INDEX

CONTENT

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1 MICROPROCESSOR

2 FEATURES OF 8086

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4
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ARCHITECHTURE OF 8086
MICRO CONTROLLER
COMPONENTS OF 8051
FEATURES OF 8051

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5
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7

Introduction to Microprocessor:
Microprocessor is an important part of the computer. Without it the computer is totally
useless. It is a chip that has all the functions of the CPU of a computer. The micro processor
has the following functions of data storage, interaction with other peripheral devices and
other time related functions.

The Micro processor is the CPU (central processing unit) itself which has undergone
marvelous changes since its invention. Its role is to send and receive data and make the
computer function well. Commands need to be given for this chip to function that is already
fed inside the device in the form of current variations.
On the whole we can say that a microprocessor is a CPU integrated into a small
silicon chip that comprise of thousands of small components such as- diodes, transistors and
resistors that work together.

The integration of a whole CPU onto a single chip or on a few chips greatly reduced the cost
of processing power. Integrated circuit processors are produced in large numbers by highly
automated processes resulting in a low per unit cost. Single-chip processors increase
reliability as there are many fewer electrical connections to fail. As microprocessor designs
get faster, the cost of manufacturing a chip (with smaller components built on a
semiconductor chip the same size) generally stays the same.

Features of the 8086 Microprocessor

16-BIT DATA TRANSFER
The 8086 was one of the first chips to use a 16-bit data transfer bus, making it much faster
and more software-friendly than older 8-bit chips. This allowed the processor to transfer data

faster, greatly increasing speed and increasing possible software capabilities. It also allowed
the processor to address larger amounts of memory.
REVERSE COMPATIBILITY
The 8086 processor was also designed to still be compatible with another popular, but less
powerful chip, the 8080. This allowed greater flexibility for PC manufacturers who wanted to
be able to offer chips with the greatest compatibility with existing software.
PROCESSOR SPEED AND MEMORY
The speed of the processor was faster than previous chips. At up to 10 MHz, it outpaced its
predecessor, the 8085, by 25 percent. This also allowed it to address much more memory; up
to 1 MB of RAM, much more than previous chips.
CO-PROCESSOR SUPPORT
The 8086 microprocessor also supported a supplemental co-processor, sometimes installed on
motherboards to perform routine mathematical functions in order to free up processor power
for other uses.

8086 CPU ARCHITECTURE

The microprocessors functions as the CPU in the stored program model of the digital
computer. Its job is to generate all system timing signals and synchronize the transfer of data
between memory, I/O, and itself. It accomplishes this task via the three-bus system
architecture previously discussed.
The microprocessor also has a S/W function. It must recognize, decode, and execute program
instructions fetched from the memory unit. This requires an Arithmetic-Logic Unit (ALU)
within the CPU to perform arithmetic and logical (AND, OR, NOT, compare, etc) functions.
The 8086 CPU is organized as two separate processors, called the Bus Interface Unit (BIU)
and the Execution Unit (EU). The BIU provides H/W functions, including generation of the
memory and I/O addresses for the transfer of data between the outside world -outside the
CPU, that is- and the EU.
The EU receives program instruction codes and data from the BIU, executes these
instructions, and store the results in the general registers. By passing the data back to the
BIU, data can also be stored in a memory location or written to an output device. Note that
the EU has no connection to the system buses. It receives and outputs all its data thru the
BIU.

The only difference between an 8088 microprocessor and an 8086 microprocessor is the BIU.
In the 8088, the BIU data bus path is 8 bits wide versus the 8086's 16-bit data bus. Another
difference is that the 8088 instruction queue is four bytes long instead of six.
The important point to note, however, is that because the EU is the same for each processor,
the programming instructions are exactly the same for each. Programs written for the 8086
can be run on the 8088 without any changes.

Introduction: microcontroller
A complete computer system manufactured on a single chip is called a microcontroller.
The features of a microcontroller are similar to that of a microprocessor like registers,

ALU, program counter, flags, stack pointer, etc. Along with these common features, a
microcontroller has some additional features such as a clock circuit, internal RAM, ROM,
serial and parallel I/O counter.
Using a microcontroller provides a great advantage that a program is stored in ROM
that has an important role in managing the system's operations and functions. Since the
program written into ROM is fixed that is, it cannot be altered or changed; as a result the
operation of the system remains constant (unchanged) regardless of the instructions given to
it. Hence, a microcontroller can be thought of a device containing on-chip program memory.
A microcontroller can also be referred as a 'microcomputer'.

The Intel 8051 is an 8-bit microcontroller which means that most available operations
are limited to 8 bits. There are 3 basic "sizes" of the 8051: Short, Standard, and Extended.
The Short and Standard chips are often available in DIP (dual in-line package) form, but the
Extended 8051 models often have a different form factor, and are not "drop-in compatible".
All these things are called 8051 because they can all be programmed using 8051 assembly
language, and they all share certain features (although the different models all have their own
special features).

Major components of Intel 8051 microcontroller

The 8051 microcontroller is an 8-bit microcontroller. Let us see the major components of
8051 microcontroller and their functions.
An 8051 microcontroller has the following 12 major components:
1. ALU (Arithmetic and Logic Unit)
2. PC (Program Counter)
3. Registers
4. Timers and counters
5. Internal RAM and ROM
6. Four general purpose parallel input/output ports
7. Interrupt control logic with five sources of interrupt
8. Serial date communication
9. PSW (Program Status Word)
10. Data Pointer (DPTR)
11. Stack Pointer (SP)
12. Data and Address bus.

Various features of 8051 microprocessor:

4 KB on chip program memory.

128 bytes on chip data memory(RAM)

4 reg banks.

128 user defined software flags.

8-bit data bus

16-bit address bus

16 bit timers (usually 2, but may have more, or less).

3 internal and 2 external interrupts.

Bit as well as byte addressable RAM area of 16 bytes.

Four 8-bit ports, (short models have two 8-bit ports).

16-bit program counter and data pointer.

1 Microsecond instruction cycle with 12 MHz Crystal.