960 358e 09.16

Test & Measurement
Force and Strain

Measurement Equipment for Demanding T&M Applications
www.kistler.com
About Kistler
A Culture of Innovation Backed by a Long History
A thirst for knowledge and a passion for technology inspired the
foundation of Kistler Instrumente AG in 1959.
With the groundbreaking invention of the charge amplifier and
the launch of series production of the first quartz pressure
sensors, Walter P. Kistler and Hans Conrad Sonderegger helped
to bring about the global breakthrough for piezoelectric measurement technology. The triumphant progress of piezoelectric
technology is inseparably linked to the evolution of this family
firm, which has roots in both Switzerland and the USA.
The Kistler name is no longer merely a synonym for dynamic measurement technology: the company has also made a name for
itself with piezoresistive, optical and strain gage measurement
technology. The result: Kistler can always provide exactly the right
technology to deliver maximum benefit for our customers.
The passion that inspired Kistler's two pioneers is still the hallmark
of our company today. A unique culture of innovation opens
up scope for new ideas, providing the fundamental basis for real
successes. Kistler operates its own facility for growing crystals
according to a proprietary formula. These crystals are more sensitive and stable in fluctuating temperatures, so they deliver reliable
results even in the most challenging applications.
Kistler continues to be a pioneer in measurement technology.

To this day, Kistler's physicists and engineers still share a personal
passion for technology. Kistler is justly proud of its track record of
longstanding relationships with its customers.
Alongside products for general measurements, Kistler offers

complete solutions for specific applications including engine
development, plastics processing and assembly technology.
Facts and Figures about Kistler: www.kistler.com/facts
www.kistler.com
Contents
Test & Measurement.................................................................. 4

Your Own Measuring Chain in Five Steps............................... 5
Focus on Force Measurement Technology.................................. 7
Selection Criteria for Piezoelectric Force Sensors..................... 12
Selection Criteria for Piezoelectric Strain Sensors..................... 13
1-Component Sensors.............................................................. 15

Measuring Chains............................................................. 20

Product Overview............................................................. 22

Product Details................................................................. 24

Cables.............................................................................. 40

Overview of Cables.......................................................... 42
2-Component and 3-Component Sensors................................ 45



Product Details................................................................. 54

Cables.............................................................................. 59

Dynamometers and Quartz Force Link
Assembly Kits (3-Component)................................................. 65



Product Details................................................................. 72

Cables.............................................................................. 74

Strain Sensors........................................................................... 79


Product Details................................................................. 84

Cables.............................................................................. 86

Customized Sensors................................................................. 91
Charge Amplifiers.................................................................... 93

Product Overview........................................................... 100

Product Details............................................................... 102
Accessories..................................................................... 104
Accessories Cables.............................................................. 106
Accessories Electronics........................................................ 107
Service.................................................................................... 109

Calibration...................................................................... 110

Kistler's Calibration Service............................................. 111

Advisory Service............................................................. 112
Overview of Information........................................................ 113
Glossary................................................................................. 114
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Test & Measurement

Measurement Equipment for Demanding T&M Applications
Put your trust in Kistler's lengthy experience of pressure, acceleration, force, strain and torque sensors, and the corresponding
signal conditioning solutions for the T&M market. Kistler offers
reliable, high-quality sensors for engineers, researchers,
measurement technicians and students in a variety of sectors.
Kistler leads the global market and is the largest provider of piezoelectric measurement technology. But in addition, Kistler's
high-quality piezoresistive, capacitive and strain gage sensors are
used in demanding applications by laboratories specializing in
measurement, testing, research and development.
On the following pages, you can discover Kistler's diverse range
of Test & Measurement products for measuring force and strain.
This catalog will assist you with selecting the most suitable force
or strain measuring chain for your application.
You can find detailed information about individual products on
our data sheets, which can be downloaded from our website free
of charge.
Our T&M Sales Team, and their contact partners in your area, will
always be glad to hear from you.
Overview of Sectors
Aerospace Technology
Transport and Traffic
Automobile Engineering
Shipbuilding and Maritime
Industries
Energy and Environmental
Technology
Oil and Gas
Chemical Industry
Pharmaceutical Industry
Semiconductor and Electronics
Industry
Paper and Cellulose Industry
Food and Beverage Industry
Construction and Mining
Medical Technology
Mechanical Engineering
University Research
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Your Own Measuring Chain in Five Steps
This catalog is structured so that it maps the entire measuring

chain, from the sensor through to the charge amplifier. With the
following overview, you can assemble a suitable piezoelectric
force or strain measuring chain for your application in just five
steps.
You'll achieve the fastest result if you start out with the introduction to piezoelectric force measurement technology.
Then, use the selection criteria for force or strain sensors to
choose the most suitable sensor category for your application,
and work through the category you have selected from the
sensor and the cable to the charge amplifier.
Step 1
Piezoelectric Force Measurement Technology

> p. 7
Step 2
Step 3
Sensors
Step 4
Cables
Step 5
Charge amplifiers
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Strain Sensors
> p. 13
Force Sensors
> p. 12
Selection criteria
1-Component
2-Component
3-Component
Dynamometers
Strain
Sensors
> p. 15
Sensors
> p. 45
Sensors
> p. 45
(3-Component)
Sensors
> p. 79
Cables
> p. 40
Cables
> p. 59
Cables
> p. 59
Cables
> p. 74
Sensors
> p. 65
Customer-specific Sensors
> p. 91
Introduction
Cables
> p. 86
Charge Amplifiers
> p. 93
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Force Measurement
Technology
Focus on Force
Measurement Technology
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Focus on Force Measurement Technology
Various measurement principles are used in force measurement

technology. However, two principles have become established
in practice: piezoelectric sensors and force sensors based on
strain gages.
This catalog only covers piezoelectric force sensors for T&M
applications, and it highlights their main advantages.
Electrical charge (Q)
In piezoelectric force sensors, the measuring element is based on

a crystal that produces an electrical charge proportional to the
force when a load is applied. In strain gage technology, the measuring element consists of a strain gage that extends minimally
under the action of force, so it changes the electrical resistance.
Force (F)
The electrical charge (Q) is proportional for the force (F).
Fundamentals of Piezoelectric Measuring

Technology
The Piezoelectric Effect
The piezoelectric effect is exhibited by piezoelectric materials
(such as quartz) that produce positive or negative electrical
charges when a mechanical load is applied to their outer surfaces.
The charge is generated because the positive and negative crystal
lattice elements are displaced relative to one another, thereby
forming an electric dipole. The charge generated as this happens
is proportional to the force acting on the crystal.
Crystal Disks as Measuring Elements

Most piezoelectric force sensors operate with a measuring element that consists of thin crystal disks. Depending on whether
the sensor is to measure compression or shear forces, the disks
are cut from the crystal with different cutting angles. A longitudinal cut produces crystal disks that are used in sensors to measure
compression forces, whereas a shear cut is used for elements to
measure shear forces.
Unloaded crystal
Crystal under load

Crystal disks as measuring elements
Longitudinal cut
The mechanical load on a crystal produces an electrical charge
Shear cut
Possible cutting angles in the crystal
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Force Measurement
Technology
Piezoelectric Crystals PiezoStar versus Quartz
The electrical charge generated by a single crystal disk depends
only on the piezoelectric material, but not on its geometric dimensions. To produce sensors with higher sensitivity, several crystal disks can be stacked on top of one another and connected
electrically in parallel. Alternatively, a piezoelectric material with
higher sensitivity can be used (e.g. PiezoStar crystals).
Kistler grows its own PiezoStar crystals which offer higher sensitivity and better temperature stability than quartz. PiezoStar crystals are typically installed in sensors for measuring very small
forces, so they extend the application range for commonly used
quartz-based force sensors. Kistler offers piezoelectric force sensors based on both quartz and PiezoStar.
Crystal disk
Possibility of increasing the charge yielded
PiezoStar crystals
Piezoelectric Measuring Chain

A piezoelectric measuring chain consists of the sensor, a highinsulation connecting cable to transport the small charges, and
a charge amplifier to convert the charge signal into a voltage
signal.
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Piezoelectric or Strain Gage Force Sensors?

Piezoelectric and strain gage sensors have both become established as technologies for measuring forces. These two technologies complement one another. Preference should be given either
to a piezoelectric sensor or a strain gage force sensor depending
on the application concerned.
The following sections show the main differences between the
two technologies, so as to simplify your decision-making process.
The next graphic is intended to help you reach your decisions. It

shows whether a piezoelectric force sensor can be used for your
static measurement, or whether it is only appropriate to use a
strain gage sensor. The graphic very clearly shows that long measurement times pose no problems for piezoelectric force sensors if
the forces are sufficiently large. However, strain gage force
sensors are clearly preferable for long-term monitoring tasks.
Dynamic Force Measurements
Static Force Measurements

Due to their principle of operation, piezoelectric force sensors
display a small drift when a static load is applied. By contrast,
sensors based on the strain gage principle operate largely free
of drift.
Measuring time (s)
100 000
Strain Gage
10 000
Force (F)
1 000
100
PE
10
1
1
PE
10
100
1 000 10 000 100 000 Force (N)
Strain Gage
Measuring times and force ranges: piezoelectric (PE) versus strain gage (basis: drift
0.05 pC/s and measurement error of 1%)
Measuring time (t)

Static force measurement: piezoelectric (PE) versus strain gage
Piezoelectric force sensors are clearly preferable for dynamic

applications because thanks to their rigidity they exhibit very
little deformation under load. This results in a high resonance
frequency which is generally very favorable for dynamic applications.
In piezoelectric force sensors, the drift value always remains the

same when a static load is applied, regardless of the measured
force; therefore, the relative measurement error caused by the
drift is always particularly unfavorable when small forces are to
be measured over a long period. However, measurements of
large static forces over lengthy measuring periods pose no problem. With piezoelectric force sensors, the measuring time therefore depends on the requirements for accuracy and the force to
be measured.
10
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Force Measurement
Technology
Overview of Piezoelectric and Strain Gage Force Sensors
The main criterion is whether the force to be measured is static or
dynamic, but there are also other aspects that should be considered when selecting the measurement principle. The following
overview table shows various criteria according to which one
measurement technology is preferable to the other; this provides
further assistance with reaching a decision.
Criterion
Piezoelectric
Technology
If you are not sure whether piezoelectric measurement technology is suitable for your application, we shall be happy to take the
time to give you neutral advice without obligation.
Our T&M Sales Team will be glad to hear from you.
Strain Gage
Technology
True static measurement*

Dynamic measurement*
(high rigidity)
Wide measuring range
Measurement of very small
force changes with high static
preloading
Compact sensor dimensions for
multi-component force sensors
Lifetime with cyclical loading
Overload capability
High temperature suitability
Suitability on temperature
variation
Cable handling (cleanliness, low
noise)
Linearity
Repeatability
Calibration interval
* see diagram on page 10
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11
Selection Criteria for Piezoelectric Force Sensors
Kistler offers various versions of piezoelectric force sensors for

different T&M applications. They differ mainly in the number of
force components and torques that can be captured with one
single sensor.
The following overview describes the various categories of force
sensors. The explanations are intended to assist you with the
choice of the right category of force sensors for the specific application.
1-Component Sensors
Fz
Fy
1-component sensors measure one single force component. The category of

1-component sensors includes the following versions:
Force sensors for compression and tensile forces (Fz)
Force sensors for shear forces (Fy)
You will find more information about 1-component sensors starting on page 15
2-Component Sensors
Fz
Mz
2-component sensors measure compression and tensile forces (Fz) and at the
same time the corresponding positive and negative reaction torques (Mz).
3-Component Sensors
Fz
3-component sensors measure all three orthogonal force components (Fx, Fy

and Fz) at the same time. The sensors capture compression and tensile forces
(Fz) as well as positive and negative shear forces in both shear directions
(Fx and Fy).
Fx
Fy
Dynamometers (3-Component)
Fz
Mz
Mx
Fx
My
Fy
Dynamometers are essentially based on four 3-component sensors that are

mounted between a baseplate and a cover plate.
A dynamometer can therefore capture the three orthogonal force components
(Fx, Fy and Fz ) at the same time. Based on the three force components captured
by the individual 3-component sensors and the known geometric positioning of
the four sensors, the corresponding torques (Mx, My and Mz) can be calculated.
You will find more information about dynamometers starting on page 65
12
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Selection Criteria for Piezoelectric Strain Sensors
Selection
Force/Strain
Kistler's portfolio also includes piezoelectric strain sensors that

are suitable for indirect force measurements in T&M applications.
Every force results in a deformation of the structure. Piezoelectric
strain sensors can measure this deformation.
Since the deformation is proportional to the force, the force can
be determined from the deformation.
The following table shows the advantages and limitations of
indirect force measurements with a strain sensor as compared to
direct force measurements with a force sensor.
Indirect Force Measurement
Surface Strain Sensor
Direct Force Measurement

Force F
Force F ~ Strain
Strain
Strain
sensor
Force
sensor
+
+
+
+
Least effort required for mounting

Can easily be retrofitted to the existing application
Overload protection
Since the structure absorbs the entire force,
very large forces can be measured
Ambient influences: Strains due to vibration forces and

temperature influences are included in the measurement
For absolute values, calibration by means of a force sensor in
the application is a mandatory requirement
+ High sensitivity
+ High measuring accuracy
+ High repeatability
+ Good linearity and low hysteresis
Installation requires major effort

Force range for very large forces is limited
You will find more information about strain sensors starting on page 79
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13
14
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1-Component
1-Component Sensors
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15
1-Component Sensors
When measuring force with piezoelectric 1-component sensors,

the method of installation in the structure is critically important.
Kistler offers the right sensor to meet every requirement.
Depending on how the sensor is to be installed in the structure,
the following two versions are available from Kistler:
1-component force sensors
1-component quartz force links
Depending on the application, one of the two categories will be
more suitable. The following table indicates potential advantages
and limitations:
1-Component Force Sensors
1-Component Quartz Force Links
+ Low overall height ideal for confined installation conditions

and larger bending moments
+ Low-cost option for customers with experience
of force sensor integration
+ Already preloaded, so installation is simple

+ No need for time-consuming recalibration after
installation, so the device is immediately ready to measure
+ Suitable for customers with limited experience
+ High-sensitivity versions to capture the
very smallest forces
Complex installation required with preloading,

using a preloading screw or preloading element
Recalibration after installation is needed to
ensure accurate measurements
Large overall height
The following sections provide detailed explanations of the two designs.
16
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The following illustrations show examples of the installation of
a 1-component force sensor in the structure, with the help of a
preloading screw or preloading element. If both mounting
options are available, the variant to be preferred is also shown,
depending on the application:
Centering sleeve
1-Component
1-Component force sensors essentially consist of two crystal disks

which are integrated into a tightly welded housing with slight
preloading.
Preloading screw
Cross-section of a 1-component force sensor
Because of their compact structural design, 1-component force

sensors are very well suited to applications where the space for
installation is confined. Two versions of the sensors are available:
either to capture compression forces (+Fz) depending on the installation variant and the preload, tensile forces (Fz) can also be
measured or to measure positive and negative shear forces
(Fy).

Installation with Preloading
When 1-component force sensors are installed in the application,
they must always be mechanically preloaded. There are several
reasons for this:
Bending moments and lateral loads are captured but not
measured
Micro-gaps are closed: this ensures high rigidity and,
consequently, a wide frequency range
Adequate static friction to transmit the shear forces from
the structure to the force sensor for shear forces
The sensor is preloaded in the application with the help of a preloading screw or a preloading element. In principle, both variants
operate in the same way; they differ only as regards the type of
mechanical design. Depending on the sensor type, one or possibly both variants are available.
Sensor
Insulating plate
(available optional)
Installation with preloading screw
Suitable for
compression forces
small tensile forces
Centering sleeve
Hexagon nut
Sensor
Preloading stud
Insulating plates
Installation with preloading element
Suitable for
compression forces
medium to large tensile forces
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17
Usable Measuring Range

Preloading limits the sensor's usable measuring range. The actual
measuring range that is obtained therefore corresponds to the
measuring range shown on the data sheet less the preload;
this amounts to between 20% and 70% of the total measuring
range, depending on the application and installation variant.

1-component quartz force links consist of a 1-component force
sensor that is preloaded between two special nuts, with basic insulation.
0%
Mounting with
preloading bolt
Actual
measuring
range
Sensor
Special
nut
Preloading
Preloading
20 %
Measuring range
as per data sheet
70 %
Actual
measuring
range
100 %
Mounting with
preloading element
Limitation of the measuring range by preloading
Influence of Preloading on Sensitivity

Preloading the sensors with the help of a preloading screw or a
preloading element results in a force shunt. Part of the force that
acts from the application on the preloaded sensor (typically 7%
to 10%, depending on the preload) passes through the preloading screw or the preloading bolt. This reduces the sensor's
sensitivity in the installed state. For accurate measurements, it is
therefore advisable to calibrate the preloaded sensor in the
application.
1-component quartz force link, consisting of a 1-component-force sensor preloaded

between two special nuts
In contrast to the 1-component force sensor, this structure substantially simplifies installation in the application: because the
measuring elements are already preloaded and calibrated, they
are ready to measure immediately. 1-component quartz force
links can be used to measure compression forces (+Fz), and
certain measuring elements are also designed to measure compression and tensile forces (Fz).
Special 1-component quartz force links are available to measure
extremely low forces. Thanks to their internal structure, these
low-force measuring elements are substantially more sensitive, so
even the smallest forces can be measured reliably.
1-component quartz force link for low forces

Force shunt with a preloaded 1-component force sensor
18
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1-Component
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19
1-Component Sensors
Measuring Chains
Measure
90x1A
90x1B
910xA
1631C
1641B
1939A
1983AD
etc.
913xB2...
914xB2
Cable integrated in the sensor

> Connection to the charge amplifier with
coupling 1721
913xBA
914xBA
2)
20
Amplify
Charge amplifiers without
integrated data acquisition
5015A
5018A...
1971A1
1973Ax1
9203
9205
9207
9215A 1)
9217A
93x1B
9313AA
93x3A
1631C
1641B
1939A
1983AD
1651C1)
etc.
917xB

> Connection to the charge amplifier with cable
1631C
1641B
etc.
Details from page 22 onwards

1)
Connect
Charge amplifiers with

5165A
5171A2)
Sensor 9215A can only be used with cables 1651C

Requires a CompactRIOTM platform from National Instruments -> Data acquisition implemented by the customer in LabVIEWTM
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C
t
Acquire
Data acquisition unit
(provided by customer)
Cable for the connection

to the laptop
Laptop
(provided by
customer)
Ethernet cable
Laptop
(provided by
customer)
with LabAmp GUI
(Graphical
User Interface)
1-Component

to the data acquisition unit
Analyze
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21
1-Component Sensors
Product Overview
0.1
0.1
10
100
1000
Measuring range [kN]
Shear force (Fy)
Compression & tensile

force (Fz)
Measuring
direction
Compression force (+Fz)
Family
90x1A
0
910xA
90x1B
913xB
913xBA
0
914xB
914xBA
8
93x1B
120
9313AA
0
93x3A
0
917xB
20
92
0.5 0
22
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min.
max.
196
200
Very good linearity for measurements with

high accuracy requirements
Suitable for a wide temperature range
24
40
120
Low-cost sensors
Larger measuring range than the 90x1A
family
26
40
200
Suitable for extremely large forces
25
20
120
Low overall height, so ideal

for installation in confined spaces
Preloading is possible
with a normal commercially available screw
Suitable for industrial applications
28
20
120
Assembly kits comprising 2, 3 or 4 sensors

See the 913xB... family
28
20
120
Low overall height, so ideal

for installation in confined spaces
Preloading is possible
with a normal commercially available screw
Suitable for industrial applications
30
20
120
Assembly kits comprising 2, 3 or 4 sensors

See the 914xB... family
30
40
120

Suitable for compression and tensile forces
Preloaded and calibrated, so
immediately ready to measure
32
40
120

34
40
120

34
20
80

36

Very high sensitivity
38
0 700
0 1200
0 80
0 80
120
0 20
0 700
75
See page 38
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23
1-Component
Page
0 400
0.5
Additional information
1000
100
10
0.1
Operating temperature range [C]

Product Details
Technical Data
Type
9001A
9011A
kN
0 ... 7.5
0 ... 15
2)
9021A
9031A
D
d
Fz
H
Fz1)
Measuring range
0 ... 35
2)
0 ... 60
2)
Calibrated measuring ranges
Fz
Fz
kN
kN
0 ... 6
0 ... 0.62)
0 ... 12
0 ... 1.22)
0 ... 28
0 ... 2.82)
0 ... 482)
0 ... 2.84)
Sensitivity
Fz1)
pC/N
4.0
4.3
4.3
4.3
Dimensions
D
d
H
mm
mm
mm
10.3
4.1
6.5
14.5
6.5
8
22.5
10.5
10
28.5
13
11
Rigidity
cA,z
kN/m
1.1
1.6
3.4
5.4
Weight
20
36
Operating temperature range3)
196 ... 200
196 ... 200
196 ... 200
196 ... 200
KIAG 10-32 neg.
KIAG 10-32 neg.
KIAG 10-32 neg.
KIAG 10-32 neg.
IP65
IP68
Type
9422A01
9422A11
9422A21
9422A31
Fv (kN)
M30.5/19.5
2.5
M50.8/26
5
M81.25/39
10
M101.5/46
20
Type
9420A01
9420A11
9420A21
9420A31
Fv (kN)
M30.5/22
4
M50.5/28
7
M81/40
18
M101/46
30
9517
14
0.125
9527
22
0.125
9537
28
0.125
Connector
Deg. of protection to IEC/EN 60529
screwed with cable (e.g. 1631C...)
welded with cable (e.g. 1983AD...)
Accessories
Preloading Screw4)
Threadpitch/
Length
Preloading force
Preloading Element
Threadpitch/
Length
Preloading force
Insulating Washer
Dimensions
Force Distributing
Cap
Dimensions
Force Distributing
Ring
Dimensions
D
S
Spherical Washer
Dimensions
Type
D (mm)
S (mm)
Type
D (mm)
H (mm)
9509
10
10
9519
14
15
9529
22
20
9539
28
25
Type
D (mm)
H (mm)
9505
10
6
9515
14
8
9525
22
10
9535
28
11
9513
12
4
9523
21
6
9533
24
7
Type
D (mm)
H (mm)
D
1)
Without preload
Operating temperature range depends on the cable used
3)
24
2)
With a preload of 20% of the measuring range

Included in the scope of delivery
4)
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9051A
0 ... 90
9061A
0 ... 120
2)
2)
9071A
0 ... 200
0 ... 400
2)
2)
9081B
9091B
0 ... 650
0 ... 1200
0 ... 72
0 ... 7.22)
0 ... 96
0 ... 9.62)
0 ... 160
0 ... 162)
0 ... 320
0 ... 322)
0 ... 650
0 ... 65
0 ... 1200
0 ... 120
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
2.2
2.2
34.5
17
12
40.5
21
13
52.5
26.5
15
75.5
40.5
17
100
40.5
22
145
72
28
6.9
9.8
15
29
30
65
70
80
157
370
910
2180
196 ... 200
196 ... 200
196 ... 200
196 ... 200
40 ... 200
40 ... 200
KIAG 10-32 neg.
KIAG 10-32 neg.
KIAG 10-32 neg.
KIAG 10-32 neg.
KIAG 10-32 neg.
KIAG 10-32 neg.
9422A41
9422A51
M121.75/53
30
M142/60
40
9420A41
9420A51
9420A61
9420A71
9455
9456
M121/60
45
M141.5/62
60
M201.5/80
100
M272/102
200
M402
450
M643
600 (hydraulic)
9547
34
0.125
9557
40
0.125
9567
52
0.125
9577
75
0.125
9549
34
30
9559
40
40
9569
52
50
9579
75
60
9545
34
12
9555
40
13
9565
52
15
9575
75
17
9543
30
8
9553
36
10
9563
52
14
9573
75
20
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1-Component
9041A
25

Product Details
Technical Data
Type
9101A
9102A
kN
0 ... 20
0 ... 50
D
d
Fz
H
Measuring range
Fz1)
Calibrated meas. ranges
not calibrated
Sensitivity
Fz1)
pC/N
4.3
4.3
Dimensions
D
d
H
mm
mm
mm
14.5
6.5
8
22.5
10.5
10
Rigidity
cA,z
kN/m
1.6
3.4
Weight
20
Operating temp. range2)
40 ... 120
40 ... 120
KIAG 10-32 neg.
KIAG 10-32 neg.
IP65
IP68
Type
9422A11
M50.8/26
5
9422A21
M81.25/39
10
Fv (kN)
9420A11
M50.5/28
7
9420A21
M81/40
18
Type
D (mm)
S (mm)
9517
14
0.125
9527
22
0.125
Type
D (mm)
H (mm)
9519
14
15
9529
22
20
Type
D (mm)
H (mm)
9515
14
8
9525
22
10
Type
D (mm)
H (mm)
(total)
9513
12
4
9523
21
6
Connector
Accessories
Preloading Screw
Threadpitch/length
Preloading force
Fv (kN)
Preloading Element
Threadpitch/length
Preloading force
Type
L
Insulating Washer
Dimensions
Force Distributing Cap

Dimensions
H
Force Distributing Ring

Dimensions
H
Spherical Washer
Dimensions
D
1)
Without preloading
2)
26
www.kistler.com
9104A
9105A
9106A
9107A
0 ... 100
0 ... 140
0 ... 190
0 ... 330
0 ... 700
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
28.5
13
11
34.5
17
12
40.5
21
13
52.5
26.5
15
75.5
40.5
17
5.4
6.9
9.8
15
29
36
70
80
157
370
40 ... 120
40 ... 120
40 ... 120
40 ... 120
40 ... 120
KIAG 10-32 neg.
KIAG 10-32 neg.
KIAG 10-32 neg.
KIAG 10-32 neg.
KIAG 10-32 neg.
9422A31
M101.5/46
20
9422A41
M121.75/53
30
9422A51
M142/60
40
9420A31
M101/46
30
9420A41
M121/60
45
9420A51
M141.5/62
60
9420A61
M201.5/80
100
9420A71
M272/102
200
9537
28
0.125
9547
34
0.125
9557
40
0.125
9567
52
0.125
9577
75
0.125
9539
28
25
9549
34
30
9559
40
40
9569
52
50
9579
75
60
9535
28
11
9545
34
12
9555
40
13
9565
52
15
9575
75
17
9533
24
7
9543
30
8
9553
36
10
9563
52
14
9573
75
20
www.kistler.com
1-Component
9103A
27
1-Component Force Sensors, SlimLine

Product Details
Technical Data
Type
9130B...
9131B...
9132B...
kN
0 ... 3
0 ... 2.5
0 ... 7
D
d
Fz
H
Fz1)
Measuring range
not calibrated
Sensitivity
Fz1)
pC/N
3.5
3.8
Dimensions
D
d
H
mm
mm
mm
8
2.7
3
7
3
12
4.1
3
Rigidity
cA,z
2.1
kN/m
0.9
Weight (without cable)
Operating temperature range
20 ... 120
20 ... 120
20 ... 120
choice:
KIAG 10-32 pos. int. or
Mini-Coax neg.
choice:
Mini-Coax neg.
choice:
Mini-Coax neg.
IP65
Type
G
L (mm)
D (mm)
H (mm)
9410A0
M2
8
8
3.5
Connector
(with integrated cable)
Accessories
Preloading Disk
Dimensions
L
G
9410A2
M2.5
8
12
3.5
1)
Without preloading
Assembly Kits Comprising 2, 3 or 4 Sensors, SlimLine

Technical Data
Type
9130BA...
Assembly kit comprises
Type
9130B
9132B
Fischer flange,
7-pole neg.
Fischer flange,
7-pole neg.
Connector
(sensors are connected
permanently to the flange
bushing)
with connected cable (e.g. 1971A1...)
28
IP65
9132BA...
www.kistler.com
9134B...
9135B...
9136B...
9137B...
0 ... 14
0 ... 26
0 ... 36
0 ... 62
0 ... 80
3.8
3.8
3.8
3.8
3.8
16
6.1
3.5
20
8.1
3.5
24
10.1
3.5
30
12.1
4
36
14.1
5
6.3
7.8
12.8
18.8
14
27
20 ... 120
20 ... 120
20 ... 120
20 ... 120
20 ... 120
choice:
Mini-Coax neg.
choice:
Mini-Coax neg.
choice:
Mini-Coax neg.
choice:
Mini-Coax neg.
choice:
Mini-Coax neg.
9410A3
M3
10
16
4.25
9410A4
M4
10
20
4.25
9410A5
M5
10
24
4.25
9410A6
M6
14
30
5.5
9410A7
M8
16
36
7
9133BA...
9134BA...
9135BA...
9136BA...
9137BA...
9133B
9134B
9135B
9136B
9137B
Fischer flange,
7-pole neg.
Fischer flange,
7-pole neg.
Fischer flange,
7-pole neg.
Fischer flange,
7-pole neg.
Fischer flange,
7-pole neg.
www.kistler.com
1-Component
9133B...
29
1-Component Force Sensors for Shear Force, SlimLine

Product Details
Technical Data
Type
9143B...
9144B...
kN
0.9 ... 0.9
1.7 ... 1.7
D
d
Measuring range
Fy
Fy
not calibrated
Sensitivity
Fy
pC/N
6.5
7.5
Dimensions
D
d
H
mm
mm
mm
16
6.1
3.5
20
8.1
3.5
Rigidity (Z-axis)
cA,z
kN/m
6.3
Rigidity (Y-axis)
cS,y
kN/m
1.2
2.4
Operating temp. range
20 ... 120
20 ... 120
choice:
KIAG 10-32 pos. int. or Mini-Coax neg.
choice:
IP65
Type
G
L (mm)
D (mm)
H (mm)
M (Nm)
9410A3
M3
10
16
4.25
10
9410A4
M4
10
20
4.25
23
Connector
Accessories
Preloading Disk
Dimensions
Tightening torque
L
G
Assembly Kits Comprising 2, 3 or 4 Sensors, SlimLine

Technical Data
Type
Assembly kit comprises
Type
Connector
(sensors are connected permanently to
the flange bushing)
with connected cable (e.g. 1971A1...)
30
IP65
9143BA...
9144BA...
9143B
9144B
Fischer flange,
7-pole neg.
Fischer flange,
7-pole neg.
www.kistler.com
9146B...
9147B...
2.7 ... 2.7
4 ... 4
8 ... 8
7.5
7.5
8.1
24
10.1
3.5
30
12.1
4
36
14.1
5
7.8
12.8
18.8
3.1
5.1
7.1
14
27
20 ... 120
20 ... 120
20 ... 120
choice:
choice:
choice:
9410A5
M5
10
24
4.25
46
9410A6
M6
14
30
5.5
79
9410A7
M8
16
36
7
135
9145BA...
9146BA...
9147BA...
9145B
9146B
9147B
Fischer flange,
7-pole neg.
Fischer flange,
7-pole neg.
Fischer flange,
7-pole neg.
www.kistler.com
1-Component
9145B...
31

Product Details
Technical Data
Type
9301B
9311B
9321B
D
G
Fz
Measuring range
Fz
kN
2.5 ... 2.5
5 ... 5
10 ... 10
Fz
Fz
Fz
kN
kN
kN
0 ... 2.5
0 ... 2.5
0 ... 0.025
0 ... 5
0 ... 5
0 ... 0.05
0 ... 10
0 ... 10
0 ... 0.1
Sensitivity
Fz
pC/N
3.2
Dimensions
D
H
G
mm
mm
11
25
M5
15
30
M6
23
45
M10
Rigidity
cA,z
kN/m
0.44
0.73
1.1
Natural frequency
fn(z)
kHz
90
70
55
14
28
90
Weight
1)
40 ... 120
40 ... 120
40 ... 120
KIAG 10-32 neg.
KIAG 10-32 neg.
KIAG 10-32 neg.
With basic insulation
Preloaded
Ready to measure
Type
D (mm)
H (mm)
9500A0
8.5
4
9500A1
12.5
6
9500A2
18
9
Type
D (mm)
H (mm)
9501A0
25
8
9501A1
34
9
9501A2
44
16
Connector
IP65
IP68
Accessories
Force Distributing
Cap
Dimensions
Flange
Dimensions
D
H
D
H
Note
These sensors are also available as reference sensors with excellent linearity (up to 0.1%FSO) and SCS calibration, with type designation 931BK.
They are especially suitable for calibration as factory standards, for example.
1)
32
www.kistler.com
9341B
9351B
9361B
9371B
20 ... 20
30 ... 30
40 ... 40
60 ... 60
120 ... 120
0 ... 20
0 ... 20
0 ... 0.2
0 ... 30
0 ... 30
0 ... 0.3
0 ... 40
0 ... 40
0 ... 0.4
0 ... 60
0 ... 60
0 ... 0.6
0 ... 120
0 ... 120
0 ... 1.2
29
52
M12
35
62
M16
41
72
M20
53
88
M24
76
108
M30
1.6
2.1
2.4
3.1
6.1
45
40
33
28
22
170
330
480
1020
2500
40 ... 120
40 ... 120
40 ... 120
40 ... 120
40 ... 120
KIAG 10-32 neg.
KIAG 10-32 neg.
KIAG 10-32 neg.
KIAG 10-32 neg.
KIAG 10-32 neg.
9500A3
23
12
9500A4
31
15
9500A5
35
18
9500A6
45
22
9500A7
64
32
9501A3
56
20
9501A4
70
27
9501A5
84
35
9501A6
102
42
9501A7
136
51
www.kistler.com
1-Component
9331B
33
1-Component Quartz Force Links, Press Force

Product Details
Technical Data
Type
9313AA1
9313AA2
9323AA
9323A
Fz
kN
0 ... 5
0 ... 20
0 ... 10
0 ... 20
D
G
Fz
Measuring range
Permissible tensile force
Fz
kN
0 ... 0.5
0 ... 2
0 ... 1
0 ... 2
Calibrated measuring
ranges
Fz
Fz
Fz
kN
kN
kN
0 ... 0.05
0 ... 0.5
0 ... 5
0 ... 0.2
0 ... 2
0 ... 20
0 ... 0.1
0 ... 1
0 ...
0 ... 0.2
0 ... 2
0 ... 20
Sensitivity
Fz
pC/N
10
10
9.6
3.9
Dimensions
D
G
H
mm
mm
mm
13
M2.5
10
19
M4
14
20
M50.5
26
20
M50.5
26
Rigidity
cA,z
kN/m
0.56
1.50
1.30
1.20
Natural frequency
fn(z)
kHz
>38
>35
>74.5
>72
Weight
10
25
50
47
40 ... 120
40 ... 120
40 ... 120
40 ... 120
KIAG 10-32 neg.
KIAG 10-32 neg.
KIAG 10-32 neg.
KIAG 10-32 neg.
Preloaded
Ready to measure
Type
D (mm)
H (mm)
9580A7
27
7
9580A8
35
8
9580A9
40
8
9580A9
40
8
Type
D (mm)
H (mm)
9500A00
6
3
9500A01
10.5
5
9582A9
20
8.5
9582A9
20
8.5
Type
D (mm)
L (mm)
9590A7
5
12.5
9590A8
10
20.5
Connector
IP65
IP68
Accessories
Flange
Dimensions
Force
Distributing
H
Cap
Dimensions
D
H
D
D
H
Spigot
Dimensions
Female Thread
Adapter
Dimensions
Male Thread
Adapter
Dimensions
D
d
Type
D (mm)
H (mm)
9584A9
20
8
9584A9
20
8
Type
D (mm)
H (mm)
9586A9
20
8
9586A9
20
8
H
d
1)
34
www.kistler.com
9343A
9363A
9383A
9393A
0 ... 50
0 ... 70
0 ... 120
0 ... 300
0 ... 700
0 ... 5
0 ... 10
0 ... 20
0 ... 50
0 ... 120
0 ... 0.5
0 ... 5
0 ... 50
0 ... 0.7
0 ... 7
0 ... 70
0 ... 1.2
0 ... 12
0 ... 120
0 ... 3
0 ... 30
0 ... 300
0 ... 7
0 ... 70
0 ... 700
3.9
3.9
3.8
1.9
1.9
30
M90.5
34
36
M131
42
54
M201.5
60
100
S282
130
145
31
190
2.30
2.60
4.40
7.90
10.0
>55
>47
>35
>17
>11.3
137
240
800
6490
18663
40 ... 120
40 ... 120
40 ... 120
40 ... 120
40 ... 120
KIAG 10-32 neg.
KIAG 10-32 neg.
KIAG 10-32 neg.
KIAG 10-32 neg.
KIAG 10-32 neg.
9580A0
62
11
9580A1
70
13
9580A2
100
22
9580A4
180
30
9580A6
220
48
9582A0
30
11
9582A1
36.5
13
9582A2
56
22
9582A4
100
50
9582A6
145
80
9584A0
30
11
9584A1
36.5
14
9584A2
56
21
9584A4
100
30
9584A6
150
48
9586A0
30
11
9586A1
36.5
14
9586A2
56
21
9586A4
100
30
9586A6
150
48
www.kistler.com
1-Component
9333A
35
1-Component Quartz Force Links, SlimLine

Product Details
Technical Data
Type
9173B
9174B
kN
3 ... 12
5 ... 20
Fz
G
D
Measuring range
Fz
Calibrated meas. range
Fz
kN
0 ... 12
0 ... 20
Sensitivity
Fz
pC/N
3.5
3.5
Dimensions
D
H
h
G
mm
mm
mm
18
22
14
M121.25
22
24
16
M161.5
Rigidity
cA,z
kN/m
0.7
1.2
Natural frequency
fn(z)
kHz
74
66
28
40
20 ... 80
20 ... 80
KIAG 10-32 neg.
KIAG 10-32 neg.
1)
Connector
IP65
Preloaded
Ready to measure
9416A3
14
6
9416A4
18
8
Accessories
Dimensions
1)
Type
D (mm)
H (mm)
Plug coupling 1729A2 fitted (included in delivery scope)
36
www.kistler.com
9176B
9177B
8 ... 30
16 ... 60
20 ... 75
0 ... 30
0 ... 60
0 ... 75
3.5
3.5
3.5
26
28
19
M201.5
32
34
23
M242
38
38
28
M302
1.6
2.4
3.4
57
47
40
81
147
227
20 ... 80
20 ... 80
20 ... 80
KIAG 10-32 neg.
KIAG 10-32 neg.
KIAG 10-32 neg.
9416A5
22
9
9416A6
28
9
9416A7
34
9.8
www.kistler.com
1-Component
9175B
37
1-Component Quartz Force Links, Low Force

Product Details
Technical Data
Type
9203
9205
D
H
G
Fz
Measuring range
Fz
500 ... 500
50 ... 50
Fz
Fz
Fz
N
N
N
0 ... 5
0 ... 50 / 0 ... 50
0 ... 500 / 0 ... 500
0 ... 0.5 / 0 ... 0.5

0 ... 5 / 0 ... 5
0 ... 50 / 0 ... 50
Sensitivity
Fz
pC/N
45
115
Dimensions
D
H
G
mm
M101
28.5
M3 (female thread)
M101
28.5
M3 (female thread)
Rigidity
cA,z
N/m
40
Natural frequency
fn(z)
kHz
>27
>10
Weight
13
19
150 ... 240
50 ... 150
KIAG 10-32 neg.
KIAG 10-32 neg.

radial
Connector
welded with cable (e.g. 1983AB...)
IP65
IP68
IP65
IP68
Preloaded
Ready to measure
Accessories
Coupling element
Dimensions
Type
D (mm)
H (mm)
9405
6.3
18
9405
6.3
18
Force Introducing Cap

Dimensions
Type
D (mm)
H (mm)
3.220.139
6.3
7
3.220.1392)
6.3
7
1)

Included in scope of delivery
2)
38
www.kistler.com
9215A
9217A
50 ... 50
20 ... 200
500 ... 500
0 ... 0.5 / 0 ... 0.5

0 ... 5 / 0 ... 5
0 ... 50 / 0 ... 50
0 ... 2
0 ... 20
0 ... 200
0 ... 5
0 ... 50 / 0 ... 50
0 ... 500 / 0 ... 500
115
95
105
M101
28.5
M3 (female thread)
M50.5
12.5
M2 (female thread)
M101
28.5
M3 (female thread)
100
15
>10
>50
>20
19
2.5
16
50 ... 150
50 ... 180
80 ... 205
KIAG 10-32 neg.

axial
M40.35 neg.
KIAG 10-32 neg.
1-Component
9207
9405
6.3
18
3.220.1392)
6.3
7
www.kistler.com
9405
6.3
18
3.220.2172)
4
3.8
3.220.139
6.3
7
39
1-Component Sensors
Cables
As a mandatory requirement, piezoelectric force sensors and

charge amplifiers must be connected with a high-insulation
cable (insulation resistance >1013 ).
In contrast to standard coaxial cables, the innermost wire of
high-insulation cables is insulated with PTFE. This reduces the
drift effect to the absolute minimum. In addition, a special
graphite sheathing minimizes the triboelectric effect. There are
various versions (with corresponding properties) for the outermost insulation casing (see: Cable Versions).
Cable Versions
PFA Cable (2 mm)
The outer insulation of high-insulation PFA cable consists of a
material similar to PTFE, so it exhibits excellent thermal stability
and outstanding resistance to chemicals. PFA cable is suitable for
most applications with temperatures up to 200 C.
PFA Cable
PFA Cable with Stainless Steel Braiding (2.6 mm)

PFA cable with stainless steel braiding is especially advisable for
applications where the cable is subject to mechanical stress (e.g.
vibration-induced friction, sharp edges, etc).
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
External insulation
Electrical shielding
Special sheathing (conductive graphite)
Electrical insulation (PTFE)
Inner cable
PFA cable with stainless steel braiding
FKM Cable (2 mm)

FKM cable also features high thermal and chemical resistance,
and can be used at temperatures of up to 200 C. In contrast to
PFA cable, however, the cable connectors are vulcanized. Tight
solutions to IP68 can be achieved by welding the cable connector
and the sensor connector.
Structure of a Kistler high-insulation cable

FKM Cable
The points set out in the next two sections are especially important when measuring very small forces in the Newton range.
As well as using high-insulation cables when working with piezoelectric measuring chains, it is also important to ensure that connectors and sockets are always clean. It is recommended to leave
the protective caps on the sockets of force sensors and charge
amplifiers until they are connected. The protective caps should be
installed again whenever components are disconnected or placed
in storage. If connectors become dirty, they can be cleaned with
Kistler Cleaning Spray, Type 1003.
The 'triboelectric effect' is the name of the phenomenon whereby
the movement of a cable causes minimal charges to occur on
the surface of the conductor. Thanks to the special graphite
sheathing, however, the influence of the triboelectric effect is
very small in the case of Kistler high-insulation cables (<1 pC with
high vibration). Nevertheless, when installing cables, it is always
advisable to ensure that they are exposed to minimal vibration
and movement.
40
PI Cable
The use of PI cables is only recommended for applications with
high temperatures up to 260 C. Since the use of PI cables is
quite rare and requires special know-how, the corresponding
products are not listed in this catalog.
If you have a requirement, please contact your local Kistler Sales
Center.
Cable Lengths
All Kistler cables are available in standard and custom lengths.
Standard lengths are kept in stock, so they offer the advantage of
shorter delivery times.
www.kistler.com
Cable Connections
Because of the swivel nut, cables with a KIAG 10-32 pos. connector can be screwed and unscrewed with no need to rotate the
entire cable at the same time. This is a particular advantage for
applications that require frequent removal or reconnection of the
cable.
Cable Connectors: Charge Amplifier Side

A BNC pos. cable connector is a mandatory requirement
when connecting the cable directly to the charge amplifier.
Most cables are available in this version. However, these
cables are not suitable for applications where the cable has
to be routed through small openings.
1-Component
Cable Connectors: Sensor Side

Two cable connectors are generally available to connect the
cables to the sensor.
Cables with a KIAG 10-32 pos. (int.) cable connector on

both sides are more suitable for this purpose. KIAG 10-32
connectors (6 mm) have smaller diameters than BNC
connectors (15 mm), so they can be routed through smaller
openings. The KIAG 10-32 cable connector can then be
connected to the BNC socket of the charge amplifier with a
Type 1721 coupling.

Cable with KIAG 10-32 pos. connector, both sides
KIAG 10-32 pos. connector with rotatable swivel nut
The KIAG 10-32 pos. int. cable connector has an integrated

thread so when it is screwed and unscrewed, the cable rotates at
the same time. This connector is particularly advantageous if the
cable connector has to be welded to the sensor. In the case of
PFA cables, welding the cable connector to the sensor offers
good protection against detachment of the cable if the measuring
chain is subject to strong vibrations. If high tightness (IP68) is required, FKM cable is preferable.
Type 1721 coupling (KIAG 10-32 neg. to BNC pos.)
If you intend to weld the connector to the sensor, please state

this when placing your order.
KIAG 10-32 pos. int. - connector with integrated thread
www.kistler.com
41
1-Component Sensors
Overview of Cables
Sensor
Family
Cable
Technical Data
90x1A
90x1B
910xA
917xB
92 1)
93x1B
9313AA
93x3A
913xB2
914xB2
913xBA
914xBA
Type
Connector
Length
(standard) [m]
Le
(c
Left
Right
1631C
KIAG 10-32 pos.
BNC pos.
0.5 / 1 / 2 / 3 / 5 / 10 / 20
0.
1641B
KIAG 10-32 pos. 90
BNC pos.
0.5 / 1 / 2 / 5
0.
1939A
KIAG 10-32 pos. int.
BNC pos.
1/2/3
0.
1635C
KIAG 10-32 pos.
KIAG 10-32 pos.
0.5 / 1 / 2 / 3 / 5 / 10
0.
1957A
KIAG 10-32 pos.
KIAG 10-32 pos.
0.
1969A
0.
1967A
0.5 / 1 / 2 / 3
0.
1983AD
BNC pos.
0.5 / 1 / 1.5 / 2 / 2.5 / 3 / 5
0.
1983AC
0.5 / 1 / 1.5 / 2 / 2.5 / 3 / 5
0.
1721
Cable is integrated in the sensor

> Connection to charge amplifier with coupling 1721 (KIAG 10-32 neg. BNC pos.)
1971A1
Fischer flange, 7-pole pos.
BNC pos.
0.
1973Ax1
2 4 x BNC pos.
0.
1651C
M4x0.35 pos.
BNC pos.
0.5 / 1 / 2 / 5 / 10
0.
1923A
M4x0.35 pos. int.
0.5 / 1
0.
1983AB
M4x0.35 pos. int.
0.5 / 1 / 1.5 / 2 / 3 / 5
0.
9215A
1)
42
Exception: Type 9215A
www.kistler.com
Length
(custom) [m]
Cable sheathing
material
Cable can be
welded to sensor
Degree of protection to IEC/EN 60529
min.
max.
Yes
No
Left
Right
Comments
min.
max.
0.1
100
PFA
55
200
IP65
IP40
0.1
100
PFA
55
200
IP40
IP40
0.1
100
PFA
55
200
IP65
> screwed connection
IP67
> welded connection
IP40
0.1
100
PFA
55
200
IP65
IP65
0.1
10
PFA with stainless

steel braiding
55
200
IP65
IP65
0.1
10
PFA with stainless

steel braiding
55
200
IP65
IP67
> welded connection
IP65
0.1
10
PFA with stainless

steel braiding,
ground-isolated
55
200
IP65
IP67
> welded connection
IP65
/5
0.2
20
FKM
20
200
IP65
IP68
> welded connection
IP40
/5
0.2
20
FKM
20
200
IP65
IP68
> welded connection
IP65
0.1
100
PFA
55
200
IP65
IP40
Connecting cable for

complete signal (summed)
0.1
20
PFA with protective

hose (PUR)
55
120
IP65
IP40
Connecting cable for

individual signals
0.1
100
PFA
55
200
IP65
IP40
Standard cable for

most applications
0.1
100
PFA
55
200
IP65
IP67
> welded connection
IP65
0.2
20
FKM
20
200
IP65
IP68
> welded connection
IP65
www.kistler.com
Standard cable for

most applications
1-Component
43
44
www.kistler.com
2/3-Component
2-Component and
3-Component Sensors
www.kistler.com
45
2-Component and 3-Component Sensors
When measuring force and torque with piezoelectric 2- and

3-component sensors, the method of installation in the structure
is critically important. Kistler offers the right sensor to meet
every requirement.
Depending on how the sensor is to be installed in the structure,
the following two versions are available from Kistler:
3-component force sensors
3-component quartz force links and 2-component
force/reaction torque links
more suitable. The following table indicates the advantages and
limitations:

2-Component Force/Reaction Torque Links
+ Low overall height ideal for confined

installation conditions and larger bending moments
+ Low-cost option for customers with experience
+ Already preloaded, so installation is simple

+ No need for time-consuming recalibration after
installation, so the device is immediately ready to measure
+ Suitable for customers with limited experience
Time-consuming installation requires

the use of a preloading element
Recalibration after installation is needed to
ensure accurate measurements
Large overall height
46
www.kistler.com

3-Component force sensors essentially consist of three pairs
of crystal disks (one for each orthogonal force component)
which are integrated into a tightly welded housing with slight
preloading.
To improve transmission of the shear forces from the structure

to the sensor, the two contact surfaces of all 3-component
force sensors are coated with a ceramic layer: this substantially
increases the static friction.
The sensor is preloaded in the application with the help of a

preloading element. The following illustration shows an example
of the installation of a 3-component force sensor with the help
of a preloading element.
Fx
Centering sleeve
Fz
Ring nut
Fy
Fx
Fz
Fy
2/3-Component
Sliding
washer
Sensor
Preloading stud
Installation with preloading element
Structure of a 3-component force sensor
Fx
Because of their compact structural design, 3-component force

Fy
sensors are excellently suited to applications where
Fz the space for
installation is confined. The sensors simultaneously capture compression and tensile forces (Fz) as well as positive and negative
shear forces in both shear directions (Fx and Fy).
Installation with Preloading

When 3-component force sensors are installed in the application,
they must always be mechanically preloaded. There are several
reasons for this:
Influence of Preloading on Sensitivity

Preloading the sensors with the help of a preloading element
results in a force shunt. Part of the force in the z-direction that
acts from the application on the preloaded sensor (typically 7%
to 10%) passes through the preloading bolt. In the installed
state, this reduces the sensor's sensitivity in the z-direction.
For accurate measurements, it is therefore advisable to calibrate
the preloaded sensor in the application.
Bending moments and lateral loads are captured but not

measured
Micro-gaps are closed: this ensures high rigidity and,
consequently, a wide frequency range
Adequate static friction to transmit the shear forces from
the structure to the force sensor
With 3-component force sensors, the static friction is used to
transmit the shear forces from the structure to the sensor, so relatively high preloading of the sensors is required in the z-direction
(approx. 70% of the total measuring range).
www.kistler.com
Force shunt with a preloaded 3-component force sensor
47

3-component quartz force links consist of a 3-component force
sensor that is preloaded between two mounting flanges, with
basic insulation.
Sensor
Mounting
flange
3-component quartz force link, consisting of a 3-component force sensor preloaded

between two mounting flanges
In contrast to the 3-component force sensor, this structure

substantially simplifies installation in the application, because the
measuring elements are already preloaded and calibrated so
they are ready to measure immediately. 3-component force links
can simultaneously capture compression and tensile forces (Fz)
as well as positive and negative shear forces in both shear
directions (Fx and Fy).
2-Component Force/Reaction Torque

Links
2-component-force/reaction torque links consist of a sensor that
is preloaded between two special nuts. This structure makes
installation in the application very simple, because the sensor is
already preloaded and calibrated so it is immediately ready
to measure.
2-Component Force/Reaction Torque Link (Fz, Mz)
2-component-force/reaction torque links capture compression

and tensile forces (Fz) and at the same time the corresponding positive and negative reaction torques (Mz).
48
www.kistler.com
2/3-Component
www.kistler.com
49

Measuring Chains
Measure
Amplify
5015A
5018A...
5070A...
1698AA...
1698AB...
1698ACsp
3-Component
Force Sensors
90x7C, 90x8C 1)
Connect
3-Component
Quartz Force Links
93x7C

5165A
5171A2)
2-Component Force/Reaction
Torque Links
93x5B

1)
2)
50
1698AD...
1698AB...
1698ACsp
Type 90x8C sensors are technically identical to Types 90x7C, but they have a rotated coordinate system (see the data sheet)
Requires a CompactRIOTM platform from National Instruments > data acquisition implemented by the customer in LabVIEWTM
www.kistler.com
C
t
Acquire

to the laptop
Laptop
(provided by
customer)
Ethernet cable
Laptop
(provided by
customer)
with LabAmp GUI
(Graphical
User Interface)
2/3-Component

Analyze
www.kistler.com
51

Product Overview
10
100
Measuring range [kN; Nm]
1000
Reaction torque (Mz)
Compression & tensile

force (Fz)
Shear force (Fy)
Measuring direction
Shear force (Fx)
Type
9017C / 9018C 1)
9027C / 9028C 1)
8
4
9047C / 9048C 1)
30
15
9067C / 9068C 1)
60
30
9077C / 9078C 1)
150
75
9317C
9327C
9347C
30
5
9367C
60
10
9377C
150
30
2-Component
Force/Reaction
Torque Links
9345B
1)
52
10
25
9365B
20
200
www.kistler.com
Compression/tensile force Fz 3
1.5
Page
1000
100
10
0.1
0.1
54
Shear force Fxy 1.5
54
55
Shear force Fxy 15
55
Shear force Fxy 30
55
Shear force Fxy 75
0.5
56
Shear force Fxy 0.5
1
56
Shear force Fxy 1
57
Shear force Fxy 5
57
Shear force Fxy 10
57
Shear force Fxy 30
58
Reaction torque Mz 25
58
Reaction torque Mz 200
www.kistler.com
53
2/3-Component
Shear force Fxy 4

Product Details
Technical Data
D
d
Fz
H
Type
9017C/9018C 1)
9027C/9028C 1)
Fx
Fy
Measuring ranges
Fx, Fy
Fz
kN
kN
1.5 ... 1.5

3 ... 3
Standard installation with 9.5 kN preloading
4 ... 4
8 ... 8
Standard installation with 20 kN preloading
Fx, Fy
Fz
Fz (without
preloading)
kN
kN
kN
0 ... 1.5
0 ... 3
0 ... 12.5
0 ... 4
0 ... 8
0 ... 28
Sensitivity
Fx, Fy
Fz
pC/N
pC/N
25
11
7.8
3.8
Dimensions
D
d
H
mm
mm
mm
19
6.5
10
28
8.1
12
Rigidity
cS,xy
cA,z
kN/m
kN/m
0.3
1.4
0.6
2.2
Weight
14
30
40 ... 120
40 ... 120
V3 neg.
V3 neg.
IP65
IP68
Preloading Element
Threadpitch/length
Preloading force
Type
Fv (kN)
9460
M60.75/29
9.5
9461
M81/40
20
9479
9475
Connector
screwed with cable (e.g. 1698AA...)
welded with cable (e.g. 1698ACsp)
Accessories
Wrench Adapter
Type
Preloading Element
Threadpitch/length
Preloading force
Type
Wrench Adapter
Type
Preloading Element
Threadpitch/length
Preloading force
Type
Wrench Adapter
Type
1)
54
Fv (kN)
Fv (kN)
www.kistler.com
9067C/9068C 1)
9077C/9078C 1)
15 ... 15
30 ... 30
30 ... 30
60 ... 60
75 ... 75
150 ... 150
0 ... 15
0 ... 30
0 ... 100
0 ... 30
0 ... 60
0 ... 200
0 ... 75
0 ... 150
0 ... 500
8.1
3.7
8.1
3.9
4.2
2
45
14.1
14
65
26.5
21
105
40.5
26
1.9
6.1
2.4
8
8.4
26
91
285
1040
40 ... 120
40 ... 120
40 ... 120
V3 neg.
V3 neg.
V3 neg.
9465
M141.5/57
70
9451A
M201.5/78
140
9472
9471
2/3-Component
9047C/9048C 1)
9455
M402/105
350
9473
9459
M260.75/76
140
9477
www.kistler.com
55

Product Details
Technical Data
Type
9317C
9327C
Fz
Fx
Fy
H
L
Measuring ranges
Fx, Fy
Fz
kN
kN
0.5 ... 0.5

3 ... 3
1 ... 1
8 ... 8
Fx, Fy
Fz
kN
kN
0 ... 0.05 / 0 ... 0.5

0 ... 0.3 / 0 ... 3
0 ... 0.1 / 0 ... 1

0 ... 0.8 / 0 ... 8
Sensitivity
Fx, Fy
Fz
pC/N
pC/N
25
11
7.8
3.8
Dimensions
LWH
mm
252530
424242
1)
Rigidity
cS,xy
cA,z
kN/m
kN/m
0.19
0.9
0.39
1.4
Natural frequency
fn(x), fn(y)
fn(z)
kHz
kHz
5.6
20
3.2
12
Weight
85
380
40 ... 120
40 ... 120
V3 neg.
V3 neg.
Preloaded
Ready to measure
Connector
screwed with cable (e.g. 1698AA...)
1)
IP65
IP68
Disregarding bending
56
www.kistler.com
9367C
9377C
5 ... 5
30 ... 30
10 ... 10
60 ... 60
30 ... 30
150 ... 150
0 ... 0.5 / 0 ... 5

0 ... 3 / 0 ... 30
0 ... 1 / 0 ... 10
0 ... 6 / 0 ... 60
0 ... 3 / 0 ... 30
0 ... 15 / 0 ... 150
7.8
3.7
7.6
3.9
3.9
1.95
555560
808090
120120125
0.89
2.7
1.2
3.8
3.2
8.2
3.6
10
2.4
6
2
6
1000
3000
10500
40 ... 120
40 ... 120
40 ... 120
V3 neg.
V3 neg.
V3 neg.
www.kistler.com
2/3-Component
9347C
57
2-Component Force/Reaction Torque Links

Product Details
Technical Data
Type
9345B
9365B
D
Fz
Mz
Measuring range
Fz
Mz
kN
Nm
10 ... 10
25 ... 25
20 ... 20
200 ... 200
Fz
kN
Mz
Nm
0 ... 1
0 ... 10
0 ... 2.5/0 ... 2.5
0 ... 25/0 ... 25
0 ... 2
0 ... 20
0 ... 20/0 ... 20
0 ... 200/0 ... 200
Rigidity (calculated)
cA,z
cT,z
kN/m
Nm/m
1.7
0.19
2.8
0.92
Natural frequency
fn(z)
fn(Mz)
kHz
kHz
>41
>32
>33
>25
Sensitivity
Fz
Mz
pC/N
pC/Nm
3.7
190
3.6
140
Dimensions
D
H
mm
mm
39
42
56.5
60
Weight
267
834
40 ... 120
40 ... 120
V3 neg.
V3 neg.
Preloaded
Ready to measure
Connector
screwed with cable (e.g. 1698AD...)
58
IP65
IP68
www.kistler.com

Cables

various versions (with corresponding properties) for the outermost insulation casing (see: Cable Versions).
in the case of Kistler high-insulation cables (<1 pC with high

vibration). Nevertheless, when installing cables, it is always
and movement.
Cable Versions
PFA Cable with Plastic Braiding (6 mm)
The structure of this 3-wire cable consists of three individual
PFA cables. The cables are surrounded by plastic braiding which
holds them together. The outer insulation of the individual
high-insulation PFA cables consists of a material similar to PTFE,
so it exhibits excellent thermal stability and outstanding resistance
to chemicals. The PFA cable with plastic braiding is suitable for
most applications with temperatures up to 120 C.
2
3
4
PFA cable with plastic braiding
1
2
3
4
5
External insulation
Inner cable
The points set out in the next two sections are especially important when measuring very small forces in the Newton range.
As well as using high-insulation cables when working with piezoelectric measuring chains, it is also important to ensure that connectors and sockets are always clean.
It is recommended to leave the protective caps on the sockets of
force sensors and charge amplifiers until they are connected. The
protective caps should be installed again whenever components
are disconnected or placed in storage.
If connectors become dirty, they can be cleaned with Kistler
Cleaning Spray, Type 1003.
TPE Cable (3.6 mm)

TPE cable is a high-insulation 3-wire cable with sheathing made
of TPE, a thermoplastic elastomer. This cable is suitable for applications with temperatures up to 120 C in harsh environments
(e.g. dust and splash water).
TPE Cable
FKM cable with Stainless Steel Braiding (7.5 mm)

The FKM cable is a high-insulation 3-wire cable with FKM
sheathing, protected by stainless steel braiding. This cable's
robust structure makes it especially suitable for applications with
temperatures up to 120 C where the cable is subject to mechanical stress (e.g. vibration-induced friction, sharp edges, etc).
Tight solutions to IP68 can be achieved by welding the cable
connector and the sensor connector.
FKM cable with stainless steel braiding

the movement of a cable causes minimal charges to occur on the
surface of the conductor. Thanks to the special graphite sheathing, however, the influence of the triboelectric effect is very small
www.kistler.com
59
2-/3-Component
As a mandatory requirement, piezoelectric force sensors and

Cable Lengths
Cable Connections
The cables are connected to the sensor with a V3 pos. connector.
In this highly integrated design, all three conductors are routed
over the same connector; as compared to conventional singleconnector solutions where each of the three conductors is routed
over a single connector, this design offers the following advantages:

Two connector variants are available to connect the cable to the
charge amplifier; in this case, the choice of connector depends on
the cable version (see the Overview of Cables on page 62).
In the case of the 2 x BNC pos. or 3 x BNC pos. variants, the
sensor signals from the 2-component or 3-component sensors
(respectively) are connected to the charge amplifier with two or
three individual BNC pos. connectors. This variant is suitable for
most applications in a laboratory environment.
The Fischer 9-pole pos. connector has all the sensor signals from
the 2-component or 3-component sensors integrated in the same
connector, and is ideal for applications in a somewhat harsher environment where protection against dust is required.
Simple, fast installation; a critical factor in applications where

the cable is frequently removed and reconnected
It is easier to ensure that the connector is tight because only
one connector weld is needed
There are two different variants of the V3 pos. connector.
In applications where it must be possible to detach the cable from
the sensor at all times, the variant with the screw-type connector
should be chosen. If the application requires high tightness (IP68)
for the connector, the variant with the weldable connector
should be chosen. In this case, please state on your order that the
connector should be welded to the sensor.
The overview of cables on page 62 shows which cables are
equipped with which connector variants.
60
Connector: 3 x BNC pos.
Connector: Fischer 9-pole pos.
www.kistler.com
2-/3-Component
www.kistler.com
61

Overview of Cables
Sensor Family
Cable
Technical Data
90x7C / 90x8C
93x7C
Type
Connector
Length
(standard) [m]
Le
(c
Left
Right
1698AA
V3 pos.
3 x BNC pos.
1/2/5
0.
1698AB
V3 pos.
Fischer 9-pole pos.
1/2/5
0.
1698ACsp
V3 pos.
Fischer 9-pole pos.
1698AD
V3 pos.
2 x BNC pos.
0.
1698AB
V3 pos.
Fischer 9-pole pos.
1/2/5
0.
1698ACsp
V3 pos.
Fischer 9-pole pos.
93x5B
1)
2)
62
Cable cannot be screwed, and must be welded to the sensor as a mandatory requirement
The steel braiding is torsion-resistant. To ensure a reliable plug connection, 0.5 m should always be added to the length of the cable ordered
www.kistler.com
Cable sheathing
material
Cable can be
welded to sensor
min.
max.
Yes
No
Left
Right
min.
max.
0.2
20
PFA with
plastic braiding
40
120
IP65
IP40
0.5
20
TPE
40
120
IP65
IP65
1 2)
15 2)
FKM with stainless

steel braiding
40
120
IP68
> welded connection
IP65
0.2
20
PFA with
plastic braiding
40
120
IP65
IP40
0.5
20
TPE
40
120
IP65
IP65
1 2)
15 2)
FKM with stainless

steel braiding
40
120
IP68
> welded connection
IP65
www.kistler.com
1)
1)
Comments
Standard cable for

most applications
Standard cable for

most applications
2-/3-Component
Length
(custom) [m]
63
64
www.kistler.com
Dynamometers
Dynamometers
and Quartz Force Link
Assembly Kits
(3-Component)
www.kistler.com
65
Dynamometers and Quartz Force Link Assembly Kits
As well as classic dynamometers, Kistler also offers quartz force

link assembly kits so the right solution is available for many
T&M applications.
Depending on the application, one of the following two versions
will be suitable:
Dynamometers
3-Component Quartz Force Link Assembly Kits
Both versions allow 3-component-force measurements (Fx, Fy, Fz)
as well as 6-component force/torque measurement (Fx, Fy, Fz,
Mx, My, Mz); the torques are not measured in this case, but are
calculated from the force components and the geometric dimensions of the dynamometer.
The next table indicates the advantages and limitations, to
assist you with deciding on the right version for your specific
application:
Dynamometers
3-Component Quartz Force Link Assembly Kits
+ Prefabricated standard dynamometer ready to measure

immediately
+ Tested specifications (in Fx, Fy, Fz)
+ Assembly kit for users to assemble their own applicationspecific force plate
+ Customized dimensions for baseplate and cover plate
+ Assembly kit is precalibrated
Geometric dimensions are pre-specified and cannot be

changed
The customer is responsible for compliance with the

specifications
Substantial effort is required before the force plate is complete
and ready to measure (design and manufacture of the baseplate and cover plate, as well as mounting); this requires the
relevant know-how
66
www.kistler.com
Dynamometers
A dynamometer consists of four single 3-component force sensors which are installed with a high preload, between a baseplate and a cover plate. Dynamometers are already preloaded
and calibrated for 3-component-force measurement (Fx, Fy, Fz),
so it is very simple to integrate them into the application for
immediate use.
Horizontal preloading, patented by Kistler, is much less widespread. In this case, the classical setup with a baseplate and cover
plate is no longer used; instead, two 3-component force sensors
are preloaded in the horizontal direction between each of the two
lateral and cover plates, with the help of a preloading screw.
Fx
Fx
Fy
Fy
Fz
Fz
Schematic view of a horizontally preloaded dynamometer
x4
Benefits of Dynamometers with Horizontal Preloading
Structure of a dynamometer comprising four 3-component force sensors
There are two different versions of dynamometers: they differ as

regards their preloading (horizontal or vertical).
Vertical preloading is the classical method for the structure of
a dynamometer. In this case, preloading screws are used to individually preload 3-component force sensors in the vertical
direction, between the baseplate and cover plate.
Thermal influences on signals are significantly minimized

Compact structural design
Higher natural frequencies
Dynamometers
3-Component Quartz Force Link

Assembly Kits
A 3-component quartz force link assembly kit consists of four already preloaded 3-component quartz force links, with their outputs routed to a summing box. Assembly kits are ideal for customers who want to produce their own force plates with specific
dimensions for the baseplates and cover plates. For this purpose,
the assembly kits are already calibrated in the factory as force
plates (Fx, Fy, Fz). Unlike dynamometers, 3-component quartz
force link assembly kits are only available in the version with vertical preloading.
Schematic view of a vertically preloaded dynamometer
Benefits of Dynamometers with Vertical Preloading
Wider measuring range

Virtually no limits on overall dimensions
3-component quartz force link assembly kit
www.kistler.com
67

Measuring Chains
3-Component
Quartz Force Link Assembly Kits
Dynamometers
Measure
9119AA2
9139AA
9255C
9257B
3-component force measurement

1687B...
1689B...
Amplify
C
t
5070A...
5080A...
6-component force/torque measurement

1677A...
1679A...
9366CC...
3-component force measurement

1687B...
1689B...
6-component force/torque measurement

1677A...
1679A...
68
Connect
www.kistler.com
Acquire

to the laptop
Laptop
Dynamometers

Analyze
www.kistler.com
69

Product Overview
10
0.1
Measuring range [kN]
100
Type
9119AA2
4
Comp
Dynamometers
9139AA
30
Comp
30
9255C
10
Comp
30
3-Component Quartz Force

Link Assembly Kits
9257B
1)
70
Comp
9366CC...
25
Comp
25
depending on cover plate size and material
www.kistler.com
Page
High (PiezoStar)
Standard (quartz)
Sensitivity
Horizontal
Vertical
100
10
0.1
72
Shear force Fxy 4
72
Shear force Fxy 30
72
Dynamometers
0.1
Preloading
direction
Shear force Fxy 30
73
Shear force Fxy 5
73
Compression/tensile force Fz 1) 60
Shear force Fxy 1) 25
www.kistler.com
71

Product Details
Technical Data
Type
9119AA2
W Fz
9139AA
W
Fx
9255C
Fz
W
Fx
Fy
Fx, Fy
Fz
kN
kN
4 ... 4
4 ... 4
30 ... 30
30 ... 30
30 ... 30
10 ... 60
Fx, Fy
kN
kN
0 ... 0.3
0 ... 3
0 ... 30
0 ... 0.3
0 ... 3
0 ... 30
0 ... 3
0 ... 30
Fz
0 ... 0.04
0 ... 0.4
0 ... 4
0 ... 0.04
0 ... 0.4
0 ... 4
Natural frequency
fn(x)
fn(y)
fn(z)
kHz
kHz
kHz
4.3
4.6
4.4
2.9
2.9
3.0
2.2
2.2
3.3
Sensitivity
Fx
Fy
Fz
pC/N
pC/N
pC/N
26
13
26
8.2
4.2
8.2
7.9
7.9
3.9
Horizontal
Horizontal
Vertical
55
80
26
140
190
58
260
260
95
L
W
H
D
mm
mm
mm
mm
Fx
Fy
Measuring range
Dimensions
Fy
Preloading direction
Fz
0 ... 6
0 ... 60
Weight
kg
1.35
12.9
52
20 ... 70
20 ... 70
20 ... 70
Fischer flange, 9-pole neg.
Connector
with cable connected
IP67
Ready to measure
1)
2)
Depending on cover plate size and material

Mounted on steel cover plate, 30030035 mm
72
www.kistler.com
9257B
9366CC...
Fz
Fz
L
Fx
Fx
H
H
Fy
5 ... 5
5 ... 10
25 ... 25 1)
25 ... 60 1)
0 ... 0.5
0 ... 5
0 ... 2.5 1)
0 ... 25 1)
0 ... 1
0 ... 10
0 ... 6 1)
0 ... 60 1)
2.3
2.3
3.5
0.2 ... 1.6 2)

0.2 ... 1.6 2)
0.2 ... 1.6 2)
7.5
7.5
3.7
7.8
7.8
3.8
Vertical
Vertical
170
100
60
Fy
Dynamometers
90
72
7.3
0 ... 70
20 ... 70
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73

Cables
As a mandatory requirement, piezoelectric dynamometers and

charge amplifiers must be connected with high-insulation cable
(insulation resistance >1013 ).
graphite sheathing minimizes the triboelectric effect.

in the case of Kistler high-insulation cables (<1 pC in case of high
vibrations). Nevertheless, when installing cables, it is always
and movement.
Cable Versions
1
A dynamometer cable must be used to connect the dynamometers or summing boxes in the 3-component quartz force link
assembly kits with the charge amplifier.
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
External insulation
Inner cable
Dynamometer cables are high-insulation, ground-isolated multiwire cables protected by a flexible stainless steel hose. They are
designed for applications with temperatures of up to 70 C.
Thanks to their rugged structure and IP67 protection on the dynamometer/summing box side, they can also be used in harsh
environments.
Dynamometer cables with stainless steel hose
The points set out in the next sections are especially important
when measuring very small forces in the Newton range.
As well as using high-insulation cables when working with piezoelectric measuring chains, it is also important to ensure that all
connectors and sockets are always clean. It is recommended to
leave the protective caps on the sockets of dynamometers and
charge amplifiers until they are connected. The protective caps
should be installed again whenever components are disconnected
or placed in storage. If connectors become dirty, they can be
cleaned with Kistler Cleaning Spray, Type 1003.
74
Dynamometer cables are available in two versions: 3-wire and

8-wire cables. The cable version is selected according to the requirements of the application in question. For 3-component force
measurement (Fx, Fy, Fz), a 3-wire dynamometer cable should
be used; for 6-component force/torque measurement, (Fx, Fy, Fz,
Mx, My, Mz) an 8-wire dynamometer cable should be chosen.
For 3-component force measurement, the eight output signals
from the dynamometer are summed in a 3-wire dynamometer
cable and are routed to three charge amplifier channels, as
shown in the illustration below. This means that the three forces
(Fx, Fy and Fz) are available directly with no need for any further
calculations.
www.kistler.com
Cable Connections
3 LV channelsF
Fy
FxFz
Fx1+2
Fx3+4
Fy1+4
Fy
Fy2+3
Fz1
Fz
Fx1+2
F Fz2
Fx1+2
x3+4
Fx3+4
Fy1+4Fz3
F Fz4
Fy1+4
y2+3
Fy2+3
Fz1
z1
FxF1+2
F Fz2
Fz2
Fz3
x3+4
Fz3
Fy1+4
Fz4
Fy2+3
Fz4
Fz1
Cable Connectors: Dynamometer Side

Two connector variants are available to connect the cable to the
dynamometer or the summing box.
The standard version is the Fischer flange, 9-pole pos. with a
straight connector outlet. If space is confined in the area where
the cable is connected to the dynamometer, the Fischer flange,
angle 9-pole pos. version is available; it features a right-angled
connector outlet. Both versions are fixed to the dynamometer
with two M4 screws; an O-ring seal provides good protection
against dust and splash water.
Fz2
Fz3
Fz4
3-component force measurement with a 3-wire dynamometer cable

b
For 6-component force-torque measurement, the eight output

signals from the dynamometer are fed directly to eight charge
amplifier channels with one 8-wire dynamometer cable. Analog
calculation of the forces and torques is then performed by
the 6-component summing processor in the charge amplifier.
The distance from the sensors must be taken into account when
calculating the torques.
Dynamometers
Connector: Fischer flange, 9-pole pos.
Fx
Connector: Fischer flange, angle, 9-pole pos.
Fy
Fz
Fx1+2
8 LV channelsF
Fx3+4
Fy1+4
Fy2+3
Fy
Fz1
Fz2
Fx1+2
Fx1+2Fz
Fz3
Fx3+4
Fx3+4
Fz4
Fy1+4
Fy1+4
Fy2+3
Fy2+3
Fz1
Fz1
Fz2
Fz2 Fx1+2
F Fx3+4
Fz3
Fz4
z3
Fz4 Fy1+4
Fy2+3

The dynamometer cables are connected to the charge amplifier
with the Fischer 9-pole pos. connector. This rugged connector is
also suitable for applications in somewhat harsher environments
where protection against dust is required.
Fz1
Fz2
Fz3
Fz4
6-component force measurement with an 8-wire dynamometer cable
Connector: Fischer 9-pole pos.
Cable Lengths
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75

Overview of Cables
Dynamometers
Measurement Type
Cable
76
6-Component
Force/Torque
Measurement
9119AA2
9139AA
9255C
9257B
9366CC
3-Component
Force Measurement
Technical Data
Type
Connector
Left
Right
1687B
Fischer 9-pole pos.
1689B
Fischer flange, angle, 9-pole pos.
Fischer 9-pole pos.
1677A
Fischer 9-pole pos.
1679A
Fischer flange, angle, 9-pole pos.
Fischer 9-pole pos.
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Length
(standard) [m]
Length
(custom) [m]
Cable sheathing material
Operating temperature
range [C]
Deg. of protection to
IEC/EN 60529
min.
max.
20
Flexible stainless steel hose
min.
max.
Left
Right
70
IP67
IP65
20
70
IP67
IP65
20
70
IP67
IP65
20
70
IP67
IP65
Dynamometers
Number
of wires
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77
78
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Strain
Strain Sensors
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79
Strain Sensors
Within its range of strain sensors, Kistler offers two versions

that differ as regards the type of mounting. The correct strain
sensor is therefore available for many T&M applications.
The following two versions are available:
Surface strain sensors
Strain measuring pins
more suitable. The following table indicates the advantages and
limitations:
Surface Strain Sensors
Strain Measuring Pins
+ Suitable for strain measurements on the surface of a structure

+ Easiest installation: the sensor is affixed to the surface
of the structure with a screw
+ Can easily be retrofitted to the existing application
+ Suitable for strain measurements inside a structure

+ The structure's outer contour is not changed
because the sensor is mounted inside the structure
The sensor is remote from the structure, so free space is

needed outside the structure to install the sensor
Blind holes must be drilled accurately for mounting

High stresses in the vicinity of the blind hole
(pin must be preloaded) > caution with cyclical loading!
80
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Surface strain sensors measure the strain (extension and deflection) on the outer surface of a structure. They are very easy to
mount on the structure with the help of a mounting screw. The
structure's strain is transmitted as shear force to the measuring
element, through static friction. Surface strain sensors are suitable
for most application cases involving indirect force measurements.
For this reason, they are the standard strain sensors for indirect
measurement of forces on structures which do not allow direct
force measurements with a force sensor, due to the requirements
of the application.
Strain measuring pins measure the strain inside a structure. To

mount the pins, it is necessary to drill a cylindrical bore into which
the sensor is then inserted and preloaded. The following two categories of strain measuring pins are differentiated:
Longitudinal strain measuring pins measure strain

(extension and deflection) lengthwise along the pin
Transverse strain measuring pins measure the

strain (deflection only) transversely in relation to the pin
The C-frame press is a typical application case for indirect force

measurement using the surface strain sensor. Thanks to the
surface strain sensor, force monitoring can be implemented for
the pressing process in this application, at low cost and with
minimum outlay on installation. If the absolute values are of interest, the strain sensor must be calibrated in the application with
the help of a reference force sensor.
Surface
strain sensor
Like surface strain sensors, strain measuring pins are mostly used
for indirect force measurements. Strain measuring pins are
mainly used for special application cases where the surface of the
structure does not offer optimal conditions for measuring strain.
In the example of the pressure bolt, a strain measuring pin is
preferred over a surface strain sensor because the pin can be
mounted so that it is centered on the pressure bolt and, therefore, the acting moments of bending cannot influence the
measurement results. Furthermore, for reasons of space, this example does not allow any change to the outer contour of the
pressure bolt.
Structural strain
Strain
measuring
pin
Indirect force measurement on a C-frame press, using a surface strain sensor
Pressure Force F
Indirect force measurement on a pressure bolt, using a strain measuring pin
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81
Strain
Surface strain sensor to measure strain on the outer surface of a structure
Strain Sensors
Measuring Chains
Longitudinal Measuring Pins

Transverse Measuring Pins
Measure
9232A
9237B
1631C
1641B
1939A
1983AD
etc.
9243B
9247A
1651C
1923A
1983AB...
82
Amplify
5015A...
5018A...

5165A
5171A1)
9240AA3

1)
Connect

> Connection to the charge amplifier
with coupling 1721
Requires a CompactRIOTM platform from National Instruments > data acquisition implemented by the customer in LabVIEWTM
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Acquire

to the laptop
Laptop
Ethernet cable
Laptop (provided by
customer) with
LabAmp GUI
(Graphical User
Interface)
Strain

Analyze
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83

Product Details
Technical Data
Type
9232A...
9237B...
Measuring range
600 ... 600
800 ... 800
Calibrated meas. ranges*
0 ... 300
0 ... 300
0 ... 500
Sensitivity*
pC/
80
34
mm
mm
mm
40
17
15
51.5
25.4
26.7
H
W
Dimensions
L
W
H
Natural frequency
fn
kHz
12
Weight
50
165/190
Connector
Ready to measure
IP65
IP68
0 ... 70
30 ... 120
KIAG 10-32 neg.
KIAG 10-32 neg.
* Data valid only for the test setup used at Kistler.

For precise force measurements, the sensor must be recalibrated after it is mounted.
84
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Product Details
Technical Data
Type
9240AA3
9243B
9247A
0 ... 500
1500 ... 1500

(with nominal preload)
1400 ... 1400

(with nominal preload)
D
L
Measuring range
Calibrated meas. ranges*
0 ... 200
0 ... 350
not calibrated
Sensitivity*
pC/
9.5
15
8.6
mm
mm
8
14.5
8
13
M50.5
23.7
Dimensions
D
L
Hollow Preloading Bolt

Natural frequency
M101
fn
kHz
Weight
Connector
>110
34
4.8 (without hollow preloading bolt)
2.5
40 ... 200
40 ... 200
40 ... 200
KIAG 10-32 pos.

M40.35 neg.
M40.35 neg.
1300A9

welded with cable (e.g. 1983AB...)
IP64
IP65
IP68
Type
1300A161A100
1385A200
Type
1300A163A300
1385sp100-800/
1387sp100-800
Mounting Tool
Type
9841
Ground Isolation Set
Type
9487A
Reamer
Type
1300A21
Screw Tap
Type
Strain
Accessories
1300A79/1300A79Q01
1357A
* Data valid only for the test setup used at Kistler.

For precise force measurements, the sensor must be recalibrated after it is mounted.
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85
Strain Sensors
Cables
As a mandatory requirement, piezoelectric strain sensors and

various versions (with corresponding properties) for the
outermost insulation casing (see: Cable Versions).
Cable Versions
PFA Cable (2 mm)
The outer insulation of high-insulation PFA cable consists of a
material similar to PTFE, so it exhibits excellent thermal stability
and outstanding resistance to chemicals. The PFA cable is suitable
for most applications with temperatures up to 200 C.
PFA Cable
PFA Cable with Stainless Steel Braiding (2.6 mm)

PFA cable with stainless steel braiding is especially advisable for
applications where the cable is subject to mechanical stress (e.g.
vibration-induced friction, sharp edges, etc).
2
3
4
PFA cable with stainless steel braiding
1
2
3
4
5
External insulation
Inner cable
FKM Cable (2 mm)

FKM cable also features high thermal and chemical resistance,
and can be used at temperatures of up to 200 C. In contrast to
PFA cable, however, the cable connectors are vulcanized. Tight
solutions to IP68 can be achieved by welding the cable connector
and the sensor connector.

FKM Cable
As well as using high-insulation cables when working with piezoelectric measuring chains, it is also important to ensure that all
connectors and sockets are always clean. It is recommended to
leave the protective caps on the sockets of strain sensors and
charge amplifiers until they are connected. The protective caps
should be installed again whenever components are disconnected
or placed in storage. If connectors become dirty, they can be
cleaned with Kistler Cleaning Spray, Type 1003.
Cable Lengths

in the case of Kistler high-insulation cables (<1 pC in case of
high vibrations). Nevertheless, when installing cables, it is always
and movement.
86
www.kistler.com
Cable Connections
When connecting the cables to the sensor, it is necessary to differentiate between surface strain sensors and strain measuring
pins. Two cable connectors are available for each of the two sensor categories: connectors KIAG 10-32 pos. and KIAG 10-32 pos.
int. for surface strain sensors and connectors M4x0.35 pos. and
M4x0.35 pos. int. for strain measuring pins.
Because of the swivel nut, cables with a KIAG 10-32 pos. or
M4x0.35 pos. connector can be screwed and unscrewed with no
need to rotate the entire cable at the same time. This is a particular advantage for applications that require frequent removal or
reconnection of the cable.

A BNC pos. cable connector is a mandatory requirement when
connecting the cable directly to the charge amplifier. Most cables
are available in this version. However, these cables are not suitable for certain applications where the cable has to be routed
through small openings.
Cables with a KIAG 10-32 pos. (int.) cable connector on both
sides, or with an M4x0.35 pos. (int.) connector on the sensor side
and a KIAG 10-32 pos. (int.) connector on the charge amplifier
side, are more suitable for this purpose. KIAG 10-32 connectors
(6 mm) and M4x0.35 connectors (5 mm) have smaller diameters than BNC connectors (15 mm), so they can be routed
through smaller openings.
The KIAG 10-32 cable connector can then be connected to the
BNC socket of the charge amplifier with a Type 1721 coupling.
Cable with KIAG 10-32 pos. connector, both sides
The KIAG 10-32 pos. int. or M4x0.35 pos. int. cable connector
has an integrated thread, so the cable rotates at the same time
when the connector is screwed and unscrewed. This connector is
particularly advantageous if the cable connector has to be welded
to the sensor. In the case of PFA cables, welding the cable connector to the sensor offers good protection against detachment
of the cable if the measuring chain is subject to strong vibrations.
If high tightness (IP68) is required, FKM cable is preferable.
If you intend to weld the connector to the sensor, please state
this when placing your order.
Strain
KIAG 10-32 pos. connector with rotatable swivel nut
Type 1721 coupling (KIAG 10-32 neg. to BNC pos.)
KIAG 10-32 pos. int. - connector with integrated thread
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87
Strain Sensors
Overview of Cables
Sensor
Family
9232A...
9237B...
Cable
Technical Data
Type
Connector
Length
(standard) [m]
Le
(c
Left
Right
1631C
KIAG 10-32 pos.
BNC pos.
0.5 / 1 / 2 / 3 / 5 / 10 / 20
0.
1641B
KIAG 10-32 pos. 90
BNC pos.
0.5 / 1 / 2 / 5
0.
1939A
BNC pos.
1/2/3
0.
1635C
KIAG 10-32 pos.
KIAG 10-32 pos.
0.5 / 1 / 2 / 3 / 5 / 10
0.
1957A
KIAG 10-32 pos.
KIAG 10-32 pos.
0.
1969A
0.
1967A
0.5 / 1 / 2 / 3
0.
1983AD
BNC pos.
0.5 / 1 / 1.5 / 2 / 2.5 / 3 / 5
0.
1983AC
0.5 / 1 / 1.5 / 2 / 2.5 / 3 / 5
0.
1651C
M4x0.35 pos.
BNC pos.
0.5 / 1 / 2 / 5 / 10
0.
1923A
M4x0.35 pos. int.
0.5 / 1
0.
1983AB
M4x0.35 pos. int.
0.5 / 1 / 1.5 / 2 / 3 / 5
0.
1721
Cable is integrated in the sensor

> Connection to charge amplifier with coupling 1721 (KIAG 10-32 neg. BNC pos.)
9243B
9247A
9240AA3
88
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Cable sheathing
material
Cable can be
welded to sensor
min.
max.
Yes
No
Left
Right
min.
max.
0.1
100
PFA
55
200
IP65
IP40
0.1
100
PFA
55
200
IP40
IP40
0.1
100
PFA
55
200
IP65
IP67
> welded connection
IP40
0.1
100
PFA
55
200
IP65
IP65
0.1
10
PFA with stainless

steel braiding
55
200
IP65
IP65
0.1
10
PFA with stainless

steel braiding
55
200
IP65
IP67
> welded connection
IP65
0.1
10
PFA with stainless

steel braiding,
ground-isolated
55
200
IP65
IP67
> welded connection
IP65
/5
0.2
20
FKM
20
200
IP65
IP68
> welded connection
IP40
/5
0.2
20
FKM
20
200
IP65
IP68
> welded connection
IP65
0.1
100
PFA
55
200
IP65
IP40
0.1
100
PFA
55
200
IP65
IP67
> welded connection
IP65
0.2
20
FKM
20
200
IP65
IP68
> welded connection
IP65
20
Comments
Standard cable for

most applications
Standard cable for

most applications
Strain
Length
(custom) [m]
www.kistler.com
89
90
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Customized Sensors
Customized
Sensors
91
Customized Sensors
Do you have an application for which you cannot find a

suitable force or strain sensor in the T&M product portfolio?
Take advantage of Kistler's lengthy experience in the design
and development of customized sensors, and have a sensor
developed entirely in line with your specifications.
The following examples show customized sensors that were
realized by Kistler in close collaboration with customers from
the development, design and production phases through to
calibration.
Dynamometers to Measure
Grinding Forces
Toothed wheels must be ground in order to ensure quiet running.
The grinding process is very time-consuming. A research project
is under way to optimize the large number of machining parameters so as to ensure efficient grinding.
Measuring the Preloading Force

of a Screw
The relationship between the preloading force and tightening
torque of screwed connections is a critical factor to ensure reliable
installation and to prevent the connection from becoming loose.
Screw
Support washer
Force sensor
Centering ring
(plastic)
Toothed wheel with grinding wheel
Dynamometer
Measuring setup with screw, support washer and force sensor
Challenge
High resistance to overloading
Simple to handle
Long service lifetime
Solution
Hardened support washer on 1-component-force sensor
and centering with plastic ring
Challenge
Very wide force measuring range
High natural frequency
Very aggressive media
Solution
Four 3-component force sensors
Compressed air cushion to prevent the penetration of dirt
Custom calibration for wide measuring range
Please contact your local Kistler Sales Center for further information and advice on every aspect of customized sensor development.
92
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Charge Amplifiers
Charge Amplifiers
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93
Charge Amplifiers
The charge produced by a piezoelectric sensor is a variable

that is difficult to access for measurement. For this reason,
electronics are connected downstream of the sensor to convert
the charge signal into a voltage signal.
A charge amplifier, as this device is known, converts the negative
charge produced by the piezoelectric sensor when it is subjected
to loading by a force into a positive voltage that is proportional
to the charge or the acting force. Due to their principle of operation, force sensors have negative sensitivity and they produce a
negative charge under load.
The next illustration shows the circuit diagram for a charge amplifier, with its three main components:
Range capacitor Cr
Time constant resistor Rt
Reset/Measure switch
Selection Criteria for Charge Amplifiers

Various criteria determine the choice of a charge amplifier that is
suitable for the application. The product overview on page 100
shows a selection of suitable charge amplifiers with all the criteria.
The most important selection criteria for choosing a suitable
charge amplifier are as follows:
Number of channels
Measuring range
Measurement type
Frequency range
The following sections give more detailed explanations of the
'measurement type' and 'frequency range' selection criteria.
Measurement Type Quasi-Static versus

Dynamic Measurement
A distinction is made in piezoelectric measurement technology
between quasi-static and dynamic measurements. Most charge
amplifiers support both types of measurement, but there are
some amplifiers that only permit one of the two measurement
types. For this reason, it is critically important to have a clear
understanding of the type of measurement that should be used
for the specific measurement task.
Circuit diagram of a charge amplifier
The range capacitor Cr is used to set the measurement range of

the charge amplifier. This is done by switching between different
range capacitors. Switching over the measurement ranges makes
it possible to measure across several decades with an outstanding
signal-to-noise ratio. Hence, for example, it is possible to use the
same force sensor to measure forces in the 100 kN range and in
the 100 N range, simply by switching over the measurement
range. Furthermore, the signal-to-noise ratio is excellent in both
ranges.
The measurement type determines the behavior of the charge

amplifier in the lower frequency range, and is influenced by a key
component of the charge amplifier: the time constant resistor,
or the time constant. The time constant determines the cut-off
frequency for the high-pass characteristic of the charge amplifier,
so it also determines the measurement type.
Time Constant
The next table shows the influence of the measurement type
and/or the time constant on the behavior of the charge amplifier
in the frequency and time range.
The time constant determines the cut-off frequency of the highpass characteristic, or the behavior of the charge amplifier in the
lower frequency range.
The time constant resistor Rt defines the time constant of the

charge amplifier. In the frequency range, the time constant determines the cut-off frequency for the high-pass characteristic of
the charge amplifier. Switching between different time constant
resistors makes it possible to change the high-pass characteristic.
The Reset/Measure switch is used to control the start of measurement or to set the zero point.
94
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Dynamic Measurement
Time constant 'Long' (no time constant resistor)

Behavior is comparable to DC mode of scope
Time constant 'Short' (with time constant resistor)

Behavior is comparable to AC mode of scope
Behavior in the frequency range:
Behavior in the frequency range:
Behavior in the time range:
> Drift caused by the operating principle becomes visible

in case of longer measuring times
> No drift due to the time constant
Charge Amplifiers
Quasi-Static Measurement
Applications where a static force has to be measured over a lengthy period therefore require a charge amplifier that supports quasistatic measurement (time constant 'Long').
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95
Reset/Measure
Due to its principle of operation, piezoelectric measurement technology does not permit measurements with an absolute zero reference. For a quasi-static measurement, the zero point is defined
on starting the measurement, and starting is controlled by the
Reset/Measure switch. For a dynamic measurement, however, it
is not possible to set a zero point because measurements are
made without a zero reference on account of the time constant.
The next table shows the behavior of the charge amplifier as
regards the Reset/Measure switch for the two types of measurement.
Quasi-Static Measurement
Dynamic Measurement
Zero point is set on starting the measurement

Start of measurement is controlled by the Reset/Measure
switch
Measurement without zero reference, due to the

time constant
No Reset/Measure signal is needed, or the charge amplifier
is always operated in Measure mode
96
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Frequency Range
The frequency range of a charge amplifier is defined by the lower
and upper cut-off frequencies. The lower cut-off frequency is
defined by the measurement type (quasi-static or dynamic),
which determines the high-pass characteristic. The upper cut-off
frequency is defined by the low-pass characteristic which is a
feature of all charge amplifiers due to system-related reasons.
Consequently, the upper cut-off frequency is only dependent on
the design of the charge amplifier, but not on the measurement
type.
There are virtually no application cases in force measurement
technology where the upper cut-off frequency of the charge
amplifier is a limiting factor. In most force applications, the
natural frequency is in the 10 kHz range. An upper cut-off
frequency for the charge amplifier in the 20 to 40 kHz range is
therefore perfectly adequate for most applications.
Charge Amplifiers
Frequency range: charge amplifier
www.kistler.com
97
Measurement Signals and Suitable Measurement Types

The next table shows the behavior of the charge amplifier for
quasi-static and dynamic measurements, with the help of some
typical examples of measurement signals. The examples are
intended to assist you with the choice of the right measurement
type for the specific measurement assignment.
Charge Amplifier Output

Physical Force Signal
Quasi-static Measurement
> 'Long' Time Constant
Dynamic Measurement
> 'Short' Time Constant
Small force signal with large

static preload (Fabs >> F)
Fabs
Zero-point depends on moment

of 'measure' signal
Rapid increase in force to

static level
tR
tR
tR
Rapid force pulse

Of interest:
Rise time
Peak value
Curve profile
Fmax
98
Fmax
Fmax
Fmax
37%
tR
Fmax
Fmax
(dependent on the
dynamic of the impulse)
tR
tR
www.kistler.com
Charge Amplifier Output

Physical Force Signal
Quasi-static Measurement
> 'Long' Time Constant
Dynamic Measurement
> 'Short' Time Constant
Long measurement time and

temperature change
limit stop charge amplifier
F
F
Fabs
(thermally induced
zero drift of
the sensor)
F
t
Trapezoid force signal
Fmax
Fmax
Fmax
Charge Amplifiers
(short time constant

affects signal form)
www.kistler.com
99
Charge Amplifiers
Product Overview
5015A
1
5018A
1
5070A
4/8
5080A
1 ... 8
5165A
1/4
5171A
1/4
5995A
1
1)
2)
See the section on 'Measurement Type Quasi-Static versus Dynamic Measurements' on page 94
See the section on 'Frequency Range' on page 97
100
www.kistler.com
1 MN
Me
men
1 kN
1N
Measuring range
1 mN
Strain Sensors
Dynamometers
Number of
channels
3-Component Sensors
2-Component Sensors
Suitable for
1-Component Sensors
Type
www.kistler.com
Additional information
Extensive statistical functions

(shown on display)
102
Very low noise
102
Good all-round charge amplifier
103
Very low noise
103
Configuration and control via standard

web browser
Flexible filtering options
Flexible 2-point scaling for analog
outputs
Two Ethernet interfaces with integrated
switch functionality
For dynamic applications
103
Charge amplifier module for National

Instruments CompactRIO platform
Requires a CompactRIO chassis (to
be provided by the customer)
LabVIEW driver is included;
this allows the customer to generate
customized solutions in LabVIEW
103
Battery-powered hand-held charge

amplifier
103
101
Charge Amplifiers
Page
Integrated data acquisition
Analog output
Data usage
LabVIEWTM
(Virtual Instrument Driver)
PC
Display and rotary knob/

membrane keys
100 kHz
Operation
10 kHz
0.1 Hz
Frequency range 2)
0 Hz (quasi-static
Dynamic
Quasi-static
1 MN
Measurement type 1)
Charge Amplifiers
Product Details
Technical Data
Type
Number of channels
Charge input
2 ... 2 200 000
2 ... 2 200 000
Frequency range (3dB)
Hz
0 ... 200 000
0 ... 200 000
Short / Medium / Long
V
mA
Hz
o
20
4
0 ... 200 000
o
30
1 ... 15
0 ... 200 000
BNC neg.
BNC neg.
2 / 2.5 / 5 / 10
BNC neg.
10 / 10 with offset 8
BNC neg.
Display & rotary knob/membrane keys

PC
LabVIEWTM (Virtual Instrument Driver)
RS-232C
IEEE-488
USB 2.0
Ethernet
Desktop unit
19" rack-mounted unit
o
o
o
o
0 ... 50
0 ... 50
IP40
IP40
105x142x253
105x142x253
Sensor voltage supply

Sensor current supply
Frequency range (3dB)
Time constants
TEDS support
Connector type
Analog output
Output range Connector type
Interfaces
1
pC
Piezotron input (IEPE)
Operation
5018A...
Measuring ranges
Time constants
Connector type
BNC neg.
Fischer 9-pole neg.
Analog 6-Component
Summing Processor
5015A...
Output range
Connector type
Integrated data acquisition

Housing/installation
Panel mount
Module for installation in CompactRIOTM chassis
Handheld unit
Power supply
Mains power (115/230 VAC)

DC power
Voltage range
VDC
C
Deg. of protection (IEC/EN 60529)

Outer dimensions
Key:
102
WxHxD
= Standard
mm
o = Option/selectable
www.kistler.com
5070A...
5080A...
5165A...
5171A...
5995A
4/8
1 ... 8
1/4
1/4
acc. to choice: 200 ...

200 000, 600 ... 600 000
0 ... 45 000
2 2 200 000
100 1 000 000
1 000 1 000 000
200 200 000
0 200 000
0.1 ...100 000
0 ... 10 000
Short / Long
Short
0 ... 20 000 1)
0 ... 2 000 2)
Long
o
o
o
30
1 ... 15
0 200 000
BNC neg.
22
4 / 10
0.1 ... 100 000
Short
BNC neg.
10
D-Sub 15-pole neg.
10 / 10 with offfset 8
BNC neg. + D-Sub 15-pole neg.
10 (flex. 2-point scaling)

BNC neg.
o
10
D-Sub 15-pole neg.
10
D-Sub 15-pole neg.
(PC software)
Long
2
Banana jacks (4 mm)
(PC software and GUI via

standard web browser)
(2x RJ45 with integr.

switch functionality)
(sampling rate 200 kSps
per channel, adjustable)
o
o
o
o
3) (sampling rate 50.8 kSps

per channel, adjustable)
o (supporting plate available

for mounting in 19" rack)
o
o
11 ... 36
o (plug-in power supply av.)
18 ... 30
9V battery
0 ... 50
0 ... 50
0 ... 60
-40 ... 70
0 ... 50
IP40
IP40
IP20
IP40
IP50
497x141x300
218x50x223
23x88x88
80x172x35
248x142x253
1)
Charge Amplifiers
2)
Range: 10 000 pC Range: >10 000 pC

Processing of digitized data is implemented by the customer in LabVIEWTM. LabVIEW driver is included, so the customer is able to generate
customized solutions in LabVIEW
3)
www.kistler.com
103
Charge Amplifiers
Product Details Accessories
Technical Data
Type
5015A...
5018A...
RS-232C Cable
Length
Type
m
1200A27
5
1200A27
5
USB Cable 4)
Length
Type
m
Ethernet Cable
Length
Type
m
Adapter Cable for Analog Outputs/ 3-Component Force Measurement

Standard length
Custom length
Connector type: left connector type: right
Type
m
m
Adapter Cable for Analog Outputs / 6-Component Force/Torque Measurement

-> 6 Channels: Fx, Fy, Fz, Mx, My, Mz
Length: custom
Type
Adapter Cable for Analog Outputs / 8 Individual Channels

-> 8 Dynamometer Output Channels or 8 Individual Sensor Channels
Length: standard
Length: custom
Type
Supporting Plate for Mounting in 19" Rack
Type
Blank Plate for Vacant 19" Position
Type
Plug-in Power Supply, 24 V
Type
Accessories
5.590.303
1.8
m
m
4)
Included in scope of delivery

Only to be used in combination with the analog 6-component summing processor
5)
104
www.kistler.com
5070A...
5080A...
1200A27
5
1200A27
5
5165A...
5171A...
5995A
5.590.303
1.8
55117964
2
Z20784A...
0.5
0.5 ... 30
D-Sub 15-pole pos.
4x BNC neg.
Z16287... 4)
Z16287... 5)
0.5 ... 30
D-Sub 15-pole pos.
6x BNC pos.
0.5 ... 30
D-Sub 15-pole pos.
6x BNC pos.
Z20072A...
0.5
0.5 ... 30
D-Sub 15-pole pos.
8x BNC neg.
5748A1
5748A2
Charge Amplifiers
5779A2
www.kistler.com
105
Accessories Cables
Couplings
Type
Connector
Type
Left
Right
1701
BNC
neg.
BNC
neg.
1705
BNC
pos.
M4x0.35
neg.
1721
BNC
pos.
KIAG 10-32
neg.
1729A
KIAG 10-32
neg.
1733
BNC
pos.
Left
Right
1743
BNC
pos.
2 x BNC
neg.
1749
KIAG 10-32
pos.
2 x KIAG 10-32
neg.
KIAG 10-32
neg.
1700A29
KIAG 10-32
neg.
KIAG 10-32
pos. int.
Banana
jacks
1703
BNC
neg.
BNC
neg.
Plastic Protective Caps
Distribution Box (High-Insulation)
Type
To be used for
1851
BNC
neg.
1861A
BNC
pos.
1891
Connector
KIAG 10-32
neg.
The plastic protective caps reliably protect the connectors and sockets
against contamination. If sensors or charge amplifiers are not being used
or are in storage, it is always advisable to protect the connectors with
protective caps.
Input
Output
Comments
5405A
Fischer
9-pole
neg.
8 x BNC
neg.
8 single
channels
5407A
Fischer
9-pole
neg.
3 x BNC
neg.
3 channels
summed:
Fx, Fy, Fz
Distribution boxes can be used to assign the channels of sensors with

Fischer 9-pole pos. cable connectors to individual BNC sockets:
Type 5405A runs all 8 individual channels to separate BNC sockets
Type 5407A runs the 8 channels (summed) to 3 BNC sockets (Fx, Fy, Fz)
BNC Cable, High-Insulation

Type
Connector
Length
(standard)
[m]
Left
Right
BNC pos.
BNC pos.
1601B...
106
0.5 / 1 / 2 / 5
/ 10 / 20
Length
(custom) [m]
min.
max.
0.1
50
Cable sheath
material
PVC

[C]
Deg. of
protection to
IEC/EN 60529
min.
max.
Left
Right
25
70
IP40
IP40
www.kistler.com
Accessories Electronics
Charge Attenuators
Technical Data
Type
5361A...
Attenuation ratio
choice:
2:1 / 5:1 / 10:1 / 20:1 /
100:1 / 200:1 / 1000:1
Insulation resistance
>1014
Charge input
BNC neg.
Charge output
Dimensions (WxHxD)
BNC pos.
mm
57x29x35
(without connector)
In force sensors with a very wide force range, the charge produced by the sensor may
exceed the maximum charge permitted by the charge amplifier input. In such cases, a
charge attenuator can be connected between the sensor and the charge amplifier so the
charge present on the amplifier is reduced. The charge is reduced by the attenuation
ration.
Insulation Tester
Technical Data
Type
Number of channels
5493
Signal input
BNC neg.
Measuring range
1011 41013
Measurement voltage
Max. parallel capacity
nF
10 (corresponds to
cable length 100 m)
Power supply
9 V battery
Operation
Display and membrane

keyboard
Housing
Handheld unit
IP50
Dimensions (WxHxD)
mm
80x150x35
(without connector)
Insulation tester to check the insulation of piezoelectric measuring chains. Measures the
insulation of sensors, charge amplifiers and cables.
www.kistler.com
107
108
www.kistler.com
www.kistler.com
109
Service
Service
Service
Calibration
Sensors and measuring instruments must be calibrated at regular intervals, as their characteristics and, therefore, measurement uncertainties can change over time due to use, aging and
environmental factors. Customized calibration services from
Kistler ensure precise measurements.
National Standards
National Metrological Institute is a member
of the CIPM MRA
NMI
Transfer Standards
Calibration laboratories accredited by
the Swiss Accreditation Service
National
Calibration Service
Most of Kistler's piezoelectric force and strain sensors are already

calibrated during the final acceptance process in our factory. Instruments used for calibration at Kistler are traceable to national
standards and subject to uniform international quality control.
Calibration certificates document measured calibration values and
conditions.
e.g. Kistler's 'SCS-049'
Working Standards
calibrated
09
Kistler
Production
Kistler
Service
10 11 12
2 3 4
Calibration Laboratories
Reference equipment used in Kistler and
6 7 8
10 11 12
Customer
Laboratory
customer calibration laboratories is

calibrated in Kistler's Laboratory 'SCS-049'
Measurement Equipment
Calibrated measurement equipment
Product (sensor) being calibrated
Known
input
variable
Measured
output
variable
Calibration determination of the relationship between a known input variable and

a measured output variable
Traceability Ensures Reliable Measurements

So that work can be undertaken according to the same quality
standards on an international basis, the measuring equipment
used must be subject to uniform quality assurance. To achieve
this, all the measuring equipment used must be traceable to national measurement standards.
This means that when a measuring instrument or system is calibrated, its measurement results must be compared to the result
from a higher-level measurement standard. In this way, a calibration hierarchy is created in which the topmost position is taken by
the national measurement standard, which is located at the
National Metrology Institute (NMI/METAS). All the measuring
equipment used for calibration at Kistler is traceable to national
standards.
110
Measurement application
Calibration Hierarchy
Calibration Process
Calibration of a sensor (the test object) is carried out by comparing its output signal with the signal from a reference sensor.
The precise sensitivity of the reference sensor is known and can
be traced back to the national standard on the basis of the
calibration hierarchy.
Kistler uses the continuous method for calibrating piezoelectric
sensors. With this method, the load is continuously increased
to the required value within a defined time and then reduced to
zero again within the same time.
The resultant characteristic, which is never exactly linear, is
approximated by a 'best straight line' that passes through the origin. The gradient of the straight line corresponds to the sensitivity
of the sensor in the calibrated measuring range.
Reference sensor
target value
Force F
Reference
sensor
10 30 s
time
Test object [pC]
Fundamentals of Calibration
Calibration involves determining the relationship between a
known input variable (e.g. N) and a measured output variable
(e.g. pC, V). The procedure in each case is precisely defined
(e.g. continuous or step-by-step) and the conditions under which
calibration is carried out are specified (e.g. ambient temperature,
air humidity). This approach guarantees that calibration delivers
the same results on a reproducible basis.
Best straight
Sensitivity [pC/N]
Test object
pC
Test object
target value
Reference sensor [N]
10 30 s
time
Continuous calibration using a reference sensor
www.kistler.com
Kistler's Calibration Service

Kistler offers its customers a comprehensive calibration service
throughout the world. This service ensures that Kistler sensors
and systems are and will remain fully functional for the
entire service lifetime of the equipment: the basis for precise
and reliable measurement results.
Onsite Calibration
In the case of onsite calibration, the sensor is calibrated by a
Kistler service technician in the application at the customer's
premises. This type of calibration is often used for force sensors
because in most force applications, the sensor has to be calibrated after installation in the structure.
Kistler's calibration service comprises the following calibrations:

EOL Calibration
The EOL (End-of-Line) calibration is carried out on every sensor
in the Kistler Production Center as the standard calibration during
final acceptance testing prior to delivery of the product. The calibration results for each individual sensor are stored during this
process. A calibration certificate is enclosed with most sensors on
delivery.
Accredited Calibration
Accredited calibration to ISO/IEC 17025 is offered in selected
Kistler Tech Centers and Tech Offices across the globe. The
calibration processes are designed according to internationally
recognized guidelines, and are audited by an accreditation body.
Accredited calibration is typically used for transfer and works
standards.
If accredited calibration is desired, this must be explicitly stated
when ordering the sensor. Accredited calibration is not offered for
all sensors and furthermore, the measuring ranges that can be
calibrated are more limited than those available for standard calibration.
If you want onsite calibration for your sensor, please contact your
local Kistler Sales Center.
Custom Calibration
For custom calibration, the sensor is calibrated in one of Kistler's
worldwide Tech Centers or Tech Offices according to the
customer's specifications. This enables the customer to have the
sensor calibrated for the actual installed situation in the application.
Custom calibration is mostly used for sensors developed and
manufactured by Kistler according to the customer's specifications. It allows the calibration to be designed optimally for the
application or installed situation of the customized sensor.
This type of calibration is suitable for customized sensor developments as well as for force plates manufactured by customers
themselves, based on an assembly kit from Kistler.
For customized calibrations, please contact your local Kistler Sales
Center.
If you want accredited calibration for your sensor, please contact

your local Kistler Sales Center.
Recalibration
Regular recalibration is recommended in order to guarantee measuring accuracy throughout the entire lifetime of Kistler's sensors
and equipment and to meet the highest quality assurance criteria.
The following two options are available for recalibration:
Standard calibration, based on the EOL calibration
Accredited calibration
Kistler offers recalibration for most sensors at its Tech Centers
and Tech Offices across the globe.
Our sales staff will be glad to advise you on recalibration issues,
and to give you information about calibration services in your
area.
www.kistler.com
111
Service
3-Component Force Calibration
Advisory
During an advisory session, you will learn the best way of installing the sensor in the application so as to obtain reliable and
accurate measurement results. The following examples show
customer projects where Kistler provided advisory support for the
integration of the sensors in the application.
Measurement of Frictional Force on a Railway Brake
On railway brakes, maximum braking forces are critical for high
deceleration.
Kistler force sensors were integrated into the brake lining so that
the braking forces could be measured during real operation.
Because of the confined space available, the Kistler Sales Center's
experience was a key factor in the successful installation of the
sensors.
Force Limited Vibration Test (FLV)

Satellites are exposed to large vibration loads on lift-off and as
they fly through the atmosphere.
A vibration test is carried out prior to launching. Losses of satellites
have become infrequent thanks to this test. Kistler force sensors
measure the forces, thereby ensuring a reliable test procedure.
Source: ESA
Kistler has many years' experience of integrating force and

strain sensors into customized applications. Take advantage of
our experts' know-how and benefit from their advice.
Source: ESA
Satellite on shaker
Positioning of 3-component quartz force links on a shaker

Brake lining with force sensors
Challenge
To measure very large forces
Confined installation space
Solution
Two 3-component force sensors with force application
Special preloading bolts
Onsite calibration after installation, with special equipment
Challenge
Wide measuring range
High rigidity
High reliability
Complex mechanical integration
Solution
Multiple 3-component quartz force links
All measuring elements machined to the same height
Customized base plate and cover plate for the mechanical
connection
Easily operated charge amplifier (LabAmp 5165A)
If you would like advice on your application, please contact your
local Kistler Sales Center.
112
www.kistler.com
Information Overview
Test & Measurement Now Online

Too!
As well as more extensive information
about force and strain sensors, you can
also discover Kistler's entire Test &
Measurement range by visiting our
website. The portfolio covers a variety
of measurands, sensor technologies
and signal conditioning solutions for
general measurements in research and
development or test laboratories.
Data Sheets and Manuals

You can find detailed information
about individual products in our data
sheets and manuals, which can be
downloaded from our website free of
charge.
www.kistler.com/t&m/force&strain
Kraft
Oberflchen-
Kraft
Other measurands: pressure, acceleration & acoustic emission (AE), torque
ment
essele
en-Kraftm
Typ 9347C
hochempfindlic
Dehnungssens
h, 600
600
ent
3-Kompon30 30 kN
or
Typ 9232A...
Der Dehnungss
ensor eignet
und quasistatisc
sich zur Messung
her Krfte an
dynamischer
nenteilen.
festen oder
Fz
Der Sensor
bewegten Maschimisst dabei
Dehnung an
die kraftpropo
Maschinenht zurtionale
oder Strukturob
senkrec
Kraftmessung).
Fx
der drei
ten
erflchen (indirekte
Die
Messen
gerichte
nigungskompensiertehohe Empfindlichkeit
nt zum
sowie der beschleueiner beliebig
sseleme
nenten
Prozessberwachung Aufbau des Sensors
Quarz-Kraftme en Kompo
ermgliche
Kraft.
an schnelllauf
r stehend
tischen
nen (z.B. Pressen,
enden Fertigungs n eine
einande
Montageautomaten)
oder quasista
nkt
Fy
maschi.
dynamischen
Kraftangriffspu
ngig vom
Dank der
g unabh
sehr hohen
(Dehnlnge)
Messun
Messempf
h
kleinste
indlichkeit
Genaue
Krfte exakt
zbereic
Messrichtung
knnen auch
Frequen
gemessen werden
Aufgrund
Grosser
e
der geringen
e Montag
ehuse
Beschleuni
fr Messaufga
Sensorg
Einfach
uss
ben an bewegten gungsempfindlichkeit auch
dichtes
ies,
ranschl
Messbereic
Teilen geeignet
l-Stecke
Rostfre
h fr Zug- und
er Mehrpo
Druckkrfte
Einfachste
Robust
Montage,
nung zwida Befestigun
Schraube erfolgt
g mit nur
unter Vorspanh kann das
einer M6
ibung
sensor ist
berlastsic
Dadurc
Beschre
her
onenten-Kraft en eingebaut.
drei karte Schutzart
in allen
eflansch
Der 3-Komp
IP65 (mit angeschlos
e Krfte
Montag
Masseisolie
senem Kabel)
schen zwei positive und negativ
eine
rte
Ausfhrung
ment
.
en Prinzip
zur Beseitigung
schlaufen hervorgeru
Messele
ektrisch
Anwendung
Elekgen messen
von durch
fenen Strungen
Richtun
dem piezoel wird ber eine
ErdTyp 9232AU41
sischen
berwachu
gemss
.
(optional erhltlich
. Diese
)
erzeugt
ng aller Arten
ss gefhrt
15 ... 15
che Ladung
Eine Kraft
anschlu
Bauweise, wie
von Maschinen
che Daten
Messele
kN
Technis
ionale elektris chenden Stecker
z.B. mechanisc
in C-Form
Beschreibung
ktion des
Fx, Fy
proport
tomaten. Der
he Pressen
Konstru
equenz,
den entspre
und Montagea
Sensor eignet
T
nsfeste
Die Dehnung
hohe Eigenfr
trode auf
usich dank
.
tagemglichkeit
des Grundmate
e und vibratio resultiert die
der einfachen
ng, z.B.
ssungen
Bereich
hervorrage
lageflchen
rials wirkt ber
tbelastu
MonDie einfach steif. Daraus
e Kraftme
nd um bestehend
nachzursten.
ist mit
als Distanznd
einer
die beiden
namisch
(ohne Momen
sehr
5
schutz)
mente in
e Maschinen
Auf5 se
dient als elastisches erung auf den Sensor.
(Design
fr hochdy
ments ist
Messele
Maschinen
genaue
etzung
kN
Sein Gehuwenn vier
r V3 neg.
berwachung,
bertragun
ut werden)
leistet die
Distanznderung
Fx, Fy
eine Vorauss Anschlussstecke
gsglied und
z.B. Absicherun
eingeba
gewhr
schen Pressen
Buchsen
in eine Kraft
e
wandelt die
Plattform
n. Diese
g von mechanigegen berlast.
ten piezoelektr
pins und
um. Die auf
Der 3-polig ierhilfe versehe
Qualittssi
t
gegen
Schub beanspruch
ischen Elemente
der Stecker
cherung an
riffspunk
ung ist
30
Bereich
Kraft
im Sensor
Fertigungs
30
verbind
einer Positionund Zentrierung
proportionale
mit Kraftang
beispielswe
kN
elektrische Ladung erzeugen eine dieser
(Beispiel
ise beim Taumelniet anlagen fr Fgeproze
Die Stecker
rflche)
Fz
ttenobe
Zuordnung
sse,
enfgen.
Q (pC).
librieWiderstand
en, Durchsetzf
Deckpla
an
Zusamm
Nachka
s-Punktsch
gen oder
Die 10
weissen.
besonderen
vor dem
tzt.
berwachu
Sensor ohne
)
%
Vorteile gegenber
ng von Werkzeugm
e ist der
Bereich
en gesch
kt zentrisch
05
messstreife
Fx, Fy, Fz
Verdreh
Montag
griffspun
der bekannten
Erkennung
n-Technik
einfach,
aschinen, z.B.
kN
(Kraftan
korrekten
von Werkzeugb
messen
Dehnrechtzeitige
grossen
0 0,5 berlastsic liegen in der hohen
Fx, Fy
ereit.
Nach der
Quarz
ruch
Empfindlic
oder
aus
einsatzb
Werkzeugk
n
herheit und
berlast
hkeit, der
ollision.
Lebensdauer,
sensore
der praktisch
rung sofort
ter Bereich
auch unter
unbegrenzten
onenten-Kraft
Kalibrier
wechselnder
kt 10 mm
0 30
3-Komp
griffspun
Last.
flche)
kN
sehr genau.
(Kraftan
3
ttenober
Das 0Messsigna
Fz
direkt und
b Deckpla
l kann als
unterhal
0
:
Relativwert
den.
150/15
Fr Absolutwe
weiterverarbeitet
)
ter Bereich
Nm
mente erfassen
Kalibrier
kt zentrisch
werDehnungssensor rtmessungen (z.B. in
Mx, My
Anwendung n-Kraftmessele
griffspun
ung
ng
mit einer entspreche N oder kN) muss
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e Momen
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rfte bei
sts
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ng
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lkrfte bei
hrt
<0,01
tbelastu
Der Sensoraufb
Aufpral
von Raketen n fr die Raumfa
e Momen
N
sskrfte
Zulssig
7,8 au ermglicht einen
gebung. Mit
Rcksto
von Bauteile
Einsatz in Industrielle
0, Fz = 0)
angeschlossenem
pC/N
nskrfte
(Mx,y =
3,7
r Umle
Schutzklasse
Fx, Fy
Kabel gengt
Vibratio
hschwel
IP65.
pC/N
die Messkette
g
gskrfte
Ansprec
tprfun
der
ist aus rostfreiem Das Gehuseoberteil des
Fz
Reibun
lichkeit
Prfstand
der Produk
Dehnungss
und
Stahl
bei
Empfind
gefertigt. Als
ensors
KIAG 10-32
Krfte
auf Strasse
Steckeranschluss
neg. integriert.
gkrfte
ist ein
Dies gestattet
von Anschlussk
nalwaagen
Fahrzeu
eine breite
abeln einzusetze
an Windka
Krfte
n (siehe Zubehr-H Auswahl
Seite 1/4
inweise).
55x55x60
mm,
9347C_
000-604
d-06.11
9232A_000
-137d-02.07
www.kistler.com/t&m
Who to Contact
Whether you want advice, or support
with your installation: on our website,
you'll quickly and easily find a personal contact partner near you who
can assist with the measurand you
require.
behlt sich
ng
tand. Kistler
Wissenss
der Anwendu
aktuellen
den aus
en dem
fr Folgesch
onen entsprech Die Haftung
en vor.
Die Informati
e nderung ist ausgeschlossen.
technisch
odukten
von Kistler-Pr
Component Finder
Our interactive online Component
Finder offers various filter options that
will make it easier for you to search
for generic sensors and signal conditioning solutions.
www.kistler.com/t&m/
componentfinder
Die Informationen
ur, Schweiz
entsprechen
ler.com
8408 Winterth
dem aktuellen
www.kist
asse 22, technische
nderungen
Wissensstand
Eulachstr
vor. Die Haftung
vonler.com,
. Kistler behlt
info@kist
Kistler-Produk
Kistler Gruppe,52 224 14 14,
ten ist ausgeschlosse fr Folgeschden
sich
AG.
aus der Anwendung
... 2011,
Holding
+41
n.
2007
11, Fax
der Kistler
52 224 11
ene Marke
Tel. +41
eine eingetrag
Kistler ist
2007, Kistler
Instrumente
AG,
Tel +41 52 224
Seite 1/3
11 11, Fax +41 Postfach, Eulachstr. 22,
CH-8408 Winterthur
52 224 14 14,
[email protected]
m, www.kistler.c
om
CAD Data
Various Kistler 3D CAD models are
at your disposal free of charge, so
that you can integrate our products
directly into your CAD designs. On
our website, you can download the
right file format for every CAD
system.
www.kistler.com/cad-catalog
Application Solutions
In addition to force sensors, strain
sensors and signal conditioning
solutions for T&M applications, Kistler
offers a vast array of customized
solutions for specific applications:
Cutting Force Measurement
Vehicle Safety
Vehicle Dynamics & Durability
Process Monitoring
Industrial Testing Systems
Weigh-In-Motion
Biomechanics
For more information, visit:
www.kistler.com
www.kistler.com
113
Glossary
Terms
Symbol
Unit
Definition
Force
Force is a physical quantity in terms of vector having a center of

impact, direction, and value.
Strain
m/m
Strain is a measure for relative change of dimensions (extension

or contraction) of a body due to load, e.g. an applied force or
a temperature change (thermal expansion). The enlargement of
body dimension corresponds to a positive strain, whereas the
reduction of body dimension corresponds to a negative strain.
Coulomb
Unit of electric charge.

1 Coulomb corresponds to 1 Ampere-second (1 C = 1 As).
Dynamic
Describes the ability of Kistler sensors, charge amplifiers, and

electrical devices to measure rapid and strongly time-variable
measurands (e.g. motions with high frequencies).
Quasi-static
Describes the ability of Kistler sensors, charge amplifiers, and

electrical devices to undertake time-variable and nearly timeconstant measurements (e.g. long-term measurements or
DC-similar measurements).
Time constant
The time constant describes the behavior of a high-pass filter and

represents the time after which the signal is reduced to 1/e of
the initial output value.
Note: The time constant enables the measuring error to be
estimated in relation to the measuring duration. You will find
detailed information on time constants and sensitivity ranges in
the operating instructions for your charge amplifier.
Example: The time constant depends on the measuring range selected on the charge amplifier. Possible values vary from approx.
0.01 s in the most sensitive range to approx. 100 000 s in the
least sensitive range. The largest possible time constant must be
selected for quasi-static measurements.
114
www.kistler.com
Glossary
Terms
Symbol
Unit
Definition
Linearity including hysteresis
Lin Hys
%FSO
Dependent on the sensor type, the linearity is determined from

data which includes the output values taken from the increasing
(blue) and decreasing (red) measurand. For these cases, hysteresis (b %FSO) is included in the linearity ( a %FSO) and does
not have to be taken additionally into account for estimating the
measurement uncertainty of the application.
Note: The slope of this center line corresponds to the sensitivity
of the sensor. Half the distance between the two parallels
(measured in the ordinate direction) is the linearity.
Frequency range
fr
Hz
The useful frequency range is limited to the frequencies at

which the corresponding amplitudes of transfer function do not
exceed the permitted values of amplitude error. Because of their
mechanical quality, piezoelectric sensors have very low damping.
The useful frequency range is limited in the upwards direction by
the increasing resonance rise.
The following approximate values apply to the amplitude error or
achievable accuracy as a function of frequency:
accuracy 10 %
accuracy 5 %
accuracy 1 %
>
>
>
fmax 0.3 fn
fmax 0.2 fn
fmax 0.1 fn
Symbols:
f = measuring frequency
fmax = maximum frequency of measurement
fn = natural frequency
www.kistler.com
115
Glossary
Terms
Symbol
Unit
Definition
Frequency range (continued)
fr
Hz
Note: In their dynamic behavior, piezoelectric sensors are superior to all other measuring methods. Their high rigidity results
in the highest possible natural frequencies. Piezoelectric sensors
are thus ideal for measuring measurands which change rapidly
over time. Their dynamic behavior is thereby largely determined
by the surrounding structure. Therefore the frequency response
of the entire measuring arrangement must be investigated for
the largest possible, useful measuring range.
There are two possibilities here: frequency analysis, f.e. pressure
sensors in shock tube or finite-element method.
Schematic presentation of frequency response and phase
response.
Axial stiffness
cA,x
cA,y
cA,z
N/m
Mechanical resistance of a loaded sensor against its axial deformation which results from the acting force in designed axial
axis of the force sensor. The stiffness value is calculated from the
applied force FA divided by the effective distance between
specified reference points.
Illustration of reference points for distance measurement.
llustration of reference points for distance measurement
116
www.kistler.com
Glossary
Terms
Symbol
Unit
Definition
Shear stiffness
cs,xy
cs,xz
cs,yz
N/m
Mechanical resistance of a loaded sensor against its shear deformation which results from the acting force in designed shear
axis of the sensor. Shear force forms a pure force without any
presence of a bending moment. The stiffness value is calculated
from the applied force Fs divided by the effective distance s
between specified reference points.
Illustration of reference points for distance measurement
Triboelectric effect
Formation of charge as a result of cable motion or friction in the

cable.
Continuous loading
Load application of a calibration object as the measurand is

ramped up from a starting value to a target value. Readings of
reference standard and calibration object are recorded simultaneously while the measurand is changed continuously, e.g.
haversine profile or linear increase and decrease.
Note: The load must be applied fast enough to exclude time-dependent characteristics typical to piezoelectric sensors (e.g. drift
and time constants), but not so fast as to induce unknown
dynamic effects (e.g. inertial forces). In addition, it is very important to select a sampling rate which is high enough to avoid
noticeable time gaps affecting the characteristic values determined from the calibration curve.
A typical calibration cycle takes about 10 30 s including the
load from starting value up to target value and a subsequent
load removal to starting value.
PiezoStar and Piezotron are registered trademarks of Kistler Holding AG.
www.kistler.com
117
118
www.kistler.com
www.kistler.com
119
960-358e-09.16 2016, Kistler Group
Kistler Group
Eulachstrasse 22
8408 Winterthur
Switzerland
Tel. +41 52 224 11 11
Kistler Group includes the Kistler Holding AG and
all its subsidiaries in Europe, Asia, Americas and Australia.
Find your local contact on
www.kistler.com

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Test & Measurement

Force and Strain

Kistler continues to be a pioneer in measurement technology.

Alongside products for general measurements, Kistler offers

Facts and Figures about Kistler: www.kistler.com/facts

Test & Measurement.................................................................. 4

Test & Measurement

Your Own Measuring Chain in Five Steps

This catalog is structured so that it maps the entire measuring

Piezoelectric Force Measurement Technology

Focus on Force Measurement Technology

Various measurement principles are used in force measurement

Electrical charge (Q)

In piezoelectric force sensors, the measuring element is based on

Fundamentals of Piezoelectric Measuring

Crystal Disks as Measuring Elements

Crystal under load

The mechanical load on a crystal produces an electrical charge

Possibility of increasing the charge yielded

Piezoelectric Measuring Chain

Piezoelectric or Strain Gage Force Sensors?

The next graphic is intended to help you reach your decisions. It

Static Force Measurements

Measuring time (s)

1 000 10 000 100 000 Force (N)

Measuring time (t)

Piezoelectric force sensors are clearly preferable for dynamic

In piezoelectric force sensors, the drift value always remains the

True static measurement*

* see diagram on page 10

Selection Criteria for Piezoelectric Force Sensors

Kistler offers various versions of piezoelectric force sensors for

1-component sensors measure one single force component. The category of

3-component sensors measure all three orthogonal force components (Fx, Fy

Dynamometers are essentially based on four 3-component sensors that are

Selection Criteria for Piezoelectric Strain Sensors

Kistler's portfolio also includes piezoelectric strain sensors that

Indirect Force Measurement

Surface Strain Sensor

Direct Force Measurement

Least effort required for mounting

Ambient influences: Strains due to vibration forces and

Installation requires major effort

When measuring force with piezoelectric 1-component sensors,

1-Component Force Sensors

1-Component Quartz Force Links

+ Low overall height ideal for confined installation conditions

+ Already preloaded, so installation is simple

Complex installation required with preloading,

Large overall height

The following sections provide detailed explanations of the two designs.

1-Component Force Sensors

1-Component force sensors essentially consist of two crystal disks

Cross-section of a 1-component force sensor

Because of their compact structural design, 1-component force

Installation with preloading element

Usable Measuring Range

1-Component Quartz Force Links

Limitation of the measuring range by preloading