Safeloading PDF
Safeloading PDF
Safeloading PDF
11/28/03
12:03 PM
Page 1
BOATBUILDERS
HANDBOOK
[ REVISED NOVEMBER, 2003 ]
tabs
11/28/03
11:55 AM
Page 13
SUBPART C
SAFE LOADING
Revised November, 2003
SUBPART B
DISPLAY OF CAPACITY INFORMATION
Revised November, 2003
SAFE LOADING
WARNING:
This guide only addresses provisions of the Federal Regulations.
It is NOT a complete engineering manual for the design of boat systems.
It is the manufacturers responsibility to ensure Federal Regulations
cited in this guide have not been updated or revised.
Table of Contents
SECTION
DESCRIPTION
PAGE
Introduction
Subpart C
Safe Loading
1.0
183.31 Applicability
2.0
3.0
4.0
4.1
4.2
8
13
16
5.0
5.1
5.2
5.3
19
19
21
22
6.0
6.1
6.2
6.3
25
26
28
31
7.0
35
35
36
38
Subpart B
40
41
41
41
43
Appendix A
45
Appendix B
46
7.1
7.2
7.3
References
49
FIGURE
FIGURE
FIGURE
FIGURE
FIGURE
FIGURE
FIGURE
1
1.1
2
3
3-A
4
5
USCG TABLE 4
ii
5
6
6
10
12
13
17
45
Introduction
The methods for calculating the safe loading or capacity of a boat, as explained herein, normally
have safety factors included in them. In other words, the manufacturer will be encouraged to use
data that may be slightly different from what the regulation actually requires, because experience
indicates that it is better to err on the conservative side in order to avoid production variances
causing a potential for non-compliance. Using the formulae indicated in this Guideline will always
meet the requirements of the regulations, and will often exceed them.
CAUTION:
This guideline only addresses provisions of the Federal Regulations. It is not a complete
engineering manual for the design of electrical systems on boats. There are other
manuals and standards available for this purpose.
NOTE:
The formulae and methods contained in this Guideline do not alter, modify, supersede or otherwise
replace the requirements of the regulations now in effect. Since the language in the Federal Regulations is
sometimes difficult to understand, this Guideline is written in fairly simple terms to guide you through the
regulations compliance steps. At the beginning of each section, we state the requirements of the law, and
follow with an explanation of the requirements of the law so as to make it easier to read.
NOTE:
The regulations use the words motor and engine interchangeably. This Guideline will refer to
engine or engines only, except when quoting the Federal Regulations. Additionally, the regulations
use the term inboard-outdrive. Except when quoting the Federal Regulations the term sterndrive will
be used.
For ease of reading and following the requirements, the definitions of the main terms used are contained
in the subparts where the terms appear, and consequently may differ slightly from one requirement to
another. For example, maximum displacement for outboard boats considers the three-inch opening for
steering and other cables in the engine well, while in the case of an inboard or sterndrive, the definition
of the same term will not have that condition specified.
Introduction
This Compliance Guideline is intended to help boat manufacturers learn and understand the
requirements for certain boats, specifically with regulations concerning the safe loading of a boat
contained in 33 CFR Subpart B: Display of Capacity Information and Subpart C: Safe Loading.
Compliance with these requirements is the responsibility of the boat manufacturer. The Guideline
shows the regulation as it is published, a discussion of the subject, and the methods used to perform
the calculations necessary for design and production considerations. It also describes the test
methods used to arrive at persons capacity for some specific boats.
1.0
Applicability
183.31
Applicability.
This subpart applies to monohull boats less than 20 feet in length except
sailboats, canoes, kayaks, and inflatable boats.
An inflatable boat is defined as: any craft that achieves and maintains its intended shape and
buoyancy through the medium of inflation. This includes RIBs.
A sailboat is defined as: a boat designed or intended to use sails as the primary means of
propulsion.
Discussion:
This regulation applies only to monohull boats of less than 20 feet, the size range where the Coast
Guard has found the largest number of accidents.
Applicability
For the purpose of this subpart, a monohull is defined as: a boat on which the line of intersection of
the water surface and the boat at any operating draft forms a single closed curve or footprint. A
pontoon boat is not a monohull, but a catamaran would be if the top of the tunnel between the
two hulls touches the water aft when in a static position and loaded with water, fuel and passengers.
The footprint, in this case, will be a continuous line.
183.31
FEDERAL LAW:
2.0
Definitions
2.0
It is important to emphasize here that the definitions included herein are strictly for the purpose of
this Guideline and regulation, and not necessarily the same as the technical definition of a term that,
in another application, may mean something entirely different. For example, in naval architecture
the term displacement means: the weight of the water displaced by a vessel. Consequently,
maximum displacement will be considered as the maximum load a ship may carry. However, for the
purpose of this regulation, maximum displacement means the total weight of the water displaced by
the vessel immersed to the point just before it will sink. This is done so that we may calculate the
allowable load as a percentage of the boats total capacity. Every definition contained herein shall be
assumed to be preceded by the following statement:
For the purpose of this regulation, we will use the following definitions.
Monohull boat: A boat on which the line of intersection of the water surface and the boat at any
operating draft forms a single closed curve. For example, a catamaran, trimaran, or a pontoon boat
is not a monohull boat.
Some boats, e.g., power catamarans, may be considered to be monohull boats for the purpose of
this regulation if the line of intersection of the surface of the water with the hull forms a single
closed curve, or footprint, when the boat is carrying its maximum rated horsepower and
maximum weight capacity.
Maximum Displacement: The weight of the volume of water displaced by the boat at its
maximum level of immersion in calm water without water coming aboard.
Static Float-Plane: The plane below all points of major leakage, and the most forward point of the
boat below which the maximum displacement of the boat exists (See Figure 1 below). It is
important to understand this term. Determination of the static float-plane is the heart of the method
for calculating capacity. The easiest way to understand it is by visualizing the description called
Boat Immersion (see section 4.0), and considering that all points of minor leaks have been sealed,
while points of major leaks remain above this plane.
Calculation Length: The horizontal length from the most forward part of the boat below the static
float-plane to the vertical midpoint of the transom below the static float-plane (See Figure 1.1 below
and Figure 3 in section 4.0). The reason for figuring the length to the vertical midpoint is that, since
the transom is at an angle, the mid-point intersection (as opposed to the intersection at the top of
the float plane) will eliminate the need to add the volume of any space aft of that intersection, and
also to subtract the volume forward of the intersection. The volumes of these two triangular spaces
are equal, and they will cancel each other out.
(i) The forward point where the sheer intersects the vertical centerline plane and the aft point
where the sheer intersects the upper boundary of the transom (stern) are equidistant above
the water surface, or are equidistant below the water surface.
(ii) The forward most point of the boat is level with or above the lowest point of water ingress.
Horizontal Boat: A boat is horizontal when it is transversely level and when the lowest points at 40
% and 75% of the boats length behind the forward most point of the boat are level (See Figure 1
and Figure 2).
FIGURE 1
Definitions
Level Boat: A boat is level when it is transversely level and when either of the two following
conditions is met:
2.0
Calculation Beam: The broadest part of the boat at each station measured below the static floatplane. This distance is in inches between the outer sides of the hull, excluding rub rails, fenders, or
other extensions. In the majority of cases, this beam will be the widest when measured at the static
float-plane, since most hulls have a flair between the chine and the sheer. However, in the case of
a boat with a tumblehome section aft, the broadest point, where the beam must be measured,
will be below the static float-plane. Figure 3-A in section 4.0 shows only half of a hull mold (for the
sake of simplicity). Do not make the mistake, when figuring the calculation beam, of considering
only half of the beam, as shown in the example. The full width of the boat must be taken into
consideration when using the formula.
Definitions
FIGURE 2
2.0
FIGURE 1.1
3.0
1) All scuppers or freeing ports, with or without flaps or back-flow devices and regardless of
size;
2) Drain holes in the bow;
3) Bait, fish and anchor-well fill/drain holes;
4) Holes in the engine well with boots, in addition to the 3-inch hole already allowed by the
regulations;
5) The hull-to-deck joint;
6) Hull doors if able to be closed.
NOTE:
Some transom openings, drain holes or scuppers that may flood the boat during operation must be
reviewed by the Coast Guard, and may be considered major down-flooding or water-ingress points. When
in doubt about what may or may not be allowed, always consult the Coast Guard.
The static float-plane may be established, following its definition, by either of two methods:
1) Starting on the most forward point of the boat below which the maximum displacement
exists. This may be above the deck-to-hull joint, on deck, or established on the deck-to-hull
joint if the displacement is to ignore the superstructure. The plane intersects the upper
boundary of the stern at or below the points of down-flooding (See Figure 1 in section 2).
2) In some instances, and to maximize the capacity or maximum displacement, the static floatplane may be established as follows:
A line in contact with the lowest point of the sheer that intersects the stem and stern below the
intersection of the sheer and the stem at the bow and the intersection of the sheer and the transom
at the stern. This line must be located so that the distance between this line and those two
intersection points is the same. (See Figure 1.1 in section 2). In both cases, the plane shall be below
the lowest point of downflooding.
For the purpose of this Guideline, when determining the static float-plane, the user must consider
the following features to be sealed:
3.0
To determine the static float-plane we must understand its purpose in the regulation. The maximum
weight capacity we are searching for is based on the gross displaced volume of the boat to the point
where down-flooding will sink the vessel. This point of down-flooding is a matter of interpretation of
point of leakage. Is it minor or major? Since the Coast Guard must test boats already on the market,
this interpretation is part of the testing procedures.
4.0
4.0
It is important to note that all three categories of boats in 33 CFR Subpart C covered by this
regulation require that the maximum displacement be found (by any of the methods described
here). Once the maximum displacement is determined, the maximum weight capacity and the
persons capacity are found by simple calculations unique to each category of boat.
The large majority of boats under 20 feet in length covered by this regulation will calculate to more
than sufficient displacement for the maximum weight capacity generally desired. It is possible that a
designer or manufacturer might arbitrarily de-rate the maximum weight capacity to a level
considered a more reasonable, lower figure. This weight capacity affects the amount of costly foam
buoyancy required under the flotation regulation, so there is no need to rate a boat for excessive
capacities. This is not true for all boats, and particularly for boats with low freeboard; it is merely
something to keep in mind.
Consider a 19-ft. cuddy cabin sterndrive with a deck that rises to 20 inches above the deck-to-hull
junction. This portion (the superstructure above the hull sheer) will certainly add considerable
displacement and thus maximum weight capacity to the boat, because the static float-plane will be
high above the hull sheer. However, if the manufacturer does not have a need to rate this vessel for
12 or 14 passengers and a great deal of gear, the easiest way to calculate the maximum
displacement is to ignore the deck and measure the hull mold below the hull sheer and the static
float-plane, as described above. On the other hand, consider a low-freeboard open fishing boat such
as a Jon boat. In this case, it will be important to carefully locate the static float-plane at its
maximum possible height, in order to use all of the displacement allowed.
Calculating the maximum displacement may be done by several methods. Selection of a method
depends on what is available to the person working out the calculations. There are commercial
enterprises that offer this service, but we recommend that the manufacturer be familiar with these
methods so that decisions unique to each manufacturer may be made with a good understanding of
the calculations.
First and foremost, we must understand displacement. Archimedes (a Greek scientist of 287212 BC)
discovered that, any body completely or partially submerged in a fluid is buoyed up by a force equal to
the weight of the fluid displaced by the body. Consequently, if we push a boat down into the water to
the point before water enters the boat while the bow and the stern are at the same distance from
the waters surface, the weight of the volume of water displaced by the boat will represent the force
keeping the boat buoyant and afloat. The weight of this water represents the displacement of this
boat to the particular level it was pushed down to the static float-plane, because the magnitude of
the buoyant force always equals the weight of the fluid displaced by the object in this case a
boat. There are other considerations, such as mass and density, which will determine if the object
will sink or float. However, the importance of what we learn from this principle may be visualized by
the example below.
Now place the box in the water and slowly add known weights until the water is about to enter the
box. If you could measure the water displaced, it would be 72 cubic inches, and its weight will be
the displacement of the cigar box, in that particular configuration.
The most practical methods used to calculate displacement are:
CAD System (Computer Aided Design): If CAD software is available and the hull lines are in the
computer, it is easy to establish the float-plane and figure the volume below this plane. Any
program with hydrostatic capabilities can compute this.
Boat Immersion: Although this method requires some infrastructure, such as a pool, an overhead
crane or other lifting system, plenty of weights, and labor, it is the method followed by professionals
who do this work under contract for others.
The system, as its name implies, consists of placing the boat in a tank or pool while it is suspended
level from above by a pair of hoists that permit lowering it into the water, and then adding weights
distributed evenly so the boat immerses with the float-plane parallel to the surface of the water. All
points of minor leaks are sealed, such as deck-to-hull joints, bilge pump discharges, other scuppers
or drains, and a three inch hole in the engine well as described in CFR 183.35 (b) (1) in the case of
an outboard. When the water begins to come into the boat, which is at the lowest point of
immersion, the weights are computed and give us the maximum displacement.
It is important to understand that the maximum displacement is the weight added to immerse the
boat to its static float-plane, plus the weight of the boat, propulsion machinery and full fuel tank.
This method is a hands-on procedure as opposed to a calculated one. When the boat is placed in
the water, its weight already displaces water and consequently this weight must be added to the
weights being placed on the boat in order to submerge it to the static float-plane.
All other methods shall consider the weights of the boat and machinery as the formulae indicate in
sections 5.0, 6.0 and 7.0.
Simpsons Rule: This is a method used to calculate the volume of odd-shaped objects. It is based
on dividing the object into stations, finding some specific dimensions, and then applying a series of
multiplier factors to come up with the volume of the object. Later in this section we will discuss this
system and include blank forms for the calculations, as well as including an example.
The actual dimensions used in this formula can be obtained from either:
Hull lines drawings;
Measuring a hull mold; or
Measuring a boat.
Height = 3 in.
Length = 6 in.
Width = 4 in.
Its volume will be: V= 3 X 6 X 4 = 72 cubic inches.
4.0
Measuring a Hull Mold: You can also measure a hull mold by establishing the float-plane. Install a
string along the centerline, establish all the sections, and enter all measurements on the work sheet.
This is the easiest method if you do not have boat drawings or a CAD system. Measurements must
be taken to the inside of the mold surface (outside of the boats surface). Do not consider rub-rails
or any hardware when establishing beam and length dimensions.
Measuring the Boat: There may be cases in which it is impractical to measure a mold, so an alternative
method is to measure an existing boat. The figures needed for using Simpsons Rule are the same as in
Figure 3 below, except that the method used is the reverse of measuring the mold. In other words, after
establishing a float-plane, establishing the calculation length, and establishing the stations (or sections),
the measurements are taken by drawing a line on the floor as the projection of each station, from the
centerline to the projected calculation beam at each station location. Then divide the half-beam line into
five equal spaces and measure from the floor to the projected points a, b, c, d, e, and f, where these
intersect with the bottom of the boat. Subtract these measurements from the calculated distance
between the float-plane and the floor. This will result in the values to be entered on the work sheet.
The method to calculate the displacement by measuring the mold is adapted so the same procedure may
be used with all three categories of boats. The specific differences will be clearly noted for the technician
to include in the calculations. For example, in the case of an outboard boat, the volume of the enginewell below the float-plane must be deducted, while an inboard boat does not have this feature. This
method simplifies the calculation by making the displacement calculations equal for all boat categories.
FIGURE 3
4.0
Hull Lines Drawings: You can establish the static float-plane and all the sections as required by
Simpsons Rule on the hull lines drawings, and then figure the section areas with a planimeter; or
you can measure the vertical dimensions at the proper stations directly from the drawings, and
compute the volume as per the worksheet below.
10
Attach a string to the bow of the mold on the centerline, and to the point on the transom or
transom plane where all points of major leaks are now above the string. This is the static float-plane.
Look at Figure 3 and notice that the calculation length (L) dimension we will use for Simpsons Rule
is not the same as the LOA, or length-over-all, of the boat. Rather, it is the dimension taken from the
most forward point of the interior of the mold below the static float-plane to a point on the transom
(or transom plane for those boats with odd-shaped sterns) which is the mid-point between the static
float-plane and the keel line or its projection. Mark, with a piece of tape on the string, the vertical
projection of this mid-point on the transom. The calculation length (L) will be the horizontal
distance from this tape to the most forward point on the interior of the mold.
Divide the length of the string into four equal spaces, and then divide the most forward of these
into two equal spaces. Look again at the hull in Figure 3. You now have established Sections: AA, A,
B, C, and D.
The next step is to mark, on the topside flange of the mold, the places where the beam of each
section will intersect the hull sheer or perimeter of the mold. The easiest method is to attach a piece
of masking tape to the top of the mold approximately in the area where this intersection will be,
and then, with a straight edge across the top of the mold, mark the outboard point of intersection
when both ends of the straight edge are equidistant from the transom (or perpendicular to the
centerline string). Now you have marked the place where the calculation beam used in the formula
will be measured. The float-plane may very well be below the top flange of the mold where the
straight edge has been placed, so if you measure the distance between the straight edge and the
string marking the float-plane and call it dimension x (see figure 3A), this number must be
subtracted from the measurements in the next step.
Divide the half-beam distance on each station (or section) into five equal spaces. Measure the
vertical distance from the straight edge to the bottom of the mold at each of the points marked a,
b, c, etc. Then subtract dimension x from these measurements to arrive at the net dimension
between the static float-plane and the mold bottom (outside skin of the boat), to be entered on the
blank spaces provided in Figure 4, for a, b, c, etc.
Look carefully at Figure 3-A. You have measured the net dimension between the float-plane and the
boat on each of the vertical lines at each station; now enter them in the blank form located in
section 4.1. Then enter the beam at each station. Remember this is the full calculation beam and
not the half-beam. Enter the calculation length (L). Figure 4 shows a detailed look at the manner in
which the stations A-A, A, B, C and D are laid out and measured.
11
Determine where the float-plane will intersect the transom. Look for the lowest point of water
ingress on the boat (possibly the external engine vents on an inboard or the coaming of the engine
well on an outboard). If the boat does not need to be rated for the largest capacity possible, ignore
the deck or other superstructure. Remember that drains, scuppers, bilge-pump discharge fittings,
deck-to-hull joint, and other sources of minor leaks may be below the float-plane.
4.0
Mold Preparation: Set the hull mold on the floor so that the keel line is level as described under
the definition of Horizontal Boat in section 2.0.
FIGURE 3-A
We are now ready to calculate the displacement in pounds. In Figure 4 we have a worksheet to
compute the Simpsons Rule formula and arrive at the cubic capacity which, when multiplied by the
weight of a cubic foot of water, will give us the boats displacement below the float-plane. Its a
good idea to make extra copies of these blank forms. Fill in the values measured and run the
equations to get cubic capacity.
When you finish the calculations on these forms, the displacement of the boat measured inside a
mold has been determined. This figure, known as the maximum displacement, is used to calculate
the maximum weight capacity.
12
It may be useful to make copies of the following form to keep for future use. The instructions for the
use of this form have been explained above.
13
FIGURE 4
4.1
Enter on the form below, the dimensions noted in Figure 4 for the vertical dimensions a, b, c, d, e
and f, on each of the sections (stations), enter the calculation beam for each section, and enter the
calculation length (L).
Area = beam ( a + 4b + 2c + 4d + 2e + 2f )
15
Area AA:
AA = _______ [(
)+4(
)+2(
)+4(
)+2(
)+2(
15
a
b
c
d
e
f
)]
Area A:
AA = _______ [(
)+4(
)+2(
)+4(
)+2(
)+2(
15
a
b
c
d
e
f
)]
Area B:
AA = _______ [(
)+4(
)+2(
)+4(
)+2(
)+2(
15
a
b
c
d
e
f
)]
Area C:
C = _______ [(
)+4(
)+2(
15
a
b
c
)+4(
)+2(
d
)+2(
e
)]
f
Area D:
D = _______ [(
15
a
)+4(
)+2(
b
)+4(
c
14
)+2(
d
)+2(
e
)]
f
4.1
Formula:
[16 (
) + 13 (
AA
) + 27 (
A
) + 27 (
B
)+9(
C
)] +/ _______
D
NOTES
1. Volume in cubic inches of the integral structure aft of the transom and below the
static float-plane may be added to the cubic capacity. To determine this, figure the volume of any
bustles, integral swim platforms or other structures below float-plane and add this volume to the
formula where it says +/- Note 1. On the other hand, any volume of an engine well below the floatplane must be calculated and subtracted from the cubic capacity.
2. The factor 174,600 includes a 5% margin for measurement error.
3. Boat weight includes engine, stern drive, fuel system, fuel and battery weight.
4. The figures used in these examples are taken from the boat dimension drawings in Figure 4.
The letters (a, b, c, d, e, and f) have been placed under the dimensions taken from Figure 3 as a
further help for the user of this Guideline. All dimensions should be converted to decimal numbers
before insertion in the formula. That number in cubic inches divided by 1,728 gives the volume in
cubic feet.
15
Outboard runabout
16.5 ft.
16.2 ft. (194.2 in.)
6.75 ft.
6.5 ft. (78.75 in.)
120. HP (maximum by calculations)
700 lb.
188 cubic feet minus 1 cubic foot for the
outboard well = 187 cubic feet or 11,668.8 lb.
The values on the forms have been taken from measuring a boat or a hull mold as described in
section 4.0 and entered on the blank form from Figure 4. Note that the calculation length, as well as
the calculation beam, are less than the overall dimensions of the boat. The reasons for this were
previously explained; refer to the definition of calculation length and calculation beam if you are
unsure why.
Now look at Note 1 in Figure 4. It explains that the volume of any feature aft of the transom and
below the float-plane contributing to the displacement of the boat must be added to the formula, in
cubic inches. At the same time, if there is any volume not contributing to the displacement, such as
the engine-well volume below the float-plane, it must be subtracted. Look at the boat drawing in
Figure 4; you will note that there is an area of the engine well that is below the float-plane. Assume
this volume to be one cubic foot, or 1,728 cubic inches. It goes in the formula as shown in Figure 5
below.
The purpose of these calculations is to ascertain a measured cubic capacity of the boat, while the
immersion method measures the pounds of water displaced. In both instances, the result is the
same, namely: the boats displacement. The former is expressed in cubic inches and translated to
weight; the latter is measured and expressed in pounds.
Look at Figure 5. All the values were established and entered on the blank worksheet (Fig. 4), the
cubic capacity or maximum displacement of the boat when immersed to its static float-plane having
been calculated to 187 cubic feet. This represents the volume. To calculate the displacement in
pounds, multiply by 62.4 lb, the weight of a cubic foot of fresh water.
Our boat displacement is:
16
Area = beam ( a + 4b + 2c + 4d + 2e + 2f )
15
AA = 646.70
A = 1433.69
B = 2304.75
17
Below is an example of the calculations for displacement below the static-float plane for any boat
category, following the formulae of the worksheet on Figure 4. In an actual case, all dimensions
would be the ones measured off the mold and entered in the form given in Figure 4.
4.2
FIGURE 5
L
[I6AA + 13A + 27B 27C 9D]+/ Note 1
174600
NOTES:
1. Volume in cubic inches of the integral structures aft of the transom and below the static float-plane
may be added to the cubic capacity. To determine this, figure the volume of any bustles, integral
swim platforms or other structures below the float-plane and add to formula where it says +/ Note
1. On the other hand, any volume of an engine well below the float-plane must be calculated and
subtracted from the cubic capacity in the same place. That number in cubic inches divided by 1728
gives the volume in cubic feet.
2. The factor 174600 includes a 5% margin for measurement error.
3. Boat weight includes engine, stern drive, fuel system, fuel and battery weight.
4. The figures used in these examples are taken from the boat dimension drawings in Figure 3.
The letters (a, b, c, d, e, and f) have been placed under the dimensions taken from Figure 3 as a
further help for the user of this Guideline. All dimensions should be converted to decimal numbers
before insertion in the formula.
18
5.0
FEDERAL LAW:
183.33
19
Category One
We know that in all three categories we must establish a static float-plane and calculate the boats
displacement below this float-plane. We have done this in sections 3.0 and 4.0. We are now ready to
apply the formulae and find the amount of weight we can load in the boat.
5.0
33 CFR Subpart C: Safe Loading makes a distinction between three categories of boats. Some of
the terms in this section have already been defined in section 2.0. Others, which are specific to this
category, are defined below.
Category One
5.1
NOTE:
Inboard-outdrive and stern drive are synonymous words and are used here to describe a propulsion
machinery system consisting of an inboard engine installed in conjunction with an outside drive unit
connected to the engine through the transom. An inboard boat is described as an inboard engine coupled
to propulsion machinery such as a drive shaft and propeller, a jet pump etc.
Discussion:
The maximum weight capacity rating for a boat under this category may not be any greater than W
in either one of the formulae above.
Lets look at the definitions of the terms in the formulae.
NOTES:
1. The boat weight includes the factorys heaviest production tolerances. Hull and deck weights may
vary; use the heaviest ones and be conservative.
2. Permanent appurtenances means any factory-installed, non-portable, permanently attached
equipment, furniture or other feature such as canopy tops, camper tops,
coolers, cushions, etc.
3. Fuel tanks must be permanently installed; any other portable or removable tank shall not be included.
The Coast Guard, when testing a boat of this category, will use the immersion method for finding
the maximum displacement and then use the second formula: displacement minus boat weight,
divided by seven.
We have gone through all the required calculations to figure this weight. We will, after discussing
persons capacity, work out an example of both requirements.
20
183.39
Discussion:
As in all three boat categories, the persons capacity must be displayed in total pounds and whole
numbers of persons.
In the real world, the probability of an inboard or sterndrive boat calculating to less than 550 lb. is
small. It is possible though that a small jet-boat could fall in this bracket, in which case the persons
capacity in pounds shall be the lesser of: maximum weight capacity or the result of the equation in
(a)(2)(iii). Since this equation calls for dividing the weights added by .60, the resultant will certainly
be a number higher than 550 lb. The number to adopt as persons capacity in pounds will be, as the
law states, the maximum weight capacity [see 183.39(a)(1) above].
21
Category One
FEDERAL LAW
5.2
Category One
5.3
22
The manufacturer will be allowed to certify this boat for [see 183.39 (a) (1) above]:
NOTE:
The regulation in 33 CFR 183.39 describes a test that must be performed if the maximum weight
capacity computes to less than 550 lb. This test is also known as the Dry Stability Test.
Step 4: Compute persons capacity in whole numbers [see 183.39 (b) above].
Persons = 32 + persons capacity (lb.)
141
Persons = 32 + 1,554 = 11.2 rounded down to 11 persons
141
The manufacturer may have a capacity label on this boat as follows:
23
Category One
5.3
The maximum allowable weight capacity is 1,554 lb., since it is the greater of the two results.
The manufacturer will be allowed to certify this boat for:
Category One
5.3
The maximum weight capacity is expressed as XXXX lb. for persons and gear. Consequently, if the
maximum weight capacity is 1,554 lb. and the persons in pounds is 814 lb., the difference will be
allowed as gear.
1,554 pounds 814 lb. of persons = 740 lb. allowed for gear, which may still be too large.
The manufacturer must now select among the options to use on the certification label, which are:
The manufacturer probably will want to allow some weight for gear. Consequently, after taking into
account all these considerations, the final label would look something like this:
24
6.0
The Coast Guard has been given authority to randomly check boats for compliance with the
flotation requirements. When this check is conducted, simulated outboard engine weights are used
rather than an actual outboard engine. The weight used during this check is obtained from the
outboard engine weight table included in Subpart H (Flotation) of the CFR (see Table 4). Due to
changing technology, outboard engines heavier than those listed in Table 4 are available. This is
particularly true in the case of 4 stroke engines. The reader is encouraged to refer to ABYC Standard
S-30, Outboard Engines and Related Equipment Weights, for the latest outboard engine weight
table.
25
Category Two
The other difference is in the calculation of the displacement, where we acknowledge that a 3-inch
diameter hole is permitted in the engine-well area to provide access for the control cables and fuel
lines. This hole will be sealed during immersion tests, or considered acceptable if displacement is
calculated by another method.
6.0
Since many outboard boats leave the manufacturing plant without engines (these are installed by
others), the method of calculating weight and persons capacity varies slightly from the inboard
category. Weights for engines, controls, batteries, etc., must be worked into the formulae. However,
basically the process is the same: figure the location of the static float-plane, calculate the maximum
displacement, and then apply the formulae to arrive at capacity.
Category Two
6.1
FEDERAL LAW:
183.35
26
An important point while figuring maximum displacement is to be sure the calculations under
Simpsons Rule do follow the notes located at the bottom of the blank forms, so that any volume aft
of the transom and below the float-plane is added in the proper place, while any volume forward of
the transom and below the float-plane is deducted properly. Also, remember that outboard boats
are allowed a three-inch-diameter hole in the engine well for the passage of controls and fuel lines.
NOTES:
1. The boat weight includes the factorys heaviest production tolerances. Hull and deck weights may
vary; use the heaviest ones and be conservative.
2. Permanent appurtenances mean any factory-installed, non-portable, permanently attached
equipment, furniture or other features such as canopy tops, camper tops, coolers, cushions, etc.
3. Fuel tanks must be permanently installed; any other portable or removable tanks shall not be
included.
27
Category Two
To calculate the requirements of this section, the procedure is very similar to that of the preceding
section. We must calculate maximum displacement (see section 4.0) in pounds, subtract the boat
weight as defined above, and divide this weight by five.
6.1
Discussion:
Category Two
6.2
FEDERAL LAW:
183.41
28
In the outboard category, from the maximum weight capacity in pounds, calculated as in section
6.1 above, we must deduct the weight of the engine and controls, the battery weight (dry) and the
weight of a full portable fuel tank. These weights are taken from Table 4 of Subpart H of the
regulation, but some explanation is needed.
Although an outboard boat may be in compliance with the Federal Regulations at the time of
construction, the same boat can be adversely affected by repowering with a heavier outboard
engine. Manufacturers are encouraged to refer to the latest ABYC outboard engine weight table.
Additionally, manufacturers are encouraged to review current engine weights available at the time of
construction.
These capacity and flotation regulations are interrelated in different ways, and it is entirely possible
that a small outboard boat, certified through calculations for a certain persons capacity, may very
well fail the flotation regulation for which tests are done in the water. For this reason it may be
beneficial to crosscheck the weights and calculations for both capacity and flotation.
The method to calculate the persons capacity in pounds for outboard boats (category two) is as
follows:
Persons capacity (lb.) = maximum weight capacity value in Column 6, Table 4 (U.S.C.G.),
Where:
Maximum weight capacity is as calculated in section 6.1 (33 CFR 183.35).
The value in Column 6 of Table 4 (USCG table) will be found in Appendix B. This number represents
the sum of the weights of engines with controls, batteries, and full portable fuel tanks for the engine
size on the U.S. Coast Guard Maximum Capacity Label. The result of this calculation is the number
to display on the capacity label. If this number (persons capacity in lb.) is less than 550 pounds, it
will be necessary to confirm it by conducting a dry stability test on the boat. We include this test
here because many small outboard boats will fall under this requirement.
29
Category Two
As in all of the three boat categories, the persons capacity for outboard boats must be displayed in
total pounds and whole numbers of persons. The difference in the formulae between category one
and category two makes these calculations slightly more complex.
6.2
Discussion:
Category Two
6.2
The weight added on each side to simulate passenger weight (not engine, controls, etc.) is called
(A) in the calculations. If the weight added on one side is different from that on the other side, use
the lesser of the two figures as (A) in the formula.
The method to calculate the persons capacity in whole numbers in the category of outboard boats
will be the lesser of:
a.
30
16.5 ft.
16 ft., 2 in.
6.75 ft.
6 ft., 6 in.
1353 lb.
11,668.8 lb. (from Fig. 5, Sec. 4.2)
100 HP
405 lb. (from Table 4, USCG)
Portable fuel tank
We measured the hull, applying Simpsons Rule, and we came up with the displacement (shown in
Figure 5, section 4.2) of 11,668.8 lb. Now we will follow the steps of the regulations formulae.
31
Category Two
Choose the lesser of the two methods: 547 lb. or 546 lb. Obviously you will pick 546 lb.
6.3
The problem here occurs if, in the example above, only 328 lb. were added before the boats
inclination allowed water to come in. In this case, the computation for persons capacity in pounds
is = 328 / .60 = 546 lb.
Category Two
6.3
32
3. Gradually add weights along one outboard extremity of each passenger area, at the height
of the seat nearest the center of that area, but no higher than the height of the gunwale,
and distributed equally forward and aft of that center in a plane parallel to the floorboards
until the boat assumes the maximum list or trim, or both, without water coming aboard.
Then repeat this test on the other side of the boat.
4. Compute the persons capacity in pounds using the following formula:
Persons capacity = A/0.6 where A is the weight added in paragraph 3 above to obtain
maximum listing without water coming in. (If there is a difference between one side and the
other, use the greater of the two weight figures obtained when the test was performed.)
Lets assume that the maximum persons capacity above in Step 3 came to 545 lb. According to the
regulation, the boat must be subjected to the dry stability test. Lets also assume that during the
test, and after locating the dry weights of the engine, controls, battery and fuel tank, we added a
total of 500 lb. on one side of the boat, and then on the other side, to obtain maximum inclination
(or list) before water ingress. You now must compute as per the regulation:
Persons capacity in pounds = 500 / .60
Persons capacity in pounds = 833 lb.
The law states that we must use the lesser of the two values found:
1. Persons capacity (lb.) in Step 3: (as assumed above) 545 lb. or
2. Persons capacity (lb.) in dry stability test: 833 lb.
Using 545 lb., because it is the lesser of the two figures, we may then calculate the persons capacity
in whole numbers as above:
Persons capacity (no.) = 32 + persons capacity (lb.) in test
141
Persons capacity (no.) = 32 + 550 lb.
141
Persons capacity (no.) = 4.12, rounded down to 4 persons.
The manufacturer now has the information to certify the boat, and the label may read:
33
Category Two
2. Add, in normal operating positions, the dry motor and controls weight, battery weight, and
full portable fuel tank weight, if any, for the maximum horsepower capacity marked on the
boat. Permanently installed fuel tanks shall be full of fuel.
6.3
1. Float the boat in calm water with all its permanent appurtenances.
Category Two
6.3
After all these considerations, the manufacturer may decide for something like this:
34
7.0
The procedure to certify them is very similar to the procedure in the other two categories studied
above. We must locate the static float-plane, and we must calculate the displacement. Since these
boats do not operate at high speeds, the law allows more of their displacement to be used as
maximum weight capacity. Notice that the law states that weight capacity is 3/10 of displacement,
as opposed to 1/5 for outboards of over 2 horsepower.
Another point worth mentioning is that there are small tunnel-hulled boats sold as catamarans
that will fall into this category, because their water-line or foot-print is a single line when loaded.
These are most often used as dinghies or tenders. Many people do not consider them to fall under
the applicability of this subpart of the law, but in reality they do.
FEDERAL LAW:
183.37
Maximum weight capacity: Boats rated for manual propulsion and boats
rated for motors of two horsepower or less.
(a) The maximum weight capacity marked on a boat that is rated for manual
propulsion or for motors of two horsepower or less must not exceed
3/10 of the difference between the boat's maximum displacement and
the boat's weight in pounds.
(b) For the purposes of paragraph (a) of this section:
(1) Maximum displacement is the weight of the volume of water
displaced by the boat at its maximum level immersion in calm water
without water coming aboard. For the purpose of this paragraph, a
boat is level when it is transversely level and when either of the two
following conditions are met:
(i) The forward point where the sheer intersects the vertical
centerline plane and the aft point where the sheer intersects the
upper boundary of the transom (stern) are equidistant above the
water surface or are equidistant below the water surface.
(ii) The most forward point of the boat is level with or above the
lowest point of water ingress.
(2) Boat weight is the combination of:
(i) Hull weight;
(ii) Deck and superstructure weight; and
(iii) Weight of permanent appurtenances.
35
Category Three
Do not be misled into thinking that this classification covers only dinghies. There are many rowboats
of up to 20 feet in length, and these can have many different configurations. Since most of these
boats will fall into a limited production classification, it is likely that some manufacturers may have
overlooked these regulations. They do apply, and the Coast Guard does test such boats.
7.0
Category Three
7.2
Discussion:
The calculations for weight capacity on boats of this category are simple and straightforward. The
regulation is clear and easy to follow. Boats in this category usually do not have engine wells or
other features that may have to be observed when calculating displacement. It is easy to figure this
displacement by the immersion method described in section 4.0.
The float-plane is also easy to establish. Some boats in this category have an up-curve sheer,
or a sweeping sheer with the bow and the stern higher than amidships. Be sure to either immerse
the boat, or calculate the float-plane by the alternate method explained in section 3.0. The
distance from the most forward point of the boat to the waterline must be equidistant with the
distance from the top of the transom to the waterline when the boat is about to down-flood.
There are other cases where the bow rise is so high (a pronounced sheer) that establishing the floatplane by this method may penalize the boat. Contact the Coast Guard for an interpretation or a waiver.
FEDERAL LAW:
183.43
Persons Capacity: Boats rated for manual propulsion and boats rated for
motors of two horsepower or less.
(a) The persons capacity in pounds marked on a boat that is rated for manual
propulsion or for motors of 2 horsepower or less must not exceed:
(1) For boats rated for manual propulsion, 90 percent of the maximum
weight capacity in pounds; and
(2) For boats rated for motors of two horsepower or less, 90 percent of
the maximum weight capacity in pounds, less 25 pounds.
(b) The maximum persons capacity, in whole numbers of persons marked on
a boat that is rated for manual propulsion must not exceed the value
obtained by adding 32 pounds to the value determined in paragraph (a)
(1), dividing the sum by 141, and rounding off the result to the nearest
whole number. If the fraction is less than one-half, round down to the
next lower integer and if the fraction is equal to or greater than onehalf, round up to the next higher whole integer.
(c) The maximum persons capacity in whole numbers of persons marked on
a boat rated for motors of 2 horsepower or less must not exceed the
value obtained by adding 32 pounds to the value determined in
paragraph (a) (2), dividing the sum by 141, and rounding off the result
to the nearest whole number. If the fraction is less than one-half, round
down to the next lower whole integer and if the fraction is equal to or
greater than one-half, round up to the next higher whole integer.
36
The static float plane and the maximum displacement have been calculated in section 7.1 to get the
maximum weight capacity, so following the regulation is easy, and there are two options:
1. If the boat is strictly for manual propulsion, the persons capacity in pounds is 90% of its
maximum weight capacity
2. If the boat is rated for 2 horsepower or less, the persons capacity in pounds is 90% of its
maximum weight capacity minus 25 pounds (allowance for the engine)
Either one of these figures expressed as pounds of persons is the certified persons capacity figure
to be displayed in the capacity label.
As mentioned above, the maximum persons capacity also must be expressed in a whole number of
persons. Its calculation is straightforward and follows the two options above.
1. If the boat is strictly for manual propulsion, follow this formula
Person Capacity (no.) = 32 + persons capacity (lb.)
141
2. If the boat is rated for 2 horsepower or less, the formula is
Person capacity (no.) = 32 + [persons capacity (lb.) 25]
141
Either one of the figures for persons capacity in whole numbers must be rounded in the usual
manner; if the fraction is less than half, to the next lower number. If it is half or greater, it may be
rounded to the next higher number. As in the other categories, the manufacturer is allowed to derate the capacity to be stated in the capacity label.
37
Category Three
As in the other categories, persons capacity is calculated and stated in the capacity label in two
forms; expressed in pounds whole numbers. These calculations are straightforward and easy to
complete.
7.2
Discussion:
Category Three
7.3
14.5 ft.
14 ft., 2 in.
5.75 ft.
5.5 ft.
600 lb.
2 HP
25 lb.
built-in the engine
We have established the static float plane as explained before. We have measured the hull either by
the boat immersion method or by applying Simpsons Rule, and have calculated a cubic capacity of
45 cubic ft. We now follow the steps to calculate maximum weight capacity according to
33 CFR 183.37.
38
The capacity label of the boat in this example may display a label such as:
U. S. COAST GUARD
MAXIMUM CAPACITIES
4 PERSONS OR 571 LB
662 LB PERSONS, MOTOR AND GEAR
2 HORSEPOWER, MOTOR
NOTE:
See 33 CFR 183.25.
39
Category Three
The boat may be used for rowing but it has a transom capable of carrying an outboard motor and
the manufacturer has decided to rate the boat for 2 HP on the certification capacity label. Therefore
the persons capacity numbers must be calculated following option 2 of the regulation 183.43 (a) (2)
above.
7.3
40
Applicability
183.21
Applicability.
This subpart applies to monohull boats less than 20 feet in length, except
sailboats, canoes, kayaks, and inflatable boats.
FEDERAL LAW:
183.23
FEDERAL LAW:
183.25
Display of markings.
(a) Each marking required by Sec. 183.23 must be permanently displayed in
a legible manner where it is clearly visible to the operator when getting
the boat underway.
(b) The information required by Sec. 183.23 must be displayed in the
following manner:
(1) For outboard boats:
U.S. Coast Guard Maximum Capacities
XX Persons or XXX Pounds
XXX Pounds, persons, motor, gear
XXX Horsepower, motor
or
U.S. Coast Guard Maximum Capacities
XX Persons or XXX Pounds
XXX Pounds, persons, motor, gear
XXX Horsepower, motor with remote steering
XXX Horsepower, motor without remote steering
(2) For inboard boats and inboard-outboard boats:
U.S. Coast Guard Maximum Capacities
XX Persons or XXX Pounds
XXX Pounds, persons, gear
(3) For boats rated for motors of 2 horsepower or less:
U.S. Coast Guard Maximum Capacities
XX Persons or XXX Pounds
XXX Pounds, persons, motor, gear
XXX Horsepower, motor
continued on page 42 . . .
41
Applicability
Each boat must be marked in the manner prescribed in Sec.s 183.25 and 183.27
with the maximum persons capacity in whole numbers of persons and in pounds,
the maximum weight capacity in pounds, determined under Sec.s 183.33
through 183.43, and the maximum horsepower capacity determined under
Sec. 183.53 or the statement This Boat Not Rated for Propulsion by a Motor.
183.21183.25
FEDERAL LAW:
183.25
FEDERAL LAW:
(4) All remaining words and numbers required to be within the yellow
area required in paragraph (c) (1) must be at least one-eighth inch in
height, but no larger than one-half the height of the persons
capacity number.
(5) All other words and numbers on the displays must be located outside
the yellow area on a background color which contrasts with yellow.
(6) The words Maximum Capacities must be at least one-quarter inch
in height and of color contrasting with its background.
(7) The words U. S. Coast Guard must be at least one-eighth inch in
height and of color contrasting with its background.
FEDERAL LAW:
183.27
Construction of markings.
Each marking required by Sec. 183.23 must be:
(a) Capable of withstanding the combined effects of exposure to water, oil,
salt spray, direct sunlight, heat, cold, and wear expected in normal
operation of the boat, without loss of legibility; and
(b) Resistant to efforts to remove or alter the information without leaving
some obvious sign of such efforts.
Discussion:
The requirements in this subpart are simple and straightforward. The important section is 183.25
(b), which gives the arrangement options for the figures. The regulation follows the categories
explained before, but breaks down category three so as to be more explicit. Following are some
comments on this.
An outboard boat has two optional display forms: a regular outboard with a helm seat or steering
station will simply display the information as shown in 183.25 (b) (1), but, if the vessel is a small
boat on which the final owner may have the option of installing either a tiller-steered engine or a
remote steering system, the regulation offers an option to certify a horsepower capacity for the
tiller-steered engine, and a different horsepower capacity for a remotely steered engine.
43
Construction of Markings
(3) The words in the line XX Persons or XXX Pounds must be at least
one-quarter inch in height but not larger than one-half the height of
the persons capacity number and of a color contrasting with yellow.
The number of pounds in this line must be at least one-eighth inch in
height but no larger than one-half the height of the persons capacity
number and of a color contrasting with yellow.
183.27
FEDERAL LAW:
Finally, category three is broken down into two groups: boats rated for 2 HP or less in which the
manufacturer certifies identically to the regular outboard boats above; and boats rated for manual
propulsion in which no horsepower capacity is given and a note is added at the bottom of the label
stating, This Boat Not Rated for Propulsion by Motor.
Part 183.27 deals with the requirements for the construction of the label, including the fact that the
label must withstand environmental effects without loss of legibility. In reality, the manufacturer will
probably procure these labels from a supplier that already complies with these requirements. It is
not practical for boat manufacturers to make their own labels.
183.630
Natural Ventilation
The labels on inboard or sterndrive boats do not display a certification of the maximum horsepower
capacity because the engine is already installed at the factory. Therefore, the display will only show
the persons capacity in pounds and whole numbers and the maximum weight capacity. Remember
that technically, the persons capacity in pounds can be the same as the maximum weight capacity.
44
Appendix A
Swamped
Battery weight
Dry
Full portable
fuel tank weight
1+3+5
Submerged
COLUMN NO.
1
0.1 to 2
25
20
25
2.1 to 3.9
40
34
40
4.0 to 7
60
52
7.1 to 15
90
82
20
15.1 to 25
125
105
25.1 to 45
170
45.1 to 60
25
35
11
50
160
45
25
50
220
143
45
25
100
315
235
195
45
25
100
380
60.1 to 80
280
235
45
25
100
425
80.1 to 145
405
352
45
25
100
550
145.1 to 275
430
380
45
25
100
575
275.1 and up
605
538
45
25
100
750
50.1 to 90
340
286
90
50
100
530
90.1 to 120
470
390
90
50
100
660
120.1 to 160
560
470
90
50
100
750
160.1 to 290
810
704
90
50
100
1000
290.1 to 550
860
760
90
50
100
1050
550.1 and up
1210
1076
90
50
100
1400
Transoms designed
for twin motors:
45
Appendix A
USCG TABLE 4
Appendix B
Appendix B
Title 33 CFR 181, Subpart B Manufacturer Certification of Compliance
FEDERAL LAW:
Sec. 181.5
FEDERAL LAW:
Sec. 181.7
FEDERAL LAW:
Sec. 181.9
Affixing labels.
(a) Each manufacturer of a boat or item of associated equipment to which a
standard or regulation prescribed in Part 183 of this chapter applies shall
affix a certification label that contains the information required by Sec.
181.15 to that boat or equipment before it:
(1) Leaves the place of manufacture for the purpose of sale; or
(2) Is imported.
(b) The manufacturer of a boat or item of associated equipment that is sold
to a private label merchandiser may, at the option of the private label
merchandiser, affix a certification label identifying the private label
merchandiser as the manufacturer before the boat or item of associated
equipment leaves the place of manufacture.
46
FEDERAL LAW:
Sec. 181.13 Removal of labels.
No person may remove a label required by this part or remove or alter any
information on a label required by this part, unless authorized by the
Commandant.
FEDERAL LAW:
Sec. 181.15 Contents of labels.
(a) Each label required by Sec. 181.7 must contain:
(1) The name and address of the manufacturer or private label
merchandiser who certifies that the boat or item of associated
equipment complies with the standards prescribed in Part 183 of this
subchapter; and
(2) Except as provided in paragraph (c) of this section, the words:
(i) This (insert Boat or Equipment) Complies With U.S. Coast
Guard Safety Standards In Effect On (insert date of certification
as prescribed in paragraph (b) of this section)
or
(ii) If the item being certified is a boat the label may show the
words, This Boat Complies With U.S. Coast Guard Safety
Standards In Effect On The Date of Certification.
(b) Date of certification must be no earlier than the date on which
construction or assembly began and no later than the date on which
the boat or item of associated equipment leaves the place of
manufacture or assembly or import for the purposes of sale.
continued on page 48 . . .
47
Appendix B
FEDERAL LAW:
Appendix B
FEDERAL LAW:
(c) {Reserved}
(d) Except as provided in paragraph (e) of this section, the manufacturer
may, in addition to the information required by paragraphs (a) and (b)
of this section, display on the certification label any or all of the
following information:
(1) Model name or designation.
(2) Hull identification number (if a boat) or serial number (if an item of
associated equipment).
(3) Model year.
(e) Display of the hull identification number on the certification label does
not satisfy the display requirements of Sec. 181.29.
(f) Each boat which displays a maximum horsepower capacity determined in
accordance with Sec. 183.53 (b) must, in addition to the information
required by paragraphs (a), (b) and (d) of this section, display on the
certification label, the following statement in letters no less than onequarter of an inch in height: .THIS BOAT IS INTENDED FOR RACING
AND OTHER HIGH PERFORMANCE ACTIVITIES. THE SKILL REQUIRED
MAY EXCEED THE ABILITIES OF SOME OPERATORS.
FEDERAL LAW:
Sec. 181.17 Label numbers and letters.
Letters and numbers on each label must:
(a) Be no less than one-eighth of an inch in height; and
(b) Contrast with the basic color of the label, except that the date of
certification may be permanently stamped, engraved, or embossed on
the label.
FEDERAL LAW:
Sec. 181.19 Construction of labels.
(a) Each label must be made of material that can withstand exposure to
water, oil salt spray, direct sunlight, heat, cold, and wear expected in
normal use of the boat or item of associated equipment without
deterioration of legibility.
(b) Each label must be made of material that shows visible traces of the
alteration or removal of information on the label.
48
References
49
References
U.S. Coast Guard regulations are available from the U.S. Government Printing Office, Superintendent
of Documents, Washington, DC 20402-9328.
50