Tutorial-Set Theory PDF

DISCRETE STRUCTURE FOR COMP.
SCI
(CS F222)
Tutorial : Set Theory
Ashutosh Bhatia
Department of CSIS
BITS, Pilani
August, 3, 2016
Sets
Set: is a collection of well defined objects (called the elements of the set).
Sub Set: Let A and B be any two sets. If every element of A is an element of B, then
A is called a subset of B. Symbolically this relation is denoted by A B.
For any set A, AA and A i.e., for any set A, and A are called trivial sub sets.
Some examples of set are
N = the set of natural numbers or positive integers: 1, 2, 3, . . .
Z = the set of all integers: . . . ,-2,-1, 0, 1, 2, . . .
Q = the set of rational numbers
R = the set of real numbers
C = the set of complex numbers
Observe that N Z Q R C.
Proper Sub Set: If A B and A 6= B, then A is called a proper sub set of A. This
relationship is denoted by AB.
Equal Sets: Two sets A and B are equal iff A B and B A. Sets are equal if they have
same elements.
Empty Set: A set with no elements is called the empty set and it is denoted by .
Universal Set: The set of all objects under consideration or discussion, and is denoted
by U.
Singleton: A set with only one element is called singleton.
Set Difference: A - B = {x| x | A and x
/ B}
Set Union: A B = {x| x A or x B or both}
1
Set Intersection: A B = {x| x A and x B }

Set Complement: Ac = {x| x
/ A and x U }
Disjoint Sets: Two sets A and B are said to be disjoint sets if A B =
Symmetric Difference (Boolean Sum):
A
B = (A B) (B A) = (A B) (A B)
B = {x| x A or x B but not both}
Venn Diagram: It is a pictorial representation of sets in which sets are represented

by enclosed areas in the plane. The universal set U is represented by the interior of a
rectangle, and the other sets are represented by disks lying within the rectangle.
Cardinality of a Set: The number of elements in a set is called the cardinality of that
set. It is denoted by |A|.
Power Set: Let A be any set. Then the set of all subsets of A is called the power set of
A. It is denoted by p (A)
Note: If a set A contains n elements, then its power set P(A) contains 2n elements.
The set operations satisfy the following laws:
Laws of the algebra of sets
Idempotent Laws:
AA=A
Associative Laws:
(A B) C = A
(B C)
Commutative Laws: A B = B A
Distributive Laws:
A (B C) = (A B)
(A C)
Identity Laws
A=A
AU =U
Complement Laws:
A AC = U
UC =
DeMorgans Laws:
(A B)C =AC BC
Each of the above laws has the corresponding dual.
AA=A
(A B) C = A (B C)
AB =BA
A (B C) = (A B)
(A C)
AU =A
A=
A AC =
C = U
(A B)C =AC BC
Practice Problems
1.
Is each of the following a well-defined set?

Give brief reasons for each of your answers.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
2.
collection
collection
collection
collection
collection
U = R;
A = {4,
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
alphanumeric characters.
tall people.
real numbers x for which:
2x - 9 = 16.
integers x for which: 2x - 9 = 16.
good tennis players.
sqrt(2), 2/3, -2.5, -5, 33, sqrt(9),
set notation, write the sets of:
natural numbers in A
integers in A
rational numbers in A
irrational numbers in A
True or false?
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
5.
all
all
all
all
all
A
11
B
4
/
B
A
U
A = {even numbers}
Using the
4.
of
of
of
of
of
U = {natural numbers};
A = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}; B = {1, 3, 6, 7, 8}.
State whether each of the following is true or false:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
3.
The
The
The
The
The
= {0}
x {x}
=
{}
{ }
The following sets have been defined using the | notation.

Re-write them by listing some of the elements.
(a) p | p is a state capital city, p is in India
(b) x | x = 2n - 5, x and n are natural numbers
(c) y | 2y2 = 50, y is an integer
(d) z | 3z = n^2, z and n are natural numbers
6.
U = {natural numbers}; A = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}; B = {1, 3, 6, 7, 8}

State whether each of the following is true or false:
(a) A U
(b) B A
(c) U
7.
U = {a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h}; P = {c, f}; Q = {a, c, d, e, f, h}; R = {c, d, h}

(a) Draw a Venn diagram, showing these sets with all the elements
entered into the appropriate regions. If necessary, redraw the
diagram to eliminate any empty regions.
(b) Which of sets P, Q and R are proper subsets of others?
Write your answer(s) using the symbol.
(c) P and R are disjoint sets. True or False?

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What are the main types of sets discussed?

What are some important set operations defined?

DISCRETE STRUCTURE FOR COMP.

Set Intersection: A B = {x| x A and x B }

B = {x| x A or x B but not both}

Venn Diagram: It is a pictorial representation of sets in which sets are represented

Is each of the following a well-defined set?

sqrt(2), 2/3, -2.5, -5, 33, sqrt(9),

set notation, write the sets of:

The following sets have been defined using the | notation.

U = {natural numbers}; A = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}; B = {1, 3, 6, 7, 8}

U = {a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h}; P = {c, f}; Q = {a, c, d, e, f, h}; R = {c, d, h}

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