SM SAINS SERI PUTERI, KUALA LUMPUR

2. LINEAR LAW
NAME:

CLASS: .

MODULE 2 : LINEAR LAW

LINEAR LAW

Non Linear
Relation

Linear
Relation

Reducing non-linear
relation to linear form

Lines of best
fit

Determining values of
variables/constants

Formation of
equation

Obtaining
information
1.1

UNDERSTAND AND USE THE CONCEPT OF LINES OF

1

BEST FIT
THE CONCEPT OF LINES OF BEST FIT

The properties of the line of best fit:

The straight line is drawn such away that it passes
through as many points as possible.
The number of points that do not lie on the straight line
drawn should be more or less the same on both sides of
the straight line.
Example.
Draw the line of best fit for the given graph below.
y

x
EXERCISE 1

1. Draw the line of best fit for the following diagrams.

Exercises 1
(a) y

(b)

Skill Practice 1 (Page 29)

No. 2
1.2 Write equations for lines of best fit
2

Exercises 2
Example 1

Example 2
y

x (3, 7)
x (3 , 8)

2
0
1

x (1, 3)
0
x
The equation that can be formed is:
Y = mX + c

Gradient , m =

The equation that can be formed is:

Y = mX + c

The straight line also passes through the

point (1, 3)
X
Y
Substitute X = 1 and Y = 3
3 = 2(1) + c
c=1
Linear form
Therefore, y = 2x + 1

82
Gradient , m =
=2
30

Y intercept = 2

Therefore, y = 2x + 2

73
=2
3 1

Linear form

a)

b)
x (3, 6)
9
x (8, 1)
0

x
0

y
3

c)

d)
x ( 5 , 2)

x (8, 8)
x ( 6,4)

Skill Practice 2 (page 31)

No. 1
1.3 Determine values of variables from:
a)

lines of best fit

Example:

b) Equations of lines of best fit

y

Example:

y
X

4
2

y = 3x + 4
7

x
0

(i) Find the value of x if y = 9.

From the graph, when y = 9, x = (

(i) Find the value of x when y = 10.

Substitute y = 10 into the equation,

10 = 3x + 4
6 = 3x
x=(
)

(ii) Find the value of y if x = 2.

From the graph, when x = 2, y = (

(ii) Find the value of y when x = 20.

Substitute x = 20 into the equation,
y = 3(20) + 4
y=(
)
Exercise: Skill Practice 3 (Page 32) No. 1
Skill Practice 4 No. 1, 2

2.

APPLY LINEAR LAW TO NON- LINEAR RELATIONS

4

Y = mX + c

2.1

Reduce non- linear relations to linear form

Example 1

Example 1

x
b
y
ax
x2
=
+
x
x
xb
y
1
=
x+a
x
b

y = ax +

Nonlinear

Nonlinear

a) y

Divided by x

log10 y = log10 (pxq)

= pxq

Take log of
Both sides

log10 y = log10 p + log10 xq

Linear form

log10 y = qlog10 x + log10 p

Y = mX + c

=m X

Linear form

Exercises 4
Equation

Linear form

a) y = kx2
b) y = 2x2 3
c)
d)

y = x3 + 2x

y 7

e) y = 2

5
x

f) xy = 8x + 3
2

g) y =
+ 1
x
h) y = abx

Skill Practice 5 (Page 36)

2.2
Determine values of constants of nonlinear relations
given
5

Exercises 5
xy
Example 1

a)

X (11, 6)

x (1, 2)

y
x

10
x2

The above figure shows part of a

straight line graph drawn to represent the
equation
. xy = ax2 + b
Find the value of a and of b

.x (4, 2)
0
x
The above figure shows part of a straight
line graph drawn to represent the equation
. y = ax2 + bx
Find the value of a and of b.

62
11 1
2
A=
5
2 2
Therefore, xy =
x +b
5

Gradient , a =

Another equation that can be formed is

2
(1) 2 + b
5
2
8
b= 2
=
5
5

.(1)(2) =

Hence a =

2
,
5

b=

8
5

log10 y

b)

c)
x (1, 9)
6

x (3, 6)

0
1

1
x

The above figure shows part of a straight

line graph drawn to represent the equation
xy = a + bx
Find the value of a and b.

Log10 x
0
The above figure shows part of a straight
line graph drawn to represent the equation
y = axb
Find the value of a and of b.

Answers

Skill Practice 6 (Page 37)

a) a = 2, b = 10
b) a = 10, b = 8
c) a = 3 , b = 3

2.3 Determining values of constants of non-linear relations from

data
STEPS: (Using graph paper)
7

Change/reduce the non-linear equation with variables x and y

to a linear form Y = mX + c

Construct a new table for values of

X and Y

Choose a suitable scale

Label both axes

Plot the points on Graph Paper

Draw line of best fit

Determine :
gradient m
Y-intercept c

QUESTION 1
V (km/h)
R (Newton)

10
48

20
61

30
84

40
116

50
160

60
205

The table above shows data obtained from an experiment of a bus moving at a velocity, V km/h
with resistance of R in Newton.
The velocity and resistance are related by the equation R = k + hv2
a) Draw the line of best fit.
b)

From the graph, find the values of h and k.

SOLUTION
STEP 1

Reduce the non-linear equation

to the linear form Y = mX + c
8

construct new table

R = hv2 + k
Y = mX + c
STEP 2

Construct a new table for values of

X and Y

v2
R

48

61

84

116

160

205

STEP 3
Using graph paper,
- Choose a suitable scale so that the
graph drawn is as big as possible.
- Label both axes
- Plot the graph of Y against X and draw
the line of best fit

STEP 4

From the graph,

find m and c.
10

Gradient , m =

Take any two points on the straight line.

Construct a right-angled triangle,
So that two vertices are on the line of best
fit, calculate the gradient, m.

Determine the Y-intercept, c,

from the straight line graph

Y- intercept = c =

Thus, h = ______________________ and k = __________________________

QUESTION 2
x
y

2
2

3
9

4
20

5
35

6
54

The above table shows the experimental values of two variables, x

and y. It is know that x and y are related by the equation
y = px2 + qx

Non- linear

y
a) Draw the line of best fit for
against x.
x

b) From your graph, find the value of p and of q.

STEP 1

Reduce the non-linear equation to linear

form Y = mX + c

y = px2 + qx

11

Construct a new table for values of

X and Y

STEP 2
.x

.y

20

35

54

y
x

STEP 3
Using graph paper,
- Choose a suitable scale so that the graph drawn is as big as possible.
- Label both axes
- Plot the graph of Y against X and draw
the line of best fit

STEP 4
Take any two points on the straight line.
Construct a right-angled triangle,
So that two vertices are on the line of
best fit, calculate the gradient, m.

Gradient, m =

Determine the Y-intercept, c

from the line of best fit.

Y- intercept = c =

Hence, p = ___________,

q = _____________________

Exercise
Skill Practice 7 (Page 39)

12

2.4 Obtaining information from non-linear relations

A. Obtaining information from lines of best fit.
1. Refer to Question 1 (page 8):
13

From the graph,

a.
find the value of R if v = 37.42

b.

find the value of v if R = 160.

2. Refer to Question 2 (page 11):

a.

From the graph,

find the value of y if x = 3.5,

b.

find the value of x if

y
6.
x

Skill Practice 8 (page 41)

B.

Obtaining information from equations of lines of best fit.

The diagram below represents a line graph of y2 against x.
(a) Form an equation relating y to x.
(b) Find the value of x, when y = 3.
14

`
(4, 6)

PRACTICE MAKES PERFECT

1.

The data for x and y given in the table below are related by a law of the form

y px 2 x q ,where p and q are constants.

15

x
y

1
41.5

2
38.0

3
31.5

4
22.0

5
9.5

(a) Plot y x againts x 2 , using a scale of 2 cm to 4 unit on both axes. Hence ,

draw the line of best fit.
(b) Use your graph in 1(a) to find the value of
(i) p
(ii) q
2.

Answer:

y Ca x . An
experiment gave pairs of values of x and y as shown in the table. One of the values of
y is subject to an abnormally large area.
The variables x and y are known to be connected by the equation

x
y

1
56.20

2
29.90

3
25.10

4
8.91

5
6.31

6
3.35

(a) Plot log y against x, using a scale of 2 cm to 1 unit for x-axis and 2 cm to 0.2
unit fo y-axis . Hence , draw the line of best fit.
(b) Identify the abnormal reading and estimate its correct value.
(c) Use your graph in 2(b) to find the value of
(i) C
(ii) a
Answer: (b)25.1,17.78 (c) C = 100 , a = 1.78
1.

The table shows experimental values of x and y which are known to be related by
a
equation y b x .
x
x
y

1
2.20

2
1.74

3
1.71

4
1.77

5
1.86

6
1.96

(a) Explain how a straight line graph may be drawn to represent the given equation.
(b) Plot xy againts x x , using a scale of 2 cm to 2 unit on both axes . Hence , draw
the line of best fit.
(c) Use your graph in 3(b) to find the value of
(i) a
(ii) b

Answer : a=1.5 ; b=0.70

4. Table 1 shows the values of two variables, x and y, obtained from an experiment.
Variables x and y are related by the equation y = p k x, where p and k are constants.
x
y

2
3.16

4
5.50

6
9.12

8
16.22

10
28.84

12
46.77

(a) Plot log y against x by using a scale of 2 cm to 2 units on the x-axis and 2 cm to
0.2 unit on the log10 y-axis.
16

Hence, draw the line of best fit.

(b) Use your graph from (a) to find the value of
(i) p
(ii) k.
Answer : p=1.820 ; k=1.309
5. The variable x and y are related by the equation y

h
. Diagram 1 shows the
2x k

1
againts x .Calculate the values of h and k. The point P lies on the line. Find the
y
1
value of r.
graph of

Diagram 1
Answer:
6. Variables x and y are related by the equation

a b
2 , where a and b are constants.
x y

1
1
againts
is drawn, a straight line is obtained. Given that the
y
x
1
axis is 0.5 and that the gradient of the line is 0.75, calculate
intercept on the
y
the value of a and b.
Answer: a = 3, b = 4
When the graph of

7. Variables x and y are related by the equation 4y = 2(x 1)2 + 3k where k is a constant.
(a) When y is plotted against (x 1)2, a straight line is obtained, which intersects the
y-axis at (0, -6). Find the value of k.
(b) Hence, find the gradient and the y intercept for the straight line obtained by
17

plotting the graph of (y + x) against x2.

Answer: (a) y = (x 1)2 +

3k
, k = 8
4

11
, m= ,
2
11
y-intercept = .
2

(b) y + x = x2

8. (a) Explain how a straight line graph can be drawn from the equation

y
p
qx ,
x
x

where p and q are constants.

log2 y

(b)

(5, 6)

log2 x
O

(2, 0)
Diagram 2

Diagram 2 shows the graph of log2 y against log2 x. Values of x and values of y are
related by the equation y =

x2n
, where n and k are constants. Find the value of n and the
k

value of k.
Answer : n = 1, k = 16

9.

y
(4, 44)

18
Diagram 3

 (2, 14)

Diagram 3 shows part of the curve y against x. It is known that x and y are related by the
linear equation

y
= kx + h, where h and k are constants.
x

(a) Sketch the straight line graph for the above equation.
(b) Calculate the values of h and k.
Answer : : (a)
10.

h = 3, k = 2

log10 y
Q(8, 7)

log10 x

Diagram 4
Diagram 4 shows graph of log10 y against log10 x. Given that PQ = 10 units and the
point P lies on the log10 y-axis.
(a) Find the coordinates of P.
(b) Express y in terms of x.
(c) Find the value of y when x = 16.
Answer: (a) P(0, 1)

19

(b) y = 10 x 4

(c) y = 80

SPM QUESTIONS
1. SPM 2003( paper 1, question no 10)
x and y are related by equation y = px2 + qx , where p and q are constants. A straight
line is obtained by plotting

y
against x, as show in Diagram below
x

y
x

x (2, 9)

x (6, 1)
0

Calculate the values of p and q.

20

2. SPM 2004( paper 1, question no 13)

Diagram below shows a straight line graph of

y
against x
x

y
x

x (2, k)
x (h, 3)
a. x
Given that y = 6x x2 , calculate the value of k and of h.

21

3.

SPM 2005( paper 1, question no 13)

The variable x and y are related by the equation y = kx4 where k is a constant.
a) Convert the equation y = kx4 to linear form
b) Diagram below shows the straight line obtained by plotting log10 y against log10 x
log10 y
. x (2, h)
(0, 3) x
log10 y
0
Find the value of i) log10 k
ii) h.

22

4.

SPM 2003( paper 2, question no 7)

Table 1 shows the values of two variables, x and y, obtained from on experiment. It is
2
known that x and y are related by the equation y = pk x , where p and k are constants.
x
y

1.5
1.59

2.0
1.86

2.5
2.40

(a) Plot log y against x2.

Hence, draw the line of best fit
(b) Use the graph in (a) to find value of
(i )p
( ii ) k.

23

3.0
3.17

3.5
4.36

4.0
6.76

24

5. SPM 2004( paper 2, question no 7)

Table 1 shows the values of two variables, x and y, obtained from on experiment.
Variables x and y are related by the equation y = pkx , where p and k are constants.
x
y

2
3.16

4
5.50

6
9.12

8
16.22

10
28.84

12
46.77

(a) Plot log10 y against x by using scala of 2 cm to 2 units on the x-axis and 2 cm to 0.2
unit on the log 10-axis.
Hence, draw the line of best fit
(b) Use the graph in (a) to find value of
(i )p
( ii ) k.

25

26

6. SPM 2005( paper 2, question no 7)

Table 1 shows the values of two variables, x and y, obtained from on experiment.
r

The variables x and y are related by the equation y = px + px

where p and r are constants.
x
y

1.0
5.5

2.0
4.7

3.0
5.0

4.0
6.5

(b) Plot xy against x2 by using scala of 2 cm to 5 units on both axes.

Hence, draw the line of best fit
(b) Use the graph in (a) to find value of
(i )p
( ii ) r.

27

5.0
7.7

5.5
8.4

28