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com

ADDITIONAL
MATHEMATICS
MODULE 16

DIFFERENTIATION

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CHAPTER 9 : DIFFERENTIATION

ContentS
Concept Map
9.1

9.2

First Derivative for Polynomial Function

Test Yourself 1

First Derivative of a Product

of Two Polynomials

Test Yourself 2

9.3 First Derivative of a Quotient

of Two Polynomials
Test Yourself 3

6
7

9.4 First Derivative of a Composite Function

Test Yourself 4

SPM Question

10

Assessment
Answer

11 12
13

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DIFFERENTIATION TECHNIQUES

yk

dy dy du

dx du dx

dy

dx

y ax n

y uv

dy

dx

dy

dx

u
v

dy

dx

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9.1

First Derivative for Polynomial Function

1. If y k , where k is a constant, then

dy

dx

Maths Tip
To differentiate means
dy
to find
or f ' ( x)
dx

dy
2. If y ax n , then

dx

TEST YOURSELF 1

1.

y = 10
dy
=
dx

2. y = x 5
dy
=
dx

3. f (x) = -2 x 3
f (x)=

4. y =

7
x

dy
=
dx

5. f ( x)

6. y 4 x 2 x
dy
=
dx

1
3x 3

f (x)=

7.

d 2 1

2 x 2 5x
dx
x

8. y x(3 x 2)
dy

dx

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3

Always change
a fractional
function to the
negative index
before finding
differentiation

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9. Given y 3x 2 4 x , find the value of

dy
dx

10. Given f ( x) x 1 x 2 , find the value of

f ' (0) and f ' (1).

when x =2.

9.2 First Derivative of a Product of Two Polynomials

If y uv, where u and v are both functions of x ,
dy
dv
du
then
u
v
dx
dx
dx

Example :

Given that y 2 x 2 2 x 2 3 , find

Solution :

left

right

y 2x 2 2

dy
.
dx

dy
= 2 x 2 2 2 x x 2 3 4 x
dx
Keep
Left

Diff.
right

Keep
right

Diff.
left

= 4 x 3 4 x 4 x 3 12 x
= 8x 3 8x

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TEST YOURSELF 2

1. y x 1 x 2 x 2
dy
=
dx

2.

3. Given y x 2 1 3x 4 . Find
x= -1.

dy
when
dx

d
3x 2 1 4 x 3 2 x =
dx

4. Given a curve f x x 1 2 x 2 x ,
find
a) f '(x),
b) the value of f ' (2)

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9.3 First Derivative of a Quotient of Two Polynomials

If

u
y , then
v

dy

dx

du
dv
u
dx
dx
2
v

top
Example:
2x 2 5
If f ( x)
, find f(x)
3x 1
bottom
Solution:
keep diff keep diff

bottom top top bottom

f ( x)
bottom 2

3x 14 x 2 x 2 53
3x 12

12 x 2 4 x 6 x 2 15
=
3x 12
=

6 x 2 4 x 15
3x 12

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TEST YOURSELF 3

1. y

3x 2
x2

2. y

dy
=
dx

3. Given f ( x)
f '(2).

x2 x 2
x2 1

dy

dx

1 5x 2
. Find the value of
1 x2

x 1
, find the value of x
x 1
1
when f '(x) = .
2

4. Given f x

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9.4 First Derivative of a Composite Function

i) Using the chain rule

dy dy du
dy
du

, where
f ' (u ) and
g ' ( x)
dx du dx
du
dx

ii) Using the formula

y ax b ,
n

dy
n 1
nax b (a )
dx

Example :
Given that y 23 x 5 , find
4

dy
.
dx

Solution :
Using the chain rule
u = 3x 5, then y 2u 4
du
dy
Therefore,
3 and
8u 3
dx
du
Hence,
dy dy du

dx du dx
Let

Using the formula

y 23 x 5

Power is reduced by 1

2x4

dy
3
8 3x 5 3
dx
The function in
the brackets is
differentiated.

The function in
the brackets is
kept

8u 3 3
Substitute
u=3x - 5

24u 3
24 3 x 5

243 x 5

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TEST YOURSELF 4

1. y x 2 3x
dy
=
dx

3.

y =

2.

1
5 x 34

4.

dy
=
dx

5. Differentiate
to x.

x 4 3 2 x with respect
7

y 3 2x2 3 .
dy
=
dx

Given y 3 p 2 and p = 2x 1.
dy
Find
in terms of x.
dx

6. Given that f ( x) x 2 x 2 3 , find

the value of f ' when x 1.

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SPM QUESTION

SPM 2004 (Paper 1 Question 20)

Differentiate

3 x 2 2 x 5 with respect to x.
4

[3 marks]
Solution:

SPM 2002 (Paper 2 )

1
dp
dp
3
p 1 t t 2 . Find
and hence, find the values of t when
1.
2
dt
dt
[5 marks]
Solution :

Given

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ASSESSMENT
1.

y 5x

( 30 minutes)

1
dy
2, find
.
x
dx

3
dy
, find
.
2
4x
dx

2.

3.

Find

d x2 x

.
dx x 2

4.

If

y 4 x 33 x 5 ,find

dy
.
dx

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dy
2x 1
,find
.
3x 2
dx

5.

If y

6.

If f ( x) x 3 2 ,find f ' ( x)

7.

If y 2 x 3 5 x 2 9 x 8 , find the value of

dy
when x 1 .
dx

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ANSWER
Test Yourself 1

Test Yourself 2

1.

1.

3x2 1

2.

5x 4

3.

6x 2
7
x2
1
x4
8x 1

2.
3.

60x 4 6 x 2 2
2

4.

a) 6 x 2 6 x 1
b) 13

4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

Test Yourself 3

1.

2
5
x3
6x 2
8
4x

2.
3.

10. 1, 4

4.

3 x 2 12 x
x 2 2
-x 2 6 x 1

42 x 3 x 2 3x

1.

5.
6.

2 x 3 11x 63 2 x
48

2.
3.
6

SPM Question

2.

4.

3.

1.

Assessment

60 x 2 x 2 3
20

5 x 35
24 x 12

2.

6 x6 x 52 x 5
1
t 2,
3

16
9
x 3 , 1

Test Yourself 4

1.

4.

1
x2

3
2x3
1
x2
2 x 11

5.

7
3x 22

6.
7.

18 x 2 x 3 2
7

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ADDITIONAL
MATHEMATICS
MODULE 17

DIFFERENTIATION

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CHAPTER 9
CONTENTS
9.1

PAGE

Gradient of a tangent and a normal at a point

on a curve .

1-2

9.2

Equations of a tangent and normal to a curve.

3-4

9.3

Second derivative of y=f(x)

5-6

9.4

Turning point (minimum and

point)

maximum

SPM Questions

7-8

Assessment

10-11

Answers

12

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CHAPTER 9 : Differentiation
Learning Outcomes:

2.7
2.8
2.9
3.1
3.2

9.1

Determine the gradient of a tangent at a point on a

curve.
Determine the equation of tangent at a point on a
curve.
Determine the equation of normal at a point on a
curve.
Determine coordinates of turning point on a curve
Determine whether a turning point is a maximum or
minimum point.

GRADIENT OF A TANGENT AND A NORMAL AT A POINT ON A

CURVE
y=f(x)
tangent

mT
mT m N 1

Gradient
1
mN
mT

mN

Normal

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Gradient
dy
mT
dx

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Example:

Find the gradient of the tangent to the curve y 2 x3 3 x 2 7 x 5

at the point (-2,5)

Solution:

y 2 x 3 3x 2 7 x 5
dy
6x 2 6x 7
dx
At point (-2,5), x=-2
Hence, the gradient at the point (-2,5)
dy

dx
6x 2 6x 7
6(2) 2 6(2) 7
5

TEST YOURSELF(1)
1.

Given that the equation of a

parabola is y 1 4 x 2 x 2
Find the gradient of the tangent to
the curve at the point (-1,-3)

3. Given that the gradient of the

tangent at point P on the curve
2
y 2 x 5 is 4, find the
coordinates the point P.

2.

Find the gradient of the tangent,

dy
to the curve y x 2 x 3
dx
at the point (3,6)

4
and the
x2
gradient of tangent is 28. Find the
value of x.

4. Given f ( x) x

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9.2 EQUATIONS OF A TANGENT AND NORMAL TO A CURVE

y=f(x)

dy
dx
Equation :

mT

tangent

y y1 mT x x1

mN

P(x,y)
normal

Example:
Find the equation of the tangent at
the point (2,7) on the curve

y 3x 2 5

1
mT

Equation :
y y1 m N x x1
x

Example:
Find the equation of the normal at
the point (2,7) on the curve

y 3x 2 5

Solution:

Solution:

y 3x 5
dy
6x
dx

y 3x 2 5
dy
6x
dx

when x 2,

dy
6(2) 12
dx

Gradient of tangent, m T =12

Equation of tangent is

y y1 mT x x1
y 7 12 x 2
y 7 12 x 24
y 12x 17 0

when x 2,

dy
6(2) 12
dx

Gradient of normal, m N
Equation of normal is

y y1 m N x x1

1
x 2
12
12 y 84 1( x 2)
y7

12y x - 86 0

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1
12

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TEST YOURSELF(2)
1.

Find the equation of the tangent at

the point (1,9) on the curve
2
y 2 x 5

2.

Find the equation of the tangent

to the curve y 2 x 1 x 1
at the point where its x-coordinate
is -1.

3.

Find the equation of the normal

to the curve y 2 x 2 3x 2 at
the point where its x-coordinate
is 2.

4.

Find the gradient of the curve

4
y
at the point (-2,-4)
2x 3
and hence determine the equation
of the normal passing through that
point.

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9.3 Second derivative of y=f(x)

y f (x)

f '(x) or

f (x)

Example

or

dy
dx

First derivative

d2y
dx 2

Second derivative

Given that f ( x) 3 2 x 2 ,find f(x) and f(1)

Solution:

f ( x) 3 2 x

4 x
-20x3 - 2x

f ( x) 5 3 2 x 2

2 4

f " ( x) 20(3 2 x 2 ) 4 4 3 2 x 2 (4 x)(20 x)

20 3 - 2x 2
20(3 - 2x 2

(3 2 x ) 16 x
) 18 x 3
3

60(3 - 2x 2 ) 3 (6x 2 - 1)
f " (1) 60(1)(5)
300

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TEST YOURSELF(3)
1.

Given that y 2 x 3 4 x 2 6 x 3 ,
find

3.

2.

d2y
dx 2

Given that f ( x) (4 x 1) 5 ,
find f (0)

4.

Given that f ( x) 2 x 2 40 3 x ,
find f (x)

Given that s 3 t 2 1 ,calculate

the value of

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d 2s
1
when t=
2
2
dt

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9.4 Turning Point (Minimum and Maximum Point)

dy
0
dx

Turning
point

Maximum point

dy
0
dx

Minimum point

Example :
Find the turning points of the curve y 2 x 3 12 x 2 18 x 3 and determine
whether each of them is a maximum or a minimum point.
Solution:
y 2 x 3 12 x 18 x 3
2

dy

dx
dy
0
dx
6 x 2 24 x 8 0

At turning points,

x 2 4x 3 0
x 1x 3 0
x 1 or x 3
Substitute values of x into y 2 x 3 12 x 2 18 x 3
When x=1 , y 2(1) 3 12(1) 2 8(1) 3 11
When x=3 , y 2(3) 3 12(3) 2 8(1) 3 3
Thus the coordinates of the turning points are
d2y
12 x 24
dx 2

and

d2y
When x=1 , dx 2 12(1) 24 12 0 ,

Thus (1,11) is the

point

2
When x=3, d 2y 12(3) 24 6 0

dx

Thus , (3,3) is the

point

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TEST YOURSELF(4)

1.

Find the coordinates of two turning points on the curve y x x 2 3

2.

Determine the coordinates of the minimum point of y x 2 4 x 4

3.

2 3
x 2 x 2 5 is an equation of a curve. Find the coordinates of the
3
turning points of the curve and determine whether each of the turning point
is a maximum or minimum point.

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SPM QUESTIONS:
1.

SPM 2005 (Paper 1, No 19)

Given that h( x)

2.

3 x 52

, evaluate h (1) [ 4 marks]

SPM 2003(Paper 1, No 15)

Given that y=14x(5-x),calculate
a) the value of x when y is a maximum
b) the maximum value of y

[3 marks]

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ASSESSMENT:

1.

If y 2 x 3 , find
4

d2y
dx 2

2. Find the gradient of the curve y 3 x 1 x 1 at the point where its

1
x-coordinates is
2

3. Given that y x 2 2 x 7 ,find the value of x if x 2

d2y
dy
x 1 y 8
2
dx
dx

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Find the coordinates of the point on the curve y 3 x 5 where the gradient
of its tangent is 6.
2

5.

6.

5
.Hence obtain the equation of
3x 2
normal to the curve at the point which x-coordinate is -1.

Find the gradient function of the curve f ( x)

A curve has a gradient function px 2 5 x ,where p is a constant. The tangent to the

curve at point (1,4) is parallel to a straight line y 3 x 1 0 .Find the
value of p

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ANSWERS
TEST YOURSELF (1)
8
7
P= (2,1)
2
x=
3

1.
2.
3.
4.

TEST YOURSELF(3)
1. 12x + 8
2. 160-36x
3 -320
4. -3

SPM QUESTIONS:
1.
2.

1. y+12x-21=0
2. y+3x+3=0
3. 5y+x-22=0
4. Gradient = -8
8y-x+30=0

TEST YOURSELF(4)
1. (1,-2) and (-1,2)
2. The minimum point is (2,0)
23
3. Turning points are (2,
) and
3
(0,-5)
(0,-5) is a maximum point
23
(2, ) is a minimum point
3

ASSESSMENT:
1. 482 x 3

27
8

a) x

TEST YOURSELF(2)

5
175
, b) y
2
2

2. -1
3
3. x ,1
5
4. ( 2,1)

5. y

15

3x 22

6. p = 2

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, 3y=5x +2

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ADDITIONAL
MATHEMATICS
MODULE 18

DIFFERENTIATION

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CHAPTER 9 : DIFFERENTIATION

Content

page

Concept Map
9.1 Rates of Change
Test Yourself 1
9.2 Small Changes and Approximations
Test Yourself 2

2
3
45
67
89

SPM Question

10 11

Assessment

12 14

Answer

15

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APPLICATION OF DIFFERENTIATION

Rate of change
dv dv dx

dt dx dt

Small changes
y

Maximum and
minimum values

dy
x
dx

Approximation

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9.1 Rates of Change

If y = f (x) and x = g(t), then using the chain rule

rate of change of y and

dy dy dx
dy

, where
is the
dt dx dt
dt

dx
is the rate of change of x.
dt

Sharpen Your Skills

h cm
h cm

h cm
9 cm
9 cm
9 cm

The above figure shows a cube of volume

729 cm. If the water level in the cube, h
cm, is increasing at the rate of 0.8 cm s 1 ,
find the rate of increase of the volume of
water.

Rate of change of the volume of water,

dV
dV dh

dt
dh
dt
81 0.8

Solution :
Let each side of the cube be x cm.
Volume of the cube = 729 cm
x = 729
x = 9

V = 9 x 9 x h = 81h

Chain rule
dh =rate of increace of
dt
the water level
= 0.8 cm s

dV =81
dh

64.8 cm 3 s 1
Hence, the rate of increase of the volume of
water is 64.8 cm s 1 .

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TEST YOURSELF 1

1.

A spherical air bubble is formed at the base of a pond. When the bubble moves to the
surface of the water, it expands. If the radius of the bubble is expanding at the rate of
0.05 cm s 1 , find the rate at which the volume of the bubble is increasing when its
radius is 2 cm.
Answer :

2.

If the radius of a circle is decreasing at the rate of 0.2 cm s 1 , find the rate of decrease
of the area of the circle when its radius is 3 cm.
Answer :

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4 cm

3.

20 cm
h cm

The above figure shows an inverted cone with a height of 20 cm and a base-radius of
4 cm. Water is poured into the cone at the rate of 5 cm s 1 but at the same time,
water is dripping out from the cone due to a leakage a the rate of 1 cm s 1 .
(a)

If the height and volume of the water at time t s are h cm and V cm

1
respectively, show that V h 3 .
75

(b) Find he rate of increase of the water level in the cone at the moment the water
level is 12 cm.
Answer :

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9.2 Small Changes and Approximations

Small Changes

y dy

x dx

Approximate Value

dy
x
dx

where y small change in y

x small change in x

y new y original y
dy
x
dx

y original

Sharpen Your Skills

The height of a cylinder is three times its
radius.
Calculate the approximate
increase in the total surface area of the
cylinder if its radius increases from 7 cm
to 7.05 cm.
Solution :

Approximate change in the total surface

area is A

A dA

r dr
dA
A r
dr

A 8 r 2
dA
16r
dr

16r 7.05 7

New r (7.05)
Minus old r(7)

16 7 0.05
5.6 cm2
Let the total surface area of the cylinder
be A cm.
A = Sum of areas of the top and bottom
circular surface + Area of the curved
surface.

Hence, the approximate increase in the total

surface area of the cylinder is 5.6 cm .

A 2r 2 2rh
2r 2 2r 3r

Substitute r with the

old value of r, i.e. 7

It is given that
h=3r

8r 2

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Sharpen Your Skills

Given that y

4
, calculate the value of
x5

4
4 5
5 2.03 2
5
2.03 2 16

dy
if x = 2. Hence estimate the values of
dx
4
4
(a )
(b)
5
2.03
1.98 5

x new 2.03

4
3

32 320

x original 2

Solution :
4
y 5 4 x 5
x
dy
20
20 x 6 6
dx
x
dy
20
5
When x 2,
6
dx
16
x

(a)

y new y original y
y original

dy
x
dx

0.116525
(b)

y new y original y
y new y original

dy
x
dx

4
4 5
5 1.98 2
5
1.98
2 16
4
1

32 160
0.13125

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x new 1.98
xoriginal 2

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TEST YOURSELF 2

1.

It is given that y

20
. Find the approximate change in x when y increases from
2 x

40 to 40.5.

2.

Given that y
(a)

4.023

5
dy
, find the value of
when x = 4. Hence, estimate the value of
3
dx
x
5
(b)
3.993

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3.

A cube has side of 6 cm. If each of the side of the cube decreases by 0.1 cm, find the
approximate decrease in the total surface area of the cube.

4.

The volume of a sphere increases from 288 cm 3 to 290 cm 3 . Calculate the

approximate increase in its radius.

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SPM QUESTION

SPM 2003 (Paper 1 Question 16)

Given that y x 2 5 x, use differentiation to find the small change in y when x increases
from 3 to 3.01.
[3 marks]
Solution:

SPM 2004 (Paper 1 Question 21)

2
Two variables, x and y, are related by the equation y 3 x .
x
Given that y increase at a constant rate of 4 units per second, find the rate of change of x
when x =2.
[3 marks]

Solution :

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SPM 2005 (Paper 1 Question 20)

1 3
h 8h, where h cm is the
3
height of the water in the container. Water is poured into the container at the rate of
10 cm 3 s -1 . Find the rate of change of the height of water, in cm 3 s -1 , at the instant when its
height is 2 cm.
[3 marks]

The volume of water , V cm, in a container is given by V

Solution :

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ASSESSMENT

1.

4
r 3 . Use the differentiation method to find the small change in v
3
when r increases from 3 to 3.01.

Given v

Answer :

2.

27
dy
. Find the value of
when x = 3.
3
dx
x
27
Hence, estimate the value of
.
3.03 3

Given y

Answer :

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3.

Diagram 1 shows a conical container with a diameter of 60 cm and height of 40 cm.

Water is poured into the container at a constant rate of 1 000 cm 3 s -1 .
60 cm

40 cm
Water

Diagram 1
Calculate the rate of change of the radius of the water level at the instant when the
1
radius of the water is 6 cm. (Use = 3.142; volume of cone r 2 h )
3
Answer :

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4.
V
4x cm
E
F

H
G

D
A

6x cm

C
6x cm
B

The above diagram shows a solid which consists of a cuboid with a square base of
side 6x cm, surmounted by a pyramid of height 4x cm. The volume of the cuboid is
5832 cm.
(a)

(b)

Show that the total surface area of the solid, A cm, is given by
3888
A 96 x 2
.
x
If the value of x increasing at the rate 0.08 cm s -1 , find the rate of increase of
the total surface area of the solid at the instant x = 4.

Answer :

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ANSWER

Test Yourself 1

Test Yourself 2

1.

0.8 cm3 s 1

1.

0.005

2.

dA
1.2
dt

2.

dy
15

dx
256

(a)
(b)

dh 25

cms 1
dt 36

3.

0.07695
0.07871

3.

-7.2 cm

4.

1
cm
72

SPM Question

Assessment

1.

0.11

1.

0.36

2.

dx 8
units 1
dt 5

2.

dy
1, 0.97
dx

3.

dh
0.8333cms 1
dt

3.

6.631 cm s 1

4.

(b)

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42 cm 2 s 1