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Topic 4: Topic 4: Shear Strength of Clays: CVEN 7718 CVEN 7718 Engineering Properties of Soils Spring 2010

This document discusses the shear strength properties of clays, including: 1. The difference in stress-strain behavior between normally consolidated (NC) and over-consolidated (OC) clays, with OC clays exhibiting higher shear strength. 2. The effect of loading rate on shear strength, with faster loading producing higher strengths. 3. Sources of clay anisotropy including inherent anisotropy from deposition and stress-induced anisotropy from K0 consolidation, and their impact on drained and undrained shear strengths.

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Georg Vatsellas
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184 views62 pages

Topic 4: Topic 4: Shear Strength of Clays: CVEN 7718 CVEN 7718 Engineering Properties of Soils Spring 2010

This document discusses the shear strength properties of clays, including: 1. The difference in stress-strain behavior between normally consolidated (NC) and over-consolidated (OC) clays, with OC clays exhibiting higher shear strength. 2. The effect of loading rate on shear strength, with faster loading producing higher strengths. 3. Sources of clay anisotropy including inherent anisotropy from deposition and stress-induced anisotropy from K0 consolidation, and their impact on drained and undrained shear strengths.

Uploaded by

Georg Vatsellas
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 62

2/27/2010

Geotechnical Engineering Group

Topic
4:
Topic4:
ShearStrengthofClays
CVEN7718
CVEN 7718
EngineeringPropertiesofSoils
Spring2010

Classification of clays based on stress history

3c
or
Mean
effective
stress
Volumetric
strain
or
Void ratio
Normally consolidated (NC):

Over-consolidated (OC):

2/27/2010

StressStrainCurvesfromCDTestsonNCClay

StressStrainCurvesfromCDTestsonOCClay

2/27/2010

ResultsfromCDtestsonNCandOCclays

ResultsfromCDtestsonNCandOCclays

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StressStrainCurvesfromCUTestsonNCClay

StressStrainCurvesfromCUTestsonNCClay

2/27/2010

StressStrainandPWPCurvesfromCUTestsonNCClay

StresspathsfromCUTestsonNCclay

2/27/2010

StressStrainCurvesfromCUTestsonOCClay

StressStrainCurvesfromCUTestsonOCClay

2/27/2010

StressStrainCurvesfromCUTestsonOCClay

StresspathsfromCUTestsonOCclay

2/27/2010

StrainsatfailureinCUandCDtests:Simons(1960)

Porewaterpressurecoefficientatfailure

On average, for:
NC Clays, A = _____
OC Clays use charts

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StresspathsfromCUTestsonNCandOC
claysatsame3c

StresspathsfromCUTestsonNCandOCclays

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Effectivestresspaths

Normally consolidated

Over-consolidated

EffectivestressfailureenvelopesforCUtestsonNC
claysandOCclayswiththesame3max

10

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Effectivestressfailureenvelopes:GooseLakeClay

(1 3)f

(1/3)f

NC

OC

NC Clay: Low Sensitivity

Effectivestressenvelopes:SodiumIllite

Failure based on (1 3)

Failure based on (1 / 3)

11

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TotalstressenvelopesforCUtests:Howare
theseconstructed?

TotalstressenvelopesforCUtestsonNCclaysand
OCclayswiththesame3max

12

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Totalstress(R)envelopes

Watercontentstrengthrelationships

13

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StressPathande3Relationships

Rutledge(1947)reporttoUSACOE
Testtypes:

Goal:

14

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Rutledge(1947)reporttoUSACOE

Rutledge(1947)reporttoUSACOE

15

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Rutledge(1947)reporttoUSACOE

EffectofPlasticityIndexonNCClay

16

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EffectofPlasticityIndexonNCClay

Sensitivity:Definitionandorigins

17

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Sensitivity:EffectsonEngineeringProperties

Sensitivity:Identification

18

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SPTandMPSDFailureEnvelopes:LowS

SPTandMPSDFailureEnvelopes:HighS(LedaClay)

19

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Sensitiveclaylandslides

Porewaterpressurecoefficientatfailure(NCclays)

Mean
St. Dev.

Mean
St. Dev.

20

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Thixotropyasasourceforsensitivity
Definition:

Whydowecare?

Mitchell(1976),fromDay(soilscientist)

21

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Thixotropicstrengthregain

LossofcementationasanexplanationforS

22

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SummaryoftheCausesofSensitivity

Peakvs.ResidualStrength

23

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Directsheartestwithreversal

Skempton Directsheartestwithreversal

24

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Ringsheartestsetups

Ringsheartestresults

25

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ResidualfrictionanglesandMineralogy

Residualfrictionangles:allvariables

26

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Mechanismsofresidualshearstrength

Strainrateeffects
Importance

Typesoftests

27

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Creep fractionalloadtests

CreeptestsTimetofailure

28

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Strainrateeffects

Timetofailure(CasagrandeandWilson1951)
Clay
Mexicocity
Bearpaw
Oahe
Cucaracha

29

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Porewaterpressuremigration

NC Clay

OC Clay

Conclusion:

Highspeedloadingsituations:
Impactloading

Cyclicloading

Earthquakes:
Ocean waves:

30

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Fastloading(CasagrandeandShannon1951)

Clay
C b id clay(UU)
Cambridge
l (UU)
Cambridgeclay(6 psiconfining
pressure)
Sand

Fastloading(NC) OlsonandParola(1967)

31

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Fastloading(OC) OlsonandParola(1967)

Earthquakeloading SeedandChan(1966)

32

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EffectsonModulus

OlsonandParola(1967) NCModulus

33

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OlsonandParola(1967) OCModulus

Strainratesofloading

34

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Planestrainevaluations
DuncanandSeed(1966):
Soiltype:
PSC
TXC

HenkelandWade(1966):
Soiltype:
PSC
TXC

Conclusions:

Bishop,WebbandLewin(1965)
Subway
level

Lowstress High stress


(10100 (1001500
psi)
psi)

C
E
F

35

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Duncan,Horz,andWang(1989)
o
(degrees)

(degrees)

N.A

N.A.

USCS

Relative compaction
w.r.t.standard
Proctor(%)

GW
GP
SW
SP

105
100
95
90

SM

100
95
90
85

SMSC
CL

LeeandMorrison(1970)

36

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Fullysoftenedshearstrength relevance

CollinsandZnidarcic(2004)

37

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Fullysoftenedshearstrength Definitions
Skempton(1970)

Stark,Choi,andMcCone(2005)
,
,
(
)

Stark,Choi,andMcCone(2005)

38

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Inherentanisotropy
(a)

(b)

Inherentanisotropy Drainedstrength
Drained(CD)testsonS.F.BayMud(DuncanandSeed
1966)

39

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Inherentanisotropy Undrained
strengths

Inherentanisotropy Undrainedstrengths

40

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Ward,Marsland,andSamuels(1965):
UUtestsonLondonClay
(1 3)f
(psi)

Depth
(ft)

(1 3)f/(1 3)f0

0
0

45
45

90
90

0
0

45
45

90
90

30

36.6

32.7

51.3

0.89

1.40

50

32.9

19.6

40.4

0.60

1.23

66

44.1

33.2

70.8

0.75

1.61

91

54.4

48.6

84.1

0.89

1.55

114

59.9

50.4

97.8

0.84

1.63

138

81

52.8

107.4

0.65

1.33

Ward,Marsland,andSamuels(1965):
UUtestsonLondonClay
Strengthratio:

Axialstrainatfailure
Vertical:
45degrees:
Horizontal:

41

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Connecticutvalleyvarvedclay

SkemptonandHutchinson(1969)

42

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StressInducedAnisotropy

Anisotropic(K0)Consolidation

43

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c/pRatiosforK0Consolidated,NormallyConsolidatedClay
DuncanandSeed(1966):S.F.BayMud
TXC
TXE
Ratio
Jamiolkowski,Ladd,Germaine,andLancellotta(1985):CH
MarineClay
TXC
TXE
Ratio
Jamiolkowski,Ladd,Germaine,andLancellotta(1985):OC
Jamiolkowski Ladd Germaine and Lancellotta (1985): OC
MarineClay
TXC
TXE
Ratio

DirectSimpleShear:IntermediaryTest

44

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LaddandFoott(1974):BostonBlueClay
Test type

f/v

Planestrainactive
Triaxialcompression
Directsimpleshear
Planestrainpassive
Triaxialextension

Budiman,Sture+Ko(1988):DirectionalShearApparatus

45

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FieldEvaluationofAnisotropy:VaneShear

FieldEvaluationofAnisotropy:VaneShear
Total moment (torque): M = Mv + Mh

46

2/27/2010

FieldEvaluationofAnisotropy:VaneShear

Aasvanesheartests
Site

OCR

Aserum

>1

Drammen

Manglerud

Lierstranda

fh/fv

47

2/27/2010

StressInducedAnisotropy:Factors
(a)

(b)

(c)

DerivationofTheoreticalRelationshipbetween
c/p,A,K0,and:TXE

48

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DerivationofTheoreticalRelationshipbetween
c/p,A,K0,and:PWPgeneration

DerivationofTheoreticalRelationship
betweenc/p,A,K0,and:MohrCoulomb

49

2/27/2010

DerivationofTheoreticalRelationship
betweenc/p,A,K0,and:Synthesis

DerivationofTheoreticalRelationshipbetween
c/p,A,K0,and:Equations
Triaxialextension:

Triaxialcompression:

ForBostonBlueClay:
y
Loading
condition

From
Equations

MeasuredL+F
(1974)

TXC
TXE

50

2/27/2010

DuncanandSeed(1966):Equationsforc/pforany
FailurePlaneOrientation

BjerrumandKenney(1967)

51

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ConclusionsAboutAnisotropy

ConventionalPracticewithUUTests

52

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UUstrengthfromthelabmaybehigher
thanfieldstrength:

UUstrengthfromthelabmaybelowerthan

fieldstrength

53

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SamplingEffects

Changeinstressesduringsampling

54

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Perfectsampling

Perfectsampling

55

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Perfectsampling

SamplingEffects

56

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RecompressionTechnique(NCClay)

RecompressionTechnique(OCClay)

57

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CriteriaforPerfectsampling

SHANSEP(LaddandFoott1974)

58

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NormalizedSoilParameters

SHANSEP(NCClay)

59

2/27/2010

StepsforSHANSEPProcedure(NCClay)

SHANSEP(OCClay)

60

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StepsforSHANSEPProcedure(OCClay)

c/pforOCClays

61

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c/pforOCClays

MesrisApproach

62

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