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Reluctance Motor Reluctance Motor

The document describes several types of reluctance motors including reluctance motors, hysteresis motors, stepper motors, and switched reluctance motors. Reluctance motors have a stator and rotor with laminated cores and operate based on the variation of inductance with rotor position. Hysteresis motors have a smooth cylindrical rotor made of hard magnetic material and operate based on hysteresis torque. Stepper motors can precisely control position through input pulses that actuate step movements. Switched reluctance motors have a simple rotor construction and are electronically commutated to produce torque through sequential phase excitation based on rotor position.

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678 views10 pages

Reluctance Motor Reluctance Motor

The document describes several types of reluctance motors including reluctance motors, hysteresis motors, stepper motors, and switched reluctance motors. Reluctance motors have a stator and rotor with laminated cores and operate based on the variation of inductance with rotor position. Hysteresis motors have a smooth cylindrical rotor made of hard magnetic material and operate based on hysteresis torque. Stepper motors can precisely control position through input pulses that actuate step movements. Switched reluctance motors have a simple rotor construction and are electronically commutated to produce torque through sequential phase excitation based on rotor position.

Uploaded by

srmce
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Reluctance Motor

Two main parts called stator and rotor.

Core made of laminated silicon steel stampings to reduce eddy and hysterisis loss

Stator winding is fed from single phase supply split to main and aux windings

Stator winding is wound for a certain number of poles

Rotor is peculiarly shaped and the air gap is not uniform due to that.

Rotor is not excited

The reluctance of the magnetic path depends on rotor position

Variation of inductance is sinusoidal with respect to the rotor position

Reluctance Motor

Principle
When stator winding is energised a revolving
magnetic field is set up
As it revolves it aligns the rotor for minimum
reluctance and rotor tends to rotate with the
stator field
the torque is not sufficient and initially the
rotor turns due to induction like IM
near synch speed , the rotor is pulled into step
by aligning torques due to reluctance.

T-S chs

Advantages and Disadvantages


The reluctance motor has following advantages,
1) No d.c. supply is necessary for rotor.
2) Constant speed characteristics.
3) Robust construction.
4) Less maintenance.

Disadvantages
1-Less efficiency
2- Poor power factor
3- Need of a very low inertia rotor
4- Less capacity to drive the loads.

Applications

signalling devices
control apparatus
automatic regulators
recording instruments
clocks and all kind of timing devices
teleprinters
gramophones

Hysteresis Motor
Runs like synch motor
It consists of a stator
which carries main and auxiliary windings
produces rotating magnetic field

The rotor
is smooth cylindrical type
made up of hard magnetic material like chrome steel
or alnico
Material has high retentivity, with high hysteresis loop
area

Hysteresis Motor

construction

Principle

Principle

The main and auxiliary, both the windings are supplied


continuously
Stator produces revolving mag field
This field induces pole in the rotor.
The hysteresis phenomenon is dominant for the rotor
material chosen
rotor pole axis lag behind the axis of rotating magnetic field
rotor poles get attracted towards the moving stator field
poles.
Thus rotor gets subjected to torque called hysteresis torque

Initially rotor starts rotating due to combined


effect of hysteresis torque as well as torque
due to eddy currents induced in the rotor.
As the motor gains speed near synch speed
due to poles by hysteresis the rotor is pulled
to synch and runs at synch speed
At this speed the eddy current is zero and the
torque is entirely due to hysteresis.

Torque speed characteristics

Advantages
As rotor has no teeth, no winding, there are
no mechanical vibration.
Operation is quiet and noiseless.
Suitability to accelerate high inertia loads.
Possibility of multi-speed operation by
employing gear train.

Applications

Audio recording instruments


high quality record players, tape recorders
electric clocks, timing devices
teleprinters

Stepper Motor
Electromechanical device which actuates a train
of step movements of shaft in response to train
of input pulses
Each pulse input actuates one step movement of
the shaft
The angle through which the motor turns or shaft
moves for each pulse is known as the step angle,
expressed in degrees
So the motor is suitable for controlling position
by controlling the number of input pulses

Stepper Motor
motor speed is proportional to the rate at
which the input pulse command is delivered
When the rate is low motor rotates in steps
When it is high the rotation is smooth due to
inertia
the stepper motor is compatible with modern
digital equipments

Types

PM Stepper Schematic

Variable Reluctance Stepper Motors


Permanent Magnet Stepper Motors
Hybrid Stepper Motors

driver

Torque current Chs

Torque Speed Chs

Start and slew

Applications

X-Y plotters, floppy disk drives,


machine tools, process control systems,
Robotics, printers, tap drives
variety of other industrial applications

Rotor is magnetised
low torque
Acceleration is slow
Poor dynamic response
300 pps maximum
No of poles limited (constructional difficulty)
Step angles high
Detent torque an advantage
Rotor is smooth cylindrical

Switched Reluctance Motors

Requires an electronic driver

Doubly salient singly excited electric motors


SRM has a simple rotor construction and simpler
stator windings than in conventional AC machines
Stator has number of poles wound for number of
phases 3 or 4.
Two stator poles at opposite ends are configured
to form one phase.
Stator and rotor are laminated and the number of
poles in stator and rotor differ , usually by 2

SRMs can not run directly from a DC bus or an


AC line, but must always be electronically
commutated.
Concentrated coil phases are turned-on
sequentially, to produce torque, through DC
voltage pulses

Switched Reluctance Motors

6/4 3-phase

Principle
As current is passed through one of the stator
windings, torque is generated by the tendency of
the rotor to align with the excited stator pole
Direction of torque depends on rotor position
with respect to the energized phase, and is
independent of the direction of current flow
Continuous torque is produced by synchronizing
each phases excitation with the rotor position

SRM requires controllable converter


Torque and speed control is achieved with
converter control.
Positive (or motoring) torque is produced when
the motor inductance is rising as the shaft angle
is increasing, dL/d>0. It is desired to have
current in the SRM winding during this period of
time.
Similarly, a negative (or braking) torque is
produced by supplying the SRM winding with
current while dL/d<0.

Converter is simple
Polarity has nothing to do , only magnitude is major
concern.
Thus the unidirectional switches can be easily used
for switching of the phase currents.
Only one phase is to be excited at a time , hence for
a bidirectional drive half the number of switches,
making system less expensive and simple.
If mutual inductance is ignored, then the torque is
proportional to the square of the phase currents.

modes
Single Pulse Mode
Also called High speed mode.
Phase excitation interval is very small, with current rise
within limits.
The current build up is limited by winding inductance and
counter EMF generated due to motion.

PWM Mode
Low speed mode.
Each phase winding is excited for a sufficiently long time
and current build up will be very high for that period.
To keep the current rise within the permissible limits for
the motor, inverter components , a current sensor is
installed in each phase of the machine.

Advantages

SRM is more fault tolerant than any AC motor. Mutual coupling between
phases is practically absent. Short-circuit fault in one phase winding has
no effect on the other phases.
Self-inductance of each phase alone thus plays the key role in torque
production
Since the torque is proportional to the square of the current, this machine
resembles DC series motor and has a good starting torque
Direction of rotation can be reversed by changing the sequence of stator
excitation
Because of the robust rotor construction and the absence of brushes,
sustained high speed operation is possible.
Converters feeding SRM's are usually simpler than inverters feeding AC
motors
Servo applications, especially in thermally and chemically harsh
environments
mW to MW ratings possible

Applications
SRM with speed up to 2 X 105 rpm and rating
up to 25 kW are present.
Find their application in
Robotics
Servo motors
Traction Drives.

disadvantages
torque ripple
acoustic noise
rotor position needed for control

10

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