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Problem - 1.3: Hanoi University of Mining and Geology Chemical Engineering Program

The document is a homework assignment containing solutions to several problems involving ordinary differential equations (ODEs). Problem 1.3 involves finding the general solution to a first order linear ODE. Problem 1.5 uses an integrating factor to solve a first order linear ODE with constant coefficients and an inhomogeneous term. Problem 1.7 uses partial fractions to solve a first order nonlinear ODE modeling population growth. Problem 1.8 involves solving a first order linear ODE describing radioactive decay.

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Nguyen Viet Hung
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68 views6 pages

Problem - 1.3: Hanoi University of Mining and Geology Chemical Engineering Program

The document is a homework assignment containing solutions to several problems involving ordinary differential equations (ODEs). Problem 1.3 involves finding the general solution to a first order linear ODE. Problem 1.5 uses an integrating factor to solve a first order linear ODE with constant coefficients and an inhomogeneous term. Problem 1.7 uses partial fractions to solve a first order nonlinear ODE modeling population growth. Problem 1.8 involves solving a first order linear ODE describing radioactive decay.

Uploaded by

Nguyen Viet Hung
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Hanoi University of Mining and Geology

Chemical Engineering Program


ECH 140 Mathematical Methods
September 2013

Homework Assignment #1: Solution

Problem_1.3
Find the general solution of the following ODE
1
x

Ix2 yM + y = 0

Solution
First we rearrange the equation as follows

Ix2 yM = -x2 y

Then we introduce the new variable p = x 2 y. Our ODE becomes


p
x

= -p

Integrating once gives


p HxL = C -x
Finally we make the substitution p = x 2 y to get
y HtL = -C

-x
x2

Problem_1.5
Find the general solution to the following ODE
y
t

+ 4 y = t2

Solution
Before we begin it is worthwhile to inspect the form of this equation. It is a linear first order ODE with
constant coefficients and an inhomogeneous term. To solve this equation we will make use of an integrating factor m(t) such that

ECH140HWAssignment1_Soln.nb

Before we begin it is worthwhile to inspect the form of this equation. It is a linear first order ODE with
constant coefficients and an inhomogeneous term. To solve this equation we will make use of an integrating factor m(t) such that
m HtL

y
t

+ 4 y = m HtL t2

Note all we have done is multiply both sides of Eqn(1) by m(t). The trick now is to choose m HtL so that
m HtL

y
t

+4 y =

Hm HtL yL

If we expand the RHS we find

Hm HtL yL =

m
t

y+m

y
t

Thus Eqn(3) becomes


m HtL

y
t

+4 y =

m
t

y+m

y
t

m HtL 4 y =

m
t

Cancelling the factor of y, it then follows that m(t) is defined by the following ODE
m
t

= 4 m fl m HtL = Exp H4 tL

Now that we have found an integrating factor we can write the original ODE as

Hm HtL yL = m HtL t2

This equation can be integrated directly to give


m y = m HtL t2 t + C
Substituting into the RHS the expression for m(t) gives
m y = Exp H4 tL t2 t + C
Hence the general solution is

y HtL = Exp@-4 tD : Exp@4 tD t2 t + C>


Using Integration tables we can express
2
Exp@4 tD t t = Exp@4 tD

1
32

t
8

t2
4

Thus the general solution is


y HtL =

1
32

t
8

t2
4

+ C Exp@-4 tD

where C is the constant of integration

ECH140HWAssignment1_Soln.nb

Problem_1.7
The growth of a biological population P(t) is given by the Verhulst Pearl equation
P

= k P 1-

P
P

where P is the limiting size of the population, beyond which the population growth is zero. If P0 is the
initial population at t=0, find an expression for the population at a later time t. (Hint: use partial fractions
where necessary)

Solution
First we rearrange the equation as follows
P

= k t

P - P2 P

Using partial fractions we can write


1

P - P P

1 P
1 - P P

Using the partial fraction representation and integrating once gives

1
P

P +

1
P

1 - P P

P = k t

The result is
Ln HPL - Ln H1 - P P L = k t + C
This result can be reorganized as
Ln

= k t+C

1 - P P

Taking exponential of both sides gives


P
1 - P P

= C1 k t

Solving for P(t) we get


P HtL =

P C1 k t
P + C1 k t

Finally we use the initial condition to determine C1 where PH0L = P0 . The final result is
P HtL =

P0 P
HP - P0 L -k t + P0

Problem1.8
The radioactive decay of a substance is described by the following ODE

ECH140HWAssignment1_Soln.nb

Y
t

= -kY

where k is the decay constant (k > 0). If the amount of material at t=0 is Y0 , determine an expression for
the amount of material Y(t) at any other time t > 0. Next consider two arbitrary times t1 and t2 , where
t1 < t2 . If t2 is selected such that there is half as much radioactive material as there was at time t1 , show
that
t2 - t1 =

Ln H2L
k

T t2 - t1 is called the half-life of the radioactive material. If carbon 14 has a half-life of 5568 years,
what is the decay constant for carbon 14.

Solution
First we rearrange the equation as follows
Y
Y

= -k t

Integrating once gives

1
Y

Y = -k t

The result is
Ln HYL = -k t + C
This result can be reorganized as
Y HtL = C1 -k t
Finally we use the initial conditions to determine C1 where Y H0L = Y0 . The result is
Y HtL = Y0 -k t
The amounts of radioactive material at times at t1 and t2 are
Y Ht1 L = Y0 -k t1 , Y Ht2 L = Y0 -k t2
Then in order that the YHt2 L is half that at YHt1 L we have
Y0 -k t2 =

1
2

Y0 -k t1

Simplifying this expression gives


-k Ht2 -t1 L =

2
Solving for t2 - t1 gives
T = Ht2 - t1 L =

Ln H2L
k

If T=5668 years, then k is


k=

Ln H2L
5568

Problem_2.1

= 0.000124488 yrs-1

ECH140HWAssignment1_Soln.nb

Problem_2.1
Determine the general solution for the following ODE:
2 y
x

y
x

5
4

y=0

Express your answer in terms of trigonometric functions and exponentials with real arguments.

Solution
This is a linear second order homogeneous ODE with constant coefficients. The general solution. Thus
we start with the postulate that y HxL ~ Exp@a xD. Substituting this form for the solution into the ODE
gives
a2 Exp@axD + aExp@a xD +

5
4

Exp@a xD = 0

Eliminating the common exponential terms gives an indicial equation for a:


a2 + a +

5
4

=0

Solving for a we get the following roots


a1 = -

1
2

- i,

a2 = -

1
2

+ i, where i =

-1

Thus the general solution is


y HxL = C1 Exp@a1 xD + C2 Exp@a2 xD
= ExpB-

1
2

xF H C1 Exp@-i xD + C2 Exp@i xD L

Recall that
Exp@i xD = Cos@xD + i Sin@xD
Thus
y HxL = ExpB-

1
2

xF H C1 8Cos@xD - i Sin@xD< + C2 8Cos@xD + i Sin@xD< L

Regrouping terms gives

y HxL = ExpB-

1
2

xF 8H C1 + C2 L Cos@xD + HC1 - C2 L i Sin@xD <

If we let B1 = C1 + C2 and B2 = i HC1 - C2 L then we can also write the solution as

ECH140HWAssignment1_Soln.nb

y HxL = ExpB-

1
2

xF 8B1 Cos@xD + B2 Sin@xD <

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