)dx =

mp

.s
t

Illustration 17 :

np

{2x}dx

3 / 2

{2x}dx

3(1 / 2 )

1/ 2

= 23 2x dx

(as {2x} = 2x [2x] and when x [0, 1 / 2), [ 2 x ] 0)

1/ 2

2
= 23 x | =
0

23
4

Definite Integrals
b+np

4.3

If f(x) is a periodic function with period p, then

f(x)dx =

f(x)dx,

nI .

a+np

Illustration 18:
1

3 x
Find x . e dx .
4

Solution:

Let f(x) = x3 e x , then f(x) = (x)3. e ( x ) x 3e x = f(x)

f (x ) dx = 0 ; or

e x dx 0
4

Evaluate

.i

10

Illustration 19:

(sin x cos x) dx .

Let

I=

10

(sin x cos x) dx =

/3

/3

(sin x cos x) dx = (sin x cos x ) |

/6

.s
t

3 1 1
3

=
=
2 2 2 2

te

/6

ud

10

ys

Solution:
f(x) = sin x + cos x is periodic with period 2

ps

10
6

ww
w

3 1

DRILL EXERCISE - 3

Evluate the following integrals :

41 / 2

100

1.

{x}dx , where {x} denotes the fraction part of x.

2.

0
100

3.

7 / 2
x [x ]

dx

4.

p q

Show that

| cosec x | dx
0

5.

sin x dx .

cos x dx 2q sin p where q N and

p .
2
2

Definite Integrals

5.

DIFFERENTIATION OF DEFINITE INTEGRAL

5.1

If F(x) =

g(t)dt then F (x) = g(f 2 (x))f 2 (x) - g(f 1 (x))f 1 (x) .

f1 (x)

Illustration 20:
4

Find the value of | sin x | dx

Solution:

We know that |sinx| is a periodic function of . Hence

| sin x |dx 4 | sin x |dx 4 sin xdx

= 4 cos x 0 8

.i

Illustration 21 :
If a, b are variable real numbers such that a + b = 4, a < 2 and f ( x ) 0 x R , then prove that

ys

4t
4t
,a
2
2
4 t
2

g(t) =

f (x )dx f (x )dx

ww
w

Let

4 t
2

So,

ud

(b a) = t
b+a=4

.s
t

Solution:
Let

te

ps

b
a

f ( x )dx f ( x )dx will increase as (b a) increases.

0
0

4 t 1 4 t 1
f

g( t ) = f
2 2 2 2

1 4 t 4 t
f
f

2 2 2

Now

a < 2 and a + b = 4
a<b

4t 4t
f
f

2 2

g( t ) 0
g(t) will increases as t increases

( as f ( x ) 0 f(x) is increasing )

f (x)dx f (x)dx will increases as (b a) increases

Definite Integrals
b

5.2

dI
= f (x, t)dx , where f (x, t) denotes the derivative of f w.r.t. t
If I(t) = f(x, t)dx , then
dt
a
a

keeping x constant.
Illustration 22:

x t 1
dx ( t 0) .
Evaluate :

n
x

a
Solution:
1

x t 1
dx
I(t) =
n x
0

1
x t n x
dI
dx

dt 0 n x

dI

Let

1
x t 1 1
t
x
dx
| =
=
0
t 1
t 1 0

dt
t 1

I = n | t 1 | c
at t = 0, I(t) = 0
c=0
I = n | t 1 |

te

but
So
Hence

ys

dI t 1

ps

.i

dt

ex

cos t

If F(x) =

dt , find F( x ) .

ww
w

1.

2.

.s
t

ud

DRILL EXERCISE - 4

2
If F(t) = sin( x t )dx , find F( t ) .
2

3.

Find the interval in which F(x) =

(e

1) (2 t)dt, (x 1) is increasing.

1
x

4.

If {F(x)}101 (F(t))100
0

x
5.

If y =

dt
, then find F(x).
1 sin t

z n t dt , find dydx at x = e.

x1

Definite Integrals

6.

APPROXIMATION IN DEFINITE INTEGRAL

6.1

If f1 (x) f(x) f 2 (x) x [a, b] , then f1 (x)dx f(x)dx f 2 (x)dx .

Illustration 23 :
1

Prove that

dx

4x x
2

4 2

Solution:

0 x 1

0 x3 x2 1

4 x2 x2 4 x2 x3 4 x2

4x x
2

dx
4 x2

4 2x 2
1

dx
4 x2 x3

dx
4 2x 2

dx

2
3
6 0 4x x
4 2

ys

If absolute maximum and minimum value of f(x), when x [a , b] is M and m respectively,,

ud

6.2

te

.i

4x

x 2 x 3 0

ps

Illustration 24 :

Solution:
Let

dx

3
.
3
10 5 0 x 10x 9 sin x 5 5

ww
w

Prove that

.s
t

then m (b - a) f(x)dx M (b - a) .

f(x) = x3 + 10 x + 9 sin x + 5
f ( x ) = 3x2 + 10 + 9 cos x > 0 x R
f(x) is entirely increasing

1
is decreasing in (0, )
f (x)

Absolute maximum of f(x) in [0, ] is

so

dx

3
10 5 0 x 10x 9 sin x 5 5

1
1
and absolute minimum is 3
5
10 5

Definite Integrals

7.

DEFINITE INTEGRAL OF PIECEWISE CONTINUOUS FUNCTIONS

Suppose we have to evaluate f ( x )dx , but either f(x) is not continuous at x = c1, c2, ...., cn or it
a

is not defined at these points. In both cases we have to break the limit at c1, c2, ...., cn .
Illustration 25 :
3

Estimate the integral

3 x 3 dx

Solution:

The function f (x) 3 x 3 increases monotonically on the interval [1, 3].

2.2

3 x dx 2 30
3

3
or 4 3 x dx 2 30
1

ps

.i

m = minimum value of 3 13 4 2
ba=2

te

Illustration 26 :
2

1 x 2

1 x3 8

ud

Solution:

I=

[x

1]dx

[x
1

Now

31/ 3

ww
w

21/ 3

[x

1]dx

0 x3 1 7

.s
t

So

ys

Evaluate [ x 3 1] dx where [.] denotes the greatest integer function.

[x

1]dx .......

1/ 3

1]dx

1/ 3

13
if x 1, 2 , then x 3 [1, 2) or [x3 1] = 0 and so on

therefore I =

21 / 3

31 / 3

21 / 3

71 / 3

0.dx 1.dx ......... 6.dx

= [31/3 21/3] + 2[41/3 31/3] + 3[51/3 41/3] + 4[61/3 41/3] + 4[61/3 51/3] + 6[2 71/3]
= 12 [71/3 + 61/3 + 51/3 + 41/3 + 31/3 + 21/3]

Definite Integrals

Illustration 27:
b

|x|
dx | b | | a | .
x
a

Prove that

Solution:
We can divide all the possible values of a and b in 3 cases
Case I :
0ab
b

|x|
dx =
I=
x
a

x dx = b a = | b | | a |
a

ab0

Case II :

|x|
dx =
I=
x
a

x
dx = a b = | a | ( | b | ) = | b | | a |
x

a<0<b
b

Case III :

ps

.i

|x|
|x|
|x|
dx =
dx
dx
I=
x
x
x
a
a
a

te

= (1)dx 1 dx = a + b = | a | + | b | = | b | | a |

1.

Show that :

2.

Show that : 2e

dx
1 x

1
4

z
2

ex
0

3.

If I =

dx

1 x

3/ 2

ud

ww
w

.s
t

Evaluate the following integrals :

ys

DRILL EXERCISE - 5

dx 2e 2

, prove that, n 2 I

.
4

4.

[2x] dx , where [ ] denotes the greatest integer function.

5.

If f(x) = |x - x| + |x 2|, then evaluate f (x)

6.

2x

sin dx
0

k N, where [ ] denotes the greatest integer function.

Definite Integrals

8.

DEFINITE INTEGRAL AS THE LIMIT OF A SUM

Consider f ( x )dx , for simplicity, we can take f ( x ) 0 x [a , b] . Then f ( x )dx represents

the area bounded by the curve y = f(x) xaxis and the lines x = a and x = b i.e. the above shaded
area. Now this area can be divided into n parts.

.i

ba
Area of the rth part can be assumed a rectangle, with width equal to
and height equal to
n

ps

b a
f a r
.
n

ba
b a
f a r
but this in only approximated area. To get the actual
n
n
r 1
n

te

ys

So that area =

n
ba ba
area, take rectangle with width tends to zero, hence f ( x )dx Lim
f a
r .
n
n
r 1 n
a

ud

.s
t

This is used both ways i.e. to evaluate the definite integral as a limit of sum and also used in finding
the sum of infinite terms of some series.

ww
w

Illustration 28 :

1
1
1
1

.....
Evaluate Lim
.

n
4n 4
4n 9
3n
4n 1
Solution:

1
1
1
1

.....
L = Lim

n
4n 4
4n 9
3n
4n 1
n

= Lim

n
r 1
n

= Lim

n
r 1

1
4n 2 r 2
(1 0)
n

1 0
4 0 r

Which is of the form

Definite Integrals
n

Lim
n

r 1

ba
b a
f a r

n
n

Here b = 1, a = 0 and f(x) =

So

L=

dx

4 x2

1
= sin

1
4 x2
x1
| =
20
6

Illustration 29 :

n2
n2
1

.........
Evaluate Lim
.
3
3
n ( n 1)
(n 2)
64n

Solution:

.i

n2
n2
1

.........

L = Lim

n ( n 1) 3
(n 2)3
64n

n2
3
r 1 (n r)
3n

te

ps

= Lim

Put 3n = m, we get

m
r
3

ud

r 1

ww
w

m
3
1

= Lim
n
r 1 m 1 3r
m

.s
t

ys

m2 / 9

L = Lim

dx

(1 x )

1 3 15
| =
2(1 x ) 2 0 32

Illustration 30 :
1
1
1

... = ln6

Show that Lim

Solution:
1
1
1
1
1
1
Lim

... = Lim

...

n n 1
n

n2
6n
n 5n

n 1 n 2

Definite Integrals

5n
1
1
1
lim

Lim
=

n
n n
r
r 1 n r
r 1
1

n
5n

Lower limit of r = 1

Lower limit of integration = Lim

Upper limit of r = 5n.

Upper limit of integration = lim

from (1)

1 x

1
0
n
5n
5
n

dx ln (1 x) 0
5

.i

= ln6 ln1 = ln6

ps

DRILL EXERCISE - 6

2n

r 1

1
.
nr

2.

n 1
n2
1
Lim 2 2 2
.....
2
n n 1
n
n 2

4.

Lim

ys

3.

Lim

.s
t

Lim

ud

LM 1 1 1 .......... 1 OP
nb Q
N na na 1 na 2

1.

te

Evaluate the following integrals :

n 1

2 k 4 k 6 k .. (2n ) k
, k 1 is equal to.
n k 1

6.

Lim

3
n
n
n

...........
1

n
n 3
n6
n 3(n 1)

ww
w

5.

Lim

r 0

1
n r2
2

Definite Integrals

ANSWER - KEY
Drill exercise 1
1.

3
1
log 6 +
tan1 5
5
5

2.

4 2
3

4.

5.

64
231

3.

3.

1
(n 1)(n 2)

Drill exercise 2

4.

2.

n2
4

+ e6
2

5.

2 2

n (1 +

2)

2(1e1)

.i

1.

2. 1

3. 100 (e1)

4.

5
2

ys

1. 50

te

ps

Drill exercise 3

2
2. cos( x t ) 2 t dx

.s
t

ud

Drill exercise 4
2

1. cos(e ) e cos(x )2x

3. [0, 2]

4.

1
(tan x sec x 1)
101

ww
w

5. 1 + e

Drill exercise 5

4.

5.

22
3

6.

sin k. sin(k 1 / 2)
sin(1 / 2)
2

Drill exercise 6
1. log

4.

b
a

2.

1
+ n2
4 2

5.

2k
k 1

3. loge 3
6. 2

Definite Integrals

SOLVED SUBJECTIVE EXAMPLES

(a

Evaluate I =

xdx
cos x b 2 sin 2 x) 2
2

Solution:
a

( x)dx
Applying f (x) dx f (a x)dx , I (a 2 cos 2 x b 2 sin 2 x) 2

dx
(a cos x b 2 sin 2 x) 2
0

adding, 2I

Here f(2ax) = f(x). Thus, we have

/ 2

/ 2

(1

/ 2

a2
a
tan 2 ) sec 2 d
2
b
b
2
a (1 tan 2 ) 2

ud

I=

ys

Put b tanx = a tan , bsec2xdx = asec2 d

ps

dx
sec4 xdx

0 (a 2 b2 tan 2 x)2
(a 2 cos 2 x b 2 sin 2 x) 2

te

or

dx
(a cos x b 2 sin 2 x) 2
2

.i

/ 2

2I = 2

.s
t

= 3
ab

/ 2

(1

ww
w

a2
tan 2 )
/ 2 a(1
2
b
=
d
4
ba
sec 2
0

a2

tan 2 ) cos 2 d = 3 2
2
b
ab

/ 2

Now I1 =

(b

cos 2 a 2 sin 2 ) d

Applying f (x) dx f (a x) dx ,
/ 2

(b
0

sin 2 a 2 cos 2 )d

/ 2

(b
0

cos 2 a 2 sin 2 )d 3 2 I1 (say)

Definite Integrals
/2

adding 2I1 =

2
(a b 2 ) or
2

(a 2 b 2 )d

I1 =

2
(a b 2 )
4

2
2
2
(a

b
)

(a2 + b2)

4a 3b3
a 3 b3 4

Example 2 :

Evaluate

xdx

1 cos

Solution:

x
dx
2
1

cos
x
0

Let I

ps

dx
I
1 cos 2 x
0

(as f(2a x) = f(x))

dt
1 t
I =
2 =
tan

2t
2
2 0
0

ww
w

Let tanx = t, sec x dx = dt

sec 2 x
dx
1 sec 2 x

dx

1 cos

.s
t

/ 2

ys

dx
2I
= 2
1 cos 2 x
0

ud

te

/ 2

22
2 2

2
I
2 2

Example 3 :
x2

Find the points of maxima/minima of

Solution:

( x)
dx
xdx
0 1 cos2 ( x) dx 0 1 cos2 x 0 1 cos2 x

.i

t 2 5t 4
dt .
2 et

Definite Integrals
x2

t 2 5t 4
dt
2 et

Let f(x) =

f (x)

x 4 5x 2 4
2 ex

2x 0

(x 1) (x 1) (x 2) (x 2) 2x
2 ex

From the wavy curve, it is clear that f (x) changes its sign at x = 2, 1, 0 and hence the points
of maxima are 1, 1 and that of the minima are 2, 0, 2.
Example 4 :
4

Evaluate

({x})

[x ]

dx, where {.} and [.] denote the fractional part and the greatest integer functions

.i

respectively.

ps

Solution:
4

te

I ({x})[ x ] dx
1

ys

[x]
= (x [x]) dx

ud

.s
t

[x]
[x]
[x]
= (x [x]) dx (x [x]) dx (x [x]) dx
3

3
= (x 1) dx (x 2) dx (x 3) dx
2

ww
w

(x 1)2 (x 2)3 (x 3)4

2 1 3 2 4 3
1
1 1

13
2 0 3 0 4 0 12

Example 5 :
x

If

/3

3 sin t dt cos t dt 0 , then evaluate

dy
.
dx

Solution:
Differentiating the given equation w.r.t. to x, we get

Definite Integrals
x
d y

d
2
3

sin
t
dt
cos t.dt 0

dx / 3

dx 0

3 sin 2 x cos y

dy
0
dx

dy
3 sin 2 x

dx
cos y

Example 6 :
2x 7 3x 6 10x 5 7x 3 12x 2 x 1
dx
Compute the integral
x2 2
2
2

3x 6 12x 2 1
2x 7 10x 5 7x 3 x
dx

dx
x2 2

x2 2
2
2
2

ps

.i

Solution:
Break the integrand as the sum of two functions, one being even and the other being odd.

te

Now using property

ud

3x6 12x 2 1
3x 2 (x 4 4) 1
dx

2
0 x2 2 dx
x2 2

.s
t

I2
2

2
2
= 2 3x (x 2)dx 2
0

6x 5
3
= 5 4x

ww
w

ys

f (x) dx 0 , if f(x) is odd and 2 f (x) dx , if f(x) is even

dx
x 2
2

2
x
tan 1
+
2
2

16
2
2 2 5

Example 7 :
/ 4

Prove that

x2
4
.
dx
2
(x sin x cos x)
4

Solution:
/ 4

x cos x
.x sec x dx
(x sin x cos x) 2

Definite Integrals
/ 4

x sec x

x sin x cos x 0
( / 4) 2. 2

1
4

/ 4

/ 4

sec x x sec x.tan x

1
cos x x sin x
.
dx
2
cos x x sin x cos x

/ 4

sec

xdx

2
/ 4
tan x 0 2 1 4
4
4
4

Illustration 8 :
/ 4

ln(1 tan x)

Evaluate

dx

.i

Solution:
Let f(x) = ln (1 + tanx)

ps

1 tan x
2
f x ln 1 tan x ln 1
ln

1 tan x
4
4
1 tan x

2
f(x) + f x = ln (1 + tanx) + ln
= ln2
1 tan x
4

ys

f (x) f x dx
2
4

ud

/ 4

ln2
ln2
2 4
8

/ 4

ln
0

.s
t

1
2

te

Example 9 :

ww
w

1
2
Evaluate cot (1 x x) dx
0

Solution:

1
1
dx
Let I cot (1 x x) = tan
2
1

x
0
1

1
= tan
0

1
dx =
1 x(x 1)

tan

x (x 1)

dx
1 x(x 1)

1
1
= tan xdx tan (x 1) dx

1
1
1
= tan x dx tan x dx = 2 tan x dx

2dx

Definite Integrals

1
ln 2

2 x tan 1 x ln (1 x 2 ) 2
log 2

2
2
2
4

0
1

Example 10 :
2

Evaluate

[cot

x ]dx , where [.] denotes the greatest integer function.

Solution:
2

Let I

cot 1

cot 1 x dx =

[cot 1 x]dx

[cot

x]dx

cot 1

cot1

0.dx = cot1

1.dx

cot1

te

1/ n

ud

n 1 n 2 n n
Let L lim
...
n n
n
n

ps

1/ n

ys

n 1 n 2 n n
...
Find nlim
n
n
n

Solution:

.i

Example 11 :

1/ n

.s
t

1 2 3
n
= nlim
1 1 1 ..... 1

n
n n n

1 1
2

n
ln 1 ln 1 ... ln 1

n n
n
n
n

= nlim

ww
w

ln L lim

1 n
r

ln 1 =

n r 1
n

ln (1 x) dx
0

1
x
1
1

= [x ln (1 x)]0 x 1 dx = ln 2 1
dx
1 x
0
0

L = 4/e
Example 12 :
x

Prove that e .e
xt

Solution:

t2

dt e

x2 / 4

t
e
0

/4

dt

Definite Integrals
x

Let I e xt .e t dt
2

xz
1
, dt dz [we want to convert t(x t) to
2
2

Let t
x

I e .e
tx

xz

(xz)
.x
1
dt e 2 e
2 x
x

t2

xz xz

]
2 2

x z

1
dz e 4 4 dz
2 x
2

x
x x
z
t
2
2
1 x2 / 4
1 4 4
1 x2 / 4 4
t2 / 4
dt = e x / 4 e t / 4 dt
e
e
dz

e
e
dt = e 2 e
=

2
2 x
2
0
0
x
x

xt
t
x
e .e dt e
2

/4

t2 / 4

dt

.i

Example 13 :

te

ps

1
dx

Evaluate ln x .
x 1 x2

Let I =

ys

Solution:

dx

ln x x . 1 x

ud

Let x = tan dx = sec2 d

ln (tan cot )

ww
w

sec 2
d
1 tan 2

.s
t

/2

I
/2

/2

ln (tan cot )d
0

/2

/2

ln sin d

(sin 2 cos 2 )
ln
d
sin cos

ln cos d = ln 2 ln 2
2
2

ln 2

Example 14 :
Let f be a continuous function on [a, b]. Prove that there exists a number x [a, b] such that
x

f (t) dt f (t)dt
Solution:

Definite Integrals
x

Let g(x) = f (t) dt f (t)dt, x [a, b]

We have g(a) = f (t) dt and g(b) = f (t) dt g(a). g(b) = f (t) dt 0

a
a
b

Clearly g(x) is continuous in [a, b] and g(a). g(b) 0

It implies that g(x) will become zero at least once in [a, b]. Hence f (t) dt f (t) dt for at least one
value of x [a, b] .
Example 15 :
a

Solution:
a

ps

.i

dx
Let f(x) be a continuous function such that f(a x) + f(x) = 0 for x [0, a] . Find
1 ef (x )
0

.s
t

a
2

ud

2I 1.dx a I =

ww
w

dx
ef (x)

dx
I+I=
1 ef (x) 0 1 ef (x)
0

ys

te

dx
dx
dx
ef (x)

dx
Let I =
=
=
1 ef (x) 0 1 ef (a x)
1 ef (x)
1 ef (x)
0
0
0

Definite Integrals

SOLVED OBJECTIVE EXAMPLES

If I =

cos 2 x dx then

2 1

(a)
32 4

2 1

(b)
32 4

2 1

32 8
Solution:
Integrating by parts
(c)

/ 4

(d)

2 1

32 8

/ 4

Example 2 :

ud

ys

cos 2 x
dx then
If I =
1 a x

.s
t

(a)

3
Solution:

cos 2 ( x)
1 a x dx :

adding 2I =

a x cos 2 x
1 a x dx

cos

xdx [ f(x) = cos2x = f(x)]

sin 2x
= 2 cos .xdx x

2

0
0
2

2I

I = /2

Example 3 :

2
cos x dx = 2

(b)
(d)

ww
w

(c)

/ 4

2x
2
1 sin 2x
2 1
cos dx =
0

2
32
2 2 0
32 4

te

.i

/ 4

ps

/ 4

2 cos 2 x
x.

=
32
2 0

2 sin 2 x
x sin 2 xdx
I = x
2 0

Definite Integrals
1

Let f(x) = x [x], for every real number x, where [x] is integral part of x, then

f (x) dx is

(a) 0
(c) 1
Solution:

(b) 1
(d) 2
1

Let f(x) = x [x], I = (x [x])dx

x2

x2

(x

[x])
dx

(x

[x])
dx

(x

1)
dx

x.dx
=
=

1
0

0
2
1 2 0
1
1
0

Example 4 :
100

[tan

(x)]dx is( [.] denotes the greatest integer function).

x]dx

tan1

ta n 1

ps

[tan

te

100

100

0 .d x

1 .d x

ys

1
[tan x]dx

1 0 0 ta n 1

ud

tan1

(b) (100 + tan 1)

.i

(a) (100 tan2)

ta n 1

.s
t

Example 5 :
If f, g and h be continuous function on [0, a] such that f(a x) = f(x), g(a x) = g(x) and

ww
w

3h(x) 4h (ax) = 5, then f (x). g(x). h(x) dx =

(a) 0
(c) 2
Solution:

(b) 1
(d) 1

I f (a x) g(a x).h (a x) dx
0

7I = 3I + 4I = f (x)g(x) {3h(x) 4h (a x)} dx = 5 f (x) g(x) dx 0

f(a x) g(a x) = f(x) g(x) I = 0

Example 6 :

Definite Integrals
3

Definite integration of
2

x
dx is
5 x x

(a)

1
3

(b)

1
4

(c)

1
2

(d) 0

Solution:
b

Using property f (x) dx f (a b x) dx

2 3 x
dx
5 (2 3 x) 5 x

.i

x
dx adding
5 x x
x
5 x x

dx = 1.dx 3 2 1

ys

5 x
2I

2 ( x 5 x

ps

5x
dx
x 5 x

te

I=

ud

I = 1/2

.s
t

Example 7 :
If f : R R is continuous and differentiable function such that
x

f (t)dt f (3) dt t dt f (1) t dt f (2) t dt then the value of f (4) is

(a) 48 8 f (1) f (2)

ww
w

(b) 48 8f (1) f (2)

Solution:
x

3
2
f (t) dt f (3) dt t dt f (1) t dt f (2) t.dt Differentiable w.r.t. x both side

f(x).1 0 f (3) = x3 f (1). x2 f (2).x

f (x) 3x 2 f (1).2x f (2)

f (4) = 48 f (1) 8 f (2)

Example 8 :

Definite Integrals

, n 1, 2,3...
0, where x
n 1

If f(x) =
1, else where

then the value of f (x) dx

(a) 1
(c) 2
Solution:

(b) 0
(d)

1/ 2

2/3

3/ 4

1/ 2

2/3

n
n 1

f (x) dx 1.dx 1.dx 1.dx ... 1.dx ... dx

...
... 1
n

n 1
as n

ps

we take n

n
... 1
n 1

1 2
1 3
2

2 3
2 4
3

.i

n 1
n

f (x) dx 11 2

te

ys

Example 9 :

(cos px sin qx)

ud

dx where p, q are integers is equal to

.s
t

(a)
(c)
Solution:

ww
w

(b) 0
(d) 2

I (cos 2 px sin 2 qx 2cos px sin qx)dx

sin2qx, cos2 px are even functions of x and cospx .sinqx is an odd function.

2
2
cos px dx 2 cos pxdx

2
2
sin qx dx 2 sin qx dx and

cos px sin qx dx = 0

I 2 cos 2 px dx 2 sin 2 qx dx 0

1 cos 2px
1 cos 2qx
2
dx 2
dx
2
2

0
0

Definite Integrals

sin 2px
sin 2qx
(1 cos 2px) dx (1 cos 2qx) dx = x
x
=

2p 0
2q 0 2

0
0

Example 10 :
/ 2

The value of integral

(x)
dx is
(x) ( / 2 x)

4
(c)
Solution:

2
(d) none of these

(a)

(b)

Let I

.i

x
/ 2
(x)
2

dx
dx then I

(x) x
0
x (x)
2

/ 2

ys

ps

adding 2I

(x) x
/ 2
2
dx 1.dx x / 2 =
0
I = /4
0
2

x (x)
2

te

/ 2

ud

Example 11 :

x sin x cos x dx =
4

10

(c)

ww
w

(a)

.s
t

(b)

(d) none of these

Solution:

I x sin x cos 4 xdx

4
4
= ( x) sin ( x) cos ( x) dx ( x) sin x cos xdx

4
= sin x cos x dx I
0

Definite Integrals

cos5 x

2I =
= (1 1)
5
5
5

Example 12 :
tan x

The value of

1/ e

cot x

t.dt
dt

is equal to
2
1 t
t(1 t 2 )
1/ e

(a) 1
(c) / 4
Solution:

(b) 1/2
(d) none of these

1/ e

cot x

tdt
dt

2
1 t
t(1 t 2 )
1/ e

tan x

I(x)

.i

Diff. w.r.t x.

ps

dI (x)
tan x
1
2

sec 2 x
2
dx
(1 tan x)
cot x (1 cot 2 x) (cosec x) = 0

te

I(x) = constant

tdt
dt
t2 1
dt

dt [ln t]11/ e 1
Let x = Thus
= 2
2
2

t(t 1)
t
4 1/ e 1 t 1/ e t(1 t )
4
1/ e
1/ e
1

ud

ys

Example 13 :

a
(b) ln

b
(d) ln b

ww
w

b
(a) ln
a
(c) ln a
Solution:

.s
t

1
1
1
1
lim

... is equal to
n na
na 1 na 2
nb

1
1
lim
...

n na
na 1
na n(b a)

n (b a )

lim

r 1

n (b a )
1
1
1
lim
=
n

na r
r 1 a r / n n

ba

1
b
dx ln
ax
a

Example 14:
a

The values of a for which (3x 2 4x 5) dx a 3 2 are

Definite Integrals

1
a 2
2

(a)

(b)

1
2

(c) a

1
a 2
2

(d) a 2

Solution:
a

3x 3 4x 2

3
3 2 5x a 2

a3 + 2a2 5a < a3 2
2a2 5a + 2 < 0
2a (a 2) 1 (a 2) < 0

1
a 2
2

te

, then eax dx where a > 0 is

ys
ud

.s
t

(c) 2

(b)

Solution:

ax
I = e dx put
2

a x = z, dx =

Ie
0

z2

ww
w

(a)

ps

If e x dx

.i

Example 15:

dz
a

dz 1
1
z2

e
dz

a
a 0
2 a 2 a

(d)

2a

1
2 a