New

Intermediate
suppor

Students Book
Kathy Gude
with Jayne Wildman

OXFO RD

New
Intermediate

Students Book
Kathy Gude
with Jayne Wiidman

OXFO RD

U N IV E R S IT Y P R E S S

Contents
Unit

Reading and Vocabulary

Grammar

Lets practise grammar

7 M sen se o f id e n t it y

Who are the British?

Present simple and present continuous,

V: Describing characteristics

Stative verbs

Present simple and present continuous

Extension: See hear, feel, taste and smell;

Phrasal verbs - bring in, build up, make up,

put in, put up with

Adverbs of frequency

Exam training: Matching headings

R: Matching headings
Page 4

2 I n t h e m in d 's e y e

Brain power

Modal verbs: ability, permission, obligation

V: The brain and perception

Exam training: Skim reading

and recommendation

Can, have to, may, must, and should

Extension: Ought to, need to

Modals in the past

Exam training: Multiple choice

R: Multiple choice

Page 16

16

Lets revise Page 28

Units 1 and 2

3 T im e s p a s t

Ups and downs of the human race

V: Describing people, Survival, Prepositions
Exam training: Scanning, Summarising
R: Matching

18

20

The past: narrative tenses:

Past simple, past continuous, past perfect

Past simple, past continuous,

Past perfect
Extension: As, when, while

Page 30

30

32

34

9 'W h a t lie s a h e a d

Jobs in the future

The future: Present continuous, will, going to

Present simple

The future: Present continuous, will, going to

and present simple

V: Describing growth, Prepositions,

Describing abilities

Extension: Other uses of will, when as soon as,

Exam training: Missing sentences

before and after

R: Missing sentences
Page 42

42

Lets revise Page 54

Units 3 and 4

5 T a m e a n d fo r tu n e

Fame and the family

V: Fame

44

46

Modal verbs: logical conclusions

Logical conclusions in the past

Modal verbs: logical conclusions

Logical conclusions in the past
Extension Because, unless, although

Page 56

56

58

60

& m eans o f
c o m m u n ic a tio n

Body language

Present perfect

Present perfect

V: Body language
Exam training: Describing pictures

Present perfect simple and present perfect

Present perfect simple and present perfect continuous

continuous

Extension: Already, still, yet

R: Matching
Page 68

68

Lets revise Page 80

Units 5 and 6

7 'S m a ll b e g in n in g s

New York

70

72

The passive

The passive

V: Population

Extension: The passive with by, of, with

R: Missing sentences

Page 82
S

T a k in g r is k s

82

84

86

Measuring the risks

Relative clauses
Defining and non-defining clauses

Defining relative clauses

Non-defining clauses

V: Possibility, result and chance

Articles

Page 94

94

Lets revise Page 106

Units 7 and 8

. 9 -W h a t i f ___ ?

Extension: Where, when

96

Into the wild

First and second conditional, Wishes

V: Wildlife
Phrasal verbs: wear off, wake up, settle in,

98

First and second conditional, wishes

Extension: Would rather, would prefer to, prefer

bring about, come round

108

110

Running out of time

Reported speech

Reported speech

V: Ways of life

Reported statements

Extension: Suggest and recommend

Phrasal verbs: end up, look after, play on,

pull out, take part

Reporting requests and demands

Page 120

120

122

Lets revise Page 132

Units 9 and 10

Page 108
7 0

T h e r ig h t c h o ic e ___

Grammar reference p134 Word list p142

C: = Culture focus, F: = functions, L - listening, R: = reading, S: = speaking, V: = vocabulary

112

124

Listening and Speaking

Writing

Word focus

Culture Zone /
Reading for pleasure

Psychometric tests

Writing a letter about yourself

Who are the British?

L An announcement, A talk
Exam training: True / False

Computer penfriends: Descriptions

Phrasal verbs: bring in, build up, make up,

pu t in, put up with
Jobs

Exam training: Avoiding repetition

F: Saying what you think, Inviting people

to speak

C: Different perspectives on the EU

Wordbuilding

Exam training: Role plays

Adjectives

S: Role play - finding out about a job

10

12

14

15

Identity parade

Writing a letter giving advice

Brain Power

R: A New Sport

L A telephone conversation
Exam training: True or false

A home-stay visit: Giving advice

Crime

from Joy Luck Club

Phrasal verbs: p u t up, make up, set off, fin d out,

drop off

by Amy Tan

Exam training: Identifying statements

L Identifying statements
F: Asking/ explaining what something means
S: Role play - explaining a theft
::

Prepositions

24

26

27

C: A parliamentary monarchy

Reliving the past

Writing a description

Ups and downs of the human race

Great walls: A description of place

Confusing words
Phrasal verbs: put off, take up, put up with,

A talk

F: Making comparisons
U Ordering events

let (sb) down, f a ll through

S: Photo discussion
36

38

40

41

23rd Century Twins

Writing a formal letter of complaint

Jobs in the future

R: Five-carfam
ily

L A radio programme

Tomorrow's classroom: Formal and informal

Talking about the future

Exam training: Matching information

language

F: Talking about the future

S: Photo discussion
Song: Imagine
48

by Roger McGough

Prepositions
Phrasal verbs: bring about, come up against,
count on, be up to, work out

50

52

53

C: Music 21st century style

Making changes

Writing an argument for and against

Fame and the family

L: A talk

Ambition: style

Prepositions

Exam training: Multiple choice

Exam training: Planning a composition

F: Persuading someone

Expressions
Phrasal verbs: hang on to, p u t off, carry on,
work out, go without

S: Role play - planning a weekend

S: Photo discussion
62

64

66

67

Varieties of English

Writing a letter of enquiry

Body language

R: T
heJudge'shouse

L Radio programme

Mobile phones: Formal and informal vocabulary

Varieties of English

by Bram Stoker

F: Giving opinions

Adjectives

S: A class debate
Song: Wordy rappinghood
74

76

Phrasal verbs: tryout, keep up, look for,

fin d out, f ill in
78

79

Inventing tomorrow

Travel w riter of the year

New York

C: Spending habits and lifestyles

L A talk

Writing a story: Ordering paragraphs and events

Confusing words
Uses of get

A radio interview
F: Conversation fillers

Phrasal verbs: come up with, set up, make up,

keep up with, grow up

S: Role play - making enquiries

Song: You can get it if you really want
88

90

92

93

Emergency fitness

Writing a message and an informal letter

R: The London Road

L A telephone conversation
F: Giving reasons

Measuring the risks

Prepositions
Describing risk

S: Photo discussion

Phrasal verbs: put (sb) through, hang up,

Song: Nobody does it better

100

102

hold back, get back, call back, get in

104

If you were in their shoes...

Writing a discursive composition

Into the wild

1 wish ...: Expressing personal opinions

Phrasal verbs: bring in, come round, settle in

split in, wear o ff

A TV programme

F: Suggesting alternatives
S: Photo discussion
Song: Our house
114

116

What next?

Writing a formal letter of application

L Listening to opinions, a news report

Applying for a job

F: Expressing approval and disapproval

S: Photo discussion
Song: Turn
126

Confusing words
Giving an opinion
118
Running out of time
Confusing words

from When 1 walked out one summer morning

by Laurie Lee

105

C: Notting Hill Carnival

Chinese New Year

119
R: P
ygm
alion
by George Bernard Shaw

Phrasal verbs: carry out, give up, handover,

keep on, send in, take on, take up
128

130

133

s e

s e

i d

t i t y

W lio arc the 'British?

Q
1

i f / c l r q r f # /:
Matching headings
Try to identify the main point of each paragraph while
you are reading. This w ill help you to understand what
you are reading and to remember what you have read.

How much do you know about Britain?

1

Whal is the name of the political union which includes

What is Ihe geographical name for England, Scotland

What is the shortesl distance between England and

heading you do not need.

Trance?

A successful com bination

An independent island

England. Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland?

and Wales?

a
4

5 Match headings a -h to paragraphs 1 -7 . There is one

24 km

b 34 km

c 48 km

How can people travel to France?

a

by ferry

b via a bridge

c via a tunnel

Recent history

Our view of others

Four nations in one

Ancient history

Surprising contradictions

A necessary industry

In pairs, tell your partner what you remember reading.

Use the headings to help you.

Answer the questions about the text.

1

Whose opinions does the w rite r refer to? Why?

What does the w riter find interesting about British

characteristics?

V o cab u lary
Describing characteristics
8

Reading
2

Match words 1 -5 to their meanings a-e.

1 characteristics
2

generalisations

The words below all describe peoples characteristics.

Match each word in 1 -5 to the correct meaning, a or b.
1

a tra d itio n a l ways of behaving

b different kinds of pronunciation

3 accents

c distinctive features or qualities

4 backgrounds

d statements based on a few

examples
5 customs

e experiences and upbringing

Look at the title of the article opposite. What information

do you think it includes?

Read the text quickly. Write the tim e you start and finish.
How long did it take?
Starting t im e : ______

talkative / direct
a

saying w hat you mean

liking to talk a lot

aggressive / arrogant
a

behaving as though you are better than others

ready or likely to attack

serious / reserved
a

quiet or shy

thoughtful or unsm iling

tolerant / traditional
a

accepting something you dislike or disagree w ith

relating to an old way of life

outgoing / excitable

Finishing t im e : ______

quick to show enthusiasm

Time ta k e n :______

friendly and interested in others

Reading

NATioNALC h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
-Ve often see other nationalities as having a set of
characteristics which set them apart from others,
particularly ourselves: the Italians are excitable and love
children, the Finns are reserved people who say very little,
and so on. But, if you look more closely, the situation
appears more complicated. You become aware that the
Italians, for example, have the fewest children per family in
Europe, and the Finns love to talk on their mobile phones.
The British are famous for their tolerance and sense of
humour, yet they don't always say what they think and can
De intentionally rude. This amazes Americans, who do not
understand such behaviour. Britain's nearest neighbours
can be just as surprised as the Americans. French writer
Andre Maurois wrote: 'In France, it is rude not to have a
.onversation with someone: in England, it is unwise to
nave one. No one there blames you for silence. When you
nave not opened your mouth for three years, they will
mink, "This Frenchman's quite a nice fellow".'
As with the Italians and the Finns, the truth about the
mitish is, of course, much more complicated. However,
perhaps certain generalisations can be made. Britain is an
'.and - a fact not changed by the construction of the
1 hannei Funnel - and it has not been successfully
mnquered since 1066. For this reason, Britain and the
British remain deeply individualistic.
However, the British are not one nationality but four,
ho all see each other differently. To the English, the Welsh
e a much more talkative group than themselves, and
"deed Wales has produced many preachers and trade
anion leaders, particularly in the 19 th century. In contrast,
: e Scots are seen as serious and sometimes mean.

In the 1950s, many Commonwealth citizens, mostly

from the West Indies, emigrated to Britain. Others came
too: Asians came from the Indian subcontinent and Africa,
and Chinese people came from Hong Kong. Many of these
newcomers have put in a lot of effort to build up successful
businesses. Together w ith Arabs and Africans, they make up
6.4% of the population and help to form what is now a
multi-racial society.

Even th o u g h th e people in B rita in all have d iffe re n t

accents, d iffe re n t c u ltu ra l backgrounds and d iffe re n t views,
and even d iffe re n t languages, th e y are s till all part o f an
island race, whose c u ltu re and custom s are m ixe d so w ell
to g e th e r th a t th e y produce a British id e n tity .
lo understand B rita in , however, its people te ll you, takes
m a n y visits. Bearing in m in d th e ir in a b ility to say w h a t
th e y m ean, th is p ro b a b ly translates as: 'A lth o u g h we regard
to u ris m as rather undesirable, we put up w ith it because we
need the business the visito rs are b rin g in g in .

Based on Brian Bell, Insight Guides

Great llritain

Phrasal verbs
10

Underline the correct phrasal verbs in 1 -5 , then match

them to meanings a -e . The verbs appear in the text.
1

We all p u t in / brought in a lot of work for this exam.

It takes tim e to make up / build up a successful business.

Together they make up / p u t up with a group of very

I find it d iffic u lt to bring in / p u t up with arrogant

Tourism now brings in / p u t in a large am ount of money.

interesting people.
people.

Complete the sentences using words from 8.

1

That man is so

He thinks he is more

im portant than everyone else.

2

develop (over tim e)

d form

bear or stand

attract (business)

spend a lot of tim e doing

Hatty is not v e r y ____________ at the best of times.

Shes norm ally very quiet.

a
b

Hes s o ______________ He never shouts at the children

Time to taittJ

when they are noisy and excitable.

4

Julia just cant b e ______________ She always has to

What national characteristics are m entioned in the article?

make a joke about the situation.

Who do they belong to? Are you surprised by any of these?

Some people become v e r y _____

when they

Why? Why not?

drive. They are really quite dangerous.

Why docs the w rite r th in k the British are individualists?

Stella makes friends very quickly. Shes very

What are your n a tio n a litys characteristics? What events and

situations have helped to form them?

Grammar
Present sim ple and present
continuous
1

^ 1.1 Listen to an interview with Camilla, the girl in the

photo, and choose the correct words or phrases to
complete the sentences.
1

Camilla looks a like Posh Spice, b amazing.

She often works as a a model, b a look-alike.

People are offering Camilla more and more a money,

Camilla is a not studying now. b still at university.

Today, Camilla is a staying at home, b working fo r a

b work.

magazine.
6

People are always asking her for a an autograph, b about

the future.

G r a m m a r ch ectc

>

P134

P resent sim p le and p re se n t c o n tin u o u s

Uses

1 Look at the uses of the present simple and present

continuous. Match sentences 1 -6 , about Camilla,
in 1 above to uses a -f.
Present simple
We use the present simple for:
a

something that happens regularly or is a routine

z

something that is perm anent or generally true

2 Put the verb in brackets in the correct form of the present

simple or present continuous.

Present continuous

We use the present continuous for:

c

something that is happening at, or around, the

m om ent of sp e a king______

something th a t is tem porary, or not a normal

r o u tin e ______

a changing s itu a tio n ______

He

som ething that often happens and annoys the

6

They ________

speaker______

(not sing). Its a recording. Look at his

(usually / not watch) television at

S heena_____________ (always / phone) really late at

According to scientists, the E a rth _____________ (get)

night. Shes so annoying.

We form the negative and questions w ith do /

hotter.

does.

(you / like) the new Victoria Beckham CD?

lips.

simple or the present continuous.

Look! W h y ____________ (they / wear) those Batman

the weekend.

Decide whether sentences 1 -4 refer to the present

1

J a m ie ____________ (not / play) football every week.

costumes?

Form

I _____________ (work) in Paris this week, film in g an

advert for sportswear.

We add an s to the third person singular verb, e.g.

Make questions from these notes. Then ask and answer

works, lives.

the questions in pairs.

We form this tense w ith the verb be + the -ing

w hat / you / usually / do / at the weekend?

form of the verb.

w hat / you / do / now?

Some verbs are not used in this tense, e.g. think,

you / read / anything interesting at the moment?

know, understand.

how often / you / usually / go / to the cinema?

who / be / your favourite / actor?

what kind of music / you / like?

w hat subjects / you / study / this year?

'R e m

e m

Lets activate

b e r ?

Interview a famous person

Non-continuous forms Some verbs which describe states

are not norm ally used in the continuous, e.g. be, love,

Imagine you are a famous person. Decide:

have, think.
Some verbs are used to describe either a state or an
action, e.g. Anne has two sisters (state). Shes having a
shower (action).
Look at these verbs and decide which verbs describe a
state and which describe an action.
believe

go
know

study

be

include

want

sleep

work

dislike

look

hate

like

spend

love

make

live

need

understand

w hat you do.

w hat your usual routine is.

which functions you norm ally attend, e.g. parties, dinners.

what things are changing in your life.

how you feel when someone recognises you.

w hat you are doing this week / month.

w hat you like / dont like about the job / your life.

In pairs, interview each other to find out the information

in 7.

speak

Write a short article for a magazine about your partners

do

Ul

life. Use your notes to help you.

Stative verbs

Action verbs

believe

Match questions 1 -6 to the correct answers, a -f.

1
2

What are you thinking?

dark hair.

Do you see what

b No. In my opinion it w o n t

I mean?
3
4
5
6

Hes got very blue eyes and

work.

Wheres Patrick?
Do you th in k i t s a

c Yes, I understand perfectly.

good idea?

d Yes, Im seeing Michael,

but i t s not serious.

Are you going out

w ith anyone?

e Hes having a bath.

What does he look like?

I was just w ondering if it

w ill rain.

Read the article about a look-alike couple. Put the verb in

brackets in the correct tense, present simple or present
continuous.

W fm m
WBmI "

Superman's
I i #

hen Michelle Bada 1

(come) homi

W w

from w ork as a sales assistant in New York, she

like S uperm an.6---------------------- (be) you the actor?" so I

thought to myself "T hats a way to find w o rk!", explains

f t en 2----------------------(find) her husband, Cory, dressed as

Cory. Now he ---------------------- (perform) as Superman a lot

Superman. H e ---------------------(always do) strange things

of the time, although at the m om ent he 8____________

like ju m pin g off the fu rn itu re and pretending to fly rount

(appear) in a play. In fact, he s t ill"_____________ (hope) to

the apartm ent, says Michelle. W hats the reason for his

make it as a serious actor. If he does. Michelle w ill miss

strange behaviour? Cory _____________ (work) as a look-

being Wonder Woman. She became Wonder Woman to

alike. The idea came to him when he was unemployed.

keep Cory company. I was self-conscious at first, but now I

He wanted to be an actor, but it was d iffic u lt to find work

People were always saying, "You _____________ (look)

(begin) to enjoy i t , she says. Its fu n !

Lets practise grammar

Present simple and present continuous
1

Put the verb in brackets in the correct tense, present

simple or present continuous.

Read the sentences. Then rewrite them using the tim e

expression in brackets and the present continuous where
possible.

Most p e o p le ____________ (want) to be good at th e ir

Example

job.

I m having lunch early today.

Kate is a supermodel. S h e _____________ (travel) all

round the world.

____________ D a v id ______________ (do) athletics today?

Teenage tennis s ta rs _____________ (get) younger and

younger.

T in a ____________ (always / complain) about having no

money, but shes got more money than me!

P a u l____________ (save up) to buy a new computer.

R achel_____________ (always / talk) on her mobile. She

even uses it in the cinema!

8
9

I have lunch early, (today)

Roger doesnt know Maggie very well, (at the moment)

I understand you. (now)

Paul goes to work by bus. (this week)

Jenny spends a lot of tim e w ith James, (lately)

Charlie studies German, (this year)

The sports programme includes water sports, (this

month)

4 Complete the sentences using the correct form of have.

What t im e _____________ you n o rm a lly _____________

J u lia ____________ brown hair and blue eyes.

(start) work?

W e ____________ ju s t ______________ a cup of coffee.

Would you like one?

I _____________ (not understand) these instructions.

S o m e th in g ____________ (seem) to be missing.

Underline the correct form of the verb to complete the

text.

I th in k J o e _____________ a sleep. He said he was tired.

f _____________ a fear of spiders. ! can't stand them .

At school w e

a break for lunch at 12.30

every day.
6

Simon looks awful. H e

a very bad cold

and a headache.

Englishman
NewYork

I received a postcard from Sophie this m orning. She

Jess____________ driving lessons. She hopes to take her

a wonderful tim e in Greece.

test next m onth.

'It's n o t until you go abroad, o r meet people

from another country, that you ' think / are
thinking o f yourself in term s o f having a
national id e n tity, says Leon Davies. W e 2 talk
/ are talking in his new flat in N e w York. Leon
is British b u t 3 lives / is living in N e w Y ork fo r a
year, while doing a post-graduate degree at
Columbia University. 14 dont remember / am
not remembering thinking about national
differences in England. But when you are
surrounded by people from many o th e r
countries, you 5 start / are starting to notice
the way different nationalities 6 express / are
expressing themselves, the way they 7 behave /
are behaving, and so o n . I 8 ask / am asking
him if he 9 feels / is feeling British. T h a t's just
i t , he says. N o w Im away from home, Ive
become a typical Englishman. I 10 have / am
having tea at 4.30, 11 talk / am talking about
the weather, and 12 always know / am always
knowing the cricket score.

Extension

Complete the sentences using see, hear, taste, fe e l and

sm ell correctly.

See, hear, feel, taste and smell P P134)

These verbs can be used to describe our senses. When used

you

the music? I th in k

there must be a party somewhere.

in this way, we do not usually use them in the continuous,

hstead we use them with can.

That f is h _____________ horrible. I'd better open the

window.

E xa m p le s

I _____________ a draught. Is there a w indow open?

1can see Jeremy coming down the mad.

can taste nuts in this chocolate.

This dessert____________ w onderful. It's so fruity.

I need new glasses. I _____________ (not) w hat that
poster says and it's only a few metres away.

W n * 4 1 4 h l4 <

That w in d _____________ cold.

We use taste, feel and smell w ith o u t can to describe the

som ething burning.

ng we are eating, touching, sm elling, e.g. This apple

castes bad.

Adverbs of frequency ( > pi34)

7

Look at the pictures below and write your own sentences

using smell, taste, fe e l and see.

Put the adverb in brackets in the correct position.

Jo is late for work, (regularly)
Steve plays cricket after school in summer, (frequently)
My sister is borrowing my clothes, (always)
Mark doesnt d rin k tea. (usually)
They d o n t watch television in the evening, (often)
My friend jane is bad tempered, (never)
I am forgetting my homework, (always)
Do you visit London? (ever)

The right word

8

Complete the text using the correct form of these verbs.

w rite

begin

hope

play

look
be

put on

appear

look
(1935-1977)

The pop star 'kins' o f rock 'n ' roll

W rite r Lee Hall's play C ooking w ith Elvis
a b o u t an Elvis
im
personator.
Joe
C
llipci
JVI
affrey \
. ............
.1__j.:____
Elvis in th is p ro d u c tio n . W hen he
his w h ite suit,
he 4
ju st like th e
kin g o f rock 'n ' ro ll. A t th e
m o m e n t, Caffrey
5_______ _
in th e show
in th e W est End. Lee
H a ll6-------------- r t0
m ake a nam e fo r him self
as a w rite r. His w o rk , w hich
includes th e film B illy E lliot,
a t life and
d e a th in a comical, im a g in a tive
way. H a ll8- --------------- a new
play, w h ic h he 9

kq ac d irrpssful as C ooking

Listening and speaking

'Psychometric tests
Listening

A.n a n n o u n tem ent

Personality test

S u b j e c t : _________________________________
Place:

Try these questions from a personality test and

see what the results show about you. Be honest
with your answers.
1

^ J i .2 Listen to an announcement for a talk and

complete the notes.

Starting tim e:
Speaker:
No. of seats:

Are you more successful at:

a

dealing w ith the unexpected and seeing

>

quickly what you must do?

b
2

True or false?

follow ing a carefully worked out plan?

Read each statement very carefully before you listen. Only

part of the statement may be true.

Are these statements true or false for you?

a

People should sort out their own

problems.

I can get more done when I work alone,

I like telling people funny stories,

I show my emotions easily.

^a)i.3 Now listen to the talk and decide if statements

1 -6 are true or false.
1

Psychometric tests can be compared to a questionnaire.

The tests are used by 18% of UK employers to recruit

new staff.

Answer these questions to see how good you

are at solving visual problems.

The tests are sometimes expensive and take a lot of

tim e.

The results of the tests are always reliable.

A bility test
What s the next shape in the sequence: a, b, c
or d?

If you prepare well for the tests, you are more likely to
get the job you want.

6
(a)

(b)

mm

(C)
(d)
i S M v p

f r

How many L-shapes are required to fill the

square w ith o u t leaving any gaps?

(Answers on page 151)

If you cant answer a question, you should try to guess

the answer.

Some of these words were in the talk. In pairs, decide

what the difference in meaning is between each pair of

Having a conversation

words.

Q r . s In a discussion it is important that one person

does not do all the talking. Read the dialogue. Then listen
to the recording and fill in the gaps.

management / staff

employers / employees

11

job / work

interviewer / interviewee

Saying what you think / Inviting people to speak

recruit / make redundant

Ben

Personally, I d o n t th in k that you need a sense of

Anna

It seems to me that a sense of hum ours essential

hum our to be an a rtis t.1 ____________ Anna?

Complete the sentences using one word from each pair in

5 in the correct form.
1

M a n y ____________ nowadays have the right to strike.

When asked q u e stio n s,_____________ are always

for anything you d o .2 _____________ it helps you

to deal w ith all sorts of problems. What do you
think, Joseph?

nervous about th e ir answers.

3

Joseph

Jim has been looking for a _____________ for several

helps, but Im not sure i t s essential.

months now.
4

The problems in the company have been caused by the

Jenny lost her job but a company in tow n is

b a d _____________ of the company directors.

_____________ more staff at the mom ent.

Well, generally speaking,3 ____________ that it

Discussion
12

In pairs, decide what jobs the people in the pictures do,

then talk about what qualities people need to do them.
Use the fist in 10 and the expressions in 11 to help you.

Speaking
Pronunciation
Look at the underlined part of the verb. This marks
the stressed syllable. Which syllable is it for most of
the verbs? In pairs, practise saying the words.
1

decide

6 behave

entertain

perform

annoy

motivate

attract

employ

9 confuse .
10

invent

Make nouns from the verbs in 1 -1 0 in 7 using the endings

below. You may have to change some letters.
-our

-merit

-ion

-ance

^ 1.4 In pairs, say the nouns you made in 8 and decide

which syllable is stressed. Are the stressed syllables in the
nouns the same as those in the verbs? Listen and check
'xam training

your answers.

Here are some qualities people need for different kinds of

Role plays
Use your personal experience and the experience of
people you know to help you imagine the situation and

jobs. Complete the words.

pretend you are actually in it.

ocabular'i

patien__

determ inat____

physical streng__

Student A: You have seen an advert for a summer job in a

hotel and are phoning the hotel about the job. Find out

a sense of hum ____

about:

a sense of responsibil____

experience or qualifications needed for the job

th e a b il

payment offered

a bility to co-oper

hours and days of work

toler______

Student B: Look at the information on page 141 and

fiexibil

answer Student As questions

13

to w ork alone
w ith others

u >

Writing a letter about yourself

^ ___

'Computerpen frMentis
3 Sam is writing to Compu-pen-friends to introduce herself.

Punctuation in English

Add the correct punctuation to her email.

Symbol and nam e

,

a com m a
' From

a fu ll stop

a capital le tte r

a question m ark
speech marks

an exclam ation m ark

a colon

an apostrophe

A When are these p u n c tu a tio n sym bols used in

English?
B How do these uses com pare w ith p u n c tu a tio n in
yo u r language?

1 Listen to your teacher read out a paragraph in English.

Write what he / she says, including the punctuation. Can
you see any differences between how you punctuate in
English and your language? What are they?

Studying the sam ple

Read the advertisement and answer the questions.
1

What is a penfriend?

Would it be interesting to have a penfriend in another

country? Why?

Date Sent

dear ms smith
1 i saw your advert and would like to
apply for a pen friend my name is sam i
am 17 years old tall and have black hair
and brown eyes
2 i dont know if i m a typical australian or
not i go surfing but i dont have a pet
koala and i never call people sport isnt
that how people see australians
3 i m quiet but i have a sense of humour i
enjoy going to discos and we have
beach barbecues in summer i ve always
been interested in music but my passion
is jazz
4 my family live in a bungalow outside
town my parents are teachers i have
two sisters
the most interesting school subject for
me is history i can speak french but i am
not good at maths
5 i intend to visit the usa as i find it
fascinating i m looking forward to having
a penfriend
yours sincerely
sam dunsford

if. f j | !% ' Kf~

ill s

Date Received

Now match these headings to the paragraphs in Sams

email.
a
b

Future plans
Physical description

Home and school

d Character and interests

e Nationality

Steps to better w riting

Descriptions
Which of the adjectives can describe:

Looking for a penfriend?

Look

no

Simply complete the application form below and email it to us together

with a short description of yourself. Well do our best to match you on
our computer to someone youll really click with!

hair?

size?

eyes?
curly

stocky

wavy

black

round

brown

w e ll-b u ilt
6

green

of m edium build
blue

short

fa ir

straight

slim
dark

Use some of the words in 5 to write three sentences

describing your appearance.

iodiffing adverbs

c h a ra c te r

1' jd ify in g adverbs are used before adjectives to strengthen or

10

Match words 1 -8 to their opposites, a -h .

eaken them .

1 quiet

a slow to make friends

E xa m ples

shy

b unem otional

easy-going

c confident

generous

d im patient

friendly

e mean

affectionate

f outgoing

nervous

g uncaring

sensitive

h calm

not very tired.

: completely crazy.
Look at the adverbs below and complete 1 and 2.
very

extremely

quite
1

rather

completely

absolutely * really

Put the adverbs in order in the table according to how

11

Use the words in 10 to complete these sentences so that

they are true for you.

much they strengthen adjectives.

Im
- moderate degree

Completely

A large degree

by nature.
sort of

My friends say that I am a(n)

person.
I th in k Im q u ite __________

towards other people.

I sometimes find it d iffic u lt to be

2

Id like to th in k I was a (n )-----------

Which tw o adverbs can be used before ungradable

person.

adjectives like right or correct but cannot be used w ith

gradable adjectives like nice or pretty?
Use one of the adverbs in 7 to complete each sentence.

W riting a letter about yourself

More than one answer may be possible.

Understanding the tasfc

My new neighbours seem to b e ---------------------- a nice

You are going to send a letter to Compu-pen-friends introducing

couple.

yourself.

popular place w ith

London is a(n)

Planning

tourists. M illions visit the city each year.

The British have a (n )_____________ different kind of

12 In pairs use these points to plan your profile. Decide what

diet from the French.

I s a w _____________ an astonishing sight the other day. I

order the paragraphs will be in.

future plans

couldnt believe my eyes.

character and interests

physical description

home and school

Although we th in k w alking i s --------------

. a boring

thing to do, we need the exercise.

Five plus five is ten. T h a t i s -------

right.

which of these prepositions can you use with words 1 -7 .

Some words take more than one.
on in

of

w ith

by

VJriting
13

at

5 embarrassed

interested

ashamed

keen

proud

bored

good

Now write your letter following your plan. Use some of

the adjectives and adverbs in this section.

6 hectcing
14

Check that:

your punctuation and gram m ar are correct.

you have spelled words correctly.

your letter is interesting.

you have included some of the adjectives and adverbs

you have studied.

you have w ritten between 120-150 words.

Word focus
Vvlho are the British?
1

Extension

Put the correct form of the word in brackets in a suitable

place in the sentences.

Mordbuilding

The Welsh are thought to be a group of people, (talk)

People in Britain come from many different

3
4
5
6

backgrounds, (culture)

Do you th in k men are more than women? (aggression)

serious
traditional

I like Tom but he always seems very when you talk to

him. (reserve)

arrogant

Nowadays, people all over the world need to be towards

aggressive

one another, (tolerance)

individualistic

My m others always te llin g my sister not to be so and to

Phrasal verbs
Complete the replies to questions 1 -5 using the correct
form of these phrasal verbs.
bring in

b u ild u p

p u tin

som ething which has been done fo r years

being different from others

feeling of w anting to attack others

state of being sensible or im portant

Add in, un or im to make adjectives 1-11 negative. Which

prefix is used the most often?

How hard do I need to w ork to pass the exam?

| th in k you w ill need t o _____________ a lot of work.

I cant w ork w ith all that noise going on!

tolerant

7 w illin g

Im sorrv but voull just have to

intentional

personal

the mom ent.

popular

patient

What exactly does the United Kingdom consist of?

successful

10

reliable

able

11

friendly

Northern Ireland.

desirable

What are the real advantages of tourism?

Well, for one thing, i t _____________ a lot of money.

Now complete these sentences using adjectives in 5 in the

positive or negative form.

Do you th in k Sams business w ill ever be successful?

"

Oh yes, when hes _____________ more trade.

behaving as though you are better than others

Negative adjectives

s> i t s
4

accepting som ething you dislike

a
3

a
b

put up w ith

make up
1

tolerant

try to keep calm, (excite)

Change adjectives 1 -6 into nouns. Then match them with

meanings a -f.

it fnr

of England, Wales, Scotland and

I am sorry that Im ________

to come to your party

on Saturday.
I apologise for upsetting you. I d id n t mean it. It was

Words connected with jobs

c o m p le te ly ____________

My father is a v e r y _____________ man. He seems to be

Put the letters in 1 -8 in the correct order to make words

to complete the text.

liked by everybody.
The cashier at the bank w a s _____________ to help the
customer. She sim ply refused to serve the woman.

Dear Vaul,
I went fo r
o ther

. .
firs t

vievTm ter fo r a jo b the other %

An the

e e s v ie te rw in who were waiting in the room looke-d

e*tremeh| nervous, but I d e eded that I wou\d tr>( to sta^ calm.

The company had d e eded to ! t u r c ir e two new
le p e n i(N e s straight fro m s ch o o l so we were ah about the
s a fft. I m ust ^

th &1 were

a ll verv frien d ly and even made some jo ke s about th e ir

p lrw e m e rs and the

b o js the') do there. I quite enjoyed the

whole experience, so I hope I'm going to be \uckv[ enough to

fcrow there sometime soon.
Yours,

Jane is nice when you get to know her but she seems
ra th e r_____________ at first.
Tony is t o o ______________ Hes always losing his temper.

same age We talked fo r about h a lf an hour, and I was then

taken to meet some of the existing

I th in k sending an email is a ra th e r_____________ way

of thanking someone.

Dont depend on Sally. Shes v e r y ______________ She

may say shell help you, but she probably w ont.

Different perspectives on the EU

A ctin g like a hu g e um b rella, the Eu ro p ean U nio n reaches over the lives o f all w h o live in it: th ro u g h the
creation o f c o m m o n law s, reg u latio n s an d m arkets, there is no o ne it d o esn 't affect. The n u m b e r of hours
w e w o rk, the a m o u n t o f ho lid ays w e have, the m o ney m a n y co u n tries use, the system of ag ricu ltu re, and
the level of e n viro n m e n tal protection are all d ecid ed to so m e extent by the EU. Its creatio n also m eans
mat p e o p le are m uch freer to live an d w o rk w h e re they w a n t to w ith in the EU
recent survey of 1,225 people
between the ages of 21 and 35
in Germany, France, Italy and
Britain found that a majority of young
adults still identify themselves with

their native countries. But close to onethird prefer to call themselves

curopean; in Italy, the number is over
40%.
However, some people worry that the
existence o f the EU means that
individual countries w ithin it are losing
their uniqueness: their own identity. 'It
was very different when I travelled
across Europe 17 years ago1, says
Frangoise, w ho lives in Paris. 'Each
country was very different from the
others. Now you walk through Paris or
London and you see the same shops.
Unity is good but maybe we are losing
something special.
Others, however, think they have
gained something. Julia, a young Brit
who lives in Brussels says, People in
Brussels speak several different
anguages, so you dont think about
anyone's nationality. You can get used
to that and so when you go to places
where you do n't have that mix, you
'eel you are missing out on something

Constantine, who was born in

Greece, has also experienced the same
feeling in his home village He has lived
in several different European capitals,
and says that because he works for
international companies, and has
friends in many different countries, he
feels at home in an international
environment. So when he visits his
parents, he feels a bit like a tourist
these days However, that doesnt stop
him wanting to return home when he
has children. Of course I want my
children to grow up in my own country,
with grandparents and aunts and
uncles, he says.
The idea of a united Europe was
developed by France and Germany
after the Second World War. Both
powers feared that another war would
destroy the continent again. Today,
young people in western Europe have
grown up w ith a Europe that is firmly
united. W ith the expansion of the EU,
more countries will be added to the
cultural mix. Optimists hope that this
will enrich us all. Pessimists fear that
the countries entering the Union for
the first time will become more and
more like all the rest

Read the article and answer these questions.

1

What effect has the EU had on job seekers?

Talking about your country

In the countries that took part in the survey, where did

most young adults feel they belonged?

How strong are national feelings in your country?

What negative effect do some people th in k the EU has

What do you th in k is the benefit of being part of an

What kind of environm ent does Constantine feel happy

had?

organisation such as the EU?

4

Do you th in k it is possible to be part of a larger

in?

organisation, like the EU, and still keep your national

Why did the idea of the EU seem a good one to France

identity?

and Germany?
6

Do people travel to find w ork where you live?

How do people feel about more countries entering the

EU?

What aspects of your national identity do you w ant to

protect?

V_

. J

-S? Wn f lie m in d 's e y e

'Brainpower
' t t e

r y

t e

Follow the instructions.

1

Look at these numbers and objects for 30 seconds and

try to memorise them .

Now close your books and w rite down the numbers

and objects you can remember.

Compare your list w ith a partners. Which were easier

to remember: the figures or the pictures?

Reading
2

Match adjectives 1 -5 to their meanings a-e.

1

embarrassing

a feeling sure about your own abilities

observant

b extremely good or excellent

3
4

outstanding
confident

im polite

x a m

c making you feel uncom fortable

d rude
e good at noticing things

tr a in in g

Skim reading
This helps us to understand what a w hole text is about.
Before you start to answer questions about a text, read it
through quickly to get a general idea of w hat it is about.
Do not w orry about the meanings of individual words.

Skim read the article and think of a title for it. Then, as a
class, compare titles and decide which one is best.

T itle:_______________
Have you ever found yourself in the embarrassing p o v .a
of meeting someone you think you have met before bu: n*
being able to remember their name, or even where or v.
you saw their face? Well, you're not the only one! Bu: i
needn't worry - help is on the way. You see, a good men: :*
depends on how observant you are. So if you know ho 1
use your powers of observation, you can overc: n
common memory problems like remembering names rn
faces.
M any people, when introduced to others, know :hi
they are going to forget their names anyway. For :n
reason, they go through a whole series of introduct: :|
w ithout really looking at the faces of those they are K n
introduced to. Their fear of failure actually guarantees :n
they won't succeed. Even those who do look at new ::a
w ill often tend to see them as a general picture, and dc ni
really look at specific characteristics. However, because y :
memory works by making connections between ideas, a
also by noticing anything outstanding, it's essential :h
when you see a new face, you look at it properly so that 3
can remember any unusual features. This doesn't n:ea
peering rudely at the person's face, but simply taking 2
active, intelligent interest.
You can practise this by looking at people in publ
places and giving yourself different parts of the face to . i
at. On one day you might concentrate on noses, anccri
day on eyebrows, another day on ears or general hd
shapes, etc. You w ill be surprised to find that each pan
each face varies enormously from person to person. ::
that your increasing ability to notice differences w ill heir
remind you of the new people you meet.
To help you even further, you can use this way
remembering names when being introduced. If

What does the w rite r suggest you do when meeting

others?
a

Avoid comments which require using someones

name.

Repeat a persons name as often as possible,

Show an interest in the meaning of a persons

surname.

: seated, and then use it politely in the conversation you

ive. It's far more polite to use the name of the person
u ve just met than to refer to them as 'y o u , or he or
ce when talking to a third person.
Another good idea is to ask about the meaning of the
-son's surname. Most people have some knowledge of, or
- interested in, the meaning of their names and are happy
-: talk about it. During the conversation, if there's anything
. rusual about either the face or the name, try to link it w ith
mething else that w ill help you to remember. The
. .v antage of this is that the more successful you become at
membering names, the more confident and happier you
ill be about meeting new people.

d
4

Explain the meaning of your own name.

What is the w rite rs conclusion?

a
b

People w ill find the methods he is suggesting work,

Not everyone w ill be successful at remembering
names and faces,

There may be other more effective ways of

rem em bering things,

Confidence has very little to do w ith memory.

V o cab u la ry
The brain and perception

T o n y B u z a n , M a k e th e M o s t o f y o u r M in d

Match the pairs of words below to the pairs of sentences

1 -5 . Then complete the sentences using the correct word.
brain / senses

Answer these questions about the text.

What do a lot of people often find d iffic u lt to remember?

You can practise your powers of

If we have a bad memory, what should we try to do in

It needed a lot o f ________

our everyday lives?

problems.

What are most people interested in?

a
b

x
a
n
m
Training
Multiple choice
Read the first part of the question and each possible

give up trying to remember names and faces too

Can y o u _____________ me to post this letter?

I can n e v e r_____

our new neighbours

Which of our five

do you th in k is the

The h u m a n _____

is much more powerful

than we ever imagined.

a

W hats t h e ___________

Can you th in k of an

of the word m ind?

_________for his strange

behaviour?
5

I have such a poor _

A lot of his problems are all in his

When people are introduced to others, they often

remember only the faces of the people they see first,

to solve the maths

most important?

name.

answer carefully. If you are not sure about an answer, try

to w ork out why the other answers are incorrect.

Read these questions, then choose the best answer, a, b, c

or d. Underline the part of the text which helps you to
find the right answer.

remember / remind

m eaning / explanation

crowded places.

Why does this happen?

m e m o ry /m in d

observation / concentration

_. Im particularly

bad w ith dates.

easily.
c

are afraid of meeting people they do not know,

remember the specific characteristics of only one

persons face.

What are you very good / bad at remembering?

The w riter suggests that the best way to train yourself to

What kinds of things bring back memories for you. e.g.

rem ember names and faces is to

sounds, smells, sights?

try to meet as many new people as possible,

What do you remember doing during your summ er / w inter

stare hard at any new face you see.

holidays as a child?

become more observant of w hat people are wearing,

In what other areas of your life could having a better

look for differences in one particular facial feature.

m em ory help you?

Grammar
Modal verbs: a b ility, perm ission,
obligation and recom m endation

:
G ra m m a r ctoecfc

Match cartoons af to conversations 16. Then complete

the conversations using a suitable verb.

P134 J

M o d a l verbs
Uses
Match can, ca n t, must, m ustnt, should, sh ouldn t,
and m ay to the correct use.
a

obligation to do something: m u s t

obligation not to do s o m e th in g :____________

recom mendation to do s o m e th in g :___________

recom mendation not to do something:

ab ility to do s o m e th in g :____

permission to do something:

and

Forms
Complete the sentences.
1

We use modal verbs can, must, m ustnt, should,

may e t h e ---------------------- form of I he verb, e.g.
work, be, have.

Modal verbs don't usually add an s for he.

--------------------- a n d ----------------------forms.

ilHSISiSSi

'Rtemembcr'S

Have to in affirm ative sentences has a sim ilar meaning to

must. The negative form of have to is d o n t have to, which
means som ething isnt necessary.

Underline the correct verbs to complete the sentences.

Jeff can / cant play the guitar, but he wants to learn.
You may not / shouldnt eat chips every day. Its not good
for you.
Mum, can / should I borrow some money from you?
You mustnt / dont have to come if you do n t w ant to.
1

You mustnt

I cant go out because I have to / may mend my bike.

your m obile in here.

Look at the sign. You do n t have to / m ustnt park here.

B Oh, sorry. I forgot.

2

And you mustnt

Dad. can I

food either!
to Janes party on

Saturday?

Look at the examples and answer the questions.

Today

Past

Sue can speak Chinese.

Sue could speak a lot of languages.

She has to adapt to

She had to adapt to life

life in the UK.

in China.

She doesnt have to

She didnt have to go to school

go to school.

in China.

She must work hard.

She had to work hard.

No, you cant. I told you, w ere going to Auntie Jos.

You shouldnt
------------- Its bad for your health
I must
Tanya. W hats her number?

I cant

! I can never rem ember phone

numbers.
5

You may

in to see the vet now.

B Thanks.
6

A
B

Modals in the past (> P135)

What should I

to the party?
How about your new black jumper?

Decide whether the words in bold in 1 express ability,

permission, obligation or recommendation.

What are the past forms of can and cant?

What are the past forms of have to and dont have to?

What is the past form of must?

^ 2.1 Listen to what these teenagers say about the laws,

rules and regulations in their countries, schools or homes.
Make notes about what they say.

1 can / could speak over ten languages because when I

. rung we lived in a lot of different countries. Now. I live in

. id and I 2 do n t have to / d id n t have to learn any new

&& ...ages. However, I suppose I just got into the habit of learning
and so I never stopped, l iving in different countries was
out it was also really difficu lt, tvery tim e we moved to a new
iv y I 3 have to / had to learn a new language and I * must /
:) adapt to a new way of life. Did 5 / have to / 1 had to learn
really difficu lt languages? Yes. Chinese! When I arrived in
: ng, I 6 cant / couldn't speak any Chinese, not a single word.
: was completely different from any other language I knew.
:. of course, the w riting is so different. I 1 can / couldnt read
: maracters, or w rite them at first. I really hated being there for
1 wh e. But the good thing was that 18 dont have to / d id n t have
s: i j to school! I had a teacher at home. I called him Mr Must
Stue:ause he was always tellin g me what I must d o ... To learn
t aese you must practise drawing your characters, you must do
: nours of hom ework everyday, and so on. Actually, he was a
v

good teacher. When I left China I 9 can / could speak Chinese

ently and I 10 can / could read and w rite over a thousand
aracters.

Read the text below. Then rewrite it in the past tense.

Sam is 16 and is a good swim m er. Stie can swim

for hours w ith o u t g e ttin g tired. She can also

dive beautifully, b u t she can't run fast. Because
she is in th e local sw im m ing te a m she has to
get up early in th e m orning to tra in . She also
has to e a t th e rig h t food. Her fa v o u rite day is
Sunday. It's th e one day she doesn't tra in and
so she doesn't have to g e t up early.

How old do you have to be to do these things in your

country? Discuss what things you can / cant do, yet.
leave school

apply fo r a passport

vote in an election

ride a moped / drive a ca

d rin k alcohol

open a bank account

get married

start school

own a credit card

0 mP^e
When she was 16, Sam...

What about your parents? Could they do the things in 8 at

the same age?

TalKing about rules and regulations

W
nit 2

Lets activate

Read about Sues childhood memories and underline the

correct words to complete the text.

Lets practise grammar

an, have to, ma^, must and should
1

Underline the verbs to complete the sentences.

Rewrite the following sentences using the verb in brackets

in the correct form.

Kerry should / may work harder if she wants to pass the

You can / have to train every day if you w ant to be in the

(can)

exam.
2

school hockey team.

You mustnt / dont have to use your m obile phone on a

Sylvia is very artistic. She can / may paint very well, and

Jack wasn't able to play football because he had a

It wasn't necessary for us to be home early because it

plane. It isnt perm itted.

broken arm. (can)

was Saturday night, (have to)

she writes poetry too.

Ian doesnt have to / mustnt help at home, but he

usually does some cooking.

6

Students may / must use the library after school this

You dont have to / shouldnt go to bed so late - Im not

week if they w ant to.

news reports?

You 1 ____________ go in and see the patient now.

much, you s _____________ let him rest. Oh, and

4
5

Absolutely nothing to eat or drink. He

6

he s _____________ sit up for a little while.

Nurse

Its the hospital regulations. It means you

s _____________ leave by 8 p.m.

Sam

Mum, 9

I go to Johns barbecue and

then stay the night?

Mum

When I was younger, I _____________ to share a room

I _____________ remember to buy a present fo r my
parents tom orrow ! Its th e ir anniversary.

Correct the mistakes in these sentences.

1

When I was at school, I have to wear a uniform .

John have to go to school until hes 16.

I couldnt to speak English when I was 7 years old.

I can stay at Jills house on Saturday, Mum?

When is it?

Celia doesnt have to drive a car by herself. She hasnt

taken her driving test.

Sam

Saturday.

Mum

Yes, you 10 _____________ go to the barbecue, but

you 11

Y o u _____________ talk during the exam. Its forbidden.

w ith my sister.

get out of bed at the mom ent, but

understand it.

It was raining yesterday, so w e _____________ to cancel

the picnic.

you 4 ____________ give him anything to drink.

OK. What does this sign mean? I 7 ____________

My brother is a TV newsreader.
O h ,_____________ h e ______________ memorise his

He w ill be tired so you 2 _____________ talk too

Visitor

Clare isnt com ing out tonight. S h e _____________ revise

for her exams.

Complete the dialogues. Use the correct form of can,

cant, must, m ustnt, should, sh ouldnt or may.

Eating in the library is not allowed, (must)

Complete the sentences with the correct form of must /

mustnt, have to / dont have to or had to.
1

surprised youre tired!

Nurse

Which languages were you able to speak when you were

younger? (can)

Bill shouldnt / cant play basketball, but hes going to

learn next year.

It was necessary for me to go home from school

yesterday, because I was ill. (have to)

Were you able to play the guitar when you were three?

6
stay the night. You

I d o n t have to forget to ring Tim tonight. Its his

birthday.

We went out last night because we hadn't to do any

The right word

Ought to, need to (> pi34)

M fn it

Read examples a -e and answer questions 1-4.

Read the article about dreaming and choose the correct

words, a, b or c, to fill in the gaps.

You ought to visit the Museum of Modern Art when you

are in New York,

We need to go shopping; there isnt any food at home,

Jane doesnt need to learn French because she already

speaks it very well,

Sam needs to get a new m obile phone card; his old one
doesnt work,

Do you need to have a visa to visit your country?

Which modal verb do we use to give advice?

Which modal verb do we use to talk about necessity to

Most of us think that dreams are unimportant, but

recent studies show that they may be much more
important than we think. They 1 _
help
us solve our problems and tell us about ourselves.
Weve all woken up trying hard to remember the
dream that seemed so important the night before.
However, we 2 _____________ remember anything,

do something?
3

Which modal verb do we use to talk about som ething

which isnt necessary to do?

How do we form the third person singular of need to?

except perhaps an image or a feeling. Its frustrating,

Rewrite the sentences using need to, d o n t need to or

ought to.

so how do we solve this problem? In fact, we

3 ____________ to worry because its possible to

E x a m p le
Do we have to hand our projects in this week?
Do we need to hand our projects in this week?

learn to remember our dreams. Once we know how to

do this, we 4 _____________ programme our brain to

You must bring proof of your age to get into the disco.

You do n t have to bring anything to the party; w eve got

solve our problems through our dreams.

The best way to try to understand your dreams is
to keep a journal. If you do this - and you
5______________do it on a regular basis - after a

everything.
3

while, you notice that you often have the same dream

You can take photos in the house, but you have to use a

over and over again.

Every night before you go to bed, train yourself to
take several deep breaths and relax. Then say to
yourself, Tonight I want to remember a dream and I
will remember a dream. As soon as I wake up, I
6 ____________ write it down. Go to sleep with

flash.
4

Kate doesnt have to w ork this evening; shes done all

her homework.

Mark should do more exercise if he wants to get fit.

Mb m

e m

paper and pencil beside your bed, expecting to

remember. It probably sounds silly, but it actually

b e r *

isn has no future or in fin itive form. Instead, we use be able

does work!
If you dont normally remember your dreams - but
only have a feeling of what you dreamed about, for

: e.g. You must be able to read a car number plate a t 20.5m

:>ass your driving test.

example, anger or calm - you 7 ---------------------- write

to do this course.

down your feelings.

After a few weeks, this routine will start producing
results. Then, you 8
look back at what
youve written and try to match what happens in your

____________ I make an appointm ent to see the doctor

life with the dreams youve had.

Complete the sentences using can or be able to.

1 You m u s t
2

swim at least 500m if you want

tom orrow, please?

3

Do you have t o ____________ play the guitar to be in

the pop group?

Dave w o n t

get a part-tim e job until hes

over 16; his parents w o n t let him.

5 You w o n t _____________ drive after only two lessons,
but you w ill soon learn.
6

____________ you understand Einsteins theory of

relativity?

2?

Extension

should

neednt

can

cant

shouldnt

must

should

m ustnt

dont need

have to

can

be able to

should

do n 't have to

may not

may

must

can

should

m ustnt

dont need to

neednt

can

c d o n t have to

iiir

Listening and spea

Wcfent i fy p a ra tic
Listening
1

Photos a-d show four ways of identifying criminals. Match

them to descriptions 1 -4 .
1

Identity parades

Voice recognition

Computer-aided videofit

Distinguishing marks

Which of the means of identification in 1 do you think is

the most and which the least reliable? Why?

^ 2.2 You are going to hear part of a radio programme

about identity parades. Before you listen, read the notes
carefully. Then listen and complete them.

/ d e n t it y

p tb h o rd e s '

W h e r e u s e d : f _________
W h u t s u s p e c t a .//o w e d t o do in - /tru e :

/D t-s u d r u r u tu g e : tru ru o c e ru t p e r s o n - w h o

--------------------

m u y be id e n t t -f ie d .

W x a m tr a in in g
True or false?
Read through the statements carefully but dont decide
before you listen w hether they are true or false. You may
th in k the statement is true, but what it says may not
match what you actually hear on tape.

h telephone conversation
4

^ 2.3 Listen to part of a telephone conversation with

Alex Seelig, who takes part in identity parades in his
spare tim e. Decide if statements 1 -5 are true or false.
Correct those which are false.
1

The phone call is from a police officer.

There is an identity parade on Tuesday afternoon.

They havent given Alex much notice.

It starts at 3.50.

Alex can make it.

&*plaining

>

11

Identifying statements
Listen carefully because the speaker may make a
statement which is sim ilar to but not exactly the same as
the one given.

Asking / Explaining what something means

v_
U1

^ 2, Read the dialogue. Then listen to the recording

and fill in the gaps.

(^ 2.4 You are going to hear part of an interview with

Alex. Before you listen, read through the statements
carefully. While you listen, decide whether Alex made

Sandy

You see this word burglar. 1 __________

Joe

I think its someone who 7 ____________

Sandy

* --------------------- ! And can you tell me what

Joe

It means something that you pav to kidnappers

a house lo 3 ---------------------- something.

these statements or not. Write yes or no beside each one.

ransom means?

I saw an advert for the job in a local newspaper.

Ive taken part in over 15 parades.

to get the person they kidnapped back.

Im not allowed to wear my own clothes.

5 ---------------------- what a verdict is7

Im paid extra to work at short notice.

Sandy

No, I cant. Lets e

I sometimes find it d iffic u lt to stand still.

Im often asked to put on a false beard.

12

We d ont see the witness.

8

Ive never been identified as the suspect.

In pairs, discuss the meaning of these words, using the

expressions in 1 1 to help you.

rji.4 Listen again. If you have written no next to a

statement, find out what Alex actually said.

a crim inal

kidnapping

m urder

a suspect

a witness

speeding

a burglar

fraud

manslaughter

arrest

a th ie f

a mugger

Would you like to take part in an identity parade? Why?

Why not?

a sentence

a judge

a ju ry

an offence

a trial

a ransom

a reward

13

Speaking

Underline the words in 12 which refer to people.

In another pair, discuss what these punishments are.
Then discuss which crimes in 12 they are suitable
punishment for.

ronunciation
' ^ 2.5 These words appear in the interview with Alex.
Listen to them again and underline the main stress in
each one.

corporal punishm ent the death penalty

a prison sentence a fine

E x a m p le
interested

com m unity service

Pole pla<f

business

additional

application

penniless

definitely

disciplined

com m itted

suspect

Student A: You have had your bike stolen while shopping.

You are in the police station reporting the crime to an
officer (Student B). Answer the officers questions.
Student B: You are a police officer. Look at the

Practise reading the words in 8 aloud. Make the stressed

svllable louder than the others.
Write out the parts of speech asked for in 1 -7 and
underline the stressed syllable.
1 the verb form of application
2

the adjective form of definitely

the verb form of committed

the adverb form of additional

the noun form of interested

the noun form of disciplined

the verb form of suspect

information on page 141 and ask Student A about their

bike.

Writing a letter giving advice

Dear Maria,
to r If

nice to hear -

you can travel there 3

Vou should take the tram~ 7 7 i n

comfortable We a n drop , o u o l, T
W

a n t t o im p r o v e y o u r

E n g l is h ?

r COach 1 thint<
qWCker and

g on, 11 w uld ^ b o lt e r to travel m

Try a hom e-stay course in London.

"eke, book o

Stay w ith a host family.

Study in the com fort of someone's home.

As 7 L

Individual lessons daily.

Full b o ard a n d a cc o m m o d a tio n pro vid ed.
S o c ia l a ctiv itie s a v a ila b le o n request.

What is a home-stay visit?

What m ight be the advantages of doing a course like

ance ~ it>s 'm ch cheaper

also visit the hom e! o f f a m o u s ^

You're r ig h t
, h US poet
take some w a t ^ J ^ ~
Looking forward 9
io

this?
3

If you wan, a cbea

youth hostel. They're c h w p and e ' d ' T V U Uht ,0 try a

people.
'
good Places for meeting

1 Look at the advert and answer the questions.

2

' he Week d

SP rtS- but y o u can

Wordsworth.

a n d ? * * !? " ? ften Wet' so

walking boots.
meeting you.

What m ight be the disadvantages?

Studying the sam ple

Maria is going on a three-week home-stay course in London.
She w ould like to visit places outside London, but she doesnt

Steps to better w riting

know where to go. She has w ritten to the host fa m ily for
suggestions. The host, Sally Martin, has replied.

2 Read the extract from Marias letter.

Make notes on the contents of Sallys letter using these

headings.
Transport:

fra/)?, car from station_____________________

Places to s ta y :________________________________________
What to do:

________________________________

While I'm in 6-ngland ne*t month I'd like to spend a long weekend out
of London but I don't know veof much about Britain and I'm not
sure ekaotl'i where to go borne friends told me that the Lake District
is veq beautiful. Do ^ou know this area? L-ould >jou tell me whether it
is eas^ to get there and find somewhere to sta-)? I've also heard it is

W e a t h e r : _____________________________________

5 Choose the best answer to fill the gaps in Sallys letter.

1

a to

b from

c by

a of

b about

c for

vercf wet rbould 'fou tell me if that is true?

a on

b by

c in

Thank ^011 in advance for -four help.

a at

b to

c for

&est wishes,

a for

b of

c to

Maria

a in

b by

c about

a for

b in

c at

a about

b on

c for

a of

b to

c at

b Yours

c Best

Read the reply Maria received from Sally Martin; ignore

the missing words. Is Sallys letter written in a formal or
informal style? How do you know?

10 a Yours
sincerely

fa ith fu lly

wishes

12

li v i n g advic-e
List the different ways Sally gives advice or makes
suggestions to Maria.
E x a m p le

Answer these questions.

1

How do people usually travel in your country?

Which areas or districts are w ell-known in your country?

What are they fam ous for?

What are the most im portant cities in your country?

You can travel by train o r coach.

1

_________________

3_________

_________________

4__________

C o n d itio n a l fo r advice O

W riting your letter

Understanding the tasK

p is s )

use the conditional w ith the im perative to give advice.

Jim is a young person from Britain

who is coming to your country to

E xa m p le

do a course in your language. He is

' . ou w ant some excitement try bungee jum ping.

staying w ith you and has a few

Find an example of a conditional in Sallys letter and

write the tenses which make the conditional.

days free before his course begins.

If +

advice about a good place to visit.

, + _____________

You are going to w rite a reply.

Match ideas 1 -4 to activities a -d .

If you enjoy walking,

If you like clim bing,

If you are keen on sailing,

If you are interested in English poetry,

visit W ordsworths house.

hire a boat on Lake Windermere,

go to the m ountains round Scafell.

buy a map showing footpaths.

He has w ritten to you asking for

Planning
13

In pairs, take turns to tell your partner your problem and

14

Make notes for each of the points on this list. Plan one
paragraph for each point.

place of interest and w hat to do there ...

tra n s p o rt...

places to stay ...

weather ...

Decide:

give advice.

how you are going to give advice in each paragraph.

I dont feel w ell.

the best order for your paragraphs.

I dont have enough money for lunch.

how to begin and end your letter.

Id like to make more friends.

I never get any exercise.

Yd like to spend more tim e studying.

Writing
15

Now write your letter. Use these points to help you.

-s in g a rtic le s

Use some words and expressions from Sallys letter.

Look at the first two paragraphs of Sallys letter again and

find the names of places and ways of travelling.

Your letter should be about the same length as Sallys

Which d o n t use the article?

ways of travelling when used w ith by

names of areas or districts
names of cities

If possible, try to find a picture or a postcard of the place

to send w ith your letter.

tShecfcing
the

letter (120-150 words).

Which use the definite article the?

Complete this table.

Start a different paragraph for each new point.

u
L

no article

16

Imagine you are Jim reading the letter and check that:

it is easy to understand.

you have included all the inform ation Jim needs.

your punctuation and gram m ar are correct.

you have spelled words correctly. If necessary, use a

your letter is w ritten in an inform al, friendly style.

you have used articles (a / an and the) correctly.

you have w ritten 120-150 words.

dictionary.

Word focus
^rain power
1

Extension

Complete the text using these words.

senses

remind

observant

rem em bering

memories

m ind

Im very bad at 1

Phrasal verbs
brain
explanation

things, but my friend Bob

Underline the phrasal verbs in 1 -5 . Then match them to

the meanings a -e .
1

Pete put me up last weekend.

has an amazing a b ility to store inform ation. He can tell you

I cant make up my m ind which film to go and see.

every little detail of what he did years ago. His

We set o ff early to miss the rush hour.

2 ____________ for this is that hes very 3 _____________

Can you find out what tim e the plane leaves?

He doesnt need photos to recall his childhood

Well drop you o ff at the station.

4 ----------------------because he can picture them so vividly in

his s ----------------------- whenever he wants to. I do all sorts of
things to 6 ____________ myself what I have to do, but Ill
never be like Bob. H is 2 _____________ power is far greater
than mine. But one of my five ____________ is much

discover

give someone a bed for the night

leave on a journey

decide

take someone somewhere by car

better than Bobs. Ive got fantastic eyesight!

VJords connected with crime

Complete this letter using the phrasal verbs in 4.

>ear L o r e t t a ,

2 Write a word which has the same meaning as the

T k a n K you -fo r y o u r l e t t e r .

we a re r e a l l y

lo o K in q

definitions in 1 -6 . The first letter of each word is given.

fo rw a rd - to s e e in g you n e x t w e e k . Have you

1 breaking in to steal som ething

-----------------------y o u r m in d w k e t k e r you a re c .o m in q ku
k u s o r ky - t r a in ? L e t u s K n o w , an,d w e w i l l p i e k Jou
u p - fr o m t k e s t a t i o n a n d
7

b _____________

2 driving more quickly than the lim it

s _____________

3 killing un intentionally

m ____________

i n ____________

killing inte ntio n a lly

5 attacking and robbing violently

m ____________

6 the act of stealing

t _____________

3 Complete 1 -9 in the dialogue using these phrases.

would be enough

prison sentence

I th in k i t s

do you th in k w ould be

does it mean

Im not sure

much more serious

dont you

first offence

e a r l i e r , a s t k e s t a t i o n i s a k o u t k a l - f an k o u r s d r iv e
from w k e r e w e l i v e , k s s o o n a s you k ave

S ee you n e x t w e e k Love,

S usa*

Prepositions
6

Ted

You see this word fra u d ? What f ___________

Sally

2 ---------------------- getting money illegally.

Ted

Actually, I th in k robberys a very serious crime,

3 _____________?

Sally

4 ________

.. Surely fraud is s

than robbery?
Well, w hat * ________

a suitable punishm ent

for robbery?
Sally

w k e n you le a v e . I - f you a re a o m in q ku
n e e d t o 3 _________________ a Icttle

will

---------------------------------- i o u r a r r i v a l t i m e , l e t u s K n o w . We e.a,
c . e r t a in l y * --------------------------------------- you --------------------------------------- f o r. ^
tk r e e n ia k t s .

driving definitions

Ted

tr a in , we

Perhaps a long 2 ___________

Ted

Dont you th in k a short one s

Sally

Well, maybe for the s _______

Underline the correct prepositions to complete the text.

EINSTEIN

Scientists tell us that our brain power will

improve with / for practice, hut some
people are born geniuses. Albert Einstein,
for example, was capable 1 of / in using
more of his brain than m ost people.
Einstein was b o rn 2 in / at Germ any in
1879. Amazingly, E insteins school
teachers thought he w asnt good 3 with / at
Science. In spite of this, by the age of 26,
this young student was famous 4 in / for
changing the way scientists think.
At first E insteins id eas 5 on / about
science were so new and strange that many
people couldnt understand them. However,
nearly all areas of physics were changed
by Einsteins work, a n d with / without it
lasers, television, computers, space travel,
and many other things we are fam iliar
2 with / in today would not exist.

^ 2 .7

Read the extract from a novel by Amy Tan and

answer the questions.

What persuaded Vincent to let his sister join in the chess
game?
How do you th in k Vincent felt about his sister? Why?
How did Amy find out more about chess?
What three qualities did she discover a good player
needs in the endgame?
What did she decide was the power of chess?
When did Amy practise her games of chess?
How did Winston and Vincent react to her successes in
the game?

A new sport
watched Vincent and Winston play during Christmas week.
The chessboard seemed to hold elaborate secrets w aiting to
oe untangled...

-at me! Let me! I begged between games when one brother
e other w ould sit back w ith a deep sigh o f relief and victory,

a other annoyed, unable to let go o f the outcome. Vincent at

T r: 'efused to let me play, but when I offered him my *Life
' : ers as replacements for the buttons that filled in for the
ig pieces, he relented. He chose the flavours: wild cherry
' me black pawn and pepperm int for the white knight. The
"" " _er could eat both.
- i my m other sprinkled flo u r and rolled out small doughy
-3 for the steamed dum plings that w ould be our dinner that
i T '. Vincent explained the rules, pointing to each piece. You
a :6 pieces and so do I. One king and queen, tw o bishops,
nights, tw o castles, and eight pawns. The pawns can only
~ : a forward one step, except on the first move. Then they can
n ~ :vvo. But they can only take men by moving crossways like
tn = except at the beginning, when you can move ahead and
3 another pawn.
" '".'? I asked as I moved my pawn. Why cant they move
~ : m steps?
Because theyre pawns, he said.

clashing ideas; the one who plays better has the clearest plans
for attacking and getting out o f traps. I learned why it is
essential in the endgame to have foresight, a mathematical
understanding o f all possible moves, and patience; all
weaknesses and advantages become evident to a strong
adversary and are obscured to a tirin g Topponent. I discovered
that for the whole game one must gather invisible strengths and
see the endgame before the game begins.
I also found out why I should never reveal w hy to others. A
little knowledge w ithheld is a great advantage one should store
for future use. That is the power o f chess. It is a game o f secrets
in which one must show and never tell.
I loved the secrets I found w ithin the 64 black and w hite
squares. I carefully drew a handmade chessboard and pinned it
to the w all next to my bed, where at night I w ould stare for
hours at imaginary battles. Soon I no longer lost any games or
Life Savers, but I lost my adversaries. Winston and Vincent
decided they were more interested in roaming the streets after
school in their +Hopalong Cassidy cowboy hats.
* Life Saver = kind of sweet that looks like a lifebelt from a boat.
T adversary/opponent = the person you are against in a situation.
+ Hopalong Cassidy = a popular fictional cowboy.
Amy Tan, Jo y Luck Club

E why do they go crossways to take other men. Why arent

a a any women and children?
~. s the sky blue? Why must you always ask stupid
.as: ons? asked Vincent. This is a game. These are the rules. I
: - : make them up. See. Here. In the book. He jabbed a page
m - a oawn in his hand. Pawn. P-A-W-N. Pawn. Read it

Your reactions
What do you th in k the author found interesting and

: -nd out about all the whys later. I read the rules and
e : up all the big words in a dictionary. I borrowed books
: 'e Chinatown library. I studied each chess piece, trying to
: m the power each contained.

enjoyable about the game?

med about opening moves and why its im portant to

: :ne centre early on; the shortest distance between two
m s straight down the middle. I learned about the middle
r ; i d why tactics between tw o Tadversaries are like

like these?

Do you like games which rely on strategy, such as chess,

or do you prefer games of chance, such as Monopoly?
Do you th in k you have to be com petitive to enjoy games
Do you th in k games of strategy can help you in other
areas of your life?

Lets revise Units 1 and 2

Gram m ar
1 Underline the correct form of the verb to complete the
sentences.
1

Dreams often help /a r e often helping people solve their

problems.

When people see Andy for the first tim e, they th in k /a r e

thinking hes David Beckham.

Jim is needing to / needs to practise if he wants to win

Why isnt Greg at the party?

the tennis tournam ent.

He's d o in g/d o e s his homework.
5

Rob is always com plaining/ always complains about his

job. He should do som ething about it.

6
7

Mark p re fe rs /is preferring to play football to basketball.

Who does this mobile phone belong to / is this mobile
phone belonging to?

More and more people become/ are becoming

dependent on the Internet for th e ir shopping.

2 Correct the mistakes in the answers.

1

Do you w ant to go to university?

Yes, but I can pass my exams first.

Is it true that Peter broke his leg?

Yes, he doesnt have to w indsurf for three months.

Can I smoke in here?

No, you dont have to smoke in the w aiting room.

Did you enjoy going camping?

Not really. I must get up at six every morning.

5
6

Do you need to make a phone call?

n?H " T f d thGy t011 y U they are your familv. You

u d d e n l y ------------------- frightened. Youre sure you
' --------------------- these people.
T h is is what happened to 38-year-old Pam H allid ay
A t the mom ent, Pam >--------------------from a bad
*
accident w hich has caused damage to h er long-term
and short-term memory. W hen she woke up Pam
wanted >
h er parents>but b()th b er

Yes, I do. Cant I borrow your m obile phone?

patents had died several years before. In fact she has

com pletely lost the las, i 5 years from h er

Ive got earache.

f o r example, she 6

You should to go to the doctors.

Im agine you have had a car accident. A fte r the

a c^ d e n t you i ------------------- in hospital and there are
strange people around your bed. You ask them who

Choose the best answer, a, b or c, to fill in the gaps.

rem em ber m a rry in g

d l l T h w Z h 7 ---------------------by her bed

w n rJ
u m g Pam 8 --------------------- rem em ber was
king in a hotel as a waitress when she was 23
years old.

a waking up

is wake up

wake up

a feel

feels

were feeling

a d id n t know

arent knowing

d o n t know

a is recovering

w J ha6n !,aSked f r m y parents someone told me they

w eie dead, says Pam. I thought, 'That

recovers

has recovered

a contact

contacting

c to contact

a cant

may

7
de ^ ue I I w as an aw ful experience
I m h o rrifie d when 1 1 0 --------------------m y s e lH n a
m irro r, she adds f n

a are sitting

was sitting

c sits

a may

can

a could

can
must

can

cant

10 a see

am seeing

sees

11

thinks

th in k

are trying

to try

a am thinking

12 a tries

Year-old and cant b e lie T T f k K h ^ o W

^ * 23
Friends and fa m ily , 2 ------------------- t0 reconstruct
fam ih . til ^ ^
' 1 aVe See" pll" , 0SraihS o f m y
^amilj - thousands o f photographs - at first I
1 ^ 7 ------------- recognise the people, says Pam. But
now I i) --------w h0 is whQ ,

13 a may not

couldnt

m ight not

14 a am knowing

can know

know

15 a is returning

returns

returned

Pam s m em ory i s --------------------- ' he says.'O ver the

next few years she K --------------------- regaln

16 a have to

may be

m ight

m a jo rity of h er past experiences.

17 a cant be

is

m ight be

18 a was listening

is listening

listen

Thankfully, m y husband Simon n ___________

very supportive, says Pam. When I is
~~
him talk about things, 1 feel happy?

Pam s doctor is optim istic. T h e re are signs that

tn

ocabulary

Complete the sentences. The first letter and the length of

the word are given.

Complete the text using these words.

friendly
fascinating

customs

nationalistic

independent

Can you r ________ me to go to the library on the way

Can you th in k of a logical e ________________ for what

Paul has an excellent m _________ for names and faces.

home?

culture

identity

happened?
:eople who go to Scotland love it. It is a 1 -------------------------------- place. It
ame of the wildest scenery in Britain, with lakes (lochs), mountains

~ oty beaches. It also provides a 2 ----------------------

When Nicky meets someone for the first tim e, she feels
s

welcome for

5
s :eople are strongly 3 ---------------------- -- ar|d

proud of their country.

week.

-ave their own 4 ----------------------- - and 5

- snay), language and music. They see themselves as being

sir southern neighbours. Indeed, it is a different country.

Do you know that it is an o __________ to exceed the

speed lim it on this road?
Police have a ___________ a man suspected of robbing

- and has always been more 6 -------------------------------- of England than

the local post office yesterday.

: ar example, the Scottish legal and education systems are different

-ose in England and Wales,
ndependence may explain why Gaelic, the original language of
t

Put the word in brackets in the correct form.

1

When the witness made a p o s itiv e ____________

is not so important to the Scottish sense of 7 ----------------------

: sh

language is to the Welsh. In Wales, people want to speak their

and uncomfortable.

A b __________ broke into my grandm others flat last

(identify), the crim inal was arrested.

2

Its d iffic u lt to have a _____________ (converse) w ith Rob.

s-nguage, too, whereas in Scotland they dont.

Hes so shy.

3 The actors _____________ (perform) had good reviews in

all the national papers.
4

T h e _____________ (construct) of the new bridge over

the River Thames took tw o years.

Karen completed her u n iv e rs ity _____________ (apply)

The Red Cross is a c h a rita b le ________

form and sent it off.

(organise)

which helps people around the world.

7

(punish)

Many people agree that c a p ita l______

should no longer exist.

A witness is describing a bank robber to a police officer.

Complete the description with these words.
stocky

+ h i" k

tall

fa ir

he

wavy

< ^ i+ e
^

blue

short

____________ __
b .3 _ z

lo o k e d

d c u r le r O U . S .

d S*.y he WO.S i r his )eL+c

c o lo u r 0 .f His hour? i t

The

w a .s

Rewrite the sentences replacing the underlined word with

: 1
s e e it ucrsder
m a s k , a.l+hou.gh it w a s ^ i + e

a phrasal verb with up or off.

1

Maria was surprised how her m other tolerated her

N o, it w a S n 'f

brothers bad behaviour.

2

England, Scotland and Wales form Great Britain.

Brians father spent years developing the fam ily

Mark offered to drop Pam o ff at the station.

Sue le ft for the airport early, because she wanted to miss

business.

the traffic.

T~
' ,+ Wa-S S+ra.igH + . His
ye s .
ell , I a a V t -fo rg e t th e .
I hey w e r e >
,

c.o\d.

-------------- a,r>d

V p s ant1tiow ns o f the human race

Q o r /c J fr

Exanrt training

g**i: a r

Summarising
1

Sjr

What do you know about nutrition?

1

Which of the follow ing are good for your bones?

a chicken

b sardines

Which food has the most vitam in C?

Which do you need most of for a healthy diet?

Read the article again and decide which sentence, a or b,

is the best summary of paragraphs 1, 2, 3 and 4.

a protein

a red peppers
3

c poppyseeds

A sum m ary sentence picks up the main idea of the whole

paragraph. Read the whole paragraph before deciding
which sentence is an accurate summary.

b kiwi fruit
b fat

c oranges

c carbohydrate

a
b

If you are tired, which of the follow ing is best to

b bananas

Humans are returning to the height they were long

ago.

increase your energy level?

a chocolate

Humans are now becoming taller.

c coffee

Our ancestors had a healthier, more varied diet,

Our ancestors were never short of food.

Agriculture provided humans w ith more than enough

food.

Agriculture affected the way human beings

developed.

Humans change th e ir size and shape according to

th e ir environment,

Global warm ing may have an effect on the

developm ent of humans.

Give examples of these different kinds of food.

meat

herbs

fruits

berries

crops

Destribing people

Read the article Too big fo r o u r boots. Time yourself. How

long did it take y o u? ____________
'Exam training

>

Scanning
This means reading through a text quickly and stopping
when you find the inform ation you are looking for when
answering questions. This helps you to ignore what is less
im portant in the text.

Now write a sentence summarising paragraph 5.

V o cab u la ry

Reading
3

ju n k food

Scan the text and answer these questions.

1

What are human beings returning to?

What effect did the invention of agriculture have on the

diet of the human race?

What effect has climate had on human development?

According to some experts, w hat m ight happen to people

in future? (There are tw o possible answers.)

Match the people in 1 -5 with the meanings a-e.

ancestors

hunter-gatherers

mankind

a couch potato

descendants

a lazy person who sits a lot

relatives who lived before us

people in general

relatives who w ill live after us

people who collected and hunted th e ir own food

U nit
Every ten years, the height of the average person in

Survival

Europe increases by 13 millimetres. Every year, more

and more big people are born. However, we are not

These words and phrases are in the article. Choose the

meaning they have in the text, a, b or c.

becoming taller than weve ever been before. In fact,

we are really only just becoming as tall as we were

increases (line 2)
a

thousands of years ago.

To understand the reasons for the changes in our
2

height, it is necessary to look back on our history - to

Paleolithic times. For most of our past, our ancestors
got their food from a wide variety of sources: while
women were gathering herbs, fruits and berries, men

were killin g w ild animals. One study found that these

hunter-gatherers used to have a diet of 85 different
plants.

spread (line 21)

a

grows

becomes bigger

cover a w ider area

develops

become more
popular

gathering (line 11)

a

coming together

storing

collecting

support (line 22)

a

eats as main food

eating what one produces

moving away from

developing (line 34)

ones home
4

main

only

three

necessary

wheat, rice and maize - became the staple diet

growing gradually

b becoming greater
c

staple (diet) (line 19)

This meant that instead of living off many plants just

provide w ith the

necessities for life

and natural green places were taken over by farmers.

carry the weight of

b give strength to
c

living off (line 18)

Then, about 9,000 years ago, agriculture was invented

w ith disastrous results. Most of our planet s forests

put on a surface

expanding

of the human race. This left us smaller and less

healthy. Still, agriculture spread because a piece of

Prepositions

farmland could support ten times more people than

land used by hunter-gatherers.

Complete the sentences using these prepositions.

: w ith fo r

During the last ice age, which ended 10,000 years ago,
- people were slightly rounder and taller - an answer to
the cold. Larger, round bodies are better at keeping in

on

o ff

to

1 When I look back

my childhood, I always

feel happy.
Eating too much ju n k food can re s u lt____________

the heat! When our climate began to get hotter, we

people becoming overweight.

appear to have become slightly thinner and smaller. As

We can be healthier by adding more fresh fru it and

global warm ing begins to take effect, we may shrink

vegetables_____________ our diet.

: even further. M an kin d s future could be that of a

These shoes are too b ig _____________ me.

couch potato, a lazy creature, w ith a taste for far too

It is d iffic u lt to come to te r m s _____________ losing the

much ju n k

championship.

food,

comfortable

sofas

and

home

entertainment. Some scientists say that not enough

L iv in g ________

exercise w ill result in humans developing smaller

of feeding yourself.

the land is not always an easy way

- skeletons and bodies which are too fat.

On the other hand, there is some hope. Nowadays, in
Europe, Am erica and Japan, diets are beginning to be
what they were before. As a result, heights in some

What does the author suggest happens when people dont

countries are increasing. The question is, where w ill it

have a healthy diet?

all end? W ill we continue to grow upwards or

What other problems does a poor diet cause?

Do you th in k it is safe to eat food produced using chemicals?

outwards?
R o b in M cW e a n d R o g e r 1 re d re . The O bserver

How can we make sure that we have a healthy diet?

Grammar
The past - narrative tenses
1 These pictures tell a story about the Loch Ness monster,
but they are not in the correct order. What is happening
in the pictures?

G r a m m a r cH cctc

P 135 ,

Past simple, past continuous and past perfect

Forms

1 Complete the table.

lead the story and check your ideas. Then, put the
ictures in order.

oday, the Loch Ness monster is famous round

the world, but not many people realise that the
stories about it started as long ago as ,\n 565. I he
first report described how St Columba, a monk
punished Scotland's most famous monster after ii had

describe

attacked a man.
The storv took place when Columba was living at
Tort Augustus at the southern end of the loch. One day

see

Colum ba asked one of his m onks to

s w im

across the

loch and fetch a boat. The monk had heard people in

the village talk about the monster but he wasn t
frightened. It was a good day for a swim. Although 1
was very cold, the sun was shining and the water vvas

calm . However, as he was crossing the oc

ic

suddenly saw a strange creature. It was huge and had a

long neck. He had not seen anything like it before.
was swimming not far away but didn't seem to notice
the monk at first. A few minutes later, it suddenly
stopped and looked at the swimmer, lhen it rushed
towards him and opened its frightful mouth in a roar.
The man was terrified. Columba hurried down to the
water's edge, got into a boat and rowed out into the
lake When he was near the monster, he cried out, Do
not touch that man! Go!' and ordered the monster not
to attack again. The monster looked at Columba for a
moment, then turned and disappeared. I he monster
has not attacked anyone since. Indeed, for many years
it was not seen in that part of the lake. Of course
nowadays no one knows if the story is true bu
reported sightings of 'Nessie' continue to this da>.

past

past

past

simple

continuous

perfect

look
hurry
swim
hear

Uses

Look at the text again and find an example of each

of the following uses.
Past simple
a

an action which happened at a particular time:

b a series of actions which lake place one after the

other in the past:
Past continuous
c an action / state that continued for some tim e:
d describing the setting ol a slory:
e

an action that was taking place when anolher

action (past simple) interrupted it:

Past perfect
f

an action that happened before anolher action:

~3 st simple or past continuous?

Lets activate
3

Telling a stor>|
Work in small groups and make up a story about a
journey or holiday that went wrong. Use the points below
and one of the pictures to help you.

(listen) to a new CD when Max

(arrive).
_ (be) a cold w in te rs day. The sun
(shine), but i t _____________ (freeze).
(run) through the park when she
(notice) a poster for the marathon.
4

Where

y o u _____________ (live) when you

(meet) Kevin?

H e _______

(start) the car and

(drive off).
(make) a noise, so he

The engine

(take) the car to a garage.

ast simple or past perfect?

Read the sentence and answer the questions.
Before I went to India, I had read several guide books.
1

Which event happened first? What tells you?

Could before I went to India be at the end of the

sentence?
where you were

Put the verb in brackets in the correct tense.

1

When Simon

who you were w ith

____________(have) a shower, he

what the weather and the place were like

(get) dressed.
2

After we

what you were doing

________(finish) shopping, we

what preparations you had made before

(decide) to go to the museum.

3

When we
realised we
The c a r ___

what went wrong

(arrive) in the town centre, we

how you solved the problem

___________ (leave) the map behind.

how you felt at the end of the experience

(run out) of petrol because we

Example

(not fill up) the tank before leaving.

When they

A fe w years ago, I went to Lake M am ry on a sailing holiday.

I went w ith my cousins...

___________(arrive) at the beach, it

(start) raining.

Write the story.

ast simple, past continuous or past perfect?

* r j 3.1

Listen and complete the text with the correct

word.

few years ago I 1 ......................... c am p in g w ith a frie n d in

strange noise. My heart started beating fast. It was a bear

e Rocky M o u ntain s in th e USA. People 2 _____________ us

and it 8 ____________ to reach the food in the bag! I d id n t

: out bears before w e le ft, so we did a ll th e rig h t things.

know what to do, so I 9

to wake my friend,

next to th e te n t and w e cleaned o ur

but he wasnt th e r e .1 0 ________

the bear ___________

oking e q u ip m e n t a fte r we 4 ______________ o u r m eals.

my friend? I slowly 11 _______

_ outside. It wasnt a

* e 3 ____________

:-e ry night w e 5 _____________ all th e food in a bag and

bear. My friend had got hungry in the m iddle of the night,

ng it fro m a tree. One n ig h t, I 6

so he 1 2 _____________the tree to try and get some food.

.......

peacefu lly

* "en I suddenly w oke up because I 7 ____________

Unfortunately, he had got stuck!

V n /t

Put the verb in brackets in the correct form of the past

simple or past continuous.

Lets practise grammar

Past simple spelling

Past simple, past continuous or past perfect?

1 What is the past simple of these verbs? Put them in the

Complete the text using these verbs in the correct tense.

right column according to their past simple ending.

realise
shine

start
cross

describe
stop

hurry

-ed

-d

attack

live

try

see

swim

notice

stop

blow

put on
not see

live
scream

meet

cross

go

rain

know

-[tt]ed

-ied

walk
fetch

irregular

ne w inter evening many years a g o j

was in London. I 1
10
small village at the tim e, but
to London that morning because
I h ^ ^ e t m g - After the meeting^ I had a
c o u p le o fh o u rs b e fo re m y tra m le ft.lt
f

and it was cold and windy, so I

,, i
down
was teeimy
feeling miserable

Past simple or past continuous?

2

O xford S tree t w h e n quite by chance

5
an old friend. W e
i _+u pr fn r y e a rs so w e d ecid ed to go or a

Put the verb in brackets in the correct tense.

1

When the te a c h e r

(talk) about her

weekend, so m e o n e
2

(ask) her a question.

coffee. S h e se e m e d v e ry different and her hair

T o m _____________ (walk) down the street when he

was much darker than I rem em bered W

____________ (see) Jane.

3

Mike

w a s T s t r o n g g u s t of wind^ My friend

(watch) TV.

and started to run dow n the

(look) different when I

Clare

7T q
road.The traffic .

_____________ (meet) her at the party.

5

The s u p e rm o d e l_____________ (fall over) as she

(walk) along the catwalk.

While they

i r a

" * 9f u r r v b u n d ,e .T h e

it down the street and my

actually. She'S an actress you see, and

nn her way to a rehearsal and she
12
the w ig an hour earlier to ge

(have) an accident.
8

1 couldn't

friend w ^ t o g i t - It was her hair --a w.g,

(drive) to London when we

We

d_

_________ (climb) the m ountain, it

(begin) to snow.

the road w h e n su d d e n ly tnere

_________ (not work) when Tina

(arrive). H e

__ (swim) in the lake when I ___

u sed to it.

(get) a pain in my leg.

Past perfect
3 Join the pairs of sentences. Use the past perfect and the
word in brackets.
E xam p le
1

When they were playing tennis, it was beginning to rain.

We reached Greece. We were on the road for five weeks,

Tom wasnt knowing that he was being followed.

(when)
We had been on the road fo r fiv e weeks when we reached
Greece.

or
When we reached Greece, we had been on the road fo r
five weeks.
2
3

We went to Chile. We went to Brazil first, (after)

I never did anything like w hite-water rafting. I decided to
try it. (so)

We d id n t see each other for a long tim e. We met fo r a

We walked for many miles. We saw the village, (when)

Sarah knew the road very well. She travelled that way

drink, (when)

many times, (so)

CD

5 Correct the mistakes in these sentences.

When I lived in Hollywood I was sometimes seeing

famous actors.

Paul was cooking dinner when the fire was starting.

I drove past the bank when I was seeing the robbery.

When Sue walked down the street, she was hearing

someone call her name.

Extension
~ast

The right word

9

simple and prepositions of time

Put the verb in brackets in the correct tense.

Put the verb in brackets in the correct tense. Fill in the

other gaps with in, on, at, or no preposition.
1

Time travel

P a u l_____________ (take) a trip to New York

last week._H e ______________ (see) lots of
interesting sights w hile he was there.

Kates grandparents live near the sea. She usually sees

. in the

th e m _____________ the summ er holidays, but this year

s h e _____________ (visit)th e m ______________ Christmas.
3

cinema

_____________ her birthday,P a m ______________ (go) to

(watch) a

the cinema w ith Andy. T h e y ________

rom antic film together.
4

(tell) all his friends, but

(believe) him.

none of them
5

two

When K a rl_____________ (see) a UFO

weeks ago, he
My s is te r____

(come) to s ta y ____________

Tuesday. Her train was due to arrive

midday, but it was two hours late.

vs, when and while (> P135)

n 28 D ecem ber 1895, the first cinema

Read sentences a -f and decide if 1 -3 are true or false.

a

I drove back home as Id forgotten my sunglasses,

As I was closing the door, I dropped my keys,

(open) in Paris. O nly 35 tickets

were sold that day. but by the end o f the week more and

The phone rang while I was sleeping,

more people 2

I was reading a book when jack arrived,

While Sarah was swim m ing, Tom went for a walk,

pictures. Louis and Auguste Lumiere directed this first

silent picture.

Matt went to the cinema when he had finished his

homework.

. (want) to see the moving

W h ile the Lumiere brothers 3 _____________ (make)

their first film. H .G . Wells 4 _ _

_ ( ~nte) his

amous science-fiction novel The Time Machine. It was

the first novel about time travel and it 5 __________

1 As can mean when or because.

2

After when we only use the past simple.

After while we usually use the past continuous.

(become) an instant best-seller. In the b o o k ^ V K ^ ^

Underline the correct words to complete the sentences.

scientist used a machine he 6

E x a m p le

travel to 1917, 1940, 1966 and 802701! Although Wells

Tim and I were driving across America when

picked up a hitchhiker.
1

/ while we

made

)
into

We were listening to the radio while / when we heard the

(invent) to

(complete) the book in 1895, it wasnt

film
until the 1960s. W h e n it
(come out), audiences 9 ______ _____

news.

(rush) to see it.

As / When we listened, we began to feel frightened.

While / When I looked at the hitchhiker, I saw he was

T h irty years after The Time Machine, other time

travellers 10
/u \
------------ ------- (begin) to appear at the
cinema. In 1990, while M ichael J. Fox H ____________

The hitchhiker was te llin g us where to go as / when we

holding a gun.
saw a police car.
5

The police car followed us as / while we were driving too

fast.

It fin a lly caught up w ith us w h ile / when we ran out of

petrol.

(take) his third trip in

Schwarzenegger 1 2

Total Recall.

Back to the Future

3 , A rnold

_ _ _ (search) for ^

Both films were box office hits, and both

(use) special effects to create the

journeys into the past and future, which were very
convincing. People 1 4 ------------------------(can) ^
experience what it was like to travel through time.

'Mteliving th e p a s t
W

is t: 3 > r jfr e g w

is tr

Listening
3

Describe what you can see in the pictures. What

period in history do they show?

Look at this photograph of

Jeff. What is he holding?
What is he wearing on his
head? What do you think
his job is?

talfc
^

3.2 Listen and decide if

these statements are true

or false.
1

Jeff has always done w ork connected w ith history.

Jeff took tim e o ff from his job to study Roman history.

Jeff got somebody else to make his Roman clothes and

Jeffs original idea was to w ork mostly w ith tourists.

Jeffs ta lk helps people to understand why the Roman

Jeff has a special small-sized uniform for school children

weapons.

empire was so large.

to try on.
^ 3.2 Now listen to part of the talk again and number
the events in the order in which you hear them beginning
with 1 and ending with 6 .
a p B lleff paid to have special outfits made for his job.
b H I ] e f t began to give talks to students
c

jje ff left his job to set up in business on his own.

d H J e f f started to advertise for customers locally,

e H i e f f developed his interest in history w hile working in
a museum.
f B l e f f had various jobs before he became a to u r guide.

Pronunciation
6

3.3 Look at the words in bold. Are the vowel sounds

of the other words the same? Which are different? Listen

and check your answers.

How much do you know about this period? Talk to a

partner about:

what language the people spoke.

what the people were like.

what everyday life was like.

what kind of things the people built.

what kind ol entertainm ent they enjoyed.

1
2

head

bed

said

wear

where

were

work

walk

word

took

soon

moon

efse

tell

help

6 so

know

how

sun

some

cloth

both

done

8 clothes

Speaking
Phrasal verbs with toKe and give

Mafcing comparisons
10

Answer the questions with a partner.

3.5 Read the dialogue. Then listen to the recording

and fill in the gaps.

jt,: :

.,

What took o ff when Jeff worked in the museum?

What other things take off?

Making comparisons

What sorts of things can you take o ff?

Marty

Life in the past 1

Pam

recent times, d o n t you think?

Maybe, but 2
physically
3
d iffic u lt than today.

4
5

What did Jeff give up?

What other things do people often give up?

What do children try on during Jeffs talk?

What other things can you try on?

Marty

Its always a good idea t o _____________ shoes before

Pam

buying them.
2

Rut there 4
5

Complete the sentences using take off, give up or try on in

the correct form.

I do n t th in k my uncle w ill ever be able to

i|> ........

life in more

pressure
there is in the modern world

and there 6

things to w orrv ahout

in a way.
True, hut 7

it was probablv less

interesting living in those times.

_____________ smoking.

3 The p la n e ____________ late because of the storm.

After several months of hard work, Simons com puter

company re a lly ____________
After an hour, h e _____________ w aiting for the train
and took a taxi.

expressions
^ 3 .4
1

Listen and answer the questions.

Photo discussion
11

In pairs, Student A look at 1; Student B look at 2.

Describe your picture to your partner. Together, discuss
the tim e period it shows together and what the
advantages and disadvantages of living in that period
might have been. Use the expressions in 10 to help you.
Think about:

What does Jeff mean when he says:

living conditions

I fe lt I could make a living out of bringing the Romans to

expectations about life

life.

fa m ily life

In w hat other ways can we bring history to life? Is it a

entertainm ent

good idea?

social life

Could people make a living doing this sort of w ork in

technology

your area?

com fort

In 5 5 b c , the R om ans 1
Britain
and occupied m ost o f the country tor
around 300 years. But they never
2
to conquer the w hole island,
and m ost o f Scotland remained outside
the R om an Empire. W hats more, the
R om ans fought many wars against the
people in Scotland, so life near the
border was not very safe. In AD 122, the
R om ans built the wall 3 --------- theY
could protect themselves and keep the
Scots out o f England. T he wall is an
im portant historical m onum ent
4 _____ it stretches all the way across
the north o f England from the east to
the west coast: a total ot 117
kilom etres. 3 --------- its great age, there
is still a lot left to see. Nearby you can
also 6 _____ the well-preserved
remains ot a R om an fort at
Housesteads.

Studying the sam ple

Read the description on the left about one of these walls
above. As you read, write the missing information in the
factfile ignoring the missing words in 1 -6 .

Fadfiie
1

Who b u ilt if:

Whv it was built:

When il was built:

Length of wall:

What vou can see todav:

Read the description again and choose the best answer, a,

b, c or d, to fill gaps 1 -6 in the talk.
1

infected

4 a

invaded

because
so

intruded

inherited

managed

5 a

when

while
Although

succeeded

In spite

won

Despite

achieved

as

while

see

so that

watch

since

look into

6 a

But
look up

Steps to better w riting

W riting your description

The definite article O P136 )

Understanding the tasfc

mtemembe r ?

5 You are going to produce a leaflet on historic places of

interest in your country for a tourist information office. In
small groups, decide on the places to be included.

We use the indefinite article when we refer to som ething for

the first tim e and the definite article when we m ention it
again, e.g. Today we are going to see a very fam ous wall. The

Planning

Romans b u ilt the w all in

ad122.

In pairs, choose one of the places you thought of in 5 and

use these questions to plan your description.

Read the rules for using the definite article, the. Then
decide which of the places a -h needs a definite article.

When was it built?

What was life like then?

We use the when there is only one of something, for

What famous events are associated w ith it?

example the Roman Empire, the 18th century.

What is it used for?

We do not use the w ith countries except when they have

the words States, Kingdom or Republic in th e ir name.

Writing and checking

We use the w ith named geographical features e.g. the

7 Write your description and check that you have:

Black Sea, the River Thames, except the name of

given a brief history of the place.

individual mountains.

explained why the place is im portant.

a North Pole

described everyday life in the place.

thought of ways of making your description interesting,

Great Wall of China

c France
d

Czech Republic

Earth

United States

Empire State Building

M ount Everest

e.g. by including a map, poster or pictures.

Ups and downs of the human rate

Extension

1 Complete the sentences using these words.

C o n fu s in g w o rd s
hunt

mankind

couch potatoes

height

ancestors

average person

Match the words in italics in 1 -4 to meanings a -d .

1

The invention of agriculture was one of the most

im portant events in the history o f _____________

Marks making a voyage across the North Sea.

Our e a rly _____________ were taller than we are today.

We went on a guided tour of Buckingham Palace.

People in Europe no longer n o rm a lly ____________

The travel agent offered day trips to Moscow,

travelling a long or short distance.

a visit stopping in more than one place,

animals in order to get food.

4

Nowadays the average

of a man is 1.8

metres.
5

Compared to the past, t h e

c a visit to a particular place and back,

enjoys a

com fortable life today.

6

We arrived late. The journey took longer than we

expected.

Doctors w orry that young people today are becoming

Now complete the sentences using journey, voyage, tour

or trip.
1

Complete the text using the correct form of words from

the text on p31. The first letter and the length of the
words are given.

travelling a long distance by sea or in space.

Were going to do a ____________ of Europe next

month. We w ant to visit six different countries.

Peter and Clare are taking a s h o rt_____________ to

Budapest this weekend.

3
Maize, wheat, rice and potatoes make up the 1 s ______
4

diets of most o f the w o rld s population. These crops

2g

in a variety of climates and can 3 s _ _

0_

It was a long p la n e _____________ It was so boring and

the seats were too small and uncomfortable.

large numbers of people, w hich is why they are so

im portant. However, people c a n n o t4 I

NASA is planning a n o th e r_____________ to Mars. Its

going to cost m illions of dollars.

P h ra s a l v e rb s
these

Match the phrasal verbs in 1 -5 to meanings a -e .

alone. They need fruit, vegetables and a form o f protein

such as meat, fish or beans. In the past, people ate food

My fathers just taken up golf.

I dont th in k I can put up w ith that noise any longer!

You are coming to my party, arent you? You w ont let me

We were going to the USA for a holiday this summ er but

produced and s g -------------------- locally, so diet changed

w ith the seasons. However, today we buy food from all

I was going to go for a walk but the rain put me off.

down at the last m inute, w ill you?

over the world, so we can have more s v __________ in ou

diet throughout the year.

our plans fell through.

tolerate or stand

stop somebody from doing something

not do w hat is expected or promised

come to nothing

start as a hobby

Complete the text using the correct form of the phrasal

verbs in 5.
Have you ever wanted to i

archaeology? I

must say that Id always been 2 _____________ the idea by

the thought of all that w ork outdoors in the wind and the
cold! But one day, a friend asked me to jo in him on an
archaeological dig. I agreed to go w ith him and
3_____________ the weather. The day we were leaving, it
was freezing cold, but I knew that I had to go. I couldnt
4_____________ my fr ie n d ______________ But, as luck
w ould have it, our p la n s 3 ______________ He had developed
a really bad cold and decided to cancel the dig. I breathed a
sigh of relief!

n it
V
Answer these questions.

Read the information about the United Kingdom

parliament and decide if these statements are true or

false.

Which of the three elements of the UK parliam ent is the

most powerful?

The word parliam ent comes from an old English word.

Why was a parliam ent formed in the Middle Ages?

The members of the House of Commons are barons and

Why was Charles I killed?

bishops.

What are the duties of parliament?

In the Middle Ages, the king needed a parliam ent to

raise money.

The queen (or king) has little political power nowadays.

The House of Lords is responsible for creating new laws.

Talking about your country

1

Describe the political system in your country.

How did the system develop?

Are people in your country interested in politics? Why?

Why not?

Do you th in k parliam ents or governments are interested

in w hat ordinary people want?

Jobsin th e fu tu re
Q

ts ic M

r g w ri2 E :

Which jobs do you think there will be more of in the

future? Why?
a

health care workers

com puter program m ing

farm ing

Which jobs do you think there will be

fewer of in the future? Why?
a

delivering post

forestry work

c teaching

Reading
3 Read the article. What kinds of jobs could you
consider doing in the future? Ignore the gaps.

So what will we all be doing in the future

Can you write? Do you have a talent for entertaining others? If you

hotel m anagers and m any other kinds of workers. So if youre good

at languages and interested in travel, this might be a job area for

do, you will find that there is a lot of work available for you.
you. do
n
New
forms of entertainm ent which
What if youre physically strong, enjoy working outdoors and
not even exist today will create new industries and opportunities
dont mind facing a bit of a challenge from time to tim e? If thats
for work. At the sam e tim e, existing forms, such as television, will
the case, working as a construction worker, a m ember of a highway
expand. This has already started to happen with the growth of
repair crew, or a forest ranger might suit you very well. No one
digital and cable channels.
working in these jobs will ever be com pletely replaced by m ass
Com puters cannot program th e m se lv e s .2 ------------------------------------------production. 4 ----------------------------------------------------______________ Therefore if youre a com puter whizz kid, the future
Finally, what if your talents lie in other directions and what
looks promising. Jobs for software programm ers will soar in the
yo ure really into is biotechnology? There can be no doubt that the
future as we see an explosion in the use of micro chips and
biotech revolution will certainly open up entirely new jobs which
com puter technology for entertainm ent. In fact, in a few years,
we can only im agine to d a y .3
- They wl11
com puter technology will be everywhere. M icrochips will even be in
be the health-carers, who will be needed to look after individuals
our fridges, so we know what food we need to buy, and in other
who will live for much longer. Do you feel you could get job
household m achines, to tell us when they arent working properly.
satisfaction taking care of others? If you do, you will never be out
Maybe you have excellent people skills. Well, jo b s which involve
of work. Robots, telem edicine and so on, may reduce the need for
working with others will alw ays be around. There are plenty to
certain kinds of jobs in this area, but they will never replace the
choose from: nurses, physiotherapists, lawyers, teachers, fitness
caring attitude of a human being.
and sports trainers - the list is end less. 3 ---------------------- 2-----------------------So the future looks bright. The only problem you might have is
A good exam ple is in the travel business. At the m oment, it s the
deciding which of these areas to choose!
fastest-grow ing industry in the world, partly because arranging
Michio Kaku, V isions
trips has becom e easier with the Internet. Jobs include tour guides,

Reading
7

Missing sentences
First, decide what the words in italics refer to. Next, try to
find words and ideas in the text to connect the missing
sentences to the right gap, e.g.
a

Complete the sentences using the correct preposition.

for
1

In Jemmas new job, she has a lot of opportunities

There was an e x p lo s io n _____________ m obile phone

sales a few years ago.

People w ill never be completely re p la c e d ____________

There w ill be an increase_____________ the am ount of

The d e m a n d _____________ people w ith com puter skills

Jennifer is g o o d _____________ fin d in g interesting web

computers.

therefore fits into gap 3.

free tim e people have in future.

is soaring.

Sentences a -f fit into gaps 1 -5 in the article.

Decide where each sentence fits best. There is one
sentence you dont need. Sentence a is done for you.
a

at

_____________ travel.

Jobs like these which involve personal contact require

people w ith the right personality and are almost
impossible to replace w ith computers.

The words in italic pick up the idea of jobs which involve

working w ith others in paragraph 3. This sentence

by in

sites.

Jobs like these which involve personal contact require

people w ith the right personality and are almost

Describing abilities

impossible to replace w ith computers,

Furthermore, as there w ill be more old people, there w ill

Find these words in the text on page 42, then complete

the sentences using the correct one.

be an increase in the demand for another very particular

satisfaction

suit

good

skills

into * talent

kind of worker,
c As none of these jobs is repetitive, each new task
requires an entirely different assessment o f a practical
d
e

Sam has a _____________ for w riting.

Sara has excellent p e o p le ____________

problem.

Toms _____________ at languages.

Programming requires not only m athem atical talent but

Teaching w o u ld _____________ Peter very well.

also creativity.

Even today the video game industry is larger than the

What M arys re a lly _____________ is science.

Harry knows he could get j o b _____________ taking care
of others.

entire w orld-wide film industry,

This is because as people w ill have more leisure tim e in
future, they w ill look fo r new ways to enjoy themselves.

Which job area would beright for you? Write a paragraph

about why you are suited

to it.

Example

Vocab ulary
Describing growth
5 The words below are all used in the article and missing
sentences a -f. Decide which are:
1

nouns
expand

2 verbs
demand create

increase

3 adjectives
soar

I ' d / d i e t o w o r k C r K.-terto.C.-Y*e>.-t vnakCfi.^ T V

p r o a r o v n v n e s . I ' v n r e o / / \ f C r t o T V o r d a w f> o d o -t
-tkC^KC^a o f a e u j id-eo-s . A s X ko-tse o- -to-Xet\-C f o r
w r c t c n x , I t k C r k w o r k e r o r t k o t s id e w o u / d
qCtre vne j o k s o t C s - f o c t C o r . BeCrt^ o k / e t o w o r k o r
d C - f - f e r e r t p r o j e c t s w o u / d s u i t vne.

.....

...........................

fastest-growing

open up

ESI

Complete the sentences using the correct form of suitable

words in 5.
1

A new world of jobs w i l l _____________ in the future.

T h e ____________ for new leisure activities w ill be

Travel is one of t h e ________

The use of m obile phones is

explosive.
leisure activities.

moment.
5

There w ill be a fn )_________

Read these statements about jobs in the future. Do you

agree or disagree with them, or do you have no opinion
about them? In small groups, discuss the reasons for your
opinions.

Work w ill allow us so much leisure tim e that we w ill all

We w ill all earn more money than we need in the future.

Only really intelligent people w ill be needed for jobs in

be bored!

________ at the
in the num ber of jobs

the future.

in the software industry.

U nem ploym ent w ill increase as we use computers more

and more.

&

Prepositions

>

'Unit

'Hxamtraining

The future

Read the text in 1 and decide if the sentences are true or

false.

1 Look at the pictures. What changes do you think there

will be in medicine, travel and communications in the

future?

We w ont need surgery in the future.

Nanorobots w ill repair hair.

The Segway is a new kind of vehicle.

The police in Boston are already using Segways.

You w ill need a keyboard to use the new m obile phones.

People w ill be able to w rite messages using th e ir eyes.

Grammar c A e c f t

pi36

The future
Uses

1 Look at the examples and complete the rules about

the different future forms. Use w ill, going to or the
present continuous.
a

Patients will consult doctors using the Internet,

Jake is going to buy a new com puter on Saturday,

We are meeting Mike at the cinema at 7 p.m.

We use

to talk about

arrangements in the future.

2

We u s e _____________ to ta lk about intentions for

the future.

A few years ago, laser surgery was

co n sid e re d

Future

focus

huge

advan ce

We u s e ________

to make predictions about

the future.

in

m edicine, but now it seem s any

Forms

surgery will soon be a thing of the

2 Write the sentences in the negative(-ve) and

p ast.

We w ont need

surgery

because nanorobots will solve our

question(?) forms.
1

m icro sco p ic

robots.

They

hair, but they can repair the body

are

100,000 tim es sm aller than a human

For

containing nanorobots pre-program m ed to destroy cancerous cells

fight viruses, clean arteries and solve other m edical problem s

____________________________

We are meeting Mike at the cinema at 7 p.m.

- v e _________________________________________

exam ple, a cancer patient will sim ply have to take a tablet
Other nanorobots will be able to mend broken bones, heal wounds

Nanorobots w ill be able to mend broken bones.

- v e _________________________________________

health problem s. Nanorobots are

____________________________

Police in Boston are going to start using Segways.

- v e _________________________________________
?

Can you im agine cities without traffic jam s and no traffic n o ise 2
They may exist one day, thanks to the S e g w a y . The Se g w ay is a kind
of m otorised scooter. Movement is directed by the movement of the
body - ,f you want to go right, you sim ply lean to the right and so

Underline the correct form of the verb to complete these

sentences.

on. To stop you sim ply stand upright. Police in Boston are going to

1 The weather forecast says i t s ra in in g / w ill rain

start using them for routine patrols soon and A m a z o n are going to
sell the m achines on their website by the end of this year
Researchers are predicting that we will soon be able to send text

tomorrow.
When the railway track is improved, trains w ill tra ve l/
are travelling at 120 kilometres an hour.

m essages with m obile phones using only our eyes. The new phones

People w ont liv e / arent living on Mars in the future.

will work through the use of sensors which can tell which letters of

Sally w ill be / is being 30 next month.

the alphabet are being looked at when they are displayed on a

Will people travel / Are people travelling more in the

screen. The program is being developed for people with physical

future?

d isab ilities, but it will probably have wider applications.

:: ng to can be used for prediction

The present simple can be used to ta lk about tim etabled events.

men there is evidence som ething wil

Mark and Philip are going on an adventure holiday next week. Read the
itinerary Mark has received for the trip. Then complete Philips questions using

w ont happen.

the word in brackets in the present simple.

Look at the pictures and write

sentences using the notes 1 -4 .

Thursday

Friday

3 p.m. - meet group at airport

7 .3 0 a.m . - breakfast

5 p.m. - depart M anchester

9 -1 2 .3 0 - abseiling

5.3 0 p.m. - arrive Glasgow

1 - 2 p.m. - lunch

6 p.m. - a bus to Adventure Centre

3 -5 .3 0 p.m. - w hite-w ater rafting

7 p.m. - welcome meeting

6 - 7 p.m. - free time

7 .3 0 p.m. - dinner

7.30 p.m. - dinner

What t im e ___
What t im e __

(meet) at the airport on Thursday?

we
we

How lo n g ___

the jo u rn e y ____

What t im e __

(be) breakfast?

W h e n _______

(fly) from?

we

Which airport

(arrive) in Glasgow?
(take) to Glasgow?

(do) we go abseiling?

The right word

6

Read the text. In pairs, decide whether the verbs in bold have been used
correctly or not. Correct those which are wrong.

The pop group Arena announced plans for th e ir new to u r recently. The group

1 playing in Manchester tom orrow night and in London on Friday. They 2 arrive in
Paris on Sunday and 3 w ill tour Europe for the rest of the m onth. Although the
2

h e /fa ll?

group 4 dont go to the USA, many of the European concerts 5 will be broadcast live
and fans 6 are being able to see them on gigantic video screens. The organisers
7 build screens so th a t fans in the States w ill be able to hear and see fans in
Europe. In fact, the screens mean th a t being at the concert in the USA a will be like
being at the real thing. The organisers are planning to charge fo r the events in the
USA and they 9 going lo install the special screens in 20 concert halls over the next
few weeks. Tickets 10 are not being as expensive as those for the live concerts.

H e /n o t / catch the train.

4.1 Listen and check your answers in 6.

Lets activate
"Plan a trip
8 In groups,

plan a trip for some British students who are visiting your country

next month. Make notes about:

the tim etable.
the places students w ill visit,
the things you are organising such as parties, talks,
other things the students w ill be able to do and see.
things the students w ill need to bring.
Tell someone from another group about the trip you have planned.

*9

Present simple

X B n it

:uture predictions

Lets practise grammar

Will or going to?

3 Read the two advertisements. Then put the verb in

1 Put the verb in brackets in the correct form.

brackets in 1 -1 0 below in the correct form.

Oh no! The c a r ____________ (crash) into the lorry!

I th in k more p e o p le _____________ (use) the Internet in

the future.

Look at all those black clouds in the sky! Ith in k it

____________ (rain).

I _________ (not get married) until

Im

30.

I feel really dizzy and hot. I th in k I _____________ (faint).

28 February

Cold Ice

M anchester Exhibition Centre

Present continuous, will or going to?

2 Look at Maggies diary for next week. Write questions
about her plans. Then answer the questions.

Doors open at 8 p.m.

T-

8 .30 p.m. Y ellow

r-

Tickets 2 0 and 15

9 -3 0 p.m .C o ld Ice

MON

a.m . meetCyc^ Lmtcrke-tCy^

Lc.oyfCrm Crid-ay)
3 .IS p m d-eytCS-t
5 p .m . m ee-t kyd-y tmo-ybe ircsc-t kcs
p a r e y tS 7)

TUES

a.m . pAo-ye < loyd-oy LSue ko-S -tLC.ke.-ts)

V J i.S O p .W . 0-yd- 2 . 3 O-H p .m . W A ' f f l W M
Au.yc.k tAayo-afyc^ 2 >irec.-tor /2 -.3 0 p .m .
Lc.oy fo rm ed )
V p .m . - meetCya^ yoC-tk kA cso r o-yd re s-t erf
-teo-m
6 p .m . AAy back

7 /S

Leading London com puter

com pany seeks a programmer.
Responsibilities: d e ve lop in g ne w program s
m a in ta in in g cu rre n t program s
Location: ne w o ffic e in Camden (to open next
m o n th )

Start date: m ust be available to s ta rt next m o n tSalary: b e tw e e n 25-30,000, d e p e n d in g on

experience]

Cold Ice ' _____ _______ (appear) in a concert in

1 .so

p .m . Au.yc.k y>c-tk Ay y e ? ? Lc.oyfc.rm

T u.es)

THURS

fac.-tory -to u r Z o k y - 10 a.m .

-tkea-tre kyd y? Lc.kec.k c f -tkere o-re - t i c k e t s >

the Manchester Exhibition Centre on 28

February. The doors 2 ---------------------- (open) at
8 p.m. and at 8.30 p.m. Yellow 3

-------------

(play) fo r about an hour. Cold Ice

4 __________
(start) at about 9.30 p.m.
(cost) 20 and 15.

T ic k e ts S _ _ _

Example
when / Maggie / fly / London?

When is Maggie flying to London?

Shes flying to London on Tuesday morning at 7.15 a.m.
1

who / she / have / a meeting w ith / Monday morning?

she / go / to a conference / Wednesday?

when / she / have / lunch / Anne?

w hat tim e / she / meet / Andy?

she / go / to the theatre / John?

what / she / do / w ith John / Thursday morning?

who / she / have / a meeting w ith / Tuesday?

who / have / lunch w ith / Tuesday?

what / do / Thursday evening?

prZZl:

mPa"V

'S

n *,a , l i T T T T T 0rr mt : rr
in the new office. The person ap p o in ted ^
(start) next month. The salary io __
b e tw e e n 2 5 , 0 0 0 - 3 0 , 0 0 0 .

The

office in
------------^
(be)

Other uses of will

Match examples a -e to how we use will, 1 -5 .
a

Will you lend me your car?

I w o n t tell anyone your secret,

Its a beautiful day today. I th in k Illgo for a walk,

You look tired. Ill make you a cup of

Be careful or youll hurt yourself.

to make a promise

to offer to do something

Underline the correct form of the verbs to complete the

sentences.
1

I w ill let / let you know as soon as Jane w ill tell / tells me.

When Pete gets / w ill get his exam results he phone / w ill
phone us.

As soon as the manager arrives/ w ill arrive, we s ta r t/

w ill start the meeting.

tea.

I book / m going to book the restaurant before we w ill go

/ go.

After we come / w ill come back from Greece, we start /

are going to start Greek classes.

to make a decision

to give a warning

The right word

to make a request

Put the verbs in brackets in the correct form. More than

one answer may be possible.

Complete the sentences using the correct form of these

verbs. More than one answer may be possible.
have
1

go

help

take

buy

answer

Yes, shall I go?'

probably toMorroW. Vie Z

Dont worry, I ____________ it.

drive more carefully.

d 3 o'clock in ike Morning, so We

What are you going to get Marty for her birthday?

hnive) d a 300P iiMe.

I ? M<&'s svder isn't away on

if you d o n t

her a T-shirt.

_____________ y o u ______________ me w ith my

homework?

you a new PC fo r Christmas, but you

must w ork hard this year!

6

I do n t feel very w ell.

I _____________ you to the doctors, if you w ant.

<y>

dhen, as soon as, before and after O P137)

Look at the examples and answer the questions.
a

Well eat as soon as Dave arrives,

Before I go on holiday, Im taking my car to the garage,

c Theyre going to go to a restaurant after the film finishes,

d

Ill tell you when I receive the tickets.

Are the sentences about the present or the future?

What tense do we use after before, after, when and as

soon as?

---- -------

heave)

Slow down! Y o u ____________anaccident

Im not sure. I know, I

4

ZZ

Ju ly. Qur

2
3

Dear Alex,
VJell, a ir trip I d Arteries is fin d y organised X
/ _________
(pick up) /he tic k d s id e e this Week,

Is that someone at the door?

What tenses do we use in the rest of the sentence?

York

holibay, then we * ---------------------^

------

f 17

n d We z _____ _____ (have i d IddK tot a hotel.

V/J're planning to day in deW York for abaii a Week
because there's sc Much to bo. Z really Want to go
ihe WuseuM o f Mobern Art, Z think Z
7 ___________ (visit) it the bay after We arrive
because We haven't g d anything else planneb for then.

On the ZU h, we 8 -------------------- W & * b^ "

Match at the Yankee ZiabiuM - Wad's bookeb tickds
on the Znieend. Z m sure it ^ ---------------be
great fun. Mhd I C ------------------ T * ---------
(bo) in Augudp dove you g d any plans? Vfe coulb
coMe to Bodon anb visit you after We leave dew lock.
What bo you think? VJe "
7
back to Lonbon until the enb of Augud. Perhaps you
can id Me know when you ,Z ------3^ ^5
letter, dope to see you then!
love,

4f

W a it

Extension

23rt*century twins
Listening

h radio programme

^ 4.2 Listen to an announcement about a radio

programme and complete the table.

Names of twins: _________

Twins' date of birth:
Different times in the twins' lives
l _

two sentences you do not need,

___________ 3 ______

What sort of information do you think will be included in

the radio programme?

E xo m

training

Matching information
In a matching task you need to look at all the possible
answers w hile you listen to each speaker. U nderlining the
most im portant words before you listen can help you to
recognise the inform ation when you hear it. Do not try to
guess the answers. They may be completely different
from what you expect!

<y4.3 Read the information carefully. Then listen to

what will happen to the twins at the various stages of
their lives. Match sentences a -j to the stages in the box
below and write one letter in each space 1 -8 . There are
a

They w ill be given injections,

Their surroundings w ill make them comfortable,

They w ill take a trip in a noisy machine,

They w ill travel to another moon,

They w ill comm unicate w ith friends from the moon,

They w ill be flu e n t in another language,

They w ill look much younger than they are.

They w ill spend more tim e trying to keep fit.

Driving a car w ill be less dangerous for them,

They w ill have some parts of th e ir bodies remade.

Stage 1 -8 years old

Stage 2-teenagers

Stage 3-45 years old 5

Stage 4 -8 0 years old 7

V.

What kind of
problems might
it create for the
human race if
we all live to be
over 100 years
old?

Pronunciation
5
4.4 Listen to

the recording and underline the main

stressed syllable in adjectives a -h . Then match the
adjectives to meanings 1 - 8 .
perfect

commercial

dram atic

simple

complex

genetic

m inim al

previous

quick and easy

d iffic u lt to understand
ideal
business-like
very small
happening before or earlier
sudden, exciting or impressive
connected w ith the developm ent of living things

Speaking

Soundbites

Talking about the future

Number these phrases in order, from 1, the most likely, to
5, the least likely to happen in the future.

^ 4.6 Read the questions. Then listen to Im agine

by John Lennon, and answer them.
1

What kind of world does the singer ask us to

What does he say people w ill / w ont do in this

This song was w ritten a long tim e ago. Do you

w ill probably be / have ...

imagine?

bound to be / have ...

definitely w ont be / have ...

world?

may not be / have ...

going to be / have ...

th in k people have sim ilar hopes today?

^ 4.5 Read the dialogue. Then listen to the recording

and fill in the gaps.

Imagine
1

Imagine theres no heaven

Its easy if you try
No hell below us

Talking about the future

Rick

1 _________
I th in k 2 ___

Meg

Well, I 3

Meg

youll live when youre older?

live by the sea, but I may

Above us only sky

5

change my m ind. What about you?

Imagine theres no countries

live in a big city. I th in k

It isnt hard to do

4 _____________ build a house in the mountains.

Rick

But I know you. You s ____________ get bored

in the m ountains. 6

Nothing to kill or die for

10

do a lot of

I7

Living life in peace

going to travel. I w ant to see

You may say Im a dreamer

every continent.

But Im not the only one

15

?hoto discussion
In pairs, Student A look at picture 1; Student B look at
picture 2. Take it in turns to ask and answer questions
about the photographs.
Student A: ask

And no religion too

Imagine all the people

travelling?
Meg

Imagine all the people

Living fo r today

I hope some day youll jo in us

And the world w ill live as one
Imagine no possessions
I w onder if you can
No need for greed nor hunger

20

A brotherhood of man

what does your photograph show?

Imagine all the people

what are the issues shown in the photo?

Sharing all the world

what do you th in k w ill happen regarding these issues in

You may say Im a dreamer

But Im not the only one

the future?
25

Student B: ask

can you describe w hat is happening in your photograph?

what problems do the photos suggest?

what can we do to help solve problems like these?

I hope some day youll jo in us

And the world w ill live as one.

Writing a formal letter of complaint

Tomorro w

"sclassroom

Look at these pictures of different ways of studying. What

do they show? Do you use computers or audio CDs when
you study? How do they help you?

Formal and informal language

4 Read the letter again and underline

the correct phrases

for a formal letter.

Sally Hodson
The M anager
B reakthroughs in Education
11 S unberry Close
D o w n in g
West M idlands
1 N ovem ber
Dear 1 M a n a g e r/M s Hodson,
1 Thank you fo r yo u r le tte r 2 th a t y o u se n t a couple o f
weeks a g o / o f 10 O ctober. In th e letter, you
3 assured/promised me th a t th e Talking Translator I
had o rdered/asked for w o u ld be 5 despatched/s e n within 6 a fortnight.
2 It is n o w th re e weeks since I 7 g o t/re c e iv e d y o u r lettei
and th e Talking T ranslator has still n o t 8 g o t h e re /
arrived. I have m ade 9 lots o f/n u m e ro u s phone calls
to y o u r com pany headquarters and sent an em ail b u t
so fa r I have received no 10 r e p ly /w o r d back.
3 As I am g iv in g a d e m o n s tra tio n to o th e r teachers next
w eek on n e w developm ents in language lea rn ing |
w o u ld be 11 g ra te fu l/re a lly h a p p y if you could
chase u p /lo o k in to th e 13 th in g /m a tte r fo r me If
you no lo n g e r have th e Talking T ranslator 14 in stock
a ro u n d the place, please is give m e b a c k /re fu n d th e
cheque I sent.

Studying the sam ple

What is this advertisement for? What can the object it is
advertising do? Do you think it is a good idea? Why? Why
not?

T H E L A T E S T IN L E A R N I N G T E C H N O L O G Y :

4 If you need to 16 speak to /c o n ta c t me u rg e n tly I can

be reached on 103 445 6723, o r a t my em ail addressb ro w n , p@ ghs.org.uk.
5 Thank you 17 a lre a d y /in advance fo r yo u r help. I look
fo rw a rd to 18 h e a rin g fr o m /h a v in g a ch a t w ith you
soon.

TH E TA LK IN G TR A N SLA TO R .
W hatever your destination, you'll be able to
cope with this portable interpreter, which can
speak six languages. A technological marvel,
it has numerous useful functions. It will
give you the confidence to travel the
world knowing that you can
understand and be understood.

A m u s t fo r a n y o n e s tu d y in g la n g u a g e s !
To order complete the form below. A llo w 14 days fo r delivery.

19 Yours fa ith fu lly / Yours sincerely,

P e te r & ro v /n
Peter Brow n

Analysing the layout

5 Match paragraphs 1 -5 in the letter to the description of
what the writer is doing in a-e.
a

Teacher Peter Brown has ordered a Talking Translator for

his classroom, but it has not arrived. Read the letter he
has written and find out why he needs it urgently. Ignore
the words in italics.

explaining w hat action he expects the company to take

explaining the reason for w riting

thanking the manager for helping him w ith his problem

explaining how he can be contacted

acknowledging a letter

Steps to better w riting

W riting your letter

W ritin g fo rm a l le tte rs

Here is another advertisement. In pairs, discuss what it is

for, how you use the object, and what you think of the
idea.

Underline the correct advice for writing a formal letter.

1

The receivers address should / should not appear on the

You should use Mr, Mrs, Ms or Dr and the persons fa m ily

letter.

Revolutionise

name / the persons firs t and fa m ily name.

3

You should use / avoid using contractions, e.g. I d like.

It is a good idea / not a good idea to use exclamation

marks.

Try the pen th at can 're a d y o ur m in d '!

If you know the name of the person you are w ritin g to,

Studying w ill never be the same again!

you should end your letter Yours fa ith fu lly / Yours

It's m agic! As if it obeyed y o u r every th o u g h t,

the In te llig e n t Pen a u to m a tic a lly chooses the
c o lo u r you w a n t (black, blu e , o r orange).
O r so y o u r e n v io u s classm ates th in k !
Its secret is a n e w and o rig in a l m e chanism
th a t lets yo u change c o lo u rs as you w o rk .

sincerely.
The d e fin ite a rtic le
Match examples 1 and 2 with uses of the definite article
a and b.
1

the book I asked you to send me ...

the near future, the only man

when an adjective is used before the noun to make the

W ith its superb design, y o u 'll always fin d it

a pleasure to use. Try it an d see. You'll keep
it for life!

noun specific.
b

to refer to a noun which has been m entioned earlier.

Fill in the gaps in the letter with the, a, an or no article.

Understanding the tasK

Your class has ordered 30 Intelligent Pens. Unfortunately, only
15 have arrived, which is not enough for the whole class. You
decide to w rite a letter to the company.

Planning and writing

10

In pairs, decide on the following points and write your

letter.
how to start your letter, for example, Dear ...
how many paragraphs to include,
w hat to say in each paragraph,
what should happen if they cant supply the pens,
how to end your letter.

hecKing
11

Read through your letter and check that:

you have used some of the form al language from the

sample letter to Sally Hodson on page 50.

Dear Sir,
Thank you for your letter of 17 November.
In your letter, you assured me that
: ___________book on computers which I
ordered would be delivered to my home
address by return of post.
Unfortunately, 2
book I
received is not 3 ----------- one I asked
you to send me. I have tried on
. ___________ numerous occasions to phone
yourcompany, but all I seem toobtain is
;
. answering machine.
As I am leading I ------------ project on
___________ computers at school, I would
oe most grateful if you could look into
: ___________ matter for me. If
: book I need .is out
of
stock, please return j3| ------------ cheque
I sent. If you need to contact me
urgently, I can be reached by email
([email protected]).
Thank you in advance for your help. I
look forward to hearing from you in
n __________ near future.

it includes the appropriate inform ation in each

you have explained clearly your reason for w riting.

you have spelled words correctly.

you have used articles correctly.

you have w ritten between 120-150 words.

paragraph.

Yours faithfully,

Peter &rown
Peter Brown

^ W o rcM o cu s
Tobs in the future

Extension

Put the letters in bold in the correct order to make words

to complete the sentences.

Prepositions

The fast food industry w ill continue to shirfoul in the

future.

Underline the correct preposition to complete the

sentences.
1

Last year saw a noticeable nexispaon in the trade we did

w ith the Far East.

There w ill be a demand in / fo r people who are

computer-literate.

There has been a tremendous mendad for this type of

Do you th in k there w ill be plenty of jobs to choose

after / fro m in the future?

com puter recently.

4

Do you th in k the price of oil w ill searince next year?

Will we all be replaced by / fo r robots?

The cost of living w ill raos over the next few months.

The next few years w ill see the creation after / o f more

jobs in the travel industry.

More leisure tim e w ill treace a new market for the

entertainm ent industry.

Nobody wants to be fro m / out o f work for too long.

Is DVD really the fettass - gingowr industry at the

Do you th in k your talents lie by / in other directions?

moment?

What I w ould like to do is look out o f / after elderly

people.

2 Choose the correct word to complete the sentences.

1

Football coaching is a jo b which w ould m a tc h /s u it me

very well.

What you need for this job are people abilities / skills.

Phrasal verbs
5

Underline the phrasal verbs in sentences 1 -5 . Then match

the phrasal verbs to meanings a-e.

Barry is in to /a b o u t music in a big way.

Do you th in k you can really get job pleasure/ satisfaction

from this kind of work?

Can you tell me what you th in k your strong points /

Scientists have come up against unexpected problems in

th e ir research.

Were counting on you to help us next week.

abilities are?
6
7

Breakthroughs in brain research have brought about a

dram atic rethinking of teaching methods.

Two students in the class have a real satisfaction / talent

fo r languages.

Im not sure if I am up to running a marathon.

Are you good / clever at sport?

We eventually managed to work out how to deal w ith

the crisis!

TalKing about the future

rely on

cause to happen

capable of

Complete the dialogue using these phrases.

w ill definitely live in
w ill perhaps spend
Do you th in k
Chris

are bound to watch

w ill probably be

w o n t we

be faced w ith

solve a problem

w ill probably have

What do youth in k life w ill be like in the future?

Complete this job advertisement using one of the phrasal

verbs in 5.

1 ---------i t ll be easier?
Rachel Somethings

w ill be easier. For example, I th in k we

2 i ntelligent homes - computers

w ill cook for us, do the cleaning and order our
shopping.
Chris

So we 3

more free tim e,

V n u
can m a k e a diffe ren ce!

Rachel

Yes, we w ill. I th in k people s ________

more

TV and play more sports.

Chris
Rachel

And we s -----------------------more tim e on holiday in

space!
FI mm, I th in k space holidays ? _____________ too
expensive for most people.

Chris

But if we live longer, well have plenty of tim e to

save up!

. you

. d oing a jo b w h ere
s ig nificant ch a n g e s in

you could 2 -------------------socie ty? Do you th in k you could deal wit h th e difficult
situations t h a t social workers often 3 ----------------------------- - ?
C o uld pe ople 4 --------------------------------yo u to keep calm in a
___________ solutions
crisis? Do yo u th in k you could 5 ------------------------to proble m s th a t seem impossible to solve?

I f y o u do, th e n social w o rk is th e jo b fo r you.

Interested? Then call 0088 546 7897 fo r fu r th e r in fo rm a tio n .

F iv e -c a r

family
m

1 We're a five-car family

We got what it takes

Take a deep breath

Eight thousand cc

Benzine dioxide

Four different makes

Automatic death

2 One each for the kids

I run two

Carbon monoxide

'Cos it's all about noise

And it's all about speed

One for the *missus

And it's all about power

When there's shopping to do

And it's all about greed

Cars are Japanese of course

Subaru and Mazda

And it's all about fantasy

And it's all about dash

And the Nissan that the missus takes

Nippin down to TAsda
4

We're a load of "noisy parkers

We never do it neat

And it's all about machismo

And it's all about cash
9

And it's all about blood

And it's all about gore

Drive the neighbours crazy

And it's all about oil

When we take up half the street

And it's all about war

Unleaded petrol?
That's gotta be a joke

10 And it's all about money

And it's all about spend

Stepping on the gas we like

And it's all about time

The smoke to make you choke

That it came to an end.

RogerM cGough
*

missus means wife (from Mrs)

T Asda is a popular supermarket

A nosy parker is someone who wants to know what other people are doing.
Here the w riter changes the expression to 'noisy parker'.

4.7

Read the poem by Roger McGough and answer

Your reactions

the questions.
1

What does the w riter mean by a five-car family?

What do he and his fa m ily feel about unleaded petrol?

Why do the fam ily have five cars?

Which verses give the a u th o rs view, and which verses

1 Do you agree w ith the author about the reasons people

have more than one car?
2

What do you th in k the author means by i t s about tim e

that it came to an end? What is your opinion?

3 Do you th in k that putting across your message in a

give the view of the five-car family?

poem like this is more effective than simply telling

someone w hat you feel in an essay or w ritin g it down?
Why?
\

_______

Lets revise Units 3 and 4

Gram m ar

Put the words in brackets into the correct form. There

may be more than one possibility for each gap.

Underline the correct words to complete the text.

Scream 3
It was m idnight and I 1 was

watching/watched

it 2

was /w a s being

e ls e ? ^

starting / started to

w en t to answer it, but when I 4 was

ring. 1

picking it up

w as nobody th ere. T h a ts funny, I

A few m inutes later 1 5 heard/w as

hearing

strange noise. It 6 was

sounding /sounded

som ething outside. I '/

looked /w as looking

like
out of

the w indow , but it was difficult to see. It was dark

rained /w a s raining

walking /w alked
now 111 was

tried/w as trying

getting / got

the phone and 12

q uite hard. As I 9

was

to the front door I heard th e noise

again. Som eone

T h a t 's a ll for to d ay - I n eed to lose so m e w eight.

a r
(turn b ack) to h is com puter. A n
e m a il m essage flashes up on screen. H e o p e ns it
a n d a 3 - D im a g e of his boss ap p e ars. 'K arl, I'd like
to h ave a h o lo g ram m ee tin g 4
(djscuss) fhe
e b o o k p r o je c t / she says. 'Is 1 9 .0 0 to d ay O K ? '

th ought, but I w asnt concerned.

and it 8

s a la d '' fhe k itch e n notes. 'A n yth in g

and

very scary. W hile I w as w atching

the film the phone 3 was

picked it up there

(have) a sa la d for lu n c h a n d a g lass o f orange ju ic e

Scream 3

horror film on television. It w as called

I ' is m id d a >/ a n d K arl 1

(feel) hungry. H e
I Stops w o rk in g on his co m puter, p ic k s up his
m o b ile p h o n e a n d c a lls the k itc h e n . 'I 2

to get in. By

frightened, so I picked up

was calling / called

the police.

T h ats when I realised I w asnt alone.

T h is is not s c ie n c e fictio n a n d it's not a distant

v is io n of the future. A c c o r d in g to scien tists
in te llig e n t ho uses 5
(soon , be) a
I h an k s to co m p u te rs, p e o p le's h o m es 6
(a lre a d y / be co m e) m u c h m o re than t h e i T T T ie
I hey are their workplace, supermarket
en te rtain m en t a rca d e a n d s o c ia l life. Scien tists
(cu rre n tly / w o rk on) in te llig e n t k itch en s
Tr
(prom ote) this n e w h o m e -b a se d lifestyle
T h e se n ew kitch e n s 9 _______ (can) o rd er
g ro ceries, c o o k y o u r food a n d tid y up. T h e y even
suggest m en us for y o u r d in n e r parties.
B e c a u se of these a n d other la b o u r-sa v in g
d e v ic e s w e 1 0
(have) m o re free tjm | _ ^

new technology will save us about an hour a day

Many experts tear that we n
(spend) ^
2

Underline the correct alternative to complete the

conversations.
1

When are you going to visit / do you visit your

American penfriend?

I dont know yet. Maybe I ll v is it/ I m visiting her this

summer.

Do you th in k we w ill liv e /a re living longer in the

Well, some people believe we w ill liv e /a re living to

Does Clare go / Is Clare going to Rachels party?

No she isnt/d o e s n t. Shes going away.

future?
be over 120.
3
4

Were going / Well go to Planet Hollywood this evening.

Ive just booked a table.

Are they c o m in g /D o they come to visit us this
weekend?
B
6

No, they cant.

What is Amy going to / does Amy do w ith the money
she won in the lottery?

x ra im e in front of a c o m p u te r or d ig ita l T V T h is
is b a d new s for o u r b o d ies. S cien tists p re d ict that if
p e o p le I ?
(n 0 t chang e) their attitude
tow ards e x e rcise , the ave rag e m an 13
(becom e) n in e k ilo s h e a v ie r at 89 k i l o W d l e the
averag e w o m a n 's w eight 1 4
(risc) to ?f} kj|fjs
In the last two ce n tu rie s, the averag e height
has in c re a se d b y 46 cen tim e tres,' says D r Jean
barrel. 'W e are n o w in the m id d le of an o th e r great
ch a n g e , but it's o utw ard s a n d not u p w ard s. In the
n eai future, p e o p le w ill be a b le to is
(work), entertain them selves, c o o k a n c T T ^ f r o m
the com fort o l their h om es. T h e re w ill be no need
to le a ve y o u r a rm c h a ir.'

Vocabulary

Phrasal verbs

Underline the correct words to complete the sentences.

1

Our descendants/ ancestors were hunter-gatherers.

Agriculture extended / spread after the last ice age.

Eating ju n k food can result / succeed in people becoming

overweight.

Complete sentences 1 -5 using the phrasal verbs in the

correct form.
put o ff

fall through

Alice and

Chris promised to help me w ith the party

arrangements but at the last m inute th e y ____________

m e _____________ and I had to manage on my own.

Please take up / o ff your coat and sit down.

My uncles trying to give o u t / u p smoking.

The Romans invaded / intruded Britain in 5 5 bc .

Ben made a life / living as a tourist guide.

Jims work is connected w it h / o f computers.

I hope the book w ill enjoy / amuse you.

Put the letters in bold in the correct order to make words

to complete the sentences.
1

le td o w n

Last year I decided t o ______________a new hobby.

When I look back in / on my schooldays, I have happy

10

put up w ith

memories.
5

take up

We wanted to go to Spain fo r our holidays in the summ er

last year but our p la n s ____________

I d o n t know how you c a n

all that noise!

Turn the music down, please.

5

I hope the

thought of allthe extra work w o nt

____________ y o u ________helping me!

Complete the text using one of the phrasal verbs in the
correct form.

Nowadays, there is a growing namded for people who

bring about

understand computers.

come up against

c o u n to n

feel up to

w ork out

jobs in the travel industry are on the searecin.

In future, we shall all have more sureeil tim e to enjoy.

Dont w orry if you d o n t 1 _____________ working this

Ken has a real tental for playing musical instruments.

weekend. You know you can always 2 _____________ me to

Would teaching younger students tisu you?

do the w ork if necessary. Im sure we can 3 ____________

s o m e th in g ____________ together. Sam told me th a t they

Do you th in k it is d iffic u lt to be fentul in English?

Your grandfather is amazing - hes a picture of thealh.

had 4

If you need to tactcon me urgently, phone me on my

- th a ts why th e yve asked you to come in at the weekend.

some unexpected problems in the office

Im not sure w hat 5 _____________ the problems - but he

home number.

says we can probably solve them quickly.

Articles
Complete the text with a, an,

the or

no article.

____________ Lake District is one of the most

'amous places in England. Set in Cumbria, a region
in 2 _____________ north of England, the area has
many mountains and 3 _____________ lakes.
____________ largest lake is 3 _____________
Lake Windermere, which covers 16 square kilometres,
and the highest mountain is called 6 ____________
Scafell Pike. Its 978 metres high.
In 1951, the Lake District became 7 ____________
national park, because it is 8 _____________ place of
great beauty. Since then tourism has been its main
source of income. Many tourists visit
: ____________ area to find out about its most wellrnown resident, t o _____________ poet William
'.ordsworth, Wordsworth moved to 11____________
llage of Grassmere with his sister Dorothy in 1800,
and became known as one of the Lake Poets. You can
still see 12____________ small cottage where he
.rote his most famous works.

IS
Qi

ft

S ' Fo m e u n ti fo rtu n e
'Fame ant! th e fa m ily
1

In pairs, discuss which three of these things are the most

im portant to you.

Scan the text and find out who 1 -1 0 are describing.

a

Steven Spielberg

Jana Novotna

e The w riter

Leonardo DiCaprio

Michael Owen

--------------- has parents who regret some of the effects

fame has had.

2
3

--------------- greatly appreciates his / her m others love.

--------------- has a m other who feels children should be
encouraged when they are young.

--------------- feels hardly anybody realises how d ifficu lt it

is to help people succeed.

_________ has won a lot of money.

--------------- feels you should not be put o ff by lack of

success.

--------------- achieved success because th e ir parents took

part in something.

--------------- is helped professionally by both parents.

--------------- is one of several other children.

10

--------------- has a fa m ily who made big sacrifices.

Reading

V o cab u la ry

Match phrases 1 -6 to their meanings a -f.

Fame

make big sacrifices

pushy

public hu m iliation

people who are paid to do a skilled job (line 3)

lack of privacy

a celebrity recognised everywhere (line 6)

Find the words in the article which mean the following:

a strong desire to achieve something (line 2)

move heaven and earth

a young person w ith a particular gift (lines 6 and 7)

look on the bright side

thought to be the best (line 24)

being forceful to get w hat you want

reach the height of a profession (line 56)

be optim istic

make a m ajor effort to do something

Rewrite the sentences using the adjective form of the

underlined words.

give up im portant things for a reason

be embarrassed in public

having people watch you all the tim e

Skim read the article opposite and choose which

summary sentence best expresses the main point of the
text.
1

Families must make sacrifices fo r children to achieve

Hes ______________________________________________
2

Jana Novotna is in the top-rank of women tennis players

You have to have am bition to get to the top.

Shes ____________________________ _________________

Y o u ______________________________________________
4

He is a footballer, but he is not a professional yet.

The cham pionship is for amateurs.

Hes ______________________________ _______________

success.
2

Families receive benefits if children achieve success.

Support from the fam ily is im portant if children are to

achieve success.

He is a footballer w ith a lot of ta le n t.

Its ______________________________________________

Novotna

'U n it

Sf

DiCaprio

WHEN FAME HITS THE FAMILY

Does your son have footballers feet? C ould your daughter sing in a
Broadway musical? W h en your loved ones have the talent and am bition
to becom e professional, it takes a special family to cope

relationship w ith both parents is so good it cant be real. His

mother handles his business affairs and his father helps him to
choose scripts.M y mother is cool, Leonardo says. She doesnt
45 care about this w hole thing, fame. She just cares about me.
Parents o f England striker M ichael O w en have four other
children but they are extremely proud o f their W orld C up son,
and so they should be. M u m has kept a scrapbook ever since he
: family lite?
was a small boy; she cried w hen he was voted B B C Sports
W hen 14 -year-old Steven Spielberg made his first amateur
50 Personality o f the Year. Dad, a form er professional footballer and
war movie, it was M um , according to Steven, w ho crawled
now an insurance salesman, still has hopes that M ichael might do
through enemy fire in a soldiers uniform before m aking lunch,
w ell both on and off the field. B ut the worst parts o f it all are the
and D ad w ho squeezed into his old airforce uniform and
public humiliations, w hen M ichael gets sent off the field, tor
worked out exactly how m uch flour was needed tor a
example, and the lack o f privacy, as hes recognised wherever he
convincing explosion.
55
goes.
The mother o f Jana Novotna, a W im bledon tennis champion,
So, if someone in your family wants to get to the top, you
recalls that the family went w ithout holidays for ten years so that
should help them to be realistic about their chances.You should
they could pay for Janas coaching and equipment. Janas mother
move heaven and earth to make sure they get the opportunities
:: is a school teacher and lives in B rno in the Czech R epublic. She
they deserve. However, if and w hen failure comes, you must
regards herself as a pusher without being pushy. W h e n you have
eo show understanding and tell them to lo o k on the bright side. It s
small children, you have to decide for them at an early age what
a big, w ide w orld and they can always get out there and try
you want them to do. Later they can choose their own
________________
again.
direction. Jana is one o f the top-ranked women players m the
25 w orld and has earned over $9 m illion in prize money.
Tennis has done so much for Jana, says her mother. I
dont know where to begin: travel, the opportunity
JF
to speak other languages and meet other people.
Shes so fortunate to be able to do a sport she loves
t o tw rJ lrF
30 so much and be paid tor it.
Film star Leonardo D iC a p rio lived
What are the disadvantages of fame m entioned in the
P | with his mother, Irm elin, for many years
in Los Angeles. Irm elm separated from
article?
his father, com ic-book artist George,
What arc the advantages of being fam ous7 Are they greater
v 35 when Leo was a baby. She
than the disadvantages?
cheerfully put up with Leos poor
Michael Owen's father was a professional footballer. Do you
record at school and w ild
th in k it is easier to succeed if you enter the same profession
teenage ways until Leo made a
as your parents7
commercial aged 14 and swiftly
Do you th in k il is possible to succeed w ith o u t the help ol
;o became a successful teenage
your family? Why? Why not7
actor. Friends sav that I cos

H o w many o f us really understand the huge amount o f time

; attention, energy and understanding it takes to turn a talented
youngster into an international star? A n d how tar w ould you, or
should you, be prepared to go if a member o f your family was
good, even amazingly, unbelievably good, at what they did?
C o u ld you cope w ith the invasion ot privacy and the impact on

'Time

w
Spielberg

________________

Grammar
M odals: logical conclusions

Match sentences 1 -4 to the correct explanation a -d .

^ 5.1 Listen to part of a quiz show and decide if

statements 1 -5 are true or false.

Sam must be at home today.

James may know Toms phone number.

The famous actor may be Anthony Hopkins because he

Frank m ight not live in London anymore.

comes from Wales.

That new bike cant belong to James,

The actor could be Catherine Zeta-Jones because she has

They play tennis together,

a fam ous father.

He loves his old one too much,

The actor must live in Wales because he is Welsh.

He said he was too ill to go out, earlier,

Someone w ith the surname Jones m ight be Welsh.

Last tim e I spoke to him he wanted to move.

The group can't be Oasis because Liam and Noel are

Underline the correct modals to complete the sentences.

Irish.

Mike m u s t/ could be good at football. Hes been signed

up by a professional club.

Im not sure where Carols father is from . He m ight / ca n :

be English because of his accent. He could / may not be
Scottish.

Billy has lied before, so he must b e /m ig h t not be telling

the truth.

You cant / might be hungry! Youve just eaten a huge

pizza.

Look! Theres someone in Sarahs house. Her fam ily are

on holiday so it cant/ m ig h t be a burglar.

Sue and Jill c a n 't/ m ight not be sisters. Sue told me she
was an only child.

Read the letter from Jill to her cousin. Fill in the gaps
using must, could, might, may or cant. More than one
answer may be possible.

ISrcwmmarcfwccfc

London
( > P I 3 7 )

10 TuL

P&ar Francesca,

Logical conclusions about the present

Thanks for your letter. You '

be mi^veq
relieved
tour warns are over and you're now free to enjoy the summer

Uses
Read sentences 1 -5 in 1 above and complete the
rules using the correct modal verb: may, might,
must, might not, or cant.
1

We use could,
the in fin itive form of the verb when we th in k
som ething is possibly true.
We u s e

In your last email, you asked if I had heard from Tosh lately. !
----------- be- on holiday. I know he likes to
2V6nt' ^
90 away in Tuly. If fact, he * -----------------------b,
^
He
mentioned that some friends of his had invited him to join them
there for a few weeks. However, he 4
be c
back soon because he told me he had to be in London on 2 i P .

, or may not when we

believe som ething possibly isnt true.

We u s e ---------------------- when we strongly believe

nyway, he ?

that som ething is true.

4

We u s e ________

---------- already know that you are tryinq

o get in touch as I forwarded your email to him and I know he

dieqfcs his. e-mails e-ve-py da^.
I saw Uncle 5ob the other day. He

when we believe that

something is definitely not true.

Continuous form
We use the continuous form of the infinitive for
things which are happening now, e.g. That cars
covered in snow. It must be snowing somewhere near
here.

_____________ be

ploased that he has to move for his job but he hides it well. He
says Aunt Tulia is looking forward to moving out of London, but
inl\ S C 1----------- ---------- ^ saying she wants to move to
mafce- life easier for him.
If you re free over the summer do come and stay
love,
T il

Logical conclusions about the past (>- pi37)

Read the examples and complete rules 1 -3 .
a

Lets activate
Art theft m-fster'f

You cant have seen Leonardo DiCaprio in Lord o f the

Work in small groups. Read the introduction and look at

Rings. He wasnt in it.

b

the police notes. Then discuss the solution to the mystery.

Michael Owen must have started playing football when

The actor Max Nail had a party in his house in Hollywood

he was very young. He played for England when he was

last night. During the party, someone stole a picture in a

18.
c

large frame, but nobody saw anything. The painting was in a

Pete wasnt at the disco last night. He could have gone

locked room and the door was still locked this morning

to the cinema.
1

when Max w ent to get the painting. He was going to lend it

to the Museum for a special exhibition next week.

We use must, + _____________ + the past participle to

say w hat we strongly believe happened in the past.

We use could / may / m ight + _____________ + past

participle to say what we th in k probably happened in

the past.

C r im e

We u s e _____________ + ______________ + past participle

to say w hat we d o n t th in k happened in the past.

Match these pictures to 1 -4 below. Then complete the
sentences.

Sc.ene.

ro o m

on f ir s f

fZ o o r ; <\H w / V o w s

/oc.Ke.c/ e x o e p f one. Sm^/Z one.

Sm^ZZ p ie . c.es o f w o o d fo u n c f n e < \r f h e

V iV o v

m adefy f o o f p r i n f s

(shoe. S/'z.e. ~b(o)

L e f^ a e e n 'rrin d o 'rr e^nd w *// w k e re f h e

p o d n fin g j w <*s h a n g in g

C?<\rden

fr < \m e

o f f h e p e \in fin < ) f o a n d in p ie c .e s

t \ f fh e . L o f f o m
-

Sm<\ZZ, s h u r p K n ife . f o a n d L y d a s fL zn

fo o fp r in fs
lea,d f r o m

V is ifo r s

Example

I saw Charles at the party last night.

o But you cant have seen him , becausehes away on
holiday.

/W a n f o

r o t \ d vza. daS fLzn .

in p a ,s f w e e k :
S iZ a e r S m ifh , c \ r f e x .p e .r f, ZooKecZ

o ffe re c Z f o

Z<\sf w e e k <\nd

Lay i f

J l/s fih 4 CfOocZm^n, ooaSzn a,nd p o o r

r e l a t i o n A .s K e d ZAe\x f o r m o n e y .

Someone sent Clare flowers yesterday.

T h e y___________the flowers because it was her

birthday.

s h o r f a,nd h e w y (sh o e Szz.e 4 -/) A l^ x

Did you hear that noise in the garage a few minutes

o w es h im m o n e y

ago? I t ___________ the cat, I suppose.

P o y e T h o rm e \n , w / V o w

No, i t ___________the cat, because i t s been sleeping

< \r f e n fh a s ie \s f, c <xme w if h

on the sofa all day.

4

la .K e

(shoe, sz~z.es 3( a,nd 4-4-)

e \f f h e p e d n fih g

1-b
1

o f fh e . y t \r d e n

I phoned you this m orning, but you d id n t answer,

F~ra,nK C onsf<\nc.e, n e ig h b o u r, mzd (oQs,

c.le a n e r e\nd
d w jh fe r

(Z4-)

Oh, I ___________in the shower or I might have

been sleeping.

Example
The th ie f cant have gone into the room through the door
because it was s till locked this morning. The pieces o f wood
could be im p o rta n t...

Lets practise grammar

Logical conclusions
1

Complete the sentences using must, might, might not or

cant.
1

Complete the sentences using must have, cant have,

might have, might not have and the correct form of the
verb in brackets.
1

Ja n e _____________ be happy. She won a tennis

tournam ent yesterday.

K a te _____________ (tell) Mark about the job advert. She

d id n t know about it.

It

be d iffic u lt being famous. You have no

Peters got a lovely suntan. H e ____________ (be)

W e _____________ go out tonight. I th in k there is a good

T in a _____________ (pass) her exam. She d id n t do much

privacy.

somewhere sunny on holiday.

film on TV.

revision and she looked upset when she got her results.

Matt and S usie_____________ be going out together

Jo isnt at school today. S h e

because hes going out w ith Louise.

I cant find my jacket. I th in k I ____________ (leave) it in

the cafe, but Im not sure.

be ill or she

Maybe John doesnt know about the party. He

_____________ be taking her driving test.

_____________ (receive) an invitation because hes been

The k e y _____________ be under the doorm at. Helen

on holiday.

Look - theres Sally. Whos that boy in the car w ith her?

I heard them shouting and when I saw them a few

Oh, i t _____________ be her cousin. Sally was going to

minutes ago they both looked furious.

usually leaves it there.

the station to meet h im .

8

Is that Bill over there on that bike?

I th in k Rob and A n d y

(have) an argument.

Correct the mistakes.

No, i t _____________ be Bill. He doesnt have a bike.

2

Rewrite the sentences using the verb in brackets.

Example
I d o n t know if Sarah is com ing to class today, (m ight not)
Sarah mieht not be com ing to class today.
1

Im sure that isnt Sue, because shes in Manchester

today, (cant)
T h a t_______________________________________ _

Im not sure w hether that stone is a real diam ond, (may

not)
That s to n e ________________________________________

Im sure youre very tired. Youve been running for 30

minutes, (must)
Y o u ______________________________________

Its possible the dog is in the garden, (might)

The d o g

._______

Its possible that Graham is w aiting outside in his car.

(could)
G ra h a m ___________________________________ ._______

I do n t th in k acting can be easy, (cant)

A c tin g

Sues late. She can have overslept again.

(must)

They m ight had gone to the country. They wanted to get

C la re
8

___

Im certain that Clare is te llin g the tru th . She never lies,

________

Im not sure i t s a good day to go sailing. Its not very

out of the city.

3

windy, (might)
I t ________________________________________________

That dress could have cost a lot. Its from a very cheap
shop.

It m ustnt have been raining. Your um brella isnt wet.

They may not have gone by car. Its still in the garage.

My boots arent here. I suppose my sister could have

Jill m ight have not taken the camera. Ill go and look.

They cant bought the CD. It isnt going to be released

borrow them .

until next week.

Extension
because, unless, although O pi3 7 )
5

Look at examples a -c and answer the questions.

a

He cant have done it because he wasnt in the country;

he was abroad.

He cant have done it unless he was in two places at the

same tim e.

He cant have done it although he m ight have wanted to

do it.

Which word do we use to contrast inform ation?

Which word do we use to give a reason?

Which word do we use to introduce a condition?

Underline the correct words to complete the sentences.

1

Debra must be Jeans cousin because/unless they have

the same grandmother.

Jos father was a professional footballer and knows a lot

about the game unless/ although he doesnt play
nowadays.

Mary cant have given Pete your message because/

They must have caught the train unless / because they

although she hasnt seen him.

havent rung to say they missed it.
5

It must have been Stephen we saw unless / although it

was someone who looked exactly like him.

Jane m ight not have gone skiing although / because she

wanted to. She had a lot of w ork to do.

They said they were going to the beach unless / because

The journey should only take tw o hours unless / because

it rained.
the traffic is very bad.

The right word

7

Read the newspaper article and choose the best answer,

a, b or c, to fill in the gaps.
1
2

3
4
5
6

7
8

a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a

unless
might
m ustnt
cant
m ight have
may not have
because
must have had

b
b
b
b
b
b
b
b

because
cant
m ight not
may not
can have
cant have
although
must have

c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c

although
must
m ight
m ight
couldnt have
cant
unless
could have
had

a m ustnt do

b could have

a although
a must
a cant

b unless
b might
b may

c cant do

done
10
11
12

c because
c cant
c m ight not

While his friends were busy playing the latest computer

games, Richard Prescott was busy selling cars. He made
his first million at the age of 16. We asked him what its
like being rich so young.
People often ask me that, especially teenagers,
1 ------------------- they think my life 2 _______________ be
very different from theirs. I suppose I 3 ___________ be
working when theyre out having fun. and I
1 --------------------- have so much free time, but the only
difference really is that 1 buy and sell cars.
Richard, who s now 19. s ___________ become so
successful without the help and support or his family.
Bor the last four years he has been working for his
fathers used car business. It ____________ been easy
at first < -------------------- Richard was so young. Yes, it
was difficult, says his father. Rut Richard is a talented
boy and he coped with customers very well. I m proud of
him.
His job s --------------------- a big impact on his school
work. How' did he cope with that?
Well, I left school early and had private teachers. It
was much better. I talked to my parents and I said "I
9 --------------------- my job i
Ihavemore
time, and we decided that a private teacher w'as the
best solution. That w'ay I could do schoolwork and mv
job.
So, does Richard think hell carry on doing this job?
Hc 1 1 --------------------enjoy it or he wouldnt bo doing it,
but is it for life? I m not sure. I >2____________ still be
doing it in 20 years time because I m still enjoying it. Or
perhaps I ll decide to try something different, he says
with a smile.

Tta/cingchanges

THE N A T IO N A L

In pairs, answer the questions.

What does the poster suggest could happen?

Queen Elizabeth I of England changed the value of the

currency in

What is a lottery? How does it work?

In pairs, discuss how your life would change if you won a

large sum of money in the lottery. Talk about:

entertain the public.

how your friends m ight feel.

make some money,

w hat you could do to protect your privacy.

please her ministers.

w hat you couldnt do.

what the future m ight be like.

Private lotteries were eventually made illegal in Englar :

a

too d iffic u lt to organise.

Nowadays, lottery money is often used to

Always read through the m u ltip le choice questions and

possible answers carefully. This helps you to focus on
what inform ation you are listening for.

b help set up businesses,

c
J

The word lo tte ry came originally from

America.

a lot o f.

fa te .

Julia doesnt believe in buying lottery tickets.

The modern lottery first appeared in Britain at the end

of the last century.

Mathematicians have criticised the lottery.

You have a one in four m illio n chance of w inning the

lottery.

Italy.

fa ith .

An early reference to the lottery was made

a

in the 12th century.

in religious writings,

in Roman times.

help people find jobs.

The real meaning of the word lo tte ry is

a

England.

help good causes.

^Js.3 Listen to Ben and Julia talking about the lottery

and decide whether statements 1 -6 are true or false.

^rjs.2 Read through these questions. Then listen to a

description of the history of lotteries in England and
circle the correct answer, a, b or c.

more profitable than the national lottery,

b run in a dishonest way.

1516.

because they were

Multiple choice

introduced the very first public lottery in London to

a

A. talK
3

1506.

According to the speaker, Queen Elizabeth I probably

w hat your life w ould be like.

Wxamtraining

1560.

Listening
j

LOTTERY

You increase your chance of w inning if you always

choose the same numbers.

Most people choose the first numbers they th in k of

when buying lottery tickets.

Speaking
Maying decisions
5

^a)s.4 Some young people are discussing community

projects for their town, funded by the lottery. Listen to
the recording and fill in the gaps.

Persuading someone
John

I th in k a library w ould be popular with

everybody, 1 _____________?

Jess

Yes. But youve got to agree that a disco would

Nigel

2 _____________ that a sw im m ing pool would

be more popular w ith young people.

be best? People like swim m ing.
Hattie

3 _____________a sports stadium? Dont you

th in k that 4 _____________ an even better idea?
W 9 M

Reaching a decision
Jess

s _________

that a disco w ould be the best

TS: S'Sf

idea?
Nigel

I th in k weve all decided that a sw im m ing

Hattie

Well, 6 _____________ that a sports stadium

pools the best project.

w ould be the most popular choice.

Exam training
Role play
Remember to wait until the other person / examiner has
finished speaking before you begin to speak.

Student A: You are on an exchange visit staying with a

fam ily who have a son / daughter the same age as you
(Student B). Next week is a public holiday and you are
deciding what to do. You would like to:

go to the mountains.

stay in a youth hostel.

go cycling and walking.

Persuade your partner to do one thing, and agree to do

one thing your partner would like to do. You speak first.
Student B: You have a guest (Student A), who is the same
age as you, staying with your fam ily on an exchange visit.
Next week is a public holiday and you are deciding what
to do. You would like to:

go to the seaside.
stay in a hotel.
go swim m ing.

Persuade your partner to do one thing, and agree to do

one thing your partner would like to do. Wait for your
partner to speak first.

Photo discussion
7

In pairs, Student A look at 1; Student B look at 2. Take it

in turns to ask and answer questions about the
photographs.
Student A: ask B

w hat is in the photo.

w hether the situation is healthy or unhealthy.

w hat forms of transport people w ill use in future.

Student B: ask A

w hat the photo shows.

w hether w hat the people are doing is a good idea or a

how people can stay healthy.

bad idea and why.

Writing an argument for and against

J k m

b it io n

B rainstorm ing ideas

1

What do you think about when you hear or see the word
am bition? In pairs, brainstorm the words you know. Are

Write down the three points the writer makes for and the
three against ambition. Check your answers with a
partner. Do you agree or disagree with the writer? Why?

the words you used positive, neutral or negative?

Steps to better w riting

Studying the sam ple

2

Read this composition about ambition. Ignore the missing

words. Which paragraph, 1, 2, 3 or 4:

summarises the w rite rs views about am bition?

talks about the positive aspects of am bition?

Read the text in 2 again and choose the two correct

expressions to fill in the gaps.

Example

explains the meaning and possible effects of am bition?

talks about the negative aspects of am bition?

Therefore (b)O n the other hand (cfjHowever

1

'Ambition is a nwjativs quality.

True or false?
M o t i o n a n bn

UnKing words

. * t o n r m in a t w

n c te v n u k c m o r boon, b o m r p ro p b orpne t o t
Without am bition we cannot succeed m life.

hand A

others claim that with it, we d w frtty

lives.

1 What is tru e is that people who are am bitious have a

b At fi rst

b Secondly

c First of all

c Nevertheless

a Furthermore

a Last of all

b in addition

b At the end

c On the other hand

c Last but not least

a At last

a In conclusion

b Finally

b On the other hand

c Lastly

c To sum up

a Therefore

a However

b Nevertheless

b At last

c On the other hand

c Nevertheless

a The first
b The one

oompletety d iffe re n t wa^ of looking at life from

who are n o W
have a total
com m itm ent to what tbeq are doing. 2 -

a Moreover

a Firstly

c The main

-- - - -

Put these words into the five groups below.

people who care deepty about what th ty are doing

put m ore e ffo rt into being successful *

.-

- -

in addition

however

these people m ig ht produce b e tte r resu lts because

tViety are so motivated.
? 4

it is also obvious that am bition can

nevertheless

ig*

as a result

have negative effects on our lives. 5 ----------- d L r r p n 9 e f c b S p r b * V r . u r b lb

Am bition can tatce awa^ all energy leaving us

furtherm ore
1

in conclusion
fin a lly

lastly

moreover

on the contrary

last but not least

first of all

the first

therefore

on the other hand

at last
secondly

so

to sum up

The order in which som ething happens

F irst o f all______________________________________________
2

Another point giving an example of the same thing

famils and friends, who feel th ty are not a part of

A new point giving an example of a contrasting thing

o u r lives am) m ore. ! - - - - - - - - 6011

seriousty h arm other innocent m em bers of society.

To introduce a summ ary

To talk about a result

exhausted to enjo^ arty interests we m ty have

it can ru in o u r relationships with

4 j

, it can be argued that ambition

neednt be "an undesirable quality if if

used

c o n s t r u c t i v e l y - ..................... if it is used unwisel ,

it is a quality which destroys not onty o u r personal

liw 6 b u t the lives of others around us.

(220 words)

W riting a group com position

>fle
In a composition for and against an idea it is better not
to write I think, I feel, etc., but to say what you think in a
more impersonal way. Study these examples.

10 Think about the subject.

1

What are these people famous for?

What do you th in k their lives are / were like? Why?

i can be argued t h a t ... (impersonal it + the passive)

some people argue that ... (impersonal some people)
: is also obvious that ... (it + verb + adjective)
: is undoubtedly true that ... (undoubtedly for emphasis)
Rewrite these sentences in a more impersonal style. Use
as many different forms as you can.
E x a m p le
th in k a m b itio n is destructive,
r can be argued th a t am bition is destructive.
1

I th in k i t s true that people would get nowhere w ith o u t

am bition.

I often hear people say, Hard work is more im portant

than a m b itio n .

3
4

Lots of people believe that children should be taught to

be am bitious.

Planning a composition

Everyone needs motivation.

Y.'ou may have to w rite a composition stating your views

fo r or against a particular topic. It is im p o rta n t to plan
what you w ant to say for and against a subject, to give a

:ro article O Pi36 )

balanced point of view.

Match sentences 1 -4 to the rules a and b.

1

Happiness is not easy to find.

Everybody needs friends.

A m bition can ruin our lives.

Successful people usually w ork hard.

a
b

Understanding the taste

11

no article w ith plural nouns when we are speaking

Work in small groups. Look at these two composition

titles. Decide which composition you would prefer to
write.

generally

Fame results in a loss o f freedom. True or false?

no article w ith abstract nouns

Wealth does not bring happiness. True or false?

We use the definite article with nouns when we are giving

more specific information, e.g. The frie n d s I have a t
sch o o l..., The happiness I fo u n d when I m e t . . . . Put the
definite article in the gaps where necessary.

Planning and writing

12

Plan and write your essay using these points to help you.

Brainstorm your ideas about fame and wealth. Make

Make a list of three or four points for and against the

notes.
expressed view.
-------------------- Pc P le som etim es find it d iffic u lt to make
friends if they live in_3 ______

tow ns

Decide how you w ill begin and end your com position.

Decide what link words you w ill use.

ties. I hey often experience 4 _____________ loneliness

Decide which paragraph(s) each student w ill write.

depression, jo in in g

Write your own paragraph(s) on a small piece of paper.

Arrange your paragraphs in order on a large piece of

: or societies can be a good way to m eet 7 __________

paper.
oeople. s

feeling o f being co m pletely

in the w orld q u ickly disappears when 9 ___________

' e you are w ith have 1 0 ________

same interests as

he 6 fcing
13

Read through your composition and check that:

the paragraphs are in the correct order.

you have w ritten in an impersonal style.

you have used suitable linking words to introduce your

you have w ritten between 200-250 words.

points for and against and your conclusion.

Word focus
Fame and the family

Extension

1 Put the letters in 1 -6 in the correct order to make words

to complete the text.

Expressions
3

Choose the correct answer, a, b or c, to complete these

sentences.
1

Dont

your tim e doing the lottery. Youll never

win!
a
2

waste

b lose

give

When Rory inherited some money he decided to

_______ his own business.
a

take up

b s e tu p

put up

Lots of organisations hope t o _______ a grant from the

National Lottery.
a

get

b take

make

After a long discussion, the professor________ his

presentation.
a

made up

added up

summed up

In order t o _______ success, you need to be very

determined.
a

Which is more

im portant, a b ility or

achieve

b beat

make

The rock co n c e rt________ m illions of pounds for

charities around the world.

determination? Many young people are i edlatent in their

own way. However, it takes more than that to succeed. It

helps if you have 2 tambioni and energy and parents with

vision. Richard Williams, the father o f 3 pot-edrank tennis-

stars Venus and Serena Williams, always wanted his

gave

b collected

raised

The first ever lottery w a s _______ in 1560.

performed

b done

held

Will y o u _______ some lottery numbers fo r me?

a

take

b decide

pick

children to be tennis players and has handled their careers

from an early age. Consequently, the girls started playing

Phrasal verbs

when they were ju st four years old. Obviously they had to

Match phrasal verbs 1 -5 to meanings a-e.

make 4 crasifiecs to be successful. Becoming an

hang on to

* nintrataniole tennis player means you dont have much

be put o ff

hme for a social life but in this case their effort has certainlv

3 carry on

got them to the e tpo.

work out

5 go w ith o u t
a lose your interest or enthusiasm

Prepositions

2 Complete the text using these prepositions.

of

on

at

over

w ith

People who play the lottery know that the chances

1 ____________ w inning are very small. But everyone needs

manage w ith o u t something

keep going despite difficulties

keep

find the answer to something

to dream, and dreams are w hat the lottery provides. Each

Complete the text using the phrasal verbs in 4 in the

correct form.

weekend m illions 2 _____________people imagine what

If you w ant to be successful, you have to 1 ____________

they would do if they won. Five to ten m illio n pounds is a

w hat it is you w ant and how to achieve it. You m ustnt be

large sum 3 ____________ money. It w ould have a huge

2____________ by all the hard w ork it m ight take. There

im pact 4 _____________ th e ir way of life.

may be things you would like to have, but you w ill have to

So how do people choose th e ir numbers? Not everyone

them . When things seem impossible, you

chooses numbers 3 ____________ random. In fact most

have to be strong and 4 _____________ You w ill probably

numbers have a connection _____________ something, for

have to face failure before you succeed! But remember, it s

example, someones birthday or th e ir age. By using these

im portant to 3 _____________ your dreams.

numbers, people believe they have some control

7 ____________ th e ir luck.

nage of the music industry in Britain

zhanged a great deal from the beginning

POP MANAGER Tom Watkins

I reckon were all being made fools of. What

.190. In 20 0 2, two-thirds of the songs

you have is a nation of young girls voting for

n reached number one in the charts

which boy they like the most, not which one

-e made by manufactured groups . These

may have any talent. Record companies

_os do not come together by themselves,

could sign up new bands. But why spend

the money when all the public wants is this

::'se in a garage, or spend years playing

n z: _bs and clubs waiting for recognition,
.sad they are put together by promoters
: music companies or as the result of
i
shows such as Pop idol. This is unlike

before theyve released a record. But, in a

way, these shows are just following a
tradition led by programmes in the 1970s.
Maybe one day these shows will produce
another Elvis - he was the original pop idol.
PRODUCER OF BBCS TTOP OF THE POPS

POP PRODUCER Pete Waterman

Theres nothing new about Pop Idol. Weve

Chris Cowley
Most of the top ten singles are there
because of clever marketing practices
employed by record companies, not because

rubbish?

had these kinds of shows since the 1950s

they are popular. The top 40 hasnt got any

: situation before 1990, when less than a

and theyve always been popular.... People

credibility.

smer of number ones were made by such

look too deep - its entertainment, not art.

"ds. Moreover, audiences no longer seem

Leonardo da Vinci was paid. Wagner was

paid. Artists are paid entertainers, thats all.

But perhaps the real effect can be seen in

music sales, particularly sales abroad. In the

-in d how bands came together or why. It

sears the days when we wanted rock and
ssars to symbolise teenage rebellion are

NEWSPAPER EDITOR Ben Todd

e-. The question is does it matter and do

In the past, bands really had to work to get

: sle care whether their pop idols are

into the charts and on TV. Even really

successful bands had to start by playing in

:: r =ing from the heart, or singing what they

a e sold to? Below we look at what those in

mid-1980s, UK acts accounted for 32 per

cent of the US music market. By 2000, this
was only 2 per cent and in April 20 0 2, there
was no British group in the US top 100.
Maybe people care after all.

pubs and clubs. With Popstars and Pop Idol,

s music business think about the effect of

that was taken away. It has been made too

; ty shows on British pop.

easy. Suddenly, *wannabes are famous

* wannabe = someone who wants to be famous
programme
with songs from the top 40 music chart.
T Top o f the Pops = popular music

Look at the photos and decide what sort of music is being

played: pop, heavy metal, rock, country music, jazz, etc.
What kind of music do you like?
Read the article and answer the following questions.
1

Do you have reality TV pop shows in your country?

Why do you th in k shows like these are so popular?

How did the British pop charts change from 1990 to

2002 ?

Who puts together manufactured groups?

Why does Tom Watkins th in k record companies d o n t

sign up new bands?

Talking about your country

What does Pete Waterman feel about pop star shows?

How does Ben Todd say things have changed for bands?

What has happened to sales of British music abroad?

Do you th in k you need to be talented to be a successful

pop star nowadays?

Do you th in k it matters how pop groups are put

together? Why? Why not?

What kinds of modern music are popular in your

country?

o f c o m m c # f i/ c a t / o # i

B o r f y la n g u a g e
Reading
4

These pictures show different kinds of body language. Use

these words to describe what the people are doing.
clasp (ones hands)

gesture (with hands)

clutch (a handbag)

frown

hold (his / her head in his / her hands)

What does the body language in the photos tell us about
the peoples feelings and / or character?

'training
Describing pictures
Remember to use the continuous tense where necessary,
e.g. the woman is frow ning, and talk about w hat the
pictures suggest to you, e.g. 7 th in k shes worried
because... Dont sim ply give a detailed description of
everything in the picture.

Match words 1 -5 to a -e to make expressions which

appear in the article opposite.
1

eye

dress

facial

first

hand

Read the article. Choose five statements from a -k which

reflect the content of the text.
a

We rarely th in k about how to behave in an interview,

People going for interviews are generally given useful

advice.

You can learn to sell your image by using suitable body

language.

Employers take more notice of body language than of

what people say.

Practise your interview technique by watching others in

action.

Learn to smile throughout the interview,

You need to make eye-contact w ith everyone

interviewing you.

Use your hands to com m unicate as often as possible,

It is sometimes d iffic u lt to tell if you have made a good

impression.

You w ill be able to tell if the interview was unsuccessful,

We must realise how im portant it is to use suitable body

language in an interview.

Learn to speak

e
hen we go for an interview, most o f us think caret:
about what to wear and what to say but hardly e
about how to act - in other words, what our b<
language is telling the interviewer. So how can
appear cool when we are feeling so nervous?

Judy James, a body language specialist and author, says that m

interviewees who ask for advice are told Just be youJ f . This
says, is the w rong approach.I f you are just going to be yourself, w
ot turn up in an old tracksuitPYou w ould never do that, so w hy j,
0
yourself in body language? Instead, by marketing your bo
language, you can control your own success.
A ccording to experts, body language accounts for 55 per cent
e effect we have when communicating. Tone o f voice accounts fi
33 per cent and words for just seven per cent - so what you ss

a impressions
b expressions
c movements

matters much less than how you behave.

d contact
e rehearsal

b e hiding
U M Ia Tbasic
hrlack
l earf
f Certam W
m d Phnses
bM they
w h o lool

o f knowledge
orrdS
simply
lying. So

Em ployers

nowadays

are cautious

..... ..

about the fast-talkim

V ocab ulary

Now use the suggestions in 5 to describe what might be

suitable body language when being interviewed.

S'od'f language
5

Match words 1 -5 to the suggestions how to behave a -e .

Feelings

tone of voice

posture

confident (line 5)

eye-contact

afraid or worried (line 5)

hand gestures

careful not to make a mistake (line 16)

handshake

extremely afraid (line 29)

Find words in the text which mean:

Your

freed from fear and anxiety (line 41)

feeling of being under pressure (line 42)

should be upright and not round-shouldered.

should never be above shoulder level and not too

When might you feel the emotions in 7?

fidgety.
c

should be confident but not too loud or assertive.

should be gentle but firm and not too tig h tly gripped.

should be m aintained when addressing an individual but

directed at others, too.

. rcasingly fo r o ther signs w h ic h w ill show a p e rso n s character and

lity - such as b o d y language.
You w ill be m ore im pressive at an in te rv ie w i f you have prepared
d o in g a dress rehearsal o f y o u r posture, facial expressions and
.id m ovem ents in front ot a m irro r. It sounds rid icu lo u s but it
irks.
W h e n it com es to facial signals, you should always sm ile w h en
enter the in te rvie w room and w h e n the in te rvie w has finished,
ause Inst and last im pressions count. Try to sm ile from the eyes
ii m odels can d o this, so can we. I here is n o th in g w orse than
.inted-on sm ile and te rrifie d eyes.
You should also try to m aintain eve-contact w ith the interview er,
not fo r too long. If you are in front o f a panel o f interview ers,
x first at the person w h o has asked you a question, and then at
i of the o ther panel m em bers in tu rn. L o o k in g just at the
rstioner is a co m m o n mistake.
W ir e you aie sitting d ow n, y o u r hands should generally stay
-ely in y o u r lap. Use hand gestures to m ake a p o in t occasionally
u c \e i iai.se y o u r hands above sh o u ld er level, and do not play w ith
r hair, watch strap, o r jew ellery.
Tel]-tale signs that the in te rv ie w has gone w ell are increased eyeact. the repetition o f y o u r nam e and perhaps even som e closer
space. A lo o k of re lie f may also be a giveaway sign - the process
h ou sing a candidate can cause stress for interview ers, too.
It you have not been im pressive, the in te rvie w e r w ill be trying
to behave in a fam iliar fashion. lell-tale signs arc a v o id in g eyetact and a pa rtin g handshake w h ich is firm e r than the one w h ich
were greeted with.
B o dy language is a subject that we have all heard about, yet we
not aware ot the effect that o u r o w n b o d y language has on others,
ict, it is vital - and after som eone has n o ticed it for the first time.
subconsciously, they are u n lik ely

to change their o p in io n

use of w hat yo u say. So, at an interview , take the trouble lo gel it

Look at the body language of the people in the photo. In

pairs, describe it. Mow do you th in k the people are feeling?
How close do you stand to other people in public?
What other kinds of body contact do you make w ith your
fam ily and friends but not w ith strangers, e.g. arms round

The I hues

shoulders, holding hands, linking arms?

Grammar
The present perfect

G r o m m a r c /ie c f r

> P13"

Past sim ple and present perfect sim ple

Uses
1

Read sentences a -d and decide if sentences 1-3

are true or false.
a
b

The Internet has become more and more popular

Ninety per cent of us have sent or received an
email.

Fifteen years ago very few people used the

Internet.

In the past 15 years Ihe Internet has opened up a

whole new world lo us.

1 How computer literate are you? Write the words in the

correct place in the table.
go on line

electronic mail

digital messages
log o n / o f f
scanner

The present perfect simple is used fo talk about ar

action that has finished but has an effect in the

m onitor

download

c lip a rt

mouse

printer

present.

website

keyboard

action or state that started in the past and

surf the net

continues to the present.

hard disk

Parts of a computer

The present perfecl simple is used to talk about ar

The past simple is used to talk about experiences

that have or havent happened at an unspecified

Things you can do, send and

tim e in the past.

receive on a computer

Forms
m o n ito r

go on line

Complete the rules.

a

The present perfect simple is formed using

To form the negative we use has / have a ___

+ the past participle.

h-

2 What do the words in 1 mean?

3

Ih e

To form a question we use _

etc. + t h e

^ 6.1 Read through the notes carefully and try to guess

the missing information. Then listen to someone talking
about computers and complete the notes.

I, you, he,

participle.

Put the verb in brackets in the correct form of the past

r

simple or present perfect simple.

1

The on-line revolution

i _____________ (buy) a new com puter program in 2 0 ? I

but I _____________ (not use) it since then.

2

____________ y o u ______________ (play) on the new

effect of information revolution:

Gameboy?

% of users use email

it.

visit chat rooms 1 .

Sylvia ___

Advantages:

_________ (live) in London fo r several years, bm

W e _____

o n ly ____
communication ?
chat with 5 .

.and 4
.about common interests

(just design) a new website. She

(finish) it a m inute ago.

w e ______
_________ (move) to this house tw o years ago.
T e d _____
__________ (work) in that com puter company
since h e ____________ (leave) school in June.

O th e r uses:

what's on ^ .

_a n d 1

||B]

Ive already eaten, but J o h n ____________ (not eat) ye:

Hes really hungry.
My frie n d s _____________ (never send) an email. They

Disadvantages:
makes us

(try) it last week, and I low

.and is 1

prefer texting.
S u e _____________ (fall) over in the hockey match this
m orning. I th in k s h e _____________ (break) her arm.

Complete sentences 1 -4 with these words.

ever

since

never

for

Ive known Jam es____________ I was five years old.

Ive had this c o m p u te r_____________ two years.

Have y o u _____________ visited a chat room?

Iv e _____________ used a m obile phone.

Read the dialogue and put the verb in brackets in the

correct form of the present perfect simple or present
perfect continuous.
Tom

1 ____________ y o u ______________ (finish) using the

Kate

Almost. I 2 ____________ (surf) the Net. I

computer?
3 ____________ (look at) web pages for my project. I
found some I * _____________ (never see) before.

Make sentences from these notes. Put the verb in the

correct form and fo r, since, ever or never, in the correct

Theyre about the history of the Internet. I

place.

3 ____________ (already download) tw o of them.

Tom

Example

Good. Can I use it next? I 3 ____________ (lose) the

p rin t out of my essay and I need to p rint out another

They / live / Amsterdam / 3 months.

They have lived in Amsterdam fo r 3 months.

copy. Oh no! Who 7

paper? There isnt any left in the printer.

(use) all the

We / (not) play / that com puter game.

That com puter / not w ork / 1 dropped it.

Sarah / be / on a com puter course / six weeks.

more, but 19 ____________ (not refill) the paper

you / visit / a chat room?

tray, yet. Its on the table.

Bill / send / me / ten emails /10 oclock this m orning.

Kate

Tom

Oh, that was me. I s _____________ (bought) some

I 1 0 _____________ (found) it. Thanks!

9 Now tell a partner what youve done and what youve

The present perfect simple and present perfect

continuous ( > P1 3 7 )

been doing on the computer.

Read the cartoons. Then complete rules 1 -5 with the

present perfect simple, the present perfect continuous or

Lets activate

both.

Talking about a website

SSfeggi @index

& It
Refresh Home

5*

Back , . j S
AutoFiil
I ... "2 httpYAvw.homepge.com/pmuller/index.html

as)

m ;:

Mail

j*
j
Sherlock History :

e
__ JE S

I!

The Personal Page of

d 'e tia Mutle.%

'What have you been doing? Ive been working all night.

About Me
I am Petra and 1am 16 years dd
and i come from Bavaria. I am a
sociable person that likes to listen
and have conversations.
Hobbies & In t e r e s t s
I have a horse, and I like going
horse-riding. I want to start
competitive riding next year. I also
love snowboarding and I live
close to a ski resort so I go quite)
often.

Em ail me
Fami iy
I live with my father, because my

I havent seen you fo r a while.

No, Ive been working in London.

'Youve been quiet.

Ive been writing emails. Ive
written six this morning.

10

Friends
I have known my best friend since
we were 5 years dd. I met her in
primary schod so we share a let
of experiences. I have a boyfriend

Look at the website. What kind of information does it

include?

1 __________________ is /

are used to talk about

tem porary situations.

_________________________ is /

are used to emphasise an

action.
3

_____________________ is /

areused to talk about a

finished action.
4

_____________________ is /

areused to talk about a

specified result.
5

_____________________ is /

areused to ta lk about states.

11

In small groups, imagine you have set up a website. Make

notes about:

when you started the website.

the purpose of the website.

the content - w hat is on each page.

visitors to the website - who are they and how many?

w hat you have been doing on the website this week.

12 Tell another group about your website.

Lets practise grammar

Present perfect
1

Write complete sentences or questions using the notes.

Underline the most suitable form of the verb to compleie

the sentences.

Example

I havent been to a circus since I was a child.

John / not fly / in a plane / since / he / be / ten

Rachel / see / any film stars / since / she / arrive / in

3
4

since / he / buy a com puter / Mark / not stop / playing

Pam / w ant to be / a vet / since / she / read / a book

Im exhausted. Ive run / been running 6 miles.

about one

John has applied / has been applying for jobs recenth

and he has had / has been having six interviews so far.

Julie / not speak / to Sam / since / they / have an

7

argum ent
6

Linda has written / has been w riting emails all m o rn in ;

and she has written / has been w riting 15 so far.

since / he / start / rollerblading / Tim / fall over / many

times

Debbie is upset because she has ju s t fa ile d / has ju s t beem

fa ilin g her exam.

com puter games

Why has Shaun got a headache? Has he played / Has he

been playing com puter games again?

Hollywood?

Im really happy. Ive ju s t won / Ive ju s t been w in n in g : e

lottery!

2
3

Paul has studied/ has been studying in Manchester for

the past few months.

I / not go to / a circus / since / 1 / be / a child

Sarah has had / has been having her new car for three

Your shoes are very dirty. What have you done / have .:.

months.
Put the verb in brackets in the correct form of the past
simple or the present perfect simple.

been doing?
10 I ve cleaned / I ve been cleaning the house today. I ve
cleaned / I've been cleaning the kitchen and the

The on-line information revolution 1 ----------------

(make) it possible for us to communicate w ith millions

o f people round the world in many different ways. At

the touch o f a button, we can send an email or tell the
world our opinions using the Internet.
In business, people who 2

(go)

Make questions with the present perfect simple or prese-~

continuous. Both forms may be possible.
1

further than that.

Beth is an actress in New York.

How long / she / work / as an actress?

Pam is listening to some CDs at the moment.

Theyre leaving St Petersburg today.

Clare borrowed my new Eminem CD.

How many CDs / she / listen to?

Nearly everyone 4 --------------------- (receive) an email

with spelling mistakes in it. It seems bad spelling
5 _ _ _ _ _ _ (become) quite acceptable in emails,

How long / they / be there?

whereas it is not in normal business letters. The culture

How long / she / have it?

o f emailing 6 _------------------- (affect) other areas of

6

work. People are so used to sending and receiving

Helen has bought another com puter game.

How many com puter games / she / buy recently?

electronic messages, that they find it difficult to

communicate face to face. Before, when we
7
(have) a problem we 8

Rob is on the phone at the moment.

How many phone calls / he make?

(never send)

an email before often use language which is too

informal. As a result they sound rude. But the problems
with language 3 --------------------

bathroom and now Im going to do my bedroom.

(discuss) it together. N o w it often takes days o f sending

messages.
Outside work, a recent survey shows that hiding behind
computers 9 ____________ (give) many shy people the
opportunity to say exactly what they like.That has its
good and bad points. It s good to say what you think, as
long as you don't make situations worse by saying it.

Extension
e-t s t i l l

The right word

d lr e d d v ( > P1 3 8 )

in

Put the verb in brackets in the correct form of the

present, past or perfect tense.

Read examples a-d and complete rules 2 -4 .

a

Have you spoken to Kate, yet?

Yes, Ive already spoken to her. I spoke to her 10 minutes

ago.

No, I havent seen the new Martin Scorsese film , yet. Im

going to see it this evening.

No, Im still w aiting for the bus. Ive been here 20

minutes.

We often use yet, already and s till to ta lk about what has

We u s e _____________ in questions to ask if something

and has not happened.

has happened. We also u s e ____________ in negative
sentences to say that something has not happened. It
comes at the end of the sentences.
3

We can also u s e _____________ to say that something is

the same as before. It comes before the auxiliary verb.

We u s e _____________ in affirm ative sentences to say

that som ething has happened before or by now. It comes

A s far as yo u

before the main verb.

-------------------------- (fell)

Read Petes notes and decide if sentences 1 -5 are true or

false. Correct those which are false.

rem em ber,
a

lie ?

i _____________yo u

ever

2 _________________ p e o p le

-------------------------- (believe) y o u ? A c c o rd in g to research,

m o re p e o p le are ly in g - a n d getting a w a y w ith it.
Lin d a W h ite from M a n ch e ste r is a go od e x a m p le .
L in d a > ----------------------------j u s t --------------------------- (get) eng ag ed .
U nfo rtunate ly, she doesn't lik e so m e of her fian ce's

Kev/>)

se.no!

e.n\j!

friend s. T h e y 4 -------------------------- (meet) e v e ry F rid a y night

s in c e she r> -------------------------- (start) g o in g out w ith John,

*X

but she doesn't get on w ith them . L in d a do esn't w ant

fin is h sc.ie.nc.e- p rq )e .c .f X

them

p h o n e . S a,//y X

6 --------------------------- (d ecide) to in v ite them a ll - but on the

w ro n g d a y !

6ov+ c a r e e r s

-MKe

in fe .rw ie .'w /

L o o K L c.K f o

Loy fic .K e .fs f o r

/iL r r y

c.onc.e.rf X

to c o m e

P eo p le a lso

to the en g ag e m e n t

party,

so

she

lie ab o ut th eir care ers. S o m e p e o p le

-------------------------------(add) extra q u a lific a t io n s to th e ir

c u r r ic u lu m v ita e o r exag g e ra te th e ir e x p e rie n c e .
Robert Pool 8 -------------------------- (work) as a retail m a n ag er
for o v e r three years. W h e n he 4 ______________ (have)
the jo b in te rvie w he sa id that he had a d egree in

Example

M a n ag e m e n t. H e i ( ) -----------------------------(not have) a degree,

but his e m p lo y e rs b e lie v e d h im .

He hasnt sent Kevin an em ail, yet.

M o re ty p ic a lly , p e o p le tend to lie w h e n they meet

False. He has already sent Kevin an email.

so m e o n e for the first tim e. T h e y w ant to m ake a good

He still hasnt finished his science project.

He has already phoned Sally.

im p re ssio n , so they lie ab o ut h ow w e ll they can p la y a

sport, the p la c e s they 11 ---------------------------- (visit), the things

He hasnt asked about a careers interview, yet.

th ey 12

He still hasnt taken the book back to the library.

He has already bought tickets for the concert.

But h o w c a n w e tell if so m e o n e is ly in g ? T h e a n sw er is
to w atch th e ir b o d y lan g u ag e . 13 _____________ they

(do), o r they things they o w n.

-------------------------- (look) d ire c tly at yo u w h e n they w ere

sp e a k in g ? If they d id n 't o r if they c o u ld n 't keep their
h an ds still or often 14 -------------------------- (touch) their nose
or m outh, th ey w ere p ro b a b ly lyin g .

'Varieties o f 'English
American English
5

^ 6 .3 Listen to what an English writer once said about

the English and the Americans. Why is what he said
unusual? Do you agree with him?
'd/6.4 Now listen to part of a radio programme about
the differences between British English and American
English and answer these questions.
1

Which American word did the Englishman hear?

What did he th in k it meant?

What did it actually mean?

What was the American girl looking for in Oxford Street?

What should she have asked for?

^ 6 .5 The words in 1 -1 6 are all used in American

English. Match them to their British English meanings
below. Then listen and check your answers.
E x a m p le
m a il = post

1
2

In small groups, look at the picture. What is similar about

the people in it and what is different?
Now discuss:
1
2

bill

bureau

10

9 gas
mail

can

11

movie

candy

12

period

cookie

13

rest room

drugstore

14 second floor

French fries

15 sidewalk

garbage / trash

16 tru n k

fu ll stop

why English is becoming so im portant.

sweets

w hat you th in k is easy for people to learn in your

first flo o r
chips

to ile t

language.

rubbish

sweet biscuit

what problems you th in k people have learning your

chest of drawers - tin

w hether you th in k an international language like

car boot
film
post

b a n kn o te
pavement

petrol

chem ists shop

language.
Esperanto w ill ever be successful.

Spelling
8

Listening

There are some differences between American and British

English spelling. Decide which of these words are spelled
in the American or British way.

traveled / quarrelled

The English language

theatre / center

h o n o r/c o lo u r

Choose the answer you think is correct.

1

2
3

How many people speak English in the world?

half the w o rld s population

a quarter of the w o rld s population

Decide whether the letter combinations appear in British

or American English and complete the missing
information in 1 -3 .

one third of the w o rld s population

o r i s _____________ but our i s ____________

How many words are there in the English language?

eled i s ____________ but elled i s _____________

re i s _____________ but er i s ____________

80,000

b 180,000

c 800,000

How many languages have more words than English?

a

none

b one

c two

^ 6.2 Now listen to someone talking about English and

find out if you were right.

Soundbites

Speaking
living opinions
0

13

6.6 Read what Simon says about the following topic.

Listen to Wordy Rappinghood, a song by the

Tom Tom Club, and fill in the gaps.

Then listen to the recording and fill in the gaps.

Chorus

would be safer w ithout it.

What are words worth?

What are words worth? - words

m
Giving opinions, listing reasons, summarising

Words in papers, words in 1 ____

In i ______________________ , the Internet

Words on TV, words for 2 _______

makes the world a more dangerous place.

Words of comfort, words of peace

2______________________ , crim inals can hack

Words to make the fighting cease

into the com puter systems of organisations and

Words to tell you w hat to do

find inform ation about them . They can use this

Words are working hard fo r you

inform ation to steal money and ideas.

Eat your words but d o n t go hungry

3______________________ , but they can also

10

find inform ation, particularly bank details,

Words have always nearly hung me

Chorus

about ordinary people who buy things over the

Words of nuance, words of 2 ______

Internet. 4 ______________________ , the

And words of romance are a 4 _____

Internet is so big and uses so many languages it

Words are stupid, words are fun

is d ifficu lt to police. This makes it particularly

Words can put you on the run

dangerous if used by terrorists.

Chorus

s ______________________ , l th in k that life was

15

safer before the Internet and it would be better

Its a rap race, w ith a fast pace

Concrete words, abstract words

w ith o u t it.

Crazy words and s ________

words

Hazy words and _________

words

Words of faith and tell me straight

What expressions does Simon use to a give his opinions,

b list his reasons, c summarise what he has said?

20

Rare words and swear words

Good words and bad words
Chorus

Planning

4il

Wordy Rappinghood

The Internet has made terrorism and crime too easy. Life

Simon

id

Words can make you pay and pay

You are going to conduct a debate in class on the topic
below. In small groups, decide whether you are going to
prepare an argument for or against the topic.

Four-letter words I cannot say

Panty, to ilet, dirty devil
25

Words are trouble, words are subtle

Everyone in the world should speak the same language

Words of anger, words of 2 ________

Words over here, words out there

Divide these ideas into points for or against the topic.

Think of some reasons or examples why these points are

In the air and s ____________

im portant. Add some points of your own if you can.

Words of wisdom, words of strife

30

fewer examinations which language to choose?

Words that w rite the book I like

* com puter language the same

Words w o n t find no right 9 _____

To the planet earths 1 0 _________

loss of national identity no problems travelling

richness of language disappears

boring

14

Prepare your talk.

In pairs, read the lyrics again and answer the

questions.

Decide who w ill talk to the class.

Give your talk. It should last for about 2 -3 minutes.

Now take a vote on w hether the arguments for or

against the topic are more convincing. What was the

Why do you th in k the singer says words w ont

find no right solution to the planet earths
p o llu tio n ?

Do you th in k words can help us to solve

How im portant are words to you: in songs, in

problems? How?

result?

speech and in books?

Writing a letter of enquiry

'Mobile phones
Dear Sir / Madam,
I am w riting w ith reference to your advertisement

Class survey
1

in the paper this morning. I am interested in

purchasing a mobile phone and would be very
grateful if you could supply me w ith the following

Why do you think these people might need a mobile

phone?

information.
First of all, would I be able to use all of your
phones if I w ent on a trip abroad or do some
m o d e ls ju s t w o rk in th e UK?

Secondly, I would like to know how much it would

cost to purchase a mobile phone w ith a colour
screen. Would this be more expensive than a black
and w hite screen?
Thirdly, your advert states that you have phones
w ith a camera facility. W hat exactly does that
mean and w hat would I be able to do w ith the

camera?
Finally, the advert claims that having a mobile
phone makes you feel safe. However, I know
phone theft has been a big problem. Could you tell
me w hat would happen if my phone was stolen
and someone tried to use it? Would I have to pay

In small groups, find out:

1

how many students in the group, or members of their

for the calls?

fam ilies, have a m obile phone.

why they bought it.

w hat they use it for.

I look forward to receiving your reply.

Yours faithfully,

Compare your results with the other groups in the class.

What does your research show?

Studying the sam ple

Understanding the taste
4

Read the task and answer the questions below.

Read the letter again. Is the letter written in an informal

semi-formal, or formal style? What tells you?

You are interested in buying a m obile phone. Read the

advertisements for different m obile phone companies in 6.

ADVERT 1

Decide which company would be suitable to use in these

situations.
a

You only need a m obile phone occasionally when you

You travel a lot for business and do n 't w ant to carry too

travel.
much equipm ent but need to keep in touch w ith work,
friends and fa m ily and what is happening in the world,
c

You have never used a m obile phone before and are

worried about phones being expensive to use.

Read the letter Olga has written and answer the

following questions.
1

Which advertisement is Olga interested in?

Why do you th in k she is not interested in the third

What inform ation does she w ant to know?

advert?

Phone of
the month

?VFP 500

Internet access

y text messages
y games
y voice activated
dialling

Ask about our monthly payment plan 500 free minutes a month
All our new phones come with a free training session

Customer services Call 084356 970 001

Writing about facts and figures

AOVERT 2

Adverts often contain facts and figures. Find pairs of

expressions in this list which express similar ideas but in a
different way.
over half = more than 50%
not many

(nearly) half

almost all

(almost) 50%

nearly 100%

9
v -

, d > a r v ^ nct'
rad'0

' V

" .

over half

very few

the total num ber

all

a lot of

more than 50%

Rewrite these sentences using expressions from 8.

1

featore;
n ri
etaccess
e ( " a l' f
tlo r i

many

Two out of ten teenagers say they d o n t want to have a

m obile phone.

-2

Wioo Updates

Five out of ten people have not bought th e ir m obile

phones themselves.

Com petitive prices a vailable on request:

W onderphones, Technology Drive. O xford 0 X 1 6 3BH

Nine out of ten people w ould like a m obile phone.

Ten out ten students in my class have a mobile phone.

W riting your letter of en q u iry

Understanding the tasK

Phone 0801 956 9000

You have decided to buy a mobile phone. Before you buy one
you want to find out more inform ation about the items circled.

10

ADVERT 3

Write a letter of between 120-150 words to Zathia to

request more information.

T ran s co n tin e n ta l

T.

Cheap international
n u ,

custom ers say they would

recommend our service to others.
have the model you're looking for
to help you keep in touch while
away fro m hom e.

Planning and writing

11

Steps to better w riting

Formal and less formal vocabulary
Olga uses some formal vocabulary in her letter. Find

In pairs, first plan then write your letter using the

following points.

Decide how to start and end your letter.

Make a list of different ways of asking for inform ation.

Think about the

Try to use some form al vocabulary in your letter.

layout and organisation of

formal words in the letter which mean:

1

w riting about

pleased or thankful

.hecfcing
12

Check that:

send me

you have asked for all the inform ation you need.

buy

you have used a

suitable form al style.

says

the spelling and

gram m ar are correct.

says som ething is true

there are between 120-150 words.

your letter.

Word focus
f5o<ty language
1

Extension

Use these words and phrases to complete spaces 1 -6 .

hand gestures

handshake

facial expressions

posture

tone of voice

Adjectives
3

eye contact

Match adjectives 1 -6 with their opposites a -f.

1

cautious

rare

h strange

ridiculous

When you go for an interview remember that having

relieved

c sensible

the appropriate 1 ---------------------is also a good way of

fa m ilia r

d apprehensive

making an impression. Try to sit upright but look

common

e confident

comfortable. You should also use 2-------------------- only

nervous

f adventurous

when you w ant to make a point.

Complete the sentences with one of the adjectives in 3.

Suitable 3____________ are also an im portant part of

When the interview was over, Colin felt extremely

body language. It is particularly im portant to m aintain

4_____________ w ith people when you are talking to

Theres something

about Karls face. Im

t h ^ s i m l i ^ s also im portant. When you do so it

sure Ive seen him before.

should be relaxed and natural.

Tina is v e r y _____________ Shes going to clim b Mount

________you use
When
comes to
VVIieil it
IL LUIIICJ
IVJ talking
ssm- ' - o the
5when speaking is actually more im p o rta n t than what

The Asian tiger is a v e r y _____________ species. Only a

you say.

Nowadays i t s q u ite _____________ for school children to

Finally, if you w ant to know how youve done in the

learn tw o foreign languages.

interview you m ight be able to judge from the

6________|f it is firm e r than the one at the

Its not v e r y ____________ to turn up fo r an interview

wearing jeans.

beginning of the interview you may not have been

Sam told the police that he had seen a ____________

successful.

light in the sky. He thought it was a UFO from another

Everest next month.

few hundred animals survive in the wild.

planet.
8

roller-coaster ride.

Varieties of Cnglish
2

Linda felt q u ite _____________ before she w ent on the

Match these halves of conversations.

Phrasal verbs

Did you check the m ail, yet?

Do you have change for $20?

Hi. What can I get you?

What do you w ant to do tonight?

We dont have much gas left.

I need some new sneakers.

Did you put the bags in the car?

May I have some candy?

What are you doing w ith those old boxes?

10 Where are you going?

Underline the correct phrasal verb to complete the text.

Would you like to i try ou t / try on

new mobile phones and computers
before they reach the shops?
Are you someone who likes to
/ keep up with the times?

2 keep in
a

I need to get some aspirin from the drugstore,

Ill have a ham burger and some french fries, please,

Not until youve eaten your meal,

No, it hasnt arrived,

Im taking out the trash,

Why dont we watch a movie?

Theyre already in the trunk. Lets go.

Lets stop at the next gas station,

W hats wrong w ith the pair youre wearing?

Sorry, I only have a $5 bill.

Do you always 3 work on / work out

how to use the latest electronic
equipment before anyone else in
your family?
If the answer to these questions is yes, you may be
someone we 4 are lo o k in g fo r / a re lo o k in g a t
If you would like to s fin d o u t / fin d fo r more, just 6 fill
up / fill in the form below and we will send you details

of how you can get involved in our panel of testers.

^ 6 .8 Read this extract from a short story called The

Judges House by Bram Stoker and decide whether the
following statements are true or false.
1

Mrs Wood had stayed in the house John Moore had

rented.

Mrs Dempster believed the house was haunted.

John Moore asked Mrs Dempster to do som ething for

The doctor who John Moore met had been invited to the

him.
hotel by Mrs Wood to meet him.
5

John Moore did not w ant to accept the advice the doctor

The rope John Moore spoke of was im portant to the

The doctor told John Moore what to do if the alarm bell

gave him.
person who had lived in the house before.
rang.

^Judges
House

ohn Moore had gone to Benchurch to find peace and

qu ie t w h ile studying fo r an im p o rta n t exam. After
spending a night in a hotel he rented a big, old
seventeenth century house previously owned by a judge. Mrs

,ood. the landlady of the hotel told him she w o u ld n 't spend the
night there as it was haunted. However, Mrs Dempster, the
ousekeeper of the house assured him any stories about the
"ousc being haunted were foolish. During the first week Moore

'Did Mrs Wood ask you to come here and advise me?' asked
Moore. The doctor looked surprised. Mrs Woods lace turned very
red and she looked away. But the doctor was an honest, friendly
man, and he answered quickly, 'She did, but she didn t want you
to know. She's worried about you. She doesn t like you staying
there all alone, and she thinks you study too hard and drin k too
much strong tea. She asked me to give you some good advice. I
was once a student too, you know, so I know what I m talking
about.'
Moore smiled and held out his hand to Doctor T hornhill. I
m ust thank you for your kindness - and you loo, Mrs Wood. I
promise to take no more strong tea, and I'll be in bed by one
o'clock. There, w ill that please you both?
'Very much,' said Doctor Thornhill. 'Now tell us about that old
house.'
Moore told them all about the events of the previous nights. He
told them about the noise of the rats, and the enormous rat
which every night came to sit on the great high-backed chair by
the fireplace. He explained how if dropped down from an alarm
bell rope onto the chair and stared at him angrily. When he told
them how he had thrown the Bible at the rat, which ran back up
the rope and through a hole in the wall. Mrs Wood gave a little
scream. When Moore had finished his story, Doctor Thornhill
looked very serious.
Ihe rat always ran up the rope of the alarm bell?' he asked.
Always.
1 suppose you know, said the doctor, 'what the rope is?
'No, I d o n t, said Moore.
'It's the hangm ans rope, said the doctor. 'After the judge
condemned someone to death, the unfortunate man was hanged
w ith that rope.' Mrs Wood gave another scream. The doctor went
to fetch her a glass of water. When he returned, he looked hard
at Moore. Lislen young m an, he said. 'If anything happens to
you tonight, don't hesitate to ring the alarm bell. I shall be
working quite late tonight too, and III keep my ears open. Now

'ound out that the house was infested w ith rats and strange

d o n t forget!'
Moore laughed. 'I'm sure I shan't need to do that! he said, and

hings did indeed appear to happen....

...One night he slept heavily but uneasily, and he had
unpleasant dreams. Then Mrs Dempster woke him as usual w ith
j cup of tea, and he felt better. But his hrst request to her
-urprised the old servant very much. Mrs Dempster, w hile I'm

went home for his dinner.

'I dont like that young man's story, said Doctor Thornhill after
Moore had left. 'Perhaps he imagined most of it. All the same,
I'll listen to n ig h t for the alarm bell. Perhaps w e'll reach him in

out today, w ill you please dust or wash those pictures

particularly the third one from the fireplace. I want to see what

Bram Stoker, The Judges House

tim e to help him .'

:hey are.'
Moore spent most of the day studying happily in the park. On
ais way home he visited Mrs Wood at the hotel. She had a visitor
ith her in her com fortable sitting-room.
'Sir,' said the landlady, 'this is Doctor Thornhill.'
As soon as she had introduced them, the Doctor began to ask
Moore a great many questions. Im sure, said Moore to himself,
that the good doctor did not call here by accident.
He turned to Doctor Thornhill.
'Doctor, I'll gladly answer all your questions, if youll just
answer one of mine.'
The doctor seemed surprised, but he agreed at once.

Your reactions
1

Why do you th in k Mrs Dempster said that Ihe house was

not haunted?

Would you be prepared to spend a night in the Judge's

Why do you th in k the rat is im portant to the story?

What do you think happens next in the story?

House? Why? Why not?

\ _____________

.....................................

Lets revise Units 5 and 6

Gram m ar

4 Underline the correct form of the verbs to complete the

newspaper extracts.

1 Make sentences using the information in 1 -6 and the

modal verbs in brackets.

According , 0 experts, mobile pbones 1 ore/trope been bad

Example

fo, your health. New research a

I havent seen Jiii this week. I t s possible shes on holiday,

(may)
J ill may be on holiday.

radiation from the phones can damage your brain.

Clare isnt 20 years old. She looks much younger.

Wheres Graham?

shown / s h o w e d that

C la re ______________________ 20 years old! (cant)

Im not sure w hether he is watching TV.
G ra h a m
3

TV. (could)

Does Tim like Isabelle?

Possibly. He asked me for her phone number.
T im _______________________ Isabelle, (might)

I th in k Daves tired. Hes been w orking all day.

D a ve ______________________ from working so hard.
(could)

Im sure that Sarah was at the concert.

S a ra h _______________________ at the concert, (must)

Im sure Jules d id n t see the Xtreme sports com petition.

Jules_______________________ the Xtreme sports
com petition, (cant)

Ben ONeal, the famous basketball star, 3 has announced

announced his retirement at the end of next month. Be4 played /h a s been playing professional basketball for fi , e
years. Since he started his career he s has made /h a s beemaking an estimated $25 million in sponsorship deals.

2 Underline the correct form of the verbs to complete the

sentences.
1

I w ant to get fit this m onth. Ive gone / been going to the

Sonia looks very upset. I th in k she has cried / been crying.

Teenage crime is rising. The government * has

re c e n tly r e le a s e d /h a s re c e n tly b e e n re le a s in g a
report which shows that shoplifting and joy riding

Why is your room in such a mess?

7 have in c r e a s e d /in c r e a s e d by 1 0 % .

gym every day.

Sorry, I havent had / been having tim e to clear up.

4

Ive never worked / been working in a shop.

How long has Janice been / been being in Canada?

Our class has just come / been coming back from a trip.

Ive b o u g h t/ been bought tw o new pairs of jeans and

some new boots.

Have you ever watched / been watching TV on your

computer?

Sandy T has le ft / l e f t
the pop group 5 Alive. At
a press conference last
night Sandy 9 has
e x p la in e d /e x p la in e d that

Correct the mistakes.

she wanted to do a solo

album. A close friend

Have you given Jane my message still?

Weve seen already that film .

revealed: There 10 have

I havent been shopping, already.

been /w a s a lot of

Have they yet been on holiday?

disagreements in the

John hasnt still passed his driving test.

band lately. Sandy

)im still is here.

11 decided / has been

deciding that leaving the
band was the only way
forw ard.

Phrasal verbs
Underline the correct word to make a phrasal verb that
matches the meaning given.

Complete gaps 1 -6 with the words below.

to the top
pushy

am bitious
sacrifices

talented
famous

Be put o ff I out: lose your interest or enthusiasm

Carry o ff / on: keep going despite difficulties

Go w ithout / out: manage w ith o u t something

Hang o f f / on: keep

Work out / on: find the answer to something

Now use the phrasal verbs in 7 to complete gaps

1 -5 in the paragraph below.

It you think you can succeed in doing what you

want in life, you shouldnt he ' ___________ by all
the difficulties and problems you might face. You

So m e p e o p le b e co m e 1 --------------------a n d so m e

should first of all the best way to

achieve your goals, then '
doing what
you do best but do it better! You will find you
have to 4 ------------------- some o f the things you
enjoy, such as spending time with friends. However,
if you 5
to yonr goals it will be worth
it in the end!

o e co m e M e g a sta rs. M a d o n n a is s o m e o n e w h o
has d o n e ju s t th a t . B o rn M a d o n n a Lo u ise
V e ro n ic a C ic c o n e , she w a s a 2 -------------------------d a n c e r as a c h ild a n d b e ca u se o f h e r d a n c in g
sk ills sh e w o n a p la c e a t th e U n iv e rs ity o f
M ic h ig a n . H o w e v e r, sh e w a s 3

f r

success so sh e d ro p p e d o u t o f c o lle g e a n d m o v e d

Compete the text using the phrasal verbs in the correct

form.
fill in

find out

keep up w ith

tr y o u t

look for

to N ew Y o rk . S h e a rriv e d w ith o n ly a fe w d o lla rs

If you are one of those people who likes to 1 ____

in h e r p o c k e t, so life w a s n o t e a sy to b e g in w ith

the latest developments in health and beauty products and

an d sh e h a d to m a k e 4 ------------------------------ B e in g

would like to 2 ____________

d e te rm in e d , e v e n s o m e t im e s 5 --------------------------

simply 3 ____________ the form below w ith your name,

h e lp e d h e r a c h ie v e success. Sh e is a g o o d

address and telephone number. We w ill send you a selection

e x a m p le o f w h a t is n e e d e d to g e t 6 _ -----------------------

more about our latest range,

of free samples fo r you to 4 _____________ our products. If

you are 5 ____________ good quality health care products
at reasonable prices, then this is the range for you!

Put the letters 1 -7 in the correct order to make words to

complete the text.
As Tom M ilton walked into the office building he was
chultcing his briefcase tightly. He was going for a job
nterview and was very nervous. He asked the receptionist
where to go and she made a 2 segruet to go to a room on
the right. When he entered he saw tw o other people. One
w a s2 gindhol his head in his hands and the other was
- rownfing. He sat down and reminded himself that 5 rifst
srepimsions are im portant, so when he went in to the
mterview he made 6 yee toctcan w ith a warm smile and
gave a firm 7 shandheak.

Wtcvision

ocabulary

+ m c w U

i n

i n

I T e iv
O

ic

tc

egM

Each of the sentences a - f fits into a gap in the article. I

the words in italics to decide where each sentence fits.

iz e

What do you know about New York?

1

b eight m illio n c

b 15

th e British

b th e Irish

ten m illio n

but today they are fro m a ll over the world.

92

b 102

The Island remained Dutch until it was taken by the

But by the 1740s, these regular visitors had stopped

c 50

British in 1664 - w ith o u t a shot being fired,

coming as a result of disease, the growing numbers of

c th e French

European settlers, and warfare,

How m any storeys does th e Empire State B u ild in g

have?
a

In the past the main groups of im m igrants came from

Italy, Russia, Ireland, Greece, Canada and Puerto Rica,

Who presented the Statue o f Liberty to th e United

States?
a

How m any islands make up New York?

a

b New Am sterdam

How m any people live in New York today?

a five m illio n

over 850,000 people entered the country via Ellis Is la r:

New York.

What was New York called in the past?

a New London
2

The greatest number o f immigrants came in 1907, w he-

Another story is that it got its name in the 1920s when

musicians started calling it after a popular jazz club

c 132

called the Big Apple.

f

Today, i t s w orth billions of dollars.

Vocabulary
Population
4

These words are all used in the article and missing

sentences. Use them to complete the sentences below.
inhabitants

settlers

im m igrants

residents

visitors

groups

---------------------to America had to

Island.

pass through Ellis

The first E uropean________

of Manhattan were

Dutch.
3

T w o __

of the original Native American

still live in New York.

Reading
Read the article opposite and answer these questions.
Ignore the gaps.
How much did Manhattan Island cost to buy?
What did Giovanni da Verrazano do in 1524?
How many languages were spoken in New York in the
17th century?
Who came to New York in the 1840s?
What percentage of New Yorks current population were
born in the USA?
How did the Iroquois help to build the city?

Today t h e ________
--------------- of New York come from over
167 countries.

---------------------- to the city can enjoy seeing the sights ar

going to the theatre.

Which of the words in 4 have a related verb? What are tht

verbs?

BIGAPPLE
T

he most famous bargain in

American history is said to

that the city has become known

as The Big Apple. The governor
of the Dutch colony, Peter
Stuyvesant, began planting apple

the population is growing

orchards, and, in due course, the

the people whose ancestors were

state of N e w York became

famous for the quality o f its

the citys first inhabitants now?

There are two surviving groups
o f the early inhabitants of

r about $24. T he entire island,

produce. 3
Even in the seventeenth

hich lies in the most highly

century, when there were only a

:he native N o rth Americans

fie o f Manhattan Island in 1626
to Peter M inuit, o f the Dutch
'Vest India Company, for a sack
beads, cloth and ironware. It
.1s all worth about 60 guilders,

pulated city in the United

' nos. cost him just 41 cents per
"dare kilometre. 1 ---------Manhattan was first
.-covered by an Italian
>!orer. Giovanni da
errazano, in 1524. H e was
rking for the king o f France.
He raised the French flag,
:imed the land for the French,
1 founded a small village.
A >wever, the French did nor

.clop the area and it was not

. ul one hundred years later
V

hen the Dutch arrived that a

-. dement began to grow.

According to one story, it was
.1 result o f the Dutch settlers

all over the U S A live

in N e w York City, and
all the time. But where are

Manhattan. They are the

Delaware, who now live over

18 different languages were

2000 km away in Oklahoma,

Wisconsin and Ontario; and the

spoken. The first large group of

Ramapough, a community living

immigrants after the Dutch and

on the border o f N e w York and

English were the Italians, who

N e w Jersey, who are direct

descendants o f Manhattans

few hundred settlers in the city,

began to arrive in the early

original inhabitants.
W hen the island was first

1800s. People from all over

Europe followed. The Irish
came to the city in their
hundreds to escape starvation

settled by the Dutch, groups of

when the Irish potato crop failed

year to settlements in the south

in the 1840s.4 d .
Today, about forty percent of

and north to hunt, fish and grow

However, other
crops.

N ew Yorks eight million

Native Americans and New

residents were born outside the

Y orks most eye-catching

modern feature, the skyscraper,

Native Americans came every

USA . 5______ . In the borough

o f Queens alone 116 languages
are spoken. In addition, about
14,000 Native Americans from

are closely linked. As these

giants began to rise over
Manhattan, the heroic
descendants of N ew York State s
Iroquois became famous. 7 hey
gained a reputation as being

The words 1 -6 are connected with the movement of

populations. Match them to their meanings a -f.
homeland
2

adopted country

refugees

asylum seekers

illegal im m igrants

emigrants

people forced to leave th e ir country

extremely skilled steel workers

in the construction industry.
W ithout them, the skyscrapers
in the city would not have been
built and N e w York would not
be what it is today.

those who have left th e ir own country and are looking

for protection in another

c those entering a country unlaw fully

:

a country one has chosen to live in

Why do you th in k people go to live in different countries?

ones native country

What problems do you th in k they face?

those who leave th e ir own country to live in another

Would you like to live in another country? Which one? Why?

U fe rsit

Reading

The passive
1 Look at the pictures. Where do you think these buildings
are? What do you think they are used for?

L.

Grammar check:

pfiis.

The passive
Forms and uses

1 Read the sentences in italics and decide if

sentences a -c are true or false.
The hotel is rebuilt by its owners every year. It is
redesigned, the land is surveyed and about 30,000
tonnes o f snow are gathered as building material.
a

In passive sentences the main focus is not on who

or w hat does the action but on the action itself,

A passive sentence must include the agent, that is

the person or thing that does the action,

c The passive is used to describe processes.

2 Complete the following sentences.

a The passive is formed by u s in g ______________ +
the past participle.
b To change tense, we ch a n g e ______________ The
past participle stays the same,
c If we m ention who or what does the action we
u s e ____________
Rewrite this sentence as a negative sentence and a
question.
The town was affected by floods.
(-v e )-----------------------------------------------------------------------

tour operator called Jane. Listen and choose the correct

answers.
1

Why did Jane start Fantasy Hotel Holidays?

a She wanted to go to France but couldnt find a hotel,

Other tenses
3 Look at how the passive is formed in the Grammar check
box above, then decide how to form the passive in the
continuous, perfect and future tenses.

b She realised that a lot of people wanted to go to

America.
c

hotels.
2

What is unusual about the Ice Hotel in Sweden?

a

Its rebuilt and redesigned every year.

Guests must take th e ir own sleeping bags,

It was used in a James Bond film .

Active

Passive

Present

A film com pany is

The hotel is being

continuous

using Ihe hotel in

used in a spy film .

a spy film .
Past continuous

Its very exclusive and expensive.

b It has a unique design and construction,

c

A film com pany

was using the

What does Jane find fascinating about the Burj al Arab?

a

Tense

She discovered there was a market fo r unusual

hotel in a spy film .

Present perfect

A film com pany

has used th e hotel

It can only be reached by helicopter.

in a spy film .

Who haunts Castle Stuart?

Future with w ill

Someone who lived 400 years ago.

Four men who knew the earl,

w ill use th e hotel

Someone who once owned the castle,

in a spy film .

A highland soldier and the devil.

A film com pany

1 Another Harry Potter b o o k _____________ (will publish)

next June.

star

The electric light b u lb

(invent) by Edison.

A new James Bond f i l m _____________ (made) at the

finish

be

start

travel

film
make

not stop
direct

discover

moment.
4

We d id n t stay at the hotel because i t ____________

(rebuilt) when we arrived.

Thousands of b o o k s _____________ (write) about UFOs

and other mysteries.

_____________ this h o te l

(use) in Die

Another Day?
Rewrite the sentences using the passive form of the verb
in the correct tense.
1

Peter Jackson directed The Lord o f the Rings.

The Lord o f the R ings______________________________

They are building a new hotel.

A new h o te l______________________________________

They w ill film the next part of the trilogy next year.
The next part of the tr ilo g y _________________________

They were inspecting the location when I arrived.

The lo c a tio n ______________________________________

Die Another D a y /
.
James Bond film . It 2.

They have decorated the palace recently.

The p a la ce _______________________________________

the 20th
by Lee

Tamahori and 3------------ Pierce Brosnan

and Halle Berry. It 4 _ _ l0n ,oc<uion

Underline the correct form of the verb.

1

The restaurant added / was added to the hotel in 2001.

The designers created / was created a film set made of

The restaurant is u s in g /is being used for an art

until the final credits. On the way, Bond

exhibition at the moment.

7
to Iceland into the villain's HQ.
This is a palace which 8______ entirely
o f ice. There, he 11
a new hi-tech
weapon and the film
0f

in Britain, Spain, Hawaii and Iceland.

The h'lm 5.
w ith a high-speed
chase in Korea and the action

ice.

Frank Lloyd Wright designed / was designed the

The film was shown / showed at the Berlin Film Festival.

My company w ill design / w ill be designed three new

Guggenheim Museum in New York.

course, in a huge explosion.

hotels next year.

7
8

Some actors never offer / are never offered leading roles

in films.

Lets activate

The producer looks a fte r/ is looked after raising the

Describing a film

money for a film .

In pairs, choose a him and make notes. Use these

questions to help you.

Who was it directed by?

Who stars in the him?

What do you know about the actors / director /

Where was. it filmed?

production?

What is the story about?

Would you recommend the him?

Using the points in 8, tell another pair about the him you
discussed.
10

Write a short review about the him you described.

Read about the him Die A nother Day. Use the correct
active or passive form of these verbs to complete the
paragraph.

'Unit

Complete the sentences. Use the correct passive form of

the verb in brackets.

Lets practise grammar

Passive

Active or passive?

1 Put the verb in brackets in the correct form to complete

the sentences.

the robbery

4 Put the verb in brackets in the correct form.

1

(report) to the

police, yet?
2
3

The d o cu m e n ts ____________ (print) at the moment.

Four different versions of the f i l m _____________ (make)
Fifty new houses

(built) in the village,

next year.
5

Two p e o p le ____

(take) to hospital after an

accident, yesterday.
6

W h e n ---------------------- the results of the survey

Your m o n e y ---------------------- (transfer) at the mom ent. Itll

be here soon.

S m o king ________

---------------------- (publish)? Is it next week?

(not allowed) in a lot of places

Rewrite the sentences in the passive using the underlined

words as the subject. Make any necessary changes.

(not release) last year due to

M illions of p e o p le ___ --------------- (watch) the basketb?

match on TV last night.

The a u th o r _____________ (write) a new book at the

moment.

---------------------- your c a r ______________ (mend) yet?

A valuable painting .

. (steal) from the

museum recently.
7

_____________ she _

(drive) to the static"

by John?
8

Archaeologists____

(discover) remains of ole

settlements.

these days.

The h i m ________
production problems.

since 1985.
4

M illions of telephone c a lls _____________ (make) ever.

day.

5 Complete the sentences about New York using the correct

form of these verbs. One verb is used twice.
sell

speak

build
1

become

arrive

discover

be

begin

When M a n h a tta n ________

by Giovanni da

Verrazano in 1524, he claimed it for the French.

2

Manhattan Is la n d _____________ to Peter Minuit, of the

Dutch West India Company, in 1626 fo r about $24.

When Peter S tuyvesant_____________ planting apple

orchards, New York became fam ous for its apples. Sooi t ---------------------- known as the Big Apple, a name wh : was made popular by the Jazz musicians.

1840s hundreds of Irish im m igrants also came to the

city.

Example
The postman delivers letters every morning.
Letters are delivered by the postman every morning.
1

They d o n t perm it parking in the centre of town.

The fire destroyed a large area of forest in Australia

The police were follow ing the suspect when he crashed

Did they make Ih e jiJrn in New Zealand?

The builders are studying the design at the moment.

The architects d id n t design the hotel for a cold climate.

Correct the mistakes in these sentences.

1

The new hotel w ill be build next year.

The crime d id n t discovered for four days.

The film is been made at the moment.

Three scenes have added to the film since last night.

Who was the Eiffel Tower design by?

The decorators have been painted the rooms recently.

By Leonardo de Vinci was painted the church.

The horse was been trained when it broke its leg.

Today there

are eight m illio n people living there.

6

About 40% of New Y orkers_____________ born outside

the USA.

into a tree.
5

Originally there were a few hundred settlers in New Yc .

and 18 different languages

Picasso painted Guernica.

The Ita lia n s _____________ in the early 1800s, and in c e

The first inhabitants of New Y o rk _____________ two

groups of Native Americans called the Delawares and t
Ramapough.

Many of the skyscrapers_____________ by the Iroquoi

who were skilled steel workers.

Extension

"Vie passive with by O pi38 )

Match actions 1 -6 to a -f. Then write sentences using by.
E x a m p le

Read examples a-c and complete rules 2 -3 with of, w ith

and by.
a

The table was made of wood,

The table was made by my father,

c The d rin k was made with ice and lemon.

l - c The Sistine Chapel was painted by Michelangelo.

We often use the prepositions of, with and by w ith the

We u s e ____________ to say who or what does the

The Sistine Chapel / paint

Oranges / grow

Those special effects / create

A series of car crimes / currently / investigate

His house / destroy

_____________ to say the ingredients or way something

The results of the experiments / study / at the mom ent

is made.

a group of scientists

a terrible storm

The sculpture was made

Michelangelo

The special effects were done

a lot of farmers in California

The survey was carried out

the local police

com puter

The rake was made

Water is composed

Our house was destroyed

The technology was developed

passive.
action.
3

We u s e ____________ to say the material used and

Complete the sentences using of, by or w ith.

granite.
computer.
an advertising

agency.
care.
oxygen and hydrogen.
a fire.
a team of

San Francisco

scientists.
8

The can of cola was opened

a can opener.

The right word

9

San Francisco is one o f America's top tourist destinations. Its

interesting history, steep streets, picturesque I9th-centuiy
architecture and its position on the ba\y 1____________ (make)
it a great place to visit.
Like eveiy city San Francisco had small beginnings. In 1776, a
small fort 2 ____________ (build) on the coast of California
3_____________ the Spanish. However, it wasnt until 70_years
later that thousands of settlers 4_____________ (begin) to
arrive.
So what made people travel west? The answer is gold. In 1849,
gold 5____________ (discover) in the hills around the fort.
Within a year over 50,000 people had arrived and the city of
San Francisco was born.
For a young city San Francisco 6____________ (suffer) a lot.
Since the gold rush the centre 7_____________ (rebuild) several
times because it was hit 8_____________ major earthquakes,
including the Great Earthquake o f 1906. In addition, the centre

Put the verbs in brackets in the correct active or passive

form and fill in the other gaps with by, o f o r w ith.

of the city 9_____________ (destroy) 10______________a fire

that followed this earthquake. It spread quickly because most of
the houses were made 11____________ wood. Fortunately, San
Francisco was quickly rebuilt.
One o f the city's most famous sights, the Golden Gate bridge,
was built in the 1930s. You 12
(get) a great view
of the city from the bridge. It is 1,280 m long and
13____________ (cost) $35 million to build. It's not surprising
that it 14_____________ (photograph) more often than any other
bridge in the world.
Another famous sight is the prison, Alcatraz. It
15____________ (build) on a rock in the middle o f the bay and
it 16____________ (become) the most feared prison in
America. Gangsters like A1 Capone and Machine Gun Kelly
spent time there, and escape was impossible. Tours to see
Alcatraz must 17
(book) in advance. The tour
18____________ (take) a day to do.

Listening and spea

I n

v e n

t i n

t o m

o r r o w

Listening

L>

A talk
1

Listening and identifying statements

You need to be able to read and listen at the same time.
Try to underline the most im portant words in each

Listen to Ted Harris talking about something he

invented. Then complete the sentences.
7.2

statement before you listen. The speaker may not use the
same words.

EVER HAD A GREAT IDEA?

4
Today's unique invention could be tomorrow's
reality if you follow a few simple steps.

7.3 Listen again and decide whether the speakers

made the statements or not. Tick the correct box.
Yes

The man's invention w as 1 __________

An idea for a new product needs 2 _________
You shouldn't even 3-fi" . : r

No

Speaker 1
1 It to o k me a long tim e to com e up w ith

about it.

th e idea fo r m y in ve n tion .

If you d on 't apply for a patent, your invention

2 At the beginning, no one was

m ight be 4 __________

interested in m y design.

You should contact a 5 __________ - a person

3 You have to be d e te rm in ed to succeed.

w h o has to translate your ideas into

Speaker 2
You ought to do as much research as possible
to make certain your design is 2 _
You could ask 3

4 I started up in business alone.

--------5 The in ve n tion is used m a in ly in homes.

__ to produce your

6 You need business tra in in g to make

product if you think they m ight be interested

yo u r product successful.

in it.

Speaker 3
7 I m ade a decision to change m y life.

8 I c o u ld n t fin d w h a t I w anted so

How successful was Teds idea?

I invented it myself.

A radio interview
3

^ 7.3

9 I was to ld I w o u ld able to patent my

Listen to three different women talking about

things they invented. As you listen, match the pictures of

the inventions to the speakers.

in ve n tion .

Vocabulary
5

The expressions underlined in 1- 8 appear in the listening

Match them to meanings a -h .
1

scalded bv a cappuccino

take the cafe to court

a it was d ifficu lt
b have an idea for

dashed back to the office

c someone to provide

showed me the door

d take legal action

It was tough

to come up w ith a product

given me courage

f told me to leave
g returned running

I found a backer

h burned by liquid

money
against
made me confident

fillers

r j 7.4 Read the dialogue. Then listen to the recording

and fill in the gaps.

^ 7.5 Listen to You can get it i f you really w ant by

Jimmy Cliff and fill in the gaps.
You can get it if you really want
Chorus

Giving yourself tim e to think / Using conversation

fillers
Customer i ____________ exactly is this gadget for?
d i s t a n t 2 ____________ ; i t s for opening things like jars

it if youreally want

You can get

it if youreally want

You can get

it if youreally want

But you musttry, try and try

Try and try, youll 1 _________

and bottles.
Customer And how does it work?
and use the

handles to turn it. There you are. The lid comes

o ff easily!
Customer * ____________ ... and how much is it?

Win or lose youve got to get your 2 _____

Got your 3 _____________ set on a dream
You can get it, though hard it seem now
Chorus
was not b u ilt in a day

Assistant s ____________ . ||| just check the price.

w ill come your way

e ____________ - i t s here on the back of the

label. Its 15 euros.

But the hotter the battle you see

Its the sweeter the 6 __________

: : oriately in your answers to produce more natural

student A: You are in a shop and are interested in buying

ie product below which is being promoted. Ask the shop
assistant (Student B) some questions to find out the
allowing information about it:
its purpose
how it functions

its price

In pairs, read the lyrics again and answer the

questions.

C O "SC S.

now

Chorus

plavf

! " some useful functional phrases and try to use them

at last

Persecution you must bear

Assistant 3 ____________ if | can show you. You place it

firm ly on top of the lid - just so -

You can get

student B: You work in a shop as a sales person. Look at

the product details on page 141 for the product you are
promoting and answer your customers (Student As)
questions.

Confide

111

What do you th in k the singer means in the final

verse?

When you find things d ifficu lt, do you keep trying

or give up?

Is there som ething you really w ant to succeed at?

nv ersation

S o u n d b it e s
Vnif

t/t

le a k i n g

Writing a short story

F r a iA e # w

r i t e r

f t h

Studying the sam ple

1

The ultimate triumph

Read the announcement.

What is it about?

A ut aldf ugh the whales swam alongside the yacht for

mdreds ot miles, they never came too near. Maybe fiwere curious, or just bored, but they gave me no peacound it difficult to eat, sleep, or concentrate on what r

Where did it appear?

Competition!

13

H a v e y o u g o t w h a t i t takes
to b e c o m e a tr a v e l w r ite r?
C

T h is w e e k th e D a i l y A n n o u n c e r g iv e s y o u
t h e o p p o r t u n it y to f in d o u t b y w r it i n g a
s h o r t s to ry o f y o u r o w n .

M y yachting career had begun 10 years earlier, when

father used to take me sailing o ff the south coast o f
gland. I admit that I wasnt a keen sailor at first but 1
naaster<' handling the sails on his small yacht Afthad achieved that, there was no stopping me. M y drean
was to cross the Atlantic - not with my father but alone

Perhaps the yacht got too near to the coast, or they haa
eady lost interest m me and what I was doing I d id n .. care. I was glad just to be rid o f the disturbing presence
he whales and to focus my attention on sailing into the
nothm
W3S SOmg
t0 it!
^ my m ment
nothing was going
to spoil

R u le s

e a

(r e a l o r im a g in a r y ) w h i c h h a p p e n e d to

D,Zbelieve
u Z '
ed? r the de,
the
mom
8.10 f t|le le .
myeyes,There,yosi
surface
were the unmistakable shepes o f M e r whales, I c o u ld le three or tour quite close to the yacht and every day them

y o u w h i l e t r a v e llin g .

It s h o u ld b e o r ig in a l.

It s h o u ld n o t b e m o r e th a n 3 0 0 w o r d s .

E n trie s s h o u ld b e p o s te d to a r r iv e n o
la te r th a n th r e e w e e k s fr o m to d a y .

E n trie s w i l l b e ju d g e d b y a p a n e l o f tr a v e l
w r ite r s a n d th e e d it o r o f th e n e w s p a p e r .
T h e w in n e r s o f th e c o m p e t it io n w i l l r e c e iv e
b o o k to k e n s to th e v a lu e o f 1 0 0 - 5 0 0 a n d
t h e o v e r a ll w i n n e r w i l l h a v e h is / h e r s to ry
p u b lis h e d in th is n e w s p a p e r .

knCW tlU t

thCy deCMed t0

E ^ Shortly after 10.30 a.m. local time yesterday, I sailed into

harbour m the Caribbean. I had taken a term o ff from m
jo as a teacher to sail across the Atlantic in m y yacht
Tnumph, and I had finally made it. I was greeted
enthusiastically by my family. W ere very proud o f you
so said my father. B ut all 1
X
wanted now was a hot
shower and a plate o f steak
and chips.

F Eventually, this summer, I

got my wish. I took part in
a trans-Atlantic race and
managed to find the
sponsorship I needed to
fin ance m y jo u rn e y . D espite
the loneliness and
exhaustion, the firs t part o f '

Ordering paragraphs and events

the jo u r n e y was relatively

uneventful. It was only
w h en I found m yself

2 Here is one of the entries in the competition.

Unfortunately, the paragraphs (A-F) in the story have
been mixed up. Read the text and put the paragraphs in
the correct order.

45

several hundred miles from

land that I began to get
w o rrie d .

trium ph

Y o u r s to ry s h o u ld b e a b o u t s o m e th in g

How did the writer feel about sailing initially and what
did he eventually achieve?

'

_________________

lake a list of the facts and figures in the story that make
t sound more realistic.

'Exam"training V
Sequencing events

E xam ple

When you are w ritin g a story, remember to sequence

events so that your reader knows when, where and why
things happened.

: laces: a harbour in the Caribbean / the south coast o f

England / the A tlan tic
'

places

3 distances

tim e references

4 descriptions of how the w rite r felt

8

Complete the sentences using one of these words or

phrases. More than one answer may be possible.

eps to better w riting

then

A zriptions

It was only when

Adjectives 1 -7 are used in the story. Match them to their

meanings a-g .
2

One day

when

years earlier

shortly after

at

>after

We started our jo u rn e y _____________ midday precisely.

We w ent to A n tig u a ,_____________ Barbados.

3_______________I returned home that I felt safe.

curious (line 3)

amazing (line 5)

b w anting very much to do

incredible
something

L ater,____________ having a coffee, I went to bed.

F o u r____________ I had taken a scuba diving course.

\een (line 9)

c easy to recognise

6_______________I decided to do something really exciting.

disturbing (line 15)

d w anting to know or learn

5 jnm ista kab le (line 21)

e making someone worried

It w a s ____________ n o o n

the rain

began.

or upset
0 oroud (line 29)

f pleased or satisfied with

uneventful (line 43)

g w ith no exciting things

happening

fhoose the meaning for these adverbs as they are used in

:he story.
1

Writing your story

Understanding the taste and planning
9

You are going to write your own travel story of about

20 0 -2 5 0 words for the competition.

simply (line 6)

Choose a place and an activity to w rite about.

a completely

Decide who to have in your story.

w ith o u t noise

2 nardly (line 19)

a

w ith d ifficu lty

b not softly
a full of excitement / interest

Include facts and figures to make it more realistic.

Include a direct speech quote to make the characters

b paying attention to

more believable.

Eventually (line 34)

Writing

a last of all
b in the end

10

5 relatively (line 42)

a compared to others

Use these points to help you write your story.

Write your introduction. Get the readers attention.

Describe the place to make it seem real, fo r example the

b closely

weather, the tim e of day, and the scenery.

. se one of the adjectives or adverbs in 5 and 6 to

::~ ip le te these sentences.
I'm afraid Im not v e r y

on sailing, said

Leave the reader th in kin g about what has happened in

the story.

After five days sailing w e _____________ reached our

.hfccfcing

destination.
i

Sequence the events in the story using some of the

words and phrases in the sample.

Paul.
2

Say how you felt. Think about adjectives and adverbs to

make events more descriptive.

3 enthusiastically (line 29)

Think of something exciting, interesting or dangerous

that happened.

-eg's parents were s o _____________ when he won his

"rs t m ajor race.

to know what this strange object is.

Can I jo in you on the yacht tom orrow ? Ted asked

11

Read through your story and check that:

you have given your story an interesting title.

your facts and figures are realistic.

the reader is going to be interested in your story.

you have punctuated any direct quotes correctly.

New Yorfc
1

Extension

Complete the sentences using these verbs in the correct

form.
settle

emigrate

leave

inhabit

Uses of get
4 Replace the words in italic with one of these phrases

visit

the correct form.

When we were in Egypt, w e ______________the Pyramids.

Thousands of years ago, this region w a s ____________

* get used to

get stuck

> get away

get off

gi

by hunter-gatherers.
3

People who came from northern E u ro p e ____________

perm anently in this area.

After the potato fam ine in Ireland, many people

_____________ to America.

It takes a lot of courage t o _____________ your own

country and go to live in another.

Complete the sentences using these words.

hard
1

back

truth

m ind

question

suppose

To tell t h e ______________ Im not a very am bitious

person.

If you change y o u r _____________ about going out

tonight, give me a ring.

I _____________ what everybody really wants in life is to

be successful.

school is.
5

L o o kin g

Greg dismounted fro m his horse and led it across th e

prison walls.
river.
3

After a few weeks, Zoe became accustomed to her nev

T im s cat clim bed up the tree and couldnt climb do.-,

When I was a student I managed to live on 35 a wee

Do I w ant to be successful? Well, th a ts a good

_____________ and I d o n t really know the answer.

Confusing words
3

The crim inals escaped by digging a tunnel under th e

I regret not doing more studying

for the exams.

6

Its _____________ to say what my favourite subject at

job and started to enjoy it.

Underline the correct word to complete the sentences.

Phrasal verbs

discover / invent

5 Use one of the phrasal verbs in the correct form to

Giovanni da Verrazano discovered / invented Manhattan

replace the underlined verbs in this paragraph.

Island in 1524.
2

Who discovered / invented moving pictures?

come up w ith

set up

make up

keep up with

grow up
fo u n d / fin d
3
4

Peter M inuit founded / fo u n d New York in 1626.

Have you founded / fo u n d your keys yet? Why dont you
check the front door?

refugees / asylum seekers

5

Hundreds of refugees / asylum seekers are heading for the

border to escape the fighting.

The refugees / asylum seekers hope to find safety in their

new country.

j i spent m y childhood in the kind of

neighbourhood where the most im portant thing v
to 2
nr have the same_jhings_as your neighbour
even remember * inventing stories to tell m y fn e n
about how m uch money m y grandmother had jus
to impress them! So, w hen I started work, I was
determined to 4 th in k o f a really good idea for
making money. I realised that there were a lot o t
wom en w ho were so busy that they had no time

entertain friends. I decided to s start a 'dinner

service', going to people's houses and cooking me
for them so that they could relax w ith their gues.
I've made a lot of money, but I know now that
money doesn;t make people h a p p y .

-----------

Culture focu
Which of these things do you spend money on? Put them
n order, beginning with what you spend most on (1) and
ending with what you spend least on (5).
! Books and magazines
I CDs and videos
_ Going out w ith friends
Z Clothes
Z Present for friends and fam ily
How do your spending habits compare with those of the
oth e r students?

Spending habits
i -ie British have an astonishing 35 % more money to spend

man they did ten years ago. O u r great-grand-parents and

real grea t-gra i ul-parct it' w ould be amazed i f they came back
md visited us today.
But, what do people spend their hard-earned money on?
Britain, housing is a major expense, w ith about 68% o f
people owning their own hom e.This means that the British
somewhere in the middle in terms oi home ownership in
rope. A t the top are Italy and Spain, with 78 % o f people
ning the place they live in, w hile Germany is at the
: . :tom, w ith lewer than 4 0 % choosing to buy.
N ot only do British people like to buy homes, they also
- -0 spend money on things for the home. Consequently,
_-.den pioducts are also big sellers, as people increasingly see
r rir backyards as additional living space and a place to escape
As the population gets richer and people have more spare
. -I. so spending on health and fitness continues to increase
r.jtive to what consumers spend on other products and

Read the article about spending habits and changing

festyle in Britain, and complete the missing information.
1

Most people in Britain like to own

British people consider th e ir backyards and gardens as

.0

f /'/ / j

tfrr;
'j . L

// 1

r "S
Ijfep

/ / / / / / / / / /

11

I !%

services. Approxim ately a quarter o f adults claim to have tried

a new sport in the last year.
Spending on leisure is also a reaction to longer w orking
hours and the British w ork the longest hours in the European
U nion. People feel the need to balance w ork and home,
and w hile almost half the population teel they have achieved a
good work / life balance, they recognise that they have to make
difficult decisions to maintain it.
W orking long hours also means that many people consult
a chemist lather than a doctor tor m inor health problems. In
addition, more, shorter holidays are now more popular than
the traditional tw o- or three-week holidays.
A nother consequence o f needmg to find a balance
between w ork and leisure is that more and more people buy
convenience foods, such as frozen or prepared food like pizzas
and pasta sauces. However, that doesnt mean people are
uninterested in food. O n the contrary, the range o f food,
paiticularly foreign food, found in supermarkets is growing all
the time.
O n a social level, most British people think it is important
to keep in touch w ith their family. M ore and more people
move away from the town they were born in, and this is
leflected in the increase in the use o f mobile telephones and
the Internet.
Based on M ero pe M ills , The G uardian

They spend relatively more o n __________________

Most people now w o r k ______________________

Rather than consult a doctor, many people go to a

Talking about your country

1

Do most people in your country own th e ir own homes?

How long do people w ork each week on average?

Longer holidays have been replaced by

Do people prefer to have one long holiday or a few

Most fam ilies now eat a large qua n tity of

How im portant is home cooking where you live?

Do people live near th e ir fam ilies and see them

short ones?

As people move away from th e ir fam ilies, they th in k it is

im portant t o ______________________

regularly? Is this changing?

JTaieirtej ristcs

'Measuring th e risles
Reading
3

Read the article on page 95 and answer these question

1

Where do you th in k the article is from : a book, a

magazine, a newspaper? Why?

How does the presentation of the article attract the

readers attention?

Is the style of w riting formal, inform al, or semi-forma '

What is the reason for your answer?

Read the text again and decide if these statements are

true or false.
1

Dr Duckworth is currently working as a statistician.

Living on earth poses quite a high risk to humans.

Men are more at risk from washing the dishes than f i:

being murdered.

Henry Wynn advises using the riskometer w ith care.

Dr Duckworth feels that people should be able to ju a :

for themselves whether to take risks or not.

Coal m ining is the most dangerous job.

Fairground rides are actually relatively safe.

Dr Duckworth thinks flying is an extremely risky b u s r-

V o cab u lary
Possibility result and eboite
5

1 What is a risk? Why do you think people take risks?

2

A riskometer measures ordinary and unusual risks on a

scale of 1 (low) to 8 (high), like the Richter scale for
earthquakes. Where do you think risks a -h appear on
the scale? Match each one to a number.

0.3
a

1.6

1.7

1.9

5.5

6.3

6.4

7.1

Look at how these words are used in the text. Then

complete the sentences using the correct word.
likelihood
comparison
1

chances

measures scale

* consequences

Frank Duckworths s c a le

like:.

statistics assess
the risk of d.

doing different activities.

2

Is there any r e a l____________ of dying from being

struck by lightning?

dying when vacuuming, washing up or walking down

____________ show that some activities are more

dangerous than others.

the street

The R ic h te r_____________ measures earthquakes.

travelling 160 km by train

People who smoke a r e ____________ to become I

We are responsible fo r t h e _____________ of our a c :

driving 160 km by car

destructive asteroid h ittin g earth

smoking 40 cigarettes a day

working as a deep sea fisherman

flying 1600 km as a passenger

rock clim bing for 20 years

People can make a

between the d a n ;-

of working as a m iner and a deep sea fisherman.

He d id n t believe in ta k in g _____________ .
The riskometer enables you t o _____________ the r _
you are taking.

hen ta lk in g a b o u t ta k in g
c h a n c e s p e o p l e say, 'Y o u
n e v e r k n o w w h a t t h e risks are. Y o u
m ay be run over by a bus

to m o rro w .' However, w o u ld most

p e o p l e really like t o k n o w w h a t

'ZMnit

Riskometer
measures
's ups and
downs

t h e p r o b a b il it y o f t h a t h a p p e n i n g
is? O n e m a n t h in k s t h e y w o u l d .
Frank

Duckw orth,

r e t ir e d

sta tistic ian , has c o m e u p w it h a 'S im p le Scale o f Risk t o t h e Public',

w h i c h he p r e s e n t e d a t a c o n f e r e n c e a t W a r w i c k U n iv e rs ity ,
ye sterd ay . H e h o p e s t h a t it will b e so p o p u l a r t h a t p u b l ic lib raries
will d is p la y it. It will b e us e fu l to p e o p l e w h e n assessing t h e risks o f
d o i n g activ ities. T h e r is k o m e t e r w o r k s o n t h e s a m e basis as t h e
R ic h te r Scale fo r e a r t h q u a k e s . Its z e r o in d ic a t e s s im p ly liv ing o n
p l a n e t e a r t h fo r a year. T h is is slig h tly s a fe r t h a n m a k in g a 1 6 0 -k m
rail jo u r n e y , w h ic h is r ate d a t 0 . 3 o n t h e scale. T h e p e a k o f t h e scale,
8.0, m e a s u r e s t h e risk o f d e a t h b y suic id e.
For n e w - b o r n m ales, t h e lik e l ih o o d o f b e in g m u r d e r e d (4 . 6 ) is
lo w e r t h a n t h a t o f d e a t h by v a c u u m c l e a n i n g or w a s h i n g u p (5.5).
A 3 5 - y e a r - o l d m a n w h o s m o k e s 4 0 c ig a r e tt e s a d a y is in a lm o s t as
m u c h d a n g e r as s o m e o n e w h o is p la y in g R u s s ian r o u le t t e w it h o n e
c a r t rid g e .
H e n r y W y n n , d ir e c t o r o f t h e Risk In itia t iv e a t W a r w ic k University,
said : 'Fra nk 's d o i n g a g o o d j o b o n risk p e r c e p t io n . W e lik e t h e id ea
o f a r is k o m e t e r as lo n g as it is u s e d w it h c a u t io n '.
D r D u c k w o r t h said , 'I loo k a t t h in g s w e a re all f a m il ia r w it h . So if
a n e w risk c o m e s a lo n g , t h e m a n in t h e s tre e t w o u l d be a b l e to
m a k e a c o m p a r is o n a n d d e c i d e w h e t h e r t o t a k e t h a t risk or not.
W h a t th is d o e s is a ll o w d if f e r e n t t y p e s o f risk, a n d risks w it h
d if f e r e n t c o n s e q u e n c e s , t o b e p u t o n t h e s a m e scale. It g ive s us a
use ful a n d m e a n i n g f u l c o m p a r is o n . '
His m e t h o d a llo w s h im t o g r a d e t h e risk o f a lm o s t a n y h u m a n
a c t iv ity f o r w h ic h a c c i d e n t or d is e a s e statistics c a n be f o u n d .
So w h ic h j o b a re y o u m o s t lik ely to d ie i n ? 'M o s t p e o p l e d o n ' t
k n o w t h a t a p r o fe s sio n like d e e p sea fis h in g is d a n g e r o u s ' , h e said.
P e o p l e t h in k t h a t t h e m o s t d a n g e r o u s j o b is co al m in in g , b u t d e e p
sea fis h in g fo r 4 0 ye a rs has a risk f a c to r o f 6 .4 .'
By co n tra s t, t h e n u m b e r o f d e a t h s o n f a i r g r o u n d rid es a r o u n d
th e w o r ld w a s v e ry low, h e said . A re p o r t last w e e k s a id t h e r e w a s
s o m e t h i n g lik e o n e f a t a l it y in 7 0 0 m illio n rides. 'So, if a p e r so n d o e s
1 0 0 rides, t h e c h a n c e s o f t h e m d y in g a re a p p r o x i m a t e l y o n e in a
m illio n - 2 .0 o n t h e ris k om e te r.'
H e h im s e lf h a s a c c e p t e d t h a t h e h a s 'e n t e r e d a v e ry d a n g e r o u s
w o r ld . I d o n ' t w o r r y a b o u t t a k i n g a 1 , 0 0 0 - m i l e flig ht, e a t i n g b e e f or
w e a r i n g c o n t a c t lenses. T h e m o s t d a n g e r o u s a s p e c t o f a f l ig h t to
A u s t r a l ia is t h e car j o u r n e y to t h e a ir p o r t ! '
J o h n E za rd , T h e G u a r d ia n

Wiwne

tctifcJ!

Do any of the risks m entioned in the article surprise you?

Which ones?
num ber of deaths on fairground rides is

Which of these activities do you th in k has the greatest risk?

bungee ju m p in g * smoking

; horse riding

driving a car
uncooked meat dangerous?

Which ones w ould you be prepared to do?

P-elative clauses
1

G ram m ar c/iec/r

In pairs, discuss the questions.

1

What is claustrophobia?

Do you or does anyone you know suffer from

Can you th in k of any other types of phobia?

( > P1 39

Defining relative clauses

claustrophobia?

Underline the correct word to complete these

statements. Use the underlined phrases in the text
to help you.

2 Read the article by teenager Nick Walsh and find out if he

enjoyed caving.

We use defining relative clauses to give essential /

extra inform ation about a person or th ing in the
main clause. They tell us which person or thing is
being referred to.

We use that or which to refer to things / people,

who and that to refer to things / people, and
whose to talk about possession.

2 In which sentence, a or b, could that be omitted?

Clinging on, crushed between two surfaces in semidarkness is routine for commuters travelling to school or
work by tube. W hat is different about caves, however, is that
they also offer peace and quiet. Fifteen metres below the
ground, the only sound is the trickle of running water.

We put on the heavy wet suits that are the

standard clothing for cavers,

The route that he has chosen is the safest.

W e put on the heavy w et suits that are the standard clothing

for cavers. A guide whose name was Jamie appeared- I
asked him what might happen to us underground. I suppose
you could catch a cold," he replied. The route that he has
chosen is the safest and driest because of the storm outside.
As w e know nothing about caving, w e are relying on Jamie
to keep us out of danger. The caves, which can be dangerous

Combine the sentences in 1 -5 into one using a defining

relative clause. You may need to make other changes.

Example
Jamie to o k us caving last week. Jamie is the guide.

Jamie is the guide who / that took us caving last week.

1

if you don't know what you are doing, are w ild and beautiful.

There were stalactites hanging from the roof of the ca\e

My helm et banged into the stalactites.

W e turn off our helmet lights to experience the "ultimate

darkness' that the underworld offers. Jamie, who has been
caving for years, explains that the human eye adjusts to the
absence of light in three stages. The last stage is imagining

2
3

I met a woman. The w om ans husband runs the activits

that you see something that isn't there. If you wave your hand

There were other people doing the course. I met the

in front of your face, even though there is no light that

enables you to see an image, your brain pretends that you
can see your hand! People who suffer from claustrophobia
don't usually enjoy caving, but Jamie thinks that I'm ready to

Two hundred years ago, people mined lead in the cave;

crawl into a tunnel just to see if I can. It makes me feel

Read the sentences. In which sentences can you omit the

relative pronoun?

worse than being stuck in a lift.

However, as w e turn around and make our way back into the
daylight, the caves seem a far nicer place to crouch in than
a peak hour commuter train.
N ick Patou Walsh, The O bserver

Near the caves there is an activity centre. The activity

centre offers a weekend introduction course to caving.
centre.
other people.
Jamie works in the caves today.

The caves that Jamie works in can be dangerous.

There is no light that w ould enable you to see an image

The guide who you met doesnt work there any more.

The cave w hich we went through was flooded in the

The man whose helmet I borrowed has been caving for

,,

storm.
years.
6

We all looked towards the light which the guide was

holding.

Look at the examples and answer

:be questions.

Read the information about ice hockey. Combine sentences 1 -7 into one using a
defining or a non-defining relative clause.
8

:n-defining relative clauses

V n it

a The Mendip caves, which can be

dangerous, are beautiful.
0 Jamie, who has been caving for
years, explains the process.
c The guide, whose brother is a
friend of mine, gave us our
wetsu its.
1

Is the inform ation introduced by

which, who or whose in a -c
essential inform ation or extra

2
3

Ice hockey was first played by native Canadians. They lived in Nova Scotia.

inform ation?

Players use ice hockey sticks. They are usually made from wood.

Where do we put commas in

The sticks have thicker blades. Goalkeepers use them.

non-defining relative clauses?

The object of the game is to score more goals than the other team. The game

Is it possible to o m it which, who

developed from hockey.

or whose in sentences a-c?

The referee has to be very fit. The referee controls the game, together w ith the
linesmen and the goal judges.

ffe m

e m

A e r ?

Players break the rules. They are sent o ff the pitch.

Wayne Gretzky is Canadian. He was the best professional player in the world

' ' -defining clauses, we cannot

before he retired.

B e that.
^
i

Combine the sentences to make

: ne sentence using a non-defining
elative clause.

Example
f
wetsuits are heavy. The wetsuits
arc new.
' wetsuits, which are new, are

weavy.

8.1 Listen and check your answers.

Lets activate

6iuess

the adrenaline sport

Work in groups of three. Each person secretly thinks of an exciting or dangerous

sport. You are allowed to give your partners six clues, but each clue should
contain a relative clause.

The other cavers follow the

E x a m p le

iaide. They have all been caving

I t s something th a t you cannot do alone. I t s done by people who enjoy being outside.
I t s a sport which requires a lo t o f training.

before.
C My helmet doesnt w ork very
veil. My helm et is too big.
3 ~ne tunnel is very narrow. It is
ong and dark.
4

Sarah gives me a sandwich. Her

John started caving ten years ago.

The experience helped me get

fam ily live in Bath.

He trained as a guide last year,
over my claustrophobia. It was
Tightening at the beginning,
.am ie is w arning us to be careful.
I can just see his face.

&

Lets practise grammar

Defining relative clauses

Non-defining clauses

3 Combine the sentences in 1 -6 to make one sentence w

Match sentences 1 -8 to a -h . Then combine them to make

one sentence with a defining relative clause.

a non-defining relative clause.

Example

The car w o u ld n t start. It was ten years old.

7 - h They are the people who we met last week.

My brother is in Alaska. His girlfriend is Japanese.

My friend Jane is coming today. She is a doctor.

The China House is my favourite restaurant. It is verv

They are the people.

Have you read the poem?

The picture was painted by Van Gogh.

The ring is very beautiful.

We visited the castle.

Have you seen the film?

He climbed the m ountain.

Thats the girl.

She used to go out w ith David,

Its the highest m ountain in the range,

It costs $500.

It stars Ben Affleck,

James wrote it for you.

It was stolen,

expensive.
5

Simon is very good at history. His father is my maths

teacher.

Which, who or whose

4

It was haunted,

We met them last week.

Alex does a lot of sport. He is very fit.

Complete the text using the phrases a -e and which, w .

or whose. Which sport is being described?

Where, whose or that

2

Complete the text using where, whose or that. More than

one answer may be possible. If you can omit the relative
pronoun, put (brackets) around it.

The oldest form of this game, 1

; was pla, ; .

the Olmecs of Mexico 3,0 00 years ago. The modern game

"

invented by Dr James Naismith in 18 9 1. He was a teacher -

In the game, two teams try to score points by throwing the into the opposite teams basket while stopping the other
from scoring. Goals, 3
, are scored
> were using the ropes and shoes i .

are standard

>ces of equipment for climbers. I asked the guide

'____________
idea the
climb had been and how long the climb
we were about to make would take. She said it
^ T c iim M

_________-

shed done many times before and it

the ball into the basket. Amateur games have two halves
4
;
>but Professional games have four period
12 minutes each. If a game ends in a draw, periods of 5
minutes may be played until there is a winner. Michael jo r;-5
sport.

was probably the most famous player o f - - *

id never taken longer than an hour and a half. The rest of the
imbers all looked relieved.
ie rock 5
-
we were climbin on looked rat
ippery I began to feel that I must be mad to leave the warmth of
,e hotel 6 _____________ we were staying in to try my luck on a
,et rock 7 _______________looked more like a swimming pool than
art of a mountainside. It was going to be a long 90 minutes.

aim was to get his students interested in sport

played w ith the Philadelphia 76ers before retiring

are known as baskets

was called Pok-ta-Pok

last 20 minutes each

Extension

TVie right word

7

Thats the house where Sam lives,

2003 was the year when I started university,

The cave, where we sheltered during the storm, was

enormous.

January, when I moved to Boston, was a really busy

month for me.

We can use where and when in both defining and non

a which

b when

c where

a which

b where

c who

a who

b which

c where

a when

b where

c that

a which

b when

c where

a when

b where

c where

a that

b which

c when

a which

b where

c that

defining clauses.
2

We u s e _____________ to refer to places and

_____________ to refer to times.

The history of the O lympic G a m e s d a te s ba ck to 7 7 6

Combine the sentences in 1 -7 using w h e n or w h e re to

make one sentence. Use the correct punctuation for
defining or non-defining clauses.

The day was the best day of my life. I firs t w ent sailing.
The day when I firs t went sailing was the best day o f my life.
Last Saturday I went caving. I realised I was frightened of
the dark.
2

Thats the school. Jenny is a student there.

Hastings is a coastal tow n in England. My m other was

born there.

the

O ly m pia in Greece. T he festival w a s held every four ye a rs in

the m id dle of s u m m e r and co ntinue d for over 1 2 0 0 years.
The modern O ly m p ics, 2 ------------------------------were the id ea of

E x a m p le

bc,

y e a r 1 _______________ the first athletic contest took place in

The mountains are good for skiing. We go there every

weekend in winter.

In 2003 I was happy. I lived in London then.

It was July. I broke my leg then.

Thats the restaurant. John works there.

Pierre de Co ube rtin , were started in 1 8 9 6 . C o ubertin w a s a

French a r i s t o c r a t 3 ______________ wanted to re-e stablish the
g a m e s a s a c h a m p io n s h ip for a m a te u r sp o rts people. In
1 8 9 4 , 4 _______________ it first met, the O ly m p ic comm ittee
c h o s e Athe n s a s the site of the first modern O lym p ics. At the
1 8 9 6 g a m e s , 1 2 n atio ns co m p e ted in nine different sports.
Since the start, the g a m e s have c h a n g e d c o n s id e ra b ly and
m an y m e m o ra ble eve n ts have occurred. At the 1 9 2 4 g am e s ,
the O lympic motto c itiu s , a ltiu s , fo r t iu s (faster, higher,
stronger) w a s first use d. It w a s also the year

5 ______________ a se p ara te Winter O ly m p ics w a s first held.

Four years later, 6 ______________ the g a m e s were held in
A m s terd am , w o m e n co m pe ted in athle tics for the first time.
More recently, at the S y d n e y 2 0 0 0 g a m e s , the triathlon w as

lympic
r'A

ivjicc

held for the first time and ta e kw o n do , 7 -------------------------------- had

been a dem o nstratio n sport s in ce the 1 9 8 8 O ly m pics, w a s
introduced a s a com petitive sport. The 2 0 0 4 g a m e s returned
to Athen s, the place 8 -------------------------------- it all started.

Look at the examples a -d and complete rule 2.

Read the text on the Olympic games and choose the

correct relative pronoun, a b or c, to fill in the gaps.

here and when O Pi39 )

Can you explain what these emergency services do?

The A utom obile Association and the Royal A utom obile Club

^ s .3 Read through statements a -f, then listen to the

recording again and put them in the correct order.

The Royal National Lifeboat Institution

Its essential to be fit.

An air ambulance

You d o n t have much tim e to get yourself ready.

The Fire Brigade

The Metropolitan Police Force

8.2 Listen to someone

A person 1was tryin g to help attacked me.

! often feel too tired to exercise.

Emergency service dialled:

Shes been doing this job for only a short tim e.

She thinks i t s essential to find tim e to keep fit.

Address o f c a lle r: _____ __

4
5

P-eason fo r call:

Speaker A
Andrea

fire officer
swims

She needs to be a good clim ber to do her job well.

Speaking
Vocabulary

Phrases 1 -8 are from the listening texts. Match them to

meanings a -h .

lifeguard

What she worries about most is being attacked by a

suspect.

Phone number:

emergency services talking about their jobs. Decide which

speaker does each activity.

am bulance

Amanda is a security guard.

Name o f caller:

Listen to three women who work for the

works on an air

Listen to a journalist interview ing another

Interviews
*^8.3

^ 8 .4

making an emergency call.

As you listen, complete the
missing information on
the message slip. The
information you hear may
not be in the same order.

wom an called Amanda and decide w h eth er these

statements are true or false.

A. telephone conversation
^

Its not a fu ll-tim e paid job.

What you have to wear and carry makes the job me difficult.

What are the names of the emergency services in your

country?

Listening
3

Speaker B
Victoria

Speaker C
Nicola

at top speed

in good shape

a bit of training

on top form

keep in shape

work out

make a run for it

put in a lot of training

in the best physical condition

physically fit

exercises 2-3 times

m aintain your physical fitness

a week

escape by moving away quickly

does a bit of

as fast as possible

training

find tim e fo r a great am ount of practice

some practice

take physical exercise (in a gym)

ving reasons

Interviewing

8.5 Read the dialogue. Then listen to the

conversation and fill in the gaps.

Giving reasons
Jake

In pairs, you are going to interview each other about jobs

involving risk.

Choose a job not shown in 9.

Write some questions to ask about your partners job.

Interview each other about your jobs.

Well, a zoo keepers job can be dangerous

1 ______________________ sometimes animals
attack people if they are frightened.

Patty

you are in close

contact w ith animals. People d o n t norm ally get

so close to animals.
Sam

Soundbites

But i t s also dangerous

people are sometimes

careless and they leave the cage door open, then

the animal escapes.

^ 8 .6 Listen to Nobody Does i t Better from the

James Bond him The Spy Who Loved Me, and fill in
the gaps.
Nobody does it better
Nobody does it better
Makes me feel sad 1 __

Chloe Yes, but * _______________________ human error,

isn'l it? Its nol real

11

because the job is

dangerous.

nobody does it half as good as you

Baby, youre the best
I wasnt looking
but somehow you found me
I tried to hide from your love light

ioto distussion

but 2 ____________

In pairs, take it in turns to describe one of the photos.

The spy who loved me

Decide what the risks in each job might be. Give reasons
fo r your opinions using the expressions in 8 to help you.
Which of the jobs involves the greatest risks?

And nobody does it better

is keeping a l l 3 _______

tonight

though sometimes I wish someone could

Nobody does it quite the way you do
Whyd you have to be so good
The way that you hold me
Whenever you hold me
Theres some kind of magic inside you
that 4 ____________
But just keep it coming howd you learn to do the
things you do
and nobody does it better
Makes me feel sad for the rest
Nobody does it half as good as you
Baby, baby, darling youre the best
Baby youre the best
1 2 Read the lyrics again. Then, in pairs, ask and
answer the questions.
1

How does the secret agent James Bond compare

w ith other people the singer knows?

How did she feel about becoming involved w ith

Bond at the beginning?

Why do you th in k film s about secret agents like

Bond are so popular?

If:
JP
*

fr
IS,;,
i

Writing a message and an informal letter

2A
1

t i v

i t y

l i d

In small groups, discuss the questions.

What kind of holidays do you like?

Horse-riding in North Wales

What kind of risks would you be prepared to take on

Tailor-made riding holidays for all ages and all levels

holiday?

S tu d y in g t h e s a m p le
2

Read this message Emily has left for her flatmate Rita and
answer the following questions.
Where has Emily gone?

This is a fantastic w ay to explore the beauty of W ales. No riding

experience necessary. First-class instructors will teach you how : :
handle and look after your horse. You will learn to ride so quickly
and easily that you will soon have the confidence to try more
challenging routes along spectacular mountain paths. Cross-co unr
events are organised for the more adventurous! Prices include a
tuition, half-board accommodation at a three-star hotel and packet
lunches.

Why has she gone there?

What tim e w ill she be back?
What does she w ant Rita to do? Why?

Have ju st popped out to travel agent's to get holiday

brochures. Will take library books back on way.
&ack in an hour or so. Do me a favour - prepare the
vegetables for the casserole and put everything in oven
at 5? (Needs I hours at \ZO)
Thanks!
bee you later (about to).
6mi\y

Read the message again. What words has Emily left out?
Why has she done this?

Write a message to someone in your own fam ily in the

same style as the one Emily wrote. Include the following
information:

where you have gone.

what you are doing.

your tim e of return.

what you w ant them

Internet the next day.

Which holiday would be the most suitable for each of
these groups?
a Four friends who would like to travel abroad. They are
looking for fun and excitement. They d o n 't like lying in
the sun and have lots of energy,
A fa m ily from London w ith children aged 10 and 14 who
want to do some physical activity. They do n 't w ant to be
in a city - the oldest child is frightened of flying,
c

Someone who is interested in animals. He / She cant

swim and is not keen on organised sport but likes to be
active.

Come and help us study this

endangered sp ecies in its natural
habitat. You must be fit and have two
w eeks to spare. This project tracks the
daily movement of wolves to understand
their behaviour so that in future farmers
and wolves can live without conflict.
Accommodation is in mountain huts and
cooking is shared. This is indeed a
holiday with a difference in which you
can explore one of the last remote areas
in Europe. Click here to find out about
prices, flights, etc.

to do.

Emily didnt find anything she wanted to do in the

brochures but she found the holidays opposite using the

Tracking wolves in
the Tatra Mountains

Discover diving
Jordan
The Red Sea is one of the most
places in the world to learn to dive
the one that offers the
You will be amazed at what the
to offer. The warm, clear water and
thousands of colourful fish swimming
among coral reef are so beautiful that
they will take your breath away. Expert
instruction given to beginners and
more experienced divers. All dives are
supervised. Prices include flights and
all food, accommodation and a oneday trip to the ancient city of Petra.

Emily has decided to go on the Tracking wolves holiday.

She has written a letter to a friend telling him all about
the arrangements for the holiday. Read the letter and
choose the best answers, a, b or c, to fill in the gaps.

S te p s to b e t t e r w r it in g
P-esult and purpose
9

Which of these sentences from the holiday websites

describe purpose and which result?
1

Tim>
h/ow O.Ce ^ o f I
3 .W t e / /

'

a- " a-bou1>
be/ie t/e

- I ' m J o/ a/j

I'm

The fish on the coral reef are so beautiful that they w ill
take your breath away.

10

do t h i j - I /><, ^ e t e * * f r / ^

Combine the sentences in 1 -5 to form one sentence using

these patterns.

'
CjXMt 4 --------------5__________ a. jr* a J ! jro u y -to wor/s / a/

So + adjective (+ infinitive) + that = result

th e Ta.tra. wouASta-iAAS OAA a. StieAXC/f/e ^ rq je e t-

So + adverb + that = result

Ule <xte JO/AAJ -to -To!lots* worveJ 6

So that + clause = purpose

th< xt we c a v frA /d o u t m ote O-bovct t h e ir

Example

behajjiotAf- IS . A/'t i t e X c .it/A/jT

Sylvia and Tim liked horse-riding very much. They w ant to go

again next year.
Sylvia and Tim liked horse-riding so much th a t they w ant to
go again next year.

The ofJO-A/ijefS h ^ e 7 _ _

^ e ju it e ^

tM * I
^
r

This project tracks wolves to so that scientists can

/rx/ew *>* I

*W

^
~

**

eCLtefu/ A/ot t o j o A/ecLf them fv e b e e A /*

a. , o t o f tr<x,A/,A/J So

understand th e ir behaviour.

tra.c.fc w o /v e ji I

h c d tO JO W
CLA/d I
j ' /f

soon have the confidence to try more challenging routes.

rxuS t w r it e

?,a-/J'S' 1
<xc.tun.lkj do/A/j th /S

^he h o / id ^ o o, w e b s ite W

You w ill learn to ride so quickly and easily that you w ill

m ^ s e if f t . f n
c W

'

try V
?M

W
'1 bs ^

Paula swims very well. She is going to learn to dive.

I bought a book. I wanted to find out about wolves.

This holiday looks interesting. I am going to ring and ask

for more inform ation about it.

b<Z'for<Z /* ? ------------
-See
/V a
tV*z<zJ t//v e -

Sally is doing a lot of physical exercise. She wants to be

fit for her holiday.

ov<z->
5

n /v/7y

The rain fell very heavily. They couldn't leave the hotel
for most of the holiday.

1
2

decided

wanted

w ont

shant

searched

looked

stop

w ait

joining

reaching

so

such

said

warned

making

putting

w ill arrive

arrives

c considered
c cant
c found
c expect
c touching
c as
c noticed
c doing
c had arrived

^er writing
' latch paragraphs 1 -5 in Emilys letter to paragraph

W r itin g a n in f o r m a l le t t e r
Understanding the taste
11

You have decided to go on the horse-riding holiday in

North Wales. You are going to write a letter of between
1 20-150 words to a friend telling them about your
holiday plans. Read the advert for the holiday again and
make a list of the points to include in your letter. Cover
points a, c, d and e from 7.

Planning and writing

12

Decide on the following and write your letter:

summaries a-e .

what order to put your points in.

How shes preparing for the holiday,

how to begin and end your letter.

The risks or problems involved,

Her reason for w ritin g and what she is going to do.

Details of w hat she is going to do.

When she w ill next contact / see Jim.

Read Emily's letter again and answer the questions.

1

Is Emilys letter inform al, semi-formal, or form al in style?

How does Emily begin and end her letter?

.becKing
13

Check that you have:

included all the points you thought of in 1 1 .

spelled words correctly.

used the correct gram m ar and punctuation.

used a suitable inform al beginning and ending.

w ritten between 120-150 words.

Word focus
Measuring the risfcs
1

Extension

Complete the text using words connected with risk and

safety. The first two letters and the length of the word are
given.

Describing risVc
3

Complete the sentences using these phrases.

daily dangers
a small risk

lower the risks

take risks

as much clanger as

a risk factor

dangerous aspect

Life is fu ll of i d a ____________situations from any point

of view. 2 D a ________such as tra ffic fumes and polluted
w ater are all around us. But w hat are the chances of these
harm ing us? In 3 m e ___________ risk we are simply
looking at the probability of an unwanted event
happening. However, experts and ordinary people may
4 as

this probability differently. Science is tryin g to

help us realise w hich s r i

are greater, so we can

calculate the 6 c o ________________ of our actions.

Some of the most frightening things in life are the least
dangerous. For example, although the 7 c h -------------- of
having a car accident are greater than being in a plane
crash, many people who are afraid of flying w ill happily
drive to work. Even if you stayed inside your home for the
w hole of your life, the 8 l i _____________ f having an
accident is about one in 300. Hopefully, science in future
w ill help us make 9 c o _______________ between the risks
We c a n ---------------------- of what we do by taking care.
involved in different events and make inform ed choices

Rock clim bing for 20 years h a s _____________ of 6.3.

Rock climbers are not in

about our actions.

smokers.

We should try not t o ___

The m o s t________

of flying is travelling to the

airport.
There is o n ly _____

Complete sentences 1-8 with one of these prepositions.

of infection from an insec

bite.
fo r
1

in

at

about

of

on

seem to b e ---------------------- top form this year.

Phrasal verbs

Im going to put in a b i t ____________ tra in in g before

the marathon on Sunday.

3

What do you do to keep _

The car set o f f _________

. top speed.

If we make a r u n _______

shape?

Its d ifficu lt to find tim e _

Polly Juniper

Hello. Id like to speak to Mr Jones please.

Receptionist

One mom ent. Ill put you 1 through / out.

Polly Juniper

Hello. Is that Mr Jones?

. all the things I

Receptionist

Im sorry. It seems Mr Jones has been held 3

Dont hang 2 up I over.

w ant to do.
7

What I w o r r y ___________

up / back in tra ffic on his way to work. Can I

is how to fit everything into

my busy day.
8

we face.

Look at these conversations. Underline the correct words

to make phrasal verbs which complete the dialogue.

it, we can catch the

train.
6

We should all be aware of t h e ________

All the tennis players taking part in the tournam ent

Ive only been doing this job

ask him to get * back / through to you?

Polly Juniper

a short tim e.

Could you ask him to call me s back / up

before 10.30, please. My nam es Polly
Juniper. Im from Ex-zed com m unications.

Receptionist

Of course, Ill tell him as soon as he gets

6 in / on.

1 It was a bright Sunday m orning in early

June, the right time to be leaving home. M y
three sisters and a brother had already gone
before me; two other brothers had yet to
make up their m inds. They were still
sleeping that m orning, but my mother had
got up early and cooked me a heavy
breakfast, had stood wordlessly w hile I ate it,
her hand on my chair, and had then helped
me pack up my few belongings. There had
been no fuss, no appeals, no attempts at
advice or persuasion, only a long and
searching look. Then, w ith my bags on my
back, I d gone out into the early sunshine
and clim bed through the long wet grass to
the road.
- It was 1934. I was 19 years old, still soft at
the edges, but w ith a confident belief in
good fortune. I carried a small rolled-up
tent, a vio lin in a blanket, a change o f
clothes, a tin o f treacle biscuits, and some
cheese. I was excited and proud, know ing I
had far to go; but not, as yet, how far. As I
left home that m orning and walked away
from the sleeping village, it never occurred
to me that others had done this before me.
I was propelled, o f course, by the traditional
forces that had sent many generations along
this road - by the small valley closing in
around me, the cottage walls narrowing like
a prison, the local girls whispering, Marry,
and settle down. M onths o f restless unease,

leading to this inevitable moment, had been

spent w andering about the hills, sadly
w histling, and watching the high open fields
stepping away eastwards under gigantic
clouds.
4 And now I was on my journey, in a pair o f
thick boots and w ith a hazel stick in my
hand. Naturally, I was going to London,
w hich lay a hundred miles to the east; and it
seemed equally obvious that I should go on
foot. But first, as I d never yet seen the sea, I
thought I d walk to the coast and find it.
This would add another hundred miles to
my journey, going by way o f Southampton.
But I had all the summer and all the time to
spend.
5 That first day alone - and now I was really
alone at last steadily decreased in
excitem ent and vigour. As I tramped
through the dust towards the W iltshire
Downs a growing reluctance weighed me
down. W hite flowers and small roses hung in
the hedges, blank like unw ritten paper, and
the hot empty road there were few motor
cars then reflected Sundays waste and
indifference. Summer pulled me towards it,
and I offered no resistance at all. Through
the solitary m orning and afternoon I found
m yself longing for some opposition or
rescue, for the sound o f hurrying footsteps
com ing after me and fam ily voices calling
me back. None came. I was free.

Laurie Lee, Ts I I thlkcd (Out One Alidsumtucy Afortiiiio

<^8.7 Read the extract from As I Walked Out One

''idsummer M orning by Laurie Lee. Answer these

Role play

questions about the extract.

Student A: Imagine you have just left home and you

meet someone (Student B) on a train. Explain that you
have just left home and answer Student Bs questions.

2
3

What do you th in k Laurie Lees m other was like?

Looking back, what did Laurie Lee not realise as he
walked away from home?

Student B: Imagine you have met someone (Student A)

What made him w ant to go and discover the world?

who has just left home on a train. You want to know

4 What impression does he give of the countryside he was

travelling through?
5

What did he secretly hope? Do you th in k he really

wanted this to happen?

your com panions feelings as he / she said goodbye.

his / her reasons for leaving and his / her hopes for the
future.

where he / she is going and how he / she w ill travel.

how he / she w ill earn his / her living.

Now reverse roles.

W n ft

London Road

Lets revise Units 7 and

G ram m ar
Make sentences by combining 1 -1 0 with phrases a -j. L se
who, which, that, or whose in each sentence. In which
sentences can you leave out the relative pronoun?

Passive
Write sentences from the notes in brackets. Use the
passive form.
1

1
2

Today, everyone has an intelligent kitchen. (It / invent /

in 1999.)

Shes the tourist guide

Peter is in a band

Thats the CD

4
5

The book is about a boy

Thats Mark

There was a bush fire in Australia recently. (Many farms

and houses / burn down.)

The first TV image appeared in 1926. (It / broadcast / by

Did you notice the trainers

the British Broadcasting Corporation.)

Have you heard the song

Friends is a popular American soap opera. (It / watch / by

p e o p le /a ll round the world.)

Thats the woman

I t s tim e

4
5

The art gallery is very modern. (It / b u ilt / last year.)

The weather was very bad yesterday. (The picnic /

cancel.)

7
8

There has been a robbery. (The jew ellery shop w indow /

break.)
Police caught the crim inal. (He / arrest / at the scene of
the crime.)

Put the verb in brackets in the correct active or passive

form to complete the sentences.
1

The th e a tre

The s c rip t---------------------- (write) at the mom ent. It

The film 8 M ile ---------------------- (star) Eminem, the

controversial rapper.

Thousands of new houses.

next few years.

Those o ffic e s
started working there.

10

Notting Hill is a film

her son was arrested

his sister is a soap opera star

Tom has w ritten the music for

you told me the truth

it plays rock music

Helen was wearing them

g
h

Ive been looking for it

it is set in London

he witnesses a m urder

she told me where the hotel was

(destroy) in the fire last year.

. (not finish) until next month.

(build) in the
(not redecorate) since I

A new r o a d ---------------------- (made) through the city next

year.

Correct the mistakes

Correct the mistakes in these sentences.
1

Cricket, that is a very British game, is usually played in

summer.

I went parachuting w ith Jayne, that brother is a pilot.

When m ountain clim bing, it is best to use a guide whicknows the m ountain well.
You can explore the coast in sea kayaks, that are similato kayaks you use in rivers.
The river, who is so dangerous in winter, is now a gentle
stream.
Julian, that likes to go surfing, has given up his job so he
can spend the summ er in Hawaii.

answer may be correct.

|ttwi

: nent of populations

" plete the wordlist entries with the correct words. The
We set o ff on our trip to the coast 1 _ _______

;t letters and the length of the words are given.

. 6 o'clock

in the m orning. It was a beautiful m orning 2_

we left. We had visited the area a few years 3.

but I couldnt rem ember it very well. 4--------------- ---. was

VVGIJ
only when we arrived at our destination that I slowly began

the country where a person was bom

-----------------I

I
:apersonwho

enters a

d a ysJ---------------------- the end of the school term, and we

c
someone who has left his / her
O _________3 ------------ *
: , n country and is looking for protection

What I do rem em ber about the first visit 6

; people who are forced to leave their

------

- a n country
;

to rem em ber our previous visit. We had gone there a few

::u n try unlaw fully

im

were very excited at the thought of a holiday by the sea.

that we had only been there fo r an hour or so
. the rain began
heavily and it kept on falling.

people who go to live in another

cou ntry to live and w ork perm anently

.alc.ulation and assessment

people who live in a particular

in

Complete the text using these words.

chances

place

statistics

out what the 2 __

lomplete sentences 1 -7 using these adjectives.

amazing
uneventful

curious

proud

keen

disturbing

unforgettable

I read some v e r y _______

news in the paper last

Most parents a r e ----------The trip w a s __________

I ll

- quite boring, in fact.

rem ember the journey for the rest of my life. It was

w hether you are 3

to enjoy a long and happy

life. However, 4_____________ on accidents can provide us

of risk. This then enables us to make (i_____________ between
the dangers we face in everyday activities and decide how

"Prepositions
9

Fill in the missing prepositions in these sentences.

1

3 Tom was

risk7 there is no easy way to work

_ of living to be a hundred arc. or

of th e ir children, dont

vou think?
4

comparisons

dangerous those activilies really are.

night. It really upset me.

3

scale

w ith inform ation from which we can produce a 5

on football, isnt he?

Bob is very
2

measure
likely

How do you 1 ___

dives
i

fa|| very

to know where Alison had been

Wendy i s

good shape for the race

tom orrow.

on holiday.

Did you see all those shooting stars in the sky last night?

Rolf set o ff in his car for the s ta tio n ---------------------- top

speed.
The th ie f saw the policeman and decided to make a run

They were re a lly --------------------- 1

Its d iffic u lt to k e e p _____________ top form all the tim e.

____________ it.
5

The team have put in a l o t ---------------------- tra in in g over

the last few weeks.

If you a r e _____________ close contact w ith w ild animals

you should be careful.

Wfcu'ision

7 Complete the text with a suitable word. More than one

>: c a b u la r y

Into

the wild

1 Match the animals to where they live. Then answer the

question.
1

the leatherback tu rtle

a jungle

the tiger

b bamboo forest

the one-horned rhino

c sea

the panda

d grass land

What do the animals have in common?

R e a d in g
2

Match the words 1 -4 to their meanings a -d .

1

sledge

cage

shutters

truck

place usually made of metal for keeping animals in

door-like structure which covers openings

large vehicle, like a lorry, for carrying things in

vehicle w ith runners, not wheels, usually used on snow

3 Read the article and find out what the writer and his
companions were doing.

Read the article again and complete sentences 1 -8 .

1

The rhino that Dr Claude Martin shot was not dead but

The anim al had been shot not w ith a bullet but w ith a
---------------------- gun.

The men had only a n _____________ before the

tranquilliser wore off.

The move
W hen the end came, it came quickly. From his seat high on t'E
back of the elephant, the marksman aimed ... a crack rang o_:
If the marksman w as a hunter, the rhino, prized and endangers:
because of its horn, w ould stand no chance. A nother de,
5 another statistic. But this is no ordinary day, no ordinary s ta tis t:

The rhino was taken on a sledge to a ____________

The location was the Royal Chitwan National Park, one of ths

It t o o k ---------------------- men to move the rhino onto the

jew els in Nepal's proud conservation record. The marksman we:

sledge.

Dr Claude M artin, International Secretary General of *WWF, a r :

The men slowly moved the rhino into a specially-built

the rhino, once shot, collapsed gently into nothing more th a r :

There are c u rre n tly _____________ rhinos in the Chitwan

io deep sleep.
National Park.
8

'We have to move very fast indeed,' the vet told me. 'Trs
tranquilliser w ill w e a r off after an hour and a half. We have ::

The Park at Chitwan has now run out o f ____________

move the rhino half a kilometre, cage it, and get it onto the ba:>

for the rhinos.

of a tru ck before it comes round. Because, believe me, when 15 wakes up, it's going to be pretty angry.' I believed him.
Before

long, 40 men roughly but c a re fu lly eased the

d e a d w e ig h t rhino onto a sledge. Through the jungle v.a

marched, w ith the vast animal behind us. In a large clearing, e
tru ck was w aiting. Labourers had spent the day constructing e
20 huge, strong cage. Slowly the sledge carrying the still sle e p ir:
beauty was pushed into the cage. The shutters at each end we e

Reading
V o c a b u la r y
These words all appear in the article. Can you explain
what they mean?
1

endangered species

hunter

conservation record

in the wild

national parks

natural disasters

protected areas

Use one of the phrases in 5 to complete these sentences.

1

When it comes to the history of the one-horned rhino,

The tiger is a (n )____________

Many years ago, it was considered exciting to be a

A n im a ls _____________ often face the problem of trying

Nepal has an e x c e lle n t____________

to find food.
5

_____________ , such as floods, can be fatal for many

w ild animals.

Animals cannot be hunted i n _____________ as they are

Phrasal verbs
7

Find these verbs in the text. Then complete sentences 1 -6

using the verbs in the correct form.
wear off

wake up

settle in

bring about

come round
1

John and Sheila d id n t w ant to move into the new flat,

but they q u ic k ly _____________

:ed - and the capture w as complete. For all concerned -

; 5 s t t h e r h in o - itw a s a day to remember. B e tte rth a n a day

r office.
e following day, the rhino w as moved some 600 kilometres
: urs' drive away). There, he joined the community of 87

What do you t h in k _____________ his sudden decision to

The elephant collapsed after being shot w ith a

leave the company?

minos and has settled in w ell. But, given that the one-

tranquilliser. The a n im a l_____________ about an hour

: : -hino is an endangered species, w hy move it from one

: :n to another? The answ er is that although the species is
endangered, it's not endangered in Nepal's Chitwan

I _____________ at 8.30 this m orning because I slept

through the alarm.

and a half later.

5

Dont w orry - the effects of the injection w ill soon

- 5 Park. Out of a w orld population of 1,800 rhinos presently

ig in the w ild, approximately 550 are to be found at
r . In the late 1960s, there w ere fe w e r than 80 there.
; s obviously a conservation success story. But success
3 bout

its own problems: quite simply, there's no longer

room fo r rhinos at Chitwan - but elsewhere in Nepal,

= alenty. The WWF's objective in moving rhinos is to protect

Why did they have to move the rhino in the text?

Why do you th in k some species ol animals die out?

"o m any natural or other disasters. This goal is achieved

What other ways are there of protecting endangered species

eloping a second home fo r this endangered species and

of animals?

:-s ng its numbers in other protected areas.

How im portant is it to protect the w ild life on our planet?

r'ton
: lidlife Fund for Nature

MBnit

YJiUUife

Grammar
F ir s t a n d s e c o n d c o n d it i o n a l
Grammar

Each i f clause a -d fits into a gap in the text. Read the text
and decide where each one fits.
a

The first and second conditional

if you don t teach it how to be independent

If I d id n t know the bear

if animals have too much contact w ith humans

if you met a bear in the woods

cAecfr

Look at the examples a -d . Decide which sentence

use the first conditional and which the second
conditional.
a
b

What would you do if you saw a w ild animal i

the woods?
If anim als have too much contact w ith hurra they will become dependent on them,

A bear wont survive if you dont teach it h :

be independent,

If I didnt know the area, I wouldnt go for a

walk alone.

Sentences a and d a r c _______________

anc

sentences b and c a r e ___________

Uses
Read sentences a -d again and complete rules 1
and 2.
1

We use

to talk about
situations which are possible or likely to hat;:: -

We u s e --------------------------------- to talk about

situations which are im aginary or unlikely to
happen.

W h a t w ould y o u d o i ______________________________ >

Forms

Most people w ould r u n away, b u t not Ben Kilham. Ben has

w orked w ith o r p h a n bear cubs for over te n years, creating

Complete sentences 1 and 2 using the firs t

c o n d itio n a l or the second co n d ition al

small sanctuaries in th e w o o d s in New H am pshire, USA.

W h e n he started, n o b o d y knew h o w best to rear the
anim als. Usually, 2 _______________________________ they

will grow up to d e p e n d o n th e m a n d th e n th e y can never

bec om e truly wild. So, at th a t tim e th e bears were kept in

pens a n d fed from b e h in d a clo th u n til th e y were old

e n o u g h to be released. T he p ro b le m was th a t t h e y o u n g

To form

we use i f present, w ill / w ont + infinitive.

To form
we use i f + pas
would / wouldn 'M infinitive.
In both types of sentence the i f clause can co -
before or after the main clause. When it comes
before, we use a comma.

bears d i d n t kno w h ow to look after them selves. A cub

learns e v e rything from its m o th e r a n d it w o n t survive
3

________

__________________________________________________________________

Ben took a different approach, he effectively became

'mummy bear'. The cubs he adopts live in enclosures in the
woods. Ben feeds them, but he also takes them for walks,
and shows them which plants they can eat. On his hands
and knees he smells a plant, then starts to eat it, the bears

Put the verb in brackets in the correct form to make conditional sentences.
1

If w e ---------------

(become) extinct,
W h e re
____
they
--------------- (move '
rhinos to if they
(run out) of space

copy him and this is how they learn to identify food. By

the time they are 18 months old, the bears have completely
returned to their natural habitat. Many now have cubs of

reserve?
3

If the b e a rs____
------------------- (survive), Ben Kilham

If h e _______

their own and Ben occasionally checks on them, but he is

careful. 4 '

, I wouldn't go

(release) them into the wild.

near it. It would be dangerous. I'm happy these bears are at

home in the woods, living as they should.'
National Geographic 2002

(not protect) w ild animals.

(not be) careful, the bears

--------------------- (attack) him!

5

If the c h a rity ---------------------- (receive) enough m ore*

--------------------- (open) another bear sanctuary.

r|

When we talk about being able to do som ething ourselves in

w hat / you / do / if / you / met / a bear in the forest?

/ you / like / to / go / on safari / if you / have / the

Read what Jack says and then complete his wishes.

opportunity?
/ Peter / help / me / w ith the project / if / 1 / ask / him?

! d o n t have enough free tim e. I w is h ___

if / my car / break down / I / not know / how to repair it.

Id like to w ork in my uncles shop. I wish

where / you / live / if / you / be able to / choose

I havent been to Italy or France. I wish _

anywhere in the world?

Id like to be more independent. I wish _

Im not in the basketball team. I w is h ___

Put the verb in brackets in the correct form of the first or

Unfortunately, I have to take exams this year. I wish

second conditional.
'Can I borrow your bicycle? Sorry, i t s broken. If it

I dont have any money, but if I --------------------- (have)

____________ ( work), I _____________ (lend) it to you.

(buy) that red jacket.

enough, I
If I _____

(meet) Tina later, we

(go) to the cinema.

probably _
4

What laws
y o u _____

L e t s a c t iv a t e
Mafcing wishes
9

Look at the pictures and decide what the people might

wish in the different situations.

_ y o u ____________ (pass) if

Example

(be) Prime Minister?

I wish I had straight hair. I wish I didnt have curly hair. I

wish my hair was shorter. I wish ...

Do you th in k Dan w ill phone later? Yes, I certainly

_____________ (be) upset if h e _____________ (not call).

,sbes (> Pi40)

^ 9.1

Listen to Jack talking about himself and decide if

statements 1 -4 are true or false. Correct the ones which

are false.
1

jack doesnt have much money.

He works in his uncles shop on Saturday.

He has to study a lo t fo r exams.

- c s been picked for the basketball team.

*.~er vou have corrected the statements in 5, match them

ack's wishes a -d . Then answer the questions,
wish I didnt have to study so much,
wish my uncle would give me a job.
wish I had more money.
:

wish the coach wouldnt always pick the same people

: : r the team.
nich sentences express a wish that something w ill
-appen, or someone w ill do something, in the future?

V. nich sentences express a wish about the present

: tuation?

: l n the missing information.

'-ii

s i about a present situation we use

Let's imagine
10

In small groups, ask and answer the questions.

1

How would your life change if you were famous?

What w ill you do if the weather is bad this weekend?

What w ould you do if you d id n t have to go to school?

What w ould you do if your best friend told lies about

What w ill you do if you have some free tim e tonight?

you?
: ess a wish that something w ill happen, or someone
: something, because w hat is happening now is
~z --itation or frustration.
______________________ + in fin itive form of the

Unit

future we use could, e.g. I wish I could travel more.

if / 1 / not have to / earn money / I / w ork / for a charity.

Write second conditional sentences using these notes.

Remember to use the correct punctuation.

Lets practise grammar

First conditional

The right word

4 Complete the text with the correct form of the verb

Put th e verb in brackets in th e correct fo rm to make firs t

co n d ition a l sentences.
1

brackets.

If I _____________ (see) Carol, I _____________ (give) her

your message.

W h a t_____________y o u

(do) if it

____________ (rain) again at the weekend?

3

If th e y _____________ (not save) enough money, they

____________ (not go) on holiday this year.

If I _____________ (get) home early, I

________

(play) tennis w ith you.

5

T h e y ____________ (not buy) the car if i t ____________

(not have) air conditioning.

W e _____________(go) sw im m ing if w e _____________

(not be) too busy this afternoon.

If y o u

(not phone) your parents soon,

th e y _____________ (be) worried about you.

8

____________ y o u

(organise) the picnic if

ja n e _____________ (not do) it?

First and second conditional

2

If you 1 ____________

Match 1 -7 to a -g to make co n d itio n a l sentences. Then,

w rite th e verbs in th e correct fo rm .

(be) a successful pop star

w h o made millions o f pounds and to u re d the

w o rld , w h a t 2 _____________ you ____________

If he told the truth,

If you have tim e,

What would you do

If he practises hard,

Id see a doctor about that cough

teachers often wish th e ir students

If Sue was more patient,

3 ____________ (read) m o re and since Robbie's

If we go to Paris,

she

if I

(do) next? T he singer and solo a rtist Robbie

W illiam s w ro te a b o o k o f poetry, including poem
ab o u t school and th e problem s o f fame. English

b o o k was published, many have used it in class.'f

Igetl into so manv arguments

a b o o k 4 _____________ (encourage) students to

read, then I 5 _____________ (use) it in class', says

I'bej vou

von

(believe) him?

vou

(help) me make

Michael T u rn e r a secondary school te a c h e r'In fac

I 6 ____________
7 ____________

dinner?
..... .

(get lost) in the woods?

(try ) anything if it
(m otivate) th e students. A lo t o f

these poem s are ve ry funny and th e y ta lk about

if you

he

(get? into the school team.

things teenagers can understand. N o w my

we

fvisifl the Fiffe I Tower.

students say th e y like p o e try !

Sarah W h e e le r a 16-year-old fan agrees. 1 th in k

W is h

th e y re great. Especially th e ones abo u t school.

3 Write two sentences using wish for each situation.

wish I 8 ____________

Example
I d o nt have enough money fo r the com puter game.
I wish I had more money.
I wish I could buy the computer game.
1

I cant go to the theatre. I have to revise for my exams.

Fiona wants to go on holiday, but shes too busy.

Paul would like to play chess for the school team, but
chess club is the same evening as football.

jane is always late. I always have to w ait for her.

Tina doesnt want to go to the dentists. She wants to

visit her friends.

(can) w rite poem s like

that.'
This is one o f R obbies poems.
Remember me. Im the man you thought Id never b
The boy who you reduced to tears
The lad called thingy for six whole years.
Thats right m y nam es Bob
The one who landed the pop stars job.

The right word

I -<f rather, would prefer to, prefer

Put the verb in brackets in the correct form. More than

one answer may be possible.

WMnit

ten;; rather, would prefer to and prefer are all used to talk
preferences.
HI

_;ok at the examples a -e and answer the questions.

3

cant ski or sail, but I would rather learn to ski than

sail a boat.

:
:

can ski and sail, but I prefer skiing to sailing.

Would you prefer to go to the cinema or watch a video,
conight?

'd prefer to go to the cinema,

Do you prefer pizza or pasta? I prefer pizza to pasta.

Which do we use to ta lk about general preferences:
prefer, would prefer to, or would rather?

Which do we use to talk about specific preferences:

orefer, would prefer to, or would rather?

Which expression is followed by the -ing form or a noun?

What do we use after would rather, the in fin itive or the

-mg form of the verb?

Complete the sentences. Use w ould ra th e r..., w ould

: refer ..., or prefer to ... . More than one answer may be
possible.
_____________ have a party ath o m e ______________ go
out on my next birthday.
:
3

y o u _______ see a James Bond film

Do you ever look at yourself in the mirror and wish you

1

(be) a superstar? 2 ________________you

(tike) to have designer clothes and

at the c in e m a _____________ watch it on television.

expensive jewellery? Well, if you 3 ________________(be)

M aggie_____________ cooking ath o m e _____________

famous, you 4 -------------------------------- probably

eating in restaurants.

(get) them free. When film star Natalie Walter became the

W h ic h ____________ y o u ______________ be, rich or

face of a famous watch company a few years ago, she was

happy?

told to take as many watches as she wanted. Why do

I 'd _____________ be happy. What about you?

companies do this? Its free advertising for them. Many

Do y o u ____________ C hinese______________ Indian

companies would r a t h e r 5 ________________(spend) their

food?

money in this way than

Indian food, but actually I _____________ Thai food

expensive advertising campaign. If people 7 _____________

____________ Indian food.

(see) the star wearing their watches they 8 ______________

______________ (pay) for an

____________ y o u ______________ travel by train

(associate) the product with a successful person. Gemma, a

____________ by plane?

model, often goes out for free. Nightclub owners

My frie n d s _____________ playing football

9------------------------------(let) you in for nothing if you

_____________ going swim m ing.

1 0 ------------------------------(be) young and have a face people

Do you want to go out later or to stay in?

1 _____________ stay in tonight.

E x te n sio n

recognise. Having famous people in the club attracts paying

customers, its good for business. People prefer
1 1 ----------------------------- (go) to a club where famous people
1 2 ----------------------------- (go) to one which nobody knows.
People who have just become famous are often surprised
by all this. Film actor jason Flemying was confused when he
arrived at a Los Angeles hotel and found a suit waiting for
him from his friends at a famous designers. My manager
just said If you n ------------------------------(not like) this suit, they
1 4 ------------------------------ (send) you another one. Enjoy it.

I f you were in their shoes...

1

Match the descriptions to the pictures.

squatters

the homeless

Which of the people in 1 do you have the most sympathy

for? Why?

How would you feel if you found a squatter was living in

a house or flat that you owned? What would you do?

According to the speaker, if i t s all right for Tim to ov.

Tim s house could provide a home f o r --------------------

There are m a n y _____________ who need the house

home, the world h a s ----------------------

more than Tim.

L is t e n in g

Perhaps we should a l l --------------------- and refuse tc :

h TV programme

4 ^

9.2 You are going to listen to a part of a current

affairs programme on TV. First, read statements 1 -7 .
Then, as you listen, decide whether the statements are

rent.

Tim Ellis has a good job.

Tim now owns the house helives in.

Tim has paid a small am ount of rent over the last 16

years.
The council did not rem ember that the house was once

The council wants Tim to apologise to them .

Tim s case has encouraged others to do the same.

b
c
2

The radio programme is looking into w hat people feel

3

about this case.

These words and expressions are from the radio

programme. Listen to the sentences they are used in. Can
you explain what they mean?
1

council tax

How does the speaker th in k that most people reac. T im s situation?

a They w ould like to do the same,

theirs.
5

<^9.4 Read questions 1 -3 . Then listen to a third

persons opinions. As you listen, choose the best ansvs
a, b or c.

true or false.

9.3 Read sentences 1 -4 . Then listen to someone

talking about Tim and complete them.

They are angry.

They are sympathetic towards him.

She blames the situation on

a

the unfair legal system,

the squatter.

the council.

She sees Tim as someone who

a

has good business sense.

has acted illegally,

should be criticised

^J9.4

Listen again and find words from the prograr

that complete 1 -4 .

a terraced house

entitled to own a property

Tim is not to blame. Its not T im s f ---------------------

slip through the net

a tim e by which som ething must be clone: d ----------

claim ownership

suffering the results: pa------------------the p r-------------

small rented bedsits

chances to do things you w ould like to: o ---------------

5
6

Which speaker do you sympathise with? Why?

Soundbites

le a k in g
gesting

*12

^ 9-5 Read the dialogue in the box. Then listen to the

ecording and fill in the gaps.

9.6 Listen to Our House, by Madness, and fill in

the gaps.
Our house
Father wears his Sunday 1 --------------------M others tired she needs a rest

Suggesting alternatives
4nn
left

What can we do about the homeless?

1 ______________________ _ the government

The kids are playing up downstairs

2 ______________________ more shelters with

Brothers got a date to keep

food and accommodation

He cant hang around

people off the streets?

B u t4 _______________________ the government

provided more cheap perm anent housing. Hostels

Sisters sighing in her 2 ---------------------

Our house, in the m iddle of our 3

Our house, in the middle of o u r ...
Our house it has a crowd

are just a tem porary solution.

Theres always something happening

Ann

And what about unemployment?

And i t s usually quite 4

Jill

Well, the government s -------------------------------------

Our mum shes so house-proud

eft

to stay in education longer.

Nothing ever slows her down

But that would be very expensive.

And a mess is not s -----------------

w ould be to

encourage people to look lor jobs elsewhere.

Father gets up late for work

Mother has to iron his 6 ___
Then she sends the kids to school

T oto distussion
In pairs, Student A look at picture 1, Student B look at
picture 2. Take it in turns to ask and answer questions
about the photographs.

Sees them o ff w ith a small kiss

Shes the one th e yre going to miss in lots of ways
Our house, in the m iddle of our street
(repeat)

Student A: ask B

Our house was our castle and our keep

w hat you can see in the photo.

Our house, in the m iddle of our street

w hat issues are shown in the photo.

Our house, that was where we used to sleep

why people find themselves in situations like this.

Our house, in the m iddle of our street

Student B: ask A

Our house ...

what the photo shows.

whether he / she thinks the people in the photo are

questions.

happy w ith th e ir lives.

What do you imagine each mem ber of the fam ily

what can be done to help these people.

2

What kind of memories does the singer have of

What memories do you th in k you w ill have of

Think about:

In pairs, read the lyrics again and answer the

is like?
his fa m ily home?

education and training.

help from the government.

creating new jobs.

your fa m ily home when you get older?

4

What do the words and expressions in italics mean?

 wisit...
1

If you could have any one thing that you really wanted in
life, what would you choose and why? Compare your
choice with the rest of the class.

Studying the sample

2

Skim read the composition ignoring the gaps. Decide if

the style is: formal, informal, semi-formal.

Read the sample composition again. Write the words the

w riter might have used to talk about his or her wishes.
I wish

____________________

______________________

______________________

Complete the composition using these words in the

correct form. They are in the correct order.
extreme

5 different

happy

6 com fortable

10

contribute

good

interest

11

origin

frequent

use

12

drama

9 excite

Vocabulary
5

Answer the questions about these pairs of words. Then

choose the correct one to complete sentences a and b.
1

Which word means really great / worth a lo t o f money?

precious / fabulous

A diam ond is a __________ stone.

The party I went to last night w a s ________

Which are often caused by people/ forces we cannot

control?
accidents / disasters
a

N a tu ra l__________ often result in the loss of many

There have been numerous c a r__________ at this

lives.
crossroads.
3

Which word suggests something b o rin g / difficult?

struggle / routine

Each day is the same o ld __________

We had a __________ to get to the a irp o rt on tim e.

Which word means think / understand?

realise / consider
a

I dont __________ money to be the most im portant

thin g in life.

I d id n t

how d iffic u lt the test would be.

If I were granted three wishes, I think I would find it

extreme
difficult to decide which three to choose. Despite this, I wwdTnT
choose the following three.
First of all, I would wish for the health a n d 2
family and friends. I feel that the world would be a
place to Hue in if accidents and disasters didn't happen as
as they do. It is also my opinion that we do
realise how precious good health is, and what a
makes to our happiness. Secondly, I would wish

^Ve ~
*certainly would not want to be fabulous,.
because it seems to me that wealth does not make people happy,
opinion, people can be ju s t as happy without money as they can u :
However, it
would be better net to have to worry about money.
My third and final wish would be to have a happy and
. life. I would like a jo b which would be
- to others but which would still give me some
. and enjoyment. I would like to think i had me
in some small way, to the world.
To sum up, although my choices m ay not be n
think they would be the things that would
improve my life the most.

teps to b e t t e r w r it in g

W ritin g y o u r c o m p o s it io n

ressing personal opinions

Understanding the tasfc

The writer expresses a personal opinion in many different

ays. Choose one of these words to fill the gaps in 1 -8 .
seems
it

personally

my

for

You are going to write a composition. The title is:

If you won a prize in a competition and you could buy three
things fo r $500 each, what w ould you buy? (200-250 words)

wish find

extremely in

w o u ld ____________ i t

d iffic u lt to

decide.
I
3
4
5
3

i t _____________ to me th a t .. .
____________ feel th a t .. .
_____________ is a ls o ______________opinion that ...
would certainly n o t _____________ f o r . . .
S till,____________ my o p in io n ...
So,____________ that reason, I have chosen ...

'd it (difficult) to (do)

Tewrite sentences 1 -6 using fin d i t ... to ... . You may
*eed to make other changes to the sentences.
E x a m p le
I"

ould be easy fo r me to live on my own.

>ouId fin d it easy to live on my own.
th in k it w ould be possible for me to live w ith o u t a TV.

.'.ould enjoy travelling round the world.

c w o u ld n t be difficu lt to move to another city to look

: would be hard to leave my fam ily behind if I went to

or work.
.'.ork abroad.
:

a be interested in the idea of working in another

country.

Planning
10

These ideas may help you to plan your composition.

th in k studying Chinese would be d iffic u lt for me.

Think about w hether the choice w ould be easy or

difficult.

nough, Pespite, In spite of (> P140)

. cr . in spite o f and despite all mean even i f this is the case.

your choices and the reasons.

- . ce although w ith a clause but in spite o f and despite w ith a

: r word ending in -ing.

j tn p le
i

:- i a lot of money. He wasnt happy.

. in John had a lo t o f money, he wasnt happy.

11

In spite o f his money, John wasnt happy.

Now write your composition. Use these points to help

you.

c s raining. Were going for a walk, (despite)

"ad my doubts about the film . We w ent to see the film .
n spite of)

Use some of the words and expressions from the sample

composition.

I : mbine the two sentences in 1 -6 using the words in

rackets.
~he w ork is hard. I enjoy the work, (although)

Summarise your reasons for choosing these items.

Writing

a In spite o f having a lo t o f money, John wasnt happy.

In each paragraph, say w hat item you w ould choose and

give tw o reasons fo r choosing it. Think carefully about

Write in an appropriate semi-formal, personal style.

Use different ways of expressing a personal opinion.

hec.fcing
12

Check that you have:

answered the question.

e went for a swim. The water was icy. (in spite of)

w ritten your points clearly.

..as freezing cold. ! w ent out w ith o u t a coat, (despite)

spelled words correctly.

l*e went to the football match. I had a headache.

used the correct gram m ar and punctuation.

w ritten the correct num ber of words.

chough)

Word focus

Into the wild

Match words 1 -6 to words that are often used with them,
a -f to make expressions.

Extension
Confusing words
4

Underline the most appropriate words to complete the

news extract.
After a serious 1 disaster / accident at the European
Championships last year, 100 m champion Brian Taylor r
no hope of w inning an Olympic medal. However, Brian 5
trainer, Greg Thompson, was determ ined not to give up.
My in ju ry was serious, says Brian, but Greg revised m\
tra in in g 2 struggle/ routine and helped me to recover. I
3 realise/consider what he did for me. Today, one year
Brian has just won an Olympic gold medal.
It was a great achievement for Brian, says Greg. I alw a,:
believed he could do it.
But it was a 4 ro u tin e / struggle to win the race, adds B' :

endangered

a disaster

conservation

b parks

national

c areas

in the

d record

natural

e wild

protected

f species

1 cant quite believe Ive won. The medal is very sfabulo.

precious to me.

liv in g an opinion
5 Read the composition and complete the gaps with thesr
words and phrases. More than one answer may be
possible.

Complete the sentences using the phrases in 1.

If you look back, you w ill find that this country has an
e xce lle n t_____________
Animals b e lo n g _____________
Unfortunately, a (n )________

such as a flood can

destroy entire populations of animals.

It seems to me

f definitely

First of all

g To conclude

Secondly

h certainly

In my opinion

i In my view

probably

My th ird and final choice

These birds nest i n ---------------------- where th e ir eggs wil

be safe.
I f 1
p flees

The tiger is a (n )_____________

We are at the m om ent c re a tin g

X w o u /y c A e o ,
^ 0

j n the
/

north of the country.

------------ , X w o u /d v i s i f L o n d o n . 2
, , y-Ae ^
e x c * ^ c* y
E u ro p T ^
6 /3 3 0 $+. I ' d 3
s e e * // AAc fa m o u s
r o _ ^
^ s . ^
^

C o .r r f
f , 4 ,y , 0
B r^ k
London

Phrasal verbs
3 Match phrasal verbs 1 -5 to their meanings a -e . Then
complete the two paragraphs below using the phrasal
verbs in the correct form.
split up

regain consciousness

come round

become used to

.,

cause

bring about

separate

settle in

disappear gradually

z /te

I hear that John and Tracy have i_

do n t
because

* * * * * *

,s

SuP P s e - d + 0 L e f^ iu / o u s

'rro u /d i e
+he\+

/Vevv- Vo r K

c/Yves I ' d
' V

The effects of the tra nquilliser slowly began to

r-o//<Lri/d,n 3

it found itself in a com pletely different

environm ent. It seemed uneasy at first, but after a few

days, it had s
anc| was q Ujte at home.

is

o /je

c/W es

in f h e

/Vevv

TAe w e v

'

Y o r-K .
,

'0+ ore.$+ in 9

K o o d o o
,r > C e-n + r*/ P ^ r K .' 'O

London, P ^ s

nd

&iah+~

they always seemed to be so happy together.

3---------------------- When the anim al eventually

0 /7

T ^

+ 0 v i s i f P a ,r is . 5

PeV~ S ,S 0 /, 0 /
o f AAe m o s f U s h ,o n L / e .. I ' d

+ P

know what 2_____________ i t ___

I'd

oA e

wear off

,^ A e , ^

Eu ro p e. n d

Y w c

fro .

~~
A ~>e^

C o n fe r

Read the two leaflets below and find out the following
information:
1

when the first Notting Hill Carnival was held.

why the carnival is so im p o rta n t for black British people.

how it is celebrated.

what the Chinese New Year celebrates.

5 how it is celebrated in peoples homes.

6

how it is celebrated in the streets.

Ethnic celebrations

If ethnic groups from other countries had not

settled in Britain, the country would have
been deprived of some ol its more colourful
festivals.
T he N o ttin g H ill C arnival

I f you walk through the inner London suburb o f N otting H ill on the
last weekend in August, you w ill find yourself among one o f the
largest carnival celebrations in Europe. Its origins can be traced back
to Trinidad, and to 1833 in particular, when the prohibition on
Blacks gathering in large numbers was removed This prohibition had
meant that black slaves had been forbidden by law to take part in the
European style carnivals w hich the white population held.
W hen the ban was lifted and the slaves were freed, black
Caribbeans started their own carnival, w ith songs, dances and
costumes that reflected their own culture. Since then. Carnival has
become a strong Caribbean tradition, particularly in Trinidad.
W hen the num ber o f West Indians m the U K increased
significantly in the early 1960s, members o f the Trinidadian
community in London decided to organise their own festival. The
first one centred round a steel band. The bands infectious music
reminded the West Indian immigrants o f home and the carnivals they
had attended there. It also allowed them to teel confident m their
culture.
Although fewer than 100 people attended the first festival, it was
the start o f a new tradition w hich w ould grow and grow as people
o f all races became attracted to the music and colour o f the event.
Today the Carnival attracts over one-and-a-half to two m illion
people during the three days, and every sort o f music is played from
African drum m ing to House. Its truly a celebration for everyone.

T h e C h in e s e N e w Y e a r

I he C h in ese N e w Year is th e m ost im p ortan t date o f th e year for the

C h in ese. T h e festival takes place at th e b e g in n in g o f February and
celeb rates the earth's rebirth w ith the arrival o f spring. H ou ses are
clea n ed o u t and d ecorated w ith lanterns, and in cen se is bu rn ed.
Firew orks h elp to keep away th e evil sp irits.T h e N e w Year d in n er is
seafood and d u m p lin gs and p e o p le usually w ear so m e th in g red,
w h ic h also keeps away evil spirits.
A n y o n e can jo in in th e celeb ration s in L o n d o n . A h u ge dragon
dances th rou gh the streets and there are stalls sellin g craftw ork and
fo o d .
T h e first C h in ese to settle m B ritain arrived in the 1 8 * century.
By 1 9 5 0 , there w ere so m e 2 .0 0 0 C h in ese in B ritain, all seek in g n e w
o p p ortu n ities, as w ell as a place to live. A fter th e w ar in K orea, w h e n
soldiers retu rn in g from the w ar in th e Far Fast created a d em and for
C h in ese food , restaurants w ere o p e n e d . A t the sam e tim e im m igrants
began arrivin g from 1 lo n g l o n g to start up th eir o w n businesses m
,111 area o f L on d on w h ic h b eca m e k n o w n as C h in a to w n .
A lth ou gh m an y B ritish -b o rn C h in ese m oved o u t ol the area years
later, th e local co u n cil transform ed C h in a to w n in to a tou rist
attraction. Today, th e streets have C h in ese signs and p agod a-lik e
p h o n e b o o th s. C h in a to w n is full o f all sorts ot restaurants, fo o d stores
and specialist stores n o t ju st from C h in a but all over th e Far East,
from Thailand, In don esia, Japan and I lo n g K on g.

Read the leaflets again and decide if these statements are

true or false.
1

The N otting Hill Carnival originated in Trinidad in the

1 7 * century.

2 It celebrated the new-found freedom of the people.

3 It reflected many different types of culture.
4 In the 1 8 * century, there were 2,000 Chinese in Britain.
5 In the m iddle of the 2 0 * century, people in Britain
developed a liking for Chinese food.

Talking about your country

What kind of celebrations take place in your country?
How did the celebrations originate?
What aspects of your culture do you th in k people from
other countries would find enjoyable?
If you w ent to live in another country, what would you
miss most about your own culture?

F lie r i g h t : c h o i c e ----

Hunning out of time

Reading
3 Before reading the text, look at the first part of each
m ultiple choice item in 5 and turn it into a question.

Example
What was the fisherm an doing when the tourist firs t saw
him?

Now read the text opposite quickly and find the answer:
to the questions you made in 3.

Read through each possible answer to 1 -7 , then choose

the one you think is correct.
1

When the tourist first saw him , the fisherman was

a

bringing his boat ashore,

sleeping in his boat.

launches in to (line 5) means

a

1 Choose the answer which best describes you.

1

C3t>

makes a start on.

tries to sell.

The tourist tried to persuade the fisherman to

a

expand his fishing business.

jo in a fleet of other fishermen,

in good time?

take over a fishing company.

on time?

late?

straight away?

during the week?

The to u ris ts idea would result in the fisherman

a

If you have hom ework to do for the week ahead, do

puts out to sea.

If you have an appointm ent, do you usually arrive

you usually do it

catching fish from his boat.

spending too much money.

having no free tim e at all.

doing w hat he is doing now.

In his story, Heinrich Boll wanted to show that rich

people

the night before you need it?

Do you spend your free tim e

doing sports or hobbies?

have a more interesting life than poor people,

watching TV?

are no happier than poor people.

sleeping?

People have always regarded technology as a way of

a

Think about your future working life. Would you rather

have much more fun than poor people,

creating a better way of life for themselves.

have a job w ith almost no responsibility?

helping them to get things done more quickly,

be your own boss and accept the responsibility?

enabling them to do things more efficiently.

have responsibility but work for someone else?

Our idea of perfect happiness has always been to

Now compare your answers with a partners. Do you

think your answers mean you are:

have a full and useful existence.

have no w ork to do at all.

in control of the way you organise your life?

enjoy the w ork we do.

not too worried about how you organise your life7

not at all interested in having an organised life ?

Reading

UST SLOW DOWN

ist focuses in on a most idyllic picture: a man in simple
?s dozing in a fishing boat that has been pulled out of the
-; which come rolling up the sandy beach. The camera clicks
merman awakens. The tourist offers him a cigarette and
iches into a conversation: 'The weather is great, there are
, of fish, why are you lying around instead of going out and
rg more?'
, ,.
. ,
: s n e r m a n replies: 'Because I caught enough this "10rn'"9'
just imagine, the tourist says, "if you went out there three o
-Ties a day, bringing home three or four times as many fish!
. now what could happen?' The fisherman shakes his head,
about a year you could buy yourself a motor-boat, says the
im st After two years, you could buy a second one, and a er
- years you could have a fishing boat or two. And just think!
-ay you might be able to build a freezing plant or a smoke
5 You might eventually even get your own helicopter to he p
find fish and guide your fleet of fishing boats or youi cou
re your own trucks to ship your fish to the capital, and then ...
- d then? asks the fisherman.
- - i then,' the tourist continues triumphantly, you could be
- y sitting on the beach, dozing in the sun and looking at the
jtiful ocean!'

- - 5 story, told by German writer Heinrich Boll, plays on the

tecas and fears of the rich. Why all the pains and efforts of
5 opment, if the rich only end up with what the poor seem to
te ; all along? Or, worse, how is itthatthatthe rich, despite all

browser, most of the technology used in the name of progress is

used in the belief that doing more things faster is better than doing
things slower. Indeed, the ability to save time has always been one
35 of the main reasons behind wanting increased productivity.
From the start, far-sighted men and women saw a world of
freedom, a world where hard work would no longer exist and
people would be able to take part in activities of their own liking,
hunting in the morning, fishing in the afternoon, looking after
40 animals in the evening and engaging in hterarycnhcism after
dinner. But what happened to this utopia? Where has all the time
gone?
W o lf g a n g Sachs, Resurgence M a g a z in e

Phrasal verbs
7

a and bustle, never seem to have the peace of mind enioyed y

- >W
For if development consists of progressively acquiring a
: : h of goods to gain a wealth of time, then rich societies have
: ausly got things wrong. What went wrong?
: :m the very first inventions to Bill Gates's Explorer web

V o c a b u la ry
j js of life
Find words in the article which express these ideas (they
are in the order in which they appear). Then answer the
questions.
1

very pleasant and peaceful

Where do you know like this?

sleeping lightly for a short tim e

quietly and peacefully

Do you ever do this? When?

Match beginnings 1 -5 with endings a -e of these

sentences.

Advertisers play on people's fears

Mandy was terribly stressed about exams

John is taking part in an experiment

When the fishermen pulled the boat out of the sea.

Danny looked after his younger sister

about how exercise increases your energy,

and suggest life w ill be better w ith th e ir products,

they were exhausted but happy,

so she ended up w ith a headache that lasted days,

w hile his m other was out shopping.

Underline the phrasal verbs in 7 and match them to their

meanings a -e . Then write five sentences of your own
using the phrasal verbs.
a

take care of

finish by having

c take advantage of someones fears

d

to remove

to be involved in

What kinds of things do you do in this way?

4

pushing and hurrying

Is there a lot of this where you live, or is life more

IS O M S

G 2

peaceful?
5

obtaining for yourself

Whose attitude towards life do you th in k is better, the

How d ifficu lt is it to obtain what you w ant in life?

fisherm ans or the to u ris ts? Why?

an imagined perfect place

Have you ever had to make a d iffic u lt choice about w hat to

What is your idea of a place like this?

do? What was it?

<3>

Grammar
R ep o rted speech
1

Grammar

In pairs, ask and answer the questions.

cliecft-

P14C

Reported statements

Where do you eat lunch?

Look back at 2 and 3 and complete the rules.

D o y o u p re fe r tra d itio n a l d is h e s or fa s t fo o d ?

In reported statements the follow ing are changed:

H o w p o p u l a r a r e f a s t f o o d r e s t a u r a n t s w h e r e y o u liv e ?

the tense of the verb: e.g. present simple -*

pronouns e.g. I

_________

possessive adjectives e.g. my

tim e expression e.g. today

Complete the changes made when using reported

speech.

Statements
A sandwich bar is preparing a report based on a face-toface customer survey. Read the report w riters notes and
underline what the customers said.

Present simple

1 ____________

Present continuous

+ Past continuous
- 2_____________

Past sim ple

Present perfect

_3____________

Present modals: can, w ill,

may, must

+_4____________
* might, had to

John, a s tu d e n t, said he h ad com e to Gino's

Past modals:

t h a t day because th e fo o d w as ch eap. A

would, could, should, might -> would, could, should,

might

m o th e r o f th re e , Sue, a d d e d t h a t h e r ch ild ren

loved th e re s ta u ra n t. T h e y could e a t w ith

th e ir fin g ers. O n th e o th e r h an d , a n o th e r

Match the expressions in 1 -6 to those in a -f.

Direct speech

custom er, Tim , re p o rte d t h a t he h ad n ever

ta s te d such u n h e a lth y fo o d an d t h a t he
w o u ld n o t be back. H ow e v e r, M o lly, an o ffic e
w o rk e r, c o m m e n te d t h a t th e sandw iches
w e r e e x c e lle n t an d t h a t she w as co m in g

Indirect speech

today

a there

tom orrow

b the day before

here

c th a t/th o s e

the week after

d the follow ing week

yesterday

e the next day

this / these

f that day

back th e fo llo w in g day.

P-eporting verbs
Find out what these verbs mean. Use a dictionary
necessary
^ 10.1 Listen to what the customers actually said and
complete the sentences.

John, Student
1

added

promised

explained

agreed

asked
told

Tim, Training manager

never

because i t s cheap.

such unhealthy food,

be back.

Sue, Mother of three

. kids love
restaurant. They
eat w ith th e ir fingers.

Molly, Office worker

4

The sandwiches
excellent. I ____
back tom orrow .

complained
confessed

if

p^m r - l

Rewrite the sentences using one of the reporting verbs.

promised

confessed agreed explained

Rewrite questions 1-6 in reported speech using the names

in brackets.

told

Example

E x a m p le

Did you sleep well last night? (John / Sarah)

Dont worry. Ill help you w ith your hom ew ork to m o rro w .
. : any promised to help me w ith my homework the next day.

John asked Sarah i f she had slept well the night before.

How often do you take exercise? (the interviewer / Ben)

I always have a run every m orning. Thats why I feel

Have you ever been on an activity holiday? (Simon / me)

healthy.

What are you going to do over the summer? (our

Are you worried th a t young people dont eat healthy

C lare ____________ t h a t ------------------------------------------

neighbour / us)

'I stole the painting and sold it.

The t h i e f ____________ t h a t ___
3

fo o d ? (the jo u rn a list / parents)

OK. You win. Well go shopping first. We can go

sw im m ing this evening.

Are you going to jo in the new gym th a ts opening next

week? (the manager / Mark)

M a rk ____________ t o _______________ He added that

J
5

'You must move your car.

L e t's a c t iv a t e

The p o lic e m a n _____________ met o --------------------------

Interviewing a sports coach

Ill give up smoking. Honestly I w ill.

S im o n ____________ his girlfriend t h a t ----------------------

^ J io .2 Read questions 1 -5 . Then listen to an interview

with a swimming coach. As you listen, make notes about
what he says.

: c-orting requests and commands

When did he start swimming?

Read the examples and complete rules 1 and 2.

Did he ever compete at a high level?

'Dont sit there! the m other said to her children.

What tra in in g does he recommend swimmers follow?

The m other told her children not to sit there,

Please sit dow n, the w aiter said.

The w aiter asked us to sit down.
To report requests we u s e __

Does he th in k swimmers should also train outside the

pool?

5
+ someone +

10

not) infinitive.

Does he th in k diet is important?

In pairs, imagine you are a coach and journalist. Ask and

answer using questions like these in 9.

To report commands we use

+ someone
11

+ (not) infinitive.

In pairs, write an article about the interview in 10 using

reported speech.

WSrammar

cAeclr

Reported questions
Read examples a-c and answer questions 1-3.
a

Do you like our fast food? the manager asked.

The manager asked them if they liked th e ir fast
food.

b Was Ihe meal good?' Claudia asked Phillip.

Claudia asked P hillip whether the meal had been
good.
c

Why did you eat here?

I asked them why they had eaten there.

1 Are the tense, pronoun and possessive adjective

changes the same lor reported questions and
statements?
2

Do we use do in reported questions?

3 Which words do we add when we report

questions w ith o u t a question word (why. where,
when, etc)?

-------

Un/f 70

Lets practise grammar

P-eported statements and questions
Read the sentences and choose an appropriate reporting
verb. Then, rewrite the sentences in reported speech.
There may be more than one possible answer.

Read the interview with a radio DJ from Fun Radio. T

complete the reported statements.

Example
1 - promised
Rob promised his parents that he wouldnt do it again.
1
2
3
4

I w ont do it again, honestly. Rob said to his parents.

I also th in k that people shouldnt smoke, Jane said.
Do you like watching sport on TV? Bob asked me.

Interviewer
Dave

How long have you been a radio DJ?

About three years.

Interviewer

What did you do before?

Dave

I worked for a music magazine in

London.

Interviewer

And what do you most enjoy about voL

job?

Dave

Well, I like meeting famous pop stars.

Im also a DJ for a nightclub at the

'My soup is cold, Sonia said to the waiter.

weekends. Thats good fun.

5
6

Where did you study? Simon said to me.

Yes, you can borrow the car, Jacks father said, but be
careful.

Interviewer
Dave

Which fam ous people have you met?

I interviewed Bono yesterday, and last
month Blue were on the show.

Interviewer

If you could change one th ing about

your job, w hat would it be?

Dave
7

Stop! Dont move! the policeman said to the crim inal.

Have you ever tried Japanese food? Rob said to Debbie.

If I could, Id like to get up later in the

morning.

Interviewer

Do you usually get up early?

Dave

Ves, I do. This m orning I got up at five

o clock!

2 Rewrite the questions using the speakers words.

Example
They wanted to know where I was going fo r my holidays.

Where are you going fo r your holidays?

When she asked him i --------------------- , he said about

three years. She wanted to know 2 ____________
replied that 3 ----------------------- sbe

He

b|m

She wanted to know if I could help her move house the

follow ing weekend.

4 -------------

He asked me to tell him the truth.

went on to say that he also enjoyed being a DJ for a

I asked her if she wanted to see a film the follow ing

evening.

he replied that 7 ------------------- _ ^

He asked me to pass him the dictionary.

m onth before B lu e ________

I asked them how long they had been living in London.

She wanted to know if Paul w ould come to the party.

They asked me what tim e they should come.

He said that s

He

nightclub. She wanted to know e _____________ ancj

9 -------------

] ^

the

. She asked him

He explained that 10

She wanted to know 1 1 ______

that 1 2 ___________

- and he replied

E - tension
"5

je s t

The right word

and recommend O

P1 4 1 )

'atch what Jane says in a -d to sentences 1 -4 .

a

Why dont you try that new restaurant?

You should try that new restaurant, i t s really good,

Lets try that new restaurant,

The new restaurant is very good.

Read the article on sport and choose the correct word, a,

b or c, to complete it.
1

a had

b have

c are

a make

b did

c do

a lazy

b talk

c exercise

a that

b than

c the

a a

b my

c I

a I

b he

c also

2 Jane suggested that we tried the new restaurant.

a am

b was

c went

3 Jane recommended that we tried the new restaurant.

a surprised

b shocks

c pleases

a was

b wasn't

c were

Jane recommended the new restaurant to us.

jane suggested trying the new restaurant.

10 a knows

b sees

c knew

_____________/ _____________ + that + someone +

11

b tells

c advised

does something

12 a have

b had

c has

13 a is

b was

c had been

14 a played

b do

c play

I : Tiplete the gaps using suggest and recommend.

+ doing something

+ som ething + to + someone

a said

rt'ite the sentences in reported speech. Use suggested or

icom m ended and make any other necessary changes.
Lets go to the park, Matt said to us.

A recent survey rep o rte d th a t B ritish teenagers

Why do n t we all go to the cinema? Sally said.

one o f the u n h e a lth ie s t d ie ts in

Europe and th a t th e y did less s p o rt than children in

You should book your holiday w ith our travel agent. Hes

g irls in p a rtic u la r2

excellent, Sue said to them.

at school. It said th a t a b o u t 4 0 % o f girls stopped

The fresh pasta is very good, the w aiter said to us.

ta k in g p a rt in school games at 1 4 . A lison is a typica l

exam ple. We ju s t stand around; we 3
_
she explained.

o th e r co u n trie s. The research show ed th a t teenage

th in k you should buy that bike, i t s a reliable brand,1

less and less sp o rt

The results have surprised teachers as games are a

my brother said.

co m p u lso ry part o f the cu rricu lu m , b u t it seems many

o f these girls are s u ffe rin g from s te re o typ in g . Dr

W hat about having a party? John said to his friends.

Jones, the head o f the research team explained

You should go to the Grand Canyon when you're in

sp o rts were regarded as boys games.

However, not all g irls d rop out o f sp o rts. As a
Liverpool fan to ld us, Football is 3 ____________

America, Pete said to me.

fa vo u rite sp o rt, b u t 6 ---------------------- like gym nastics

and a th le tics. When I 2 --------

3 W hy dont you discuss the problem w ith Mark? Simon

aj- school I broke

the school high ju m p record. I even did b e tte r than

said to them .

the boys w hich 8 ---------------------- everyone. S port is fo r

e veryone.
The m anager o f a fam ous fo o tb a ll team agreed. He

SPORT FOR GIRLS?

w ent on to say th a t fo o tb a ll
9 ---------------------- only fo r boys and
th a t he 1 0 ---------------------- m any girls
w ho were ju st as good as boys. He
th a t p rim a ry schools

girls and boys team s and he agreed

th a t the s itu a tio n was b e tte r now than it

13
ten years ago. However, in
conclusion, the re p o rt stated th a t, Compared to
A ustralia, w here girls 1 4

tag-rugby, and

the United States, w hich has the stro n g e st w o m e ns

fo o tb a ll team in the w o rld , B ritain s till has a long way
to go.

WMMm.

h a t n e x t?

L is t e n in g

Idioms

Listening to opinions

The speakers use idioms 1 -3 to talk about the words

brackets. Match them to their meanings a-c.
1

Im all for it. (recycling)

... it s just there for the taking, (wind power)

Its not all bad news, you know, (tree planting)

Its available to everybody,

Its not as serious as you think,

Its a good idea.

A news report
6

This map gives predictions for how global warming m

affect the British coastline by 2025. According to the r : :
what is going to happen?

Hum ber Estuary

M udbanks grow - heavy
m etal s ilt reactivated
Scolt Head
Erosion occurs
The Wash F a rm la r:
abandoned

Predicted
coastline by
the year 2025
W hite Cliffs of Dove'
Heavily eroded

^Jio.3 You are going to hear four different people

talking about pictures a -f. As you listen, write the letter
of the picture they refer to and what they are talking
about.

(*ho.4 You are going to hear part of a news report

about what we can learn about global warming from
records made by Captain Hutchinson in the 1700s. Put
headings in the correct order. Then make notes under
each heading as you listen.
H Captain Hutchinsons set of records:

Example
7-b; recycling rubbish.

Match words 1 -4 to their meanings a -d .

1 worried
2 impressed

b astonished

3 amazed

c anxious

d believing everything w ill be all right

optim istic

Captain H utchinsons career:

M B Scientists conclusion:

a feeling adm iration for

^ 10.3 Listen again to the people talking about the

pictures and choose one of the adjectives in a -d which
describes how each speaker feels.

How do you feel about the issue shown in each picture?

Predictions about future sea levels:

le a k in g

Soundbites

~essing approval and disapproval

11

ihich of these adjectives could be used to express

approval, disapproval or both?
appalling

dreadful

> disturbing

shocking

desirable

fantastic

amazing
useful

Turn

wonderful

worrying

*<Srio.6 Listen to Turn, a song by Travis, and fill in

the gaps.

I w ant to see what people saw

incredible

I w ant to feel like I felt before

astonishing

I w ant to see the kingdom come

I want to feel 1 ____________

# 10.5 Read the speech in the box. Then listen to it and

~ in the gaps.

I w ant to sing
To sing my song

mm

I w ant to live in a world 2 _____

Expressing approval / disapproval

I w ant to live

---------------------your children to grow up in a polluted

I w i l l 3 ____________

c. ? 2 ____________ appalling that nothing is being

And I believe that it w o n t be very long

: : n.e about the volume of tra ffic in our cities today.

If we turn, turn, turn, turn, turn

---------------------, _____________ that in a modern day

: ': age we cant th in k of a practical way to solve this

Turn, turn, turn,

: 'to le m . 4 _____________ for the governm ent to take

And if we turn, turn, turn, turn, turn

Then we m ight learn, learn

an before i t s too late.

So w heres the stars?

to

Up in the sky

discussion

And w h a ts the moon?

- pairs, Student A describe what is happening in picture

and Student B describe what is happening in picture 2.
Then take it in turns to ask your partner about:

oossible damage caused.

nelp needed after a disaster like this.

'.ays of preventing a situation like this occurring.

ssues your partner is most concerned about and the

Well never know unless we grow

Theres so much world 5 _______
I w ant to sing
To sing my song
I w ant to live in a world where Ill be strong
I want to live

masons.

I w ill survive

i k about:

And I believe that it w o n t be very long

oroblems people m ight have.

If we turn, turn, turn, turn, ...

here to build new towns or villages.

now to protect buildings from natural disasters.

12

Read the lyrics again and in pairs answer the

questions.
1

What kind of world do the singers w ant to live in?

What do they want to find out more about?

What do they th in k we need to do to survive?

Writing a letter of application

Fascinated by

Applying far a job

1

Do you have what it takes to live in sub-zero temperatures?

Look at this job advertisement. What would it be like to

do this job?

The Antarctic Research Project is looking for helpers.

You w ill be a part of a
team spending 18 months

S tu d y in g t h e s a m p le
2

studying Antarctic
wildlife.

Adrian has finished school and is looking for work. He has

decided to apply for a job helping on the Antarctic
Research Project. Read his covering letter and his CV
(Curriculum Vitae), and put the words in gaps 1 -12.
join tw o expand spare enclose
helping
look

as

fascinated

applying

hearing
interested

2 1 A lex is M ansions
London
N 14 7FD

For further information: phone 02134 568827

Curriculum Vitae

2 1/8 /0 4

Adrian Roberts

T he A ntarctic Research Project

Address:

1 5 Q ueen 's Road

London
SW 2 W P D

a i,

,.

'"h ne:
2 0 0 1 5 6 7 3 4 5 6 nS'
D ate of birth: 19 June l o r
A
N atio n ality: British
m

D ear Sir or M adam ,

1
jn 2 ___________ for the jo b of helper

. from you.

'9

H C e n 3 c o T , St:h0<>Uond<>n

ondon Tim es on 18 August.

,y reasons for w ish in g <0 3 --------------------------------------------------- ,
"icit l have alw ays been Y
Could very m uch like to = _ _ _
mV k " * d g e
,f w ild life b y d oing research of this kind.
. you-------------5 ________
my
C u rric u lu m Vitae. 7
v ilT se e T T h a v e w orked in 8 ----------veterinary
time, in c lu d in g som e
aractices in m y 9 ------------------
a vet
;ime in the north of England 10
during the lam bing season.

N l4 7FD

Education

T h the"Antarctic R e s W T p ^ e c t , advertised in the

. forward to 12

?i

English, H isto ry

'

'

Chem istry,

yS'CS' B io Io 8Y, G eo grap hy

Responsibilities
* Editor of the scho o l m a g a z in e
s w

E f " h e K h a . a , cncket, fo o tb alU b e ss,

Work experience
Votkshtre

20 0 2

Yours faithfully,
A d r ia n

F o b e rts

Adrian Roberts

L " d o " W e e kly: a s s is L t t y p S

Interests
* M em ber of the lnr=,i c
* R ock c lim b in g
a l S c o u t 8roup
* Sports diver

Referees
O r Pete, M u rray

Mr

W r itin g y o u r a p p lic a t io n

vering letter and CM

Answer these questions about Adrians letter and CV.

Understanding the taste

Which job is he applying for?

2

Who is Adrian w riting to?

Where and when did he see the advertisement?

,vhat experience does he have for the job?

Why does he w ant the job? Why would he be suitable?

Using Adrians CV as a model, write your own CV.

Write all the necessary personal inform ation at the top.
Write the name of your secondary school and any
examination results.
3

s he enclosing anything w ith this letter?

Write any responsibilities you have now or had in the

past at school.

How does he end the letter?

1

1
2

.Vhat style is he using to w rite the letter?

List any w ork experience you may have had and when
you did it.

How does Adrian organise his letter? Put this information

n the correct order.

5
6

relevant skills or knowledge.

Think of any interests you have outside school.

Write the name of at least one referee. It can be one of
your teachers, or someone who knows you well.

reasons fo r applying for the job.

points in the CV that show experience is relevant.

Writing a covering letter

.vhy he is w ritin g the letter.

reference to the CV enclosed.

ie p s to b e t t e r w r it in g

You are going to apply for the job in this advertisement.

Remember to include:

your reason for w riting.

your reasons for w anting the job.

your skills and experience which suggest that you are

your interests.

positional phrases

suitable for the job.

-n d e rlin e the correct preposition to complete the

sentences.
'

l dont like the idea of w o r k in g / o r / i n / b y someone.

Paul joined the team t o / f o r / a s a research assistant.

To jo in a team a s / o f / for experts, ring this number.

A knowledge in / of / f o r w ild life is desirable.

Archaeological
ts

have always enjoyed working for / with / by animals.

Send in a CV when applying in / to / f o r a job.

Maria has always been fascinated in / with / by w ildlife.

Sam represented his school of / at / with sports.

am interested f o r / i n / t o the jo b advertised.

5 Minimum period two

months

' 0 We look forward to / of / for hearing from you.

jettin g

We are currently
looking for
assistants for an
archaeological
dig in Egypt.

* Accommodation and
meals provided

for errors

Previous experience
not essential

Read Susannas covering letter, find the 12 mistakes she

Interested?

nas made, and rewrite the letter.

Send your C V and a

covering letter to ...
:
:

Sir or Madam,
-: aid tike to apply with the job in helper on the Research

cb'

__

ect. My reasons to doing this are that I have always been

x 5: nated by the world about wildlife and I am very good in

: -<ing by animals.
enclosing my Curriculum Vitae. As you will see, I have
; "xsnised many events to school and have spent some time
, ; -<:ng with an office in the weekends.
lie ok forward for hearing of you.

hecfcing
9

Read through your CV and letter and check that:

: . ' s sincerely,

s - iis d L v t r 'y i'A -

you have included all the relevant inform ation.

the inform ation is in the correct order (most recent
experience first).

7 ~ tv y /o r

you have highlighted your suitability for the job

you have w ritten between 120-150 words.

<2>

Extension

F-unning out of time

1

Complete the sentences using one of these words.

idyllic

dozed

acquiring
1

hustle and bustle

phrasal verbs

utopia

Match phrasal verbs 1 -7 in text to meanings a-g.

play on

My idea of a (n )____________ holiday is doing nothing

but lying around on a beach.

Everyone was amazed that I could 1 carry out so many

Is it better to spend your l i f e ---------------------- wealth or

being happy?
The d o g _____________ in the sun, w aiting fo r his owner

tasks at once! However they are going to be even

more amazed when I tell them that I am 2 taking up a

to come home.

new job in London. 13 sent in a covering letter with

I cant w ait to get away from t h e

life.
TV a d v e rts

of city

my application form saying that I particularly wanted

to work in the London branch. They told me they

our wish to be good-looking

and rich.

werent 4 taking on any more staff at the mom ent

Do you th in k i t s possible to live in a world w ith o u t war?

because they had decided to s keen on existing staff

It sounds lik e ____________ to me!

who were due for retirem ent next year. But I told
them that they could hand over some of the

Confusing words
2

responsibilities to me, which would make life easier

Underline the correct words to complete the text.

for everybody! Surprisingly enough, they agreed with

me! So Im 7 giving up my job here and going to
London.

give responsibility to someone else

put in the post

starting

not to get rid of or sack

recruiting

do

stop doing

Complete the text using the phrasal verbs in 3 in the

correct form.
1

The new Internet site was so successful that the director

Tina works very quickly. She c a n ---------------------- several

____________ more staff.

Ive always been 1fascinated / surprised by photography.
As a teenager my 2 interest / am bition was to be a
professional photographer. I was 18 when I sent my first
jo b 3 description / application to the magazine Elle. Now
ten years later, Im a 4 successful / succeeding

different tasks at the same tim e.

3

d id n t get an interview.
4

Despite a fall in profits, the record company decided to

When she left, H e le n _____________ all her projects to

Simon.
Why do you w ant t o _____________ your job? I th o u g r:

____________ all their s ta f f------------------------ .

photographer.
Ive 5 expanded / grown from fashion to all types of
advertising. It gives me variety.
In any sort of photography, i t s 6 essential / needed to
have patience and im agination if you are to 7 end up
w ith / end in a good shot. But I like that. When you are
concentrating on a shot you forget everything: how
8 appalling / appealing the weather is, even that youre
hungry. Id 9 recommend / suggest the job to anyone,
especially those who like to be th e ir own boss.

P a m _____________ her job application too late, so she

you were happy here!

7

Paul was looking forward t o --------------------- his new role

in the company.

(Pygmalion

Oh, th a t was nothing.

Yes: things that showed you th o u g h t and fe lt about me

as if I were som ething better than a scullery-maid,

though of course I know you w ould have been just the

Extract fro m A ct V
.
L = Liza, H = H iggins, MH = Mrs H iggins, P = P icke rin g
Liza eaters, sunny self-confident. She is very much a t home
L
How do you do, Professor Higgins? Are you quite well?
H
L

[choking] Am I ... [He can say no more]

But of course you are: you are never ill. So glad to see
you again, Colonel Pickering. [He rises hastily; and they
shake hands]. Quite chilly this m orning, isnt it? [She sits

same to a scullery-maid if she had been let in the

drawing-room . You never to o k off your boots in the
d in in g room when I was there.
You m ustnt mind that. Higgins takes off his boots all

over the place.

.
I know. I am not blam ing him . It is his way, isn t it. But
it made such a difference to me that you d id n t do it.

You see, really and truly, apart from the things anyone

down on his left. He sits beside her],

Dont you dare try this game on me. I taught it to you
and it doesnt take me in. Get up and come home; and

can pick up (the dressing and the proper way of

speaking, and so on), the difference between a lady and
a flower girl is not how she behaves, but how she s
treated. I shall always be a flow er girl to Professor
Higgins, because he always treats me as a flow er g i r ,

dont be a fool. [Liza takes a piece o f cloth fro m her

basket, and begins to sew calmly].
MH Very nicely put, indeed, Henry. No wom an could resist
such an invitation.
You let her alone, mother. Let her speak fo r herself. You

w ill jo lly soon see w hether she has an idea that 1^

havent put into her head or a word th a t I haven t put
into her m outh. I tell you I have created this th in g out
of the squashed cabbage leaves of Covent Garden; and
now she pretends to play the fine lady w ith me.
MH [placidly] Yes, dear; but youll sit down, w o n t you?
L

and always w ill; but I know I can be a lady to you,

because you always treat me as a lady, and always w ill.
MH Please d o n t grind your teeth, Henry,
p Well, this is really very nice of you, Miss Doolittle.
L
| should like you to call me Eliza, now, if you would,
p
L

Thank you. Eliza, of course.

And I should like Professor Higgins to call me Miss
D oolittle.

G. B. Shaw, Pygmalion

[Higgins sits down again, angrily].

,
[to Pickering, taking no apparent notice o f Higgins, and
working away deftly] Will you drop me altogether now

that the experim ent is over, Colonel Pickering?

Oh dont. You m ustnt th in k of it as an experiment. It

oh, Im only a squashed cabbage leaf...

p
L

[impulsively] No.
[continuing quietly] ... but I owe so much to you that I

shocks me, somehow.

should be very unhappy if you forgot me.

L

- [Liza continues...]
[stopping her work fo r a moment] Your calling me Miss
D oolittle th a t day when 1 first came to W impole Street.
That was the beginning of self-respect for me. [She
resumes her stitching] And there were a hundred little
things you never noticed, because they came naturally
to you. Things about standing up and taking o ff your
hat and opening d o o r...

^ i) io .7 Read the extract fro m a play by George Bernard

Shaw and decide if these statem ents are tru e o r false.
1

Talking about your country

Both Higgins and Pickering are surprised by the change

How do you th in k Liza really feels about Professor Henry

in Liza.

Higgins?

Liza learned her good manners from Higgins.

Do you th in k it is possible fo r a person to change if the

Liza felt that she become a different person when

environm ent they live in changes? Why? Why not?

Pickering first called her Miss Doolittle.

How im p o rta n t do you th in k it is to be able to speak

Liza was pleased that Pickering never took his boots off

and behave properly?

in her presence.

Lets revise Units 9 and 10

Grammar

Rewrite the underlined sentences, 1 -6 , using reported

speech.

Match 1 -6 to a -f to make sentences.

1

If I had a problem,

If you dont want to go to the cinema,

If Mark doesnt come tonight,

If you came to my house,

If I have tim e,

If John d id n t live in Manchester,

I w on t speak to him ever again!

b Ill send you an email later.

I would ta lk to my friends about it.

we could watch the film together,

I would see him more often,

we can watch a video.

Underline the correct alternative.

1

I cant ski. I wish I can / could ski.

We wish we w ould / could go to New York.

I wish I would h a v e /h a d a computer.

I wish you w ouldnt / h a d n t tell me what to do.

I wish the car would s ta rt/ started.

Sally wishes Sam w ont / w ouldnt get up so late.

I wish we had /w o u ld have an excuse not to go running.

Mark wishes that Shelly would visit / visited him more

often.

Correct the mistakes.

1

What w ould you do if you can do anything?

If I have long hair, I could do more w ith it.

Jo wishes she has a new computer.

If I d id n t live in a flat, I w ill keep a pet.

I wish I would be a famous tennis player.

Simon w ill give you a lift, if you asked him.

Nick and Amy wish th e ir friends d id n t talk so much.

I am very upset if my team dont win th e ir game.

t h e w o d d ^ ne f '^

2Ar firct r,

j- j ,
-steve was too weak to stand
A tfir s th e d id n tre a lis e w h o w e were said on * 1

4He was very lucky -

We had b e e ^ a T c ^ n f r ^

bottle and a first aid k i A T

emP' y ater

- r r o , e S : ^ ~ ookandsome
b
u
,
helicopter was the f i r t

e was
mom ing a rescue

b t S S fS
tny mind to walk to the las. ranch i t o t p S

' ^

Complete the text using the words below.

endangered

conservation

protected areas

w ild life

wild

Use one of the phrasal verbs in 6 in the correct form to

complete these sentences.
1

natural disasters

W hats the matter? I cant eat. I went to the dentist this

m orning and the injection he gave me hasn't
_____________ yet.

Since the first national park was created at Yellowstone in

the USA in 1872, over 100,000 1

Hows your new flat? Have y o u _____________ yet?

Toms changed so much. He has started exercising every

-----------

day. Do you know w h a t_____________ this change in

_______________have been created all over the world. T hey

allow animals to live in the 2 _ --------------

w ith o u t

dan ge r of bein g hu nte d for food or gam e . Consequently,

m a n y are h o m e t o 2 _

species from small

birds to larger a n i m a l s such as pandas.

. of

Although they are im po rta nt for the 4 --------------------

attitude?
4

When J u d y _____________ after her operation, she d id n t

recognise me at first.

It's 8.30 already . Has Susan____________

_____________ yet? Shell be late for school.

Put the letters in 1 -6 in the correct order to make words

to complete the text.

the environm ent they also increasingly offer employm ent

to local people. If local people can earn a living from
protecting 2 ____________ _ they w o n 't over-hunt animals
or cut down too many trees. This then means that
6

Dear Deb,
Tack ana I have ju s t got back from our holiday in India. It
was ' ta sfa tn ic We spent most of the time in the north of

____________ resulting from

the country in the lower Himalayas. The mountain scenery

e n v iro n m e n tal ch a n g e are less likely to ha ppe n.

was 2 d ib le tre n You would have been impressed by the

? imazang sunsets and you would have loved the
4 d e rfu lw o n curries and exotic fruits.

Phrasal verbs

However, before coming home we spent two days in Dehli

Use these words to make phrasal verbs which match the

definitions.
up

round

off

about

in

Hoe noise of the city was 6 f re d a uld after the peace of the
mountains and the poverty in some parts of the city is
- tu rb d is in g I'll tell you more when I see you next week.

b r in g ____________

cause

Until then, take care.

w a k e ____________

stop sleeping

love

become used

s e ttle ____________

c o m e ____________

w e a r____________

to

regain consciousness
disappear gradually

Tules

Grammar reference
'Unit 7 The present

This apple tastes fantastic!

The present continuous

When we ta lk abo u t w h a t we sense at th e m o m e n t of

ta lk in g we use can.

We use the present co n tin u o u s to ta lk about:

Can you hear that noise in the garden?

som ething w hich is happening at th e m o m e n t of

speaking.
I m reading the Grammar reference page.

som ething w hich is h appening around now b u t not

necessarily at the m o m e n t o f speaking.
I m reading a lo t o f detective novels these days.

not

This apple is tasting fa n tc :

Adverbs
Adverbs of frequency com e before an o rd in a ry verb but a re r;
an a u x ilia ry verb and th e verb be.
I always get up late on Saturdays.
I ve never liked classical music.
I am often late fo r school.

a changing situation.
Computers are getting faster and faster.

som ething w hich happens often and annoys us.

My boss is always asking me to stay late.

Unit 2 Modal verbs

Form
We d o n t use to a fte r m odal verbs (except a fte r ought).

The present simple

He m ay go. He can go. He w ould go i f he had the time.

We use the present sim ple to ta lk about:

We m ake m odal and a u x ilia ry verbs negative by a d d in g /::'

Sally cant go out tonight. You m ustnt tell him the answers.
I havent got a ll the answers!

a ro u tin e or a habit.
Jim always sets the alarm fo r 7.30.

facts w hich stay the same fo r a long tim e .

I have a frie n d who lives in London. She works in a museum.

som e thin g w hich is always true.

We make questions by changing the position o f the moda

verb and th e subject.
Can you come tonight?
We m ake short answers by using the subject and the m o d :
a fte r yes o r no.

Ice melts when you heat it.

Yes, I can. No I cant.

Verbs not norm ally used in the continuous form

1

Some verbs are not n o rm a lly used in th e continuous.

These verbs are often connected w ith o u r th o u g h ts and
feelings. We use th e m to ta lk abo u t things w hich stay the
same fo r a long tim e :

Use
We use m odal verbs for:
1

A b ilit y - r a n
I can type fifty words a minute.

like dislike hate prefer want believe know

2

belong to need seem feel

Do you like music?

not

Are -you liking musk?

I hate horror films,

not

I m hating-borror film s?

May I ask you a question? Yes, o f course you may. (May is

m ore form al.)
3

Necessity (or lack o f it) - need to, d o n t need to

I need to buy some paint. I m going to redecorate the flat.
You d o n t need to take an umbrella. I t s going to be dry to :

What do you th in k o f our new course book?

You look worried. What are you th in k in g about?

Permission - can, could, may.

Can I leave the room fo r a moment, please?
Could I see you tomorrow a t ten?

Sometimes these verbs have tw o m eanings and we can use

th e con tinu ous fo rm fo r one m eaning.
My teacher feels I should have more speaking practice
Poor Sam. Hes fe e lin g aw ful. Hes got a headache.

Some verbs w hich are connected w ith o u r senses (sight,

taste, hearing, etc.) are not n o rm a lly used in the
continuous:
smell hear taste sound see
Does this cheese sm ell bad to you?
bad to you?

O b ligation (usually fro m som eone e ls e ) - have (got

I have (got) to be home by ten. My mum said so.

I see what you mean.

Sorry. I cant meet you tonight. I m seeing a frie n d o f mine.

not

O bligation (usually fro m ourselves o r fro m a u th o r::

must, m u stn t
I m ust eat something! I m hungry.
You m u stn t chew gum in class.

c
ts-this cheese smelling

- ..

Freedom fro m o b lig a tio n - d o n t have to

We d o n t have to finish this project today - the teache1
doesn 't w ant it u n til next week.

We pronounce:
1

TH/atchout I

: heve g o t is used in in fo rm a l English.

Regular past verb endings a s /d /:

remembered

verbs e n d in g in ded o r ted as /d id / o r /tid /:

landed
3

screamed

started

verbs e n d ing in ch, s h ,x o r ss as /t/:

watched

rushed

fixed

crossed

Past continuous
We use th e past continuous:

odals in the past

' e use could to express, a b ility and perm ission in th e past.

could swim when I was 2 years old. (ability)
' the past you c o u ld n't vote before you were 21. (permission)

At three o'clock yesterday afternoon I was w alking back home.

2

one had to hand in her school project yesterday.

d id n t have to do any homework when I was in prim ary

idhool.

w ith the past sim ple to ta lk a b o u t an action w hich was

going on w hen a n o th e r action in te rru p te d it.
I was rid in g my bike when the tyre burst.

'reconditional with the imperative

K m

t o set th e scene in a story.

It was snowing and the w ind was blow ing as I walked down
the long, dark road.

'e use had to to express o b lig a tio n in th e past.

*.e use d id n 't have to to express freedom fro m o b lig a tio n

~ che past.

to ta lk a b o u t an action w hich was going on at a p a rticu la r

tim e in th e past.

to describe an action w hich continued fo r some tim e in

th e past.
I was studying A rt in Italy when I m et Mike.

Past perfect
present +
ou w a n t to stay healthy,

im p e ra tiv e
eat a w ell-balanced diet.

We use th e past perfect to ta lk a b o u t an action th a t happened

before a n o th e r action in th e past.
When I woke up everyone had left.

i
-se the co n d ition a l w ith th e im p e ra tive to give advice or

Past simple or past perfect?

e suggestions.
ke Italian food, go to Ristorante La Ruga.

We use th e past sim ple to te ll th e reader a b o u t a c h a in of

events th a t to o k place in th e past.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------NOW

Unit 3 The past - narrative tenses

Past simple
the past sim ple:
: ta lk about a com pleted action in th e past, often w ith a
* me reference.
esterday morning, the car broke down on the motorway.
: tell people abou t past events and to te ll stories.
unlocked the door quietly, went into the room and began
look fo r clues.
:n the past con tinu ous to ta lk abo u t an action w hich
serrupted another.
v bell rang while I was having dinner.

We got in to the car, switched on the engine, and drove off.

We use th e past sim ple and th e past perfect to g e the r in a
com plex sentence. We use the past perfect to ta lk about
th e action w hich happened first, and th e past sim ple to
ta lk a b o u t th e action w hich fo llo w e d .
. --------------------------------------- . --------------------------NOW
left behind

w e n t back hom e

I w ent back home because I d le ft my money behind.

As, when, while

1 /4s can mean when, while, o r because.
As (while) I was closing the door, the phone rang.
As (because) I had run out o f petrol, I had to call the
emergency services.

C ra m m

: j shouldnt go out i f you dont feel well.

- : ought to listen to our advice.

The past o f have (got) to is had to not had g o t to.

The past o f d o n t have to is d id n 't have to not h a d n t to.
e cant use th e short fo rm I ve to w hen using the verb
'- jv e to to ta lk a b o u t o b lig a tio n . We say I have to o r I ve
got to.

out?

a r

'Watch

: ecom m endation (not) to do s o m e th in g -s h o u ld (n t),

:u g h t(n t) to

When means at th e exact p o in t o f tim e .

Unit 9 The future

I was driving home when I noticed a bright light in the sky.

3

While means d u rin g th a t tim e .

Present continuous

While I was shopping, I met Sylvia.

The definite article

We use to be + -in g to ta lk a b o u t arrangem ents we have r , a

fo r the fu tu re .

the

I m seeing a play tomorrow night.

We use the

w hen there is o n ly one o f som ething.

goingto

The moon shone in the sky.

I m going to meet Stan outside the Town Hall.

We use to be + going to:

1

w hen it is clear to the listener speaker w hich th in g is being

talked about. (We use th e in d e fin ite article, a and an, to
refer to it fo r the firs t tim e and th e d e fin ite article, the,
w hen we m e n tio n it again.)

I m going to start taking more exercise.

I m going to learn a new language.
to predict th e fu tu re w hen we know w h a t w ill happer
because o f w h a t we can see now.

Today we are going to visit a very famous museum.

The museum is near the city centre.

Look at that blue sky! Its going to be a lovely day.

Watch out! Youre going to fall.

w ith names o f areas o r districts, except fo r those w hich

end w ith th e nam e o f a c o n tin e n t o r country.

will

the Middle East the Riviera the Midlands

but: Central Europe Western Australia

We use w ill to:

w ith th e names o f countries w hich are p lu ra l, consist of

m ore than one c o u n try o r contain th e w ords Republic,
Kingdom or States.
the Peoples Republic o f China

1 make a prediction.
Itl l probably rain tomorrow.

the United States

w ith the nam e o f rivers, m o u n ta in ranges, deserts, seas

oceans and forests.

the Black Forest

m ake a prom ise.

Of course I ll take you to the cinema.

5

w hen we ta lk abo u t how we travel.

make a decision.

I ll go and buy a dictionary tomorrow.

I go to school by bus. I travel by train.

I went to Australia by ship.

o ffe r help.

I l l help you with that suitcase.

abstract nouns.

give a w a rn in g

You w ill feel ill if you eat a ll that chocolate.

We d o n t use a or the

ambition

make a request.

Will you show me how to get onto the Internet?

the Baltic Sea

Zero article

to ta lk abo u t w h a t we in te n d to do.

happiness

love

ta lk a b o u t o u r d e te rm in a tio n to do som ething.

I w ill learn how to use a computer!

plura l nouns when we are speaking generally.

I couldnt live without books, (books in general)

We can use the short fo rm o f w ill + n o t {w ont) to:

w hen we ta lk abo u t b u ild in g w ith names w hich start w ith

th e nam e o f a person.

Hadrians Wall

St Marys Hospital

'Watchout?

when we ta lk a b o u t in s titu tio n s in general.

at school at university at church

I'm at school every weekday.

in hospital

in prison

w hen we ta lk a b o u t meals.

We had lunch at my grandmothers but went home fo r dinner.

when we ta lk a b o u t in d iv id u a l m ountains.

Mount Everest

Mount Kilamanjaro

show unw illingness o r in a b ility to do som ething.

He w ont do the washing-up.

In conversation and in fo rm a l w ritin g , we use the short

fo rm o f w ill (unless we are asking a question).

I l l go and see Pam tomorrow.

Sam wont be back u ntil late.

Because, unless, although

1 resent simple
r :h e present sim ple to ta lk abo u t events w hich are
. arranged fo r the fu tu re such as tim e ta b le d events.
I ! r

Your phone must have been out o f order because I couldnt get
through.

starts on Monday.

': . : rse finishes on the 25th.

liw c r is at 1 p.m.

I in

We use because to give a reason.

We use unless to intro d u ce a c o n d itio n .

That cant be Susan a t the door unless shes forgotten her key.

hen, assoonas, before, and after

- 3 sentence has tw o parts th a t refer to fu tu re actions, we

~- - oresent sim ple a fte r when, as soon as, before, and after.
e : :h e r part o f the sentence we use w ill o r be going to.

We use although to contrast in fo rm a tio n .

John must have a lot o f money although he never seems to
spend it.

"" going to be very wealthy before I m 30.

K ; . ou as soon as they arrive.

U n i t IP Present perfect
Present perfect

'Unit S Modals: logical conclusions

We use th e present perfect to ta lk about:

1

Logical conclusions about the present

e use co u ld /m a y/m ig h t be w hen we th in k th a t som ething

I ve pa in te d the fence. It looks really good.

1: m ay/m ight/could s till be here. I saw her earlier.

Hes studied several languages, but cant speak any o f them.

I ve read 15 novels so fa r this year.

s oossibly true.

1e use m a y/m ig h t n o t be when we th in k th a t so m e th in g is

oossibly not true.

' exam results m ay n o t be/m ight n o t be too bad. I th in k I

: d quite well.
e use m ust be w hen we strongly believe th a t so m e th in g is
true.

c.e use ca n t be w hen we strongly believe th a t so m e th in g is

~i possible.

V.e use m ust/can t + have + past p a rtic ip le to say w h a t we

sirongly believe happened in th e past.
ou m ust have been tire d after a ll that hard work last week.
ou cant have been tire d last Sunday - you slept fo r hours!
I

Present perfect continuous

We use the present perfect co n tin u o u s to ta lk about:
1

an action th a t is u n finished. The focus is on the action, not

th e result.
I ve been p a in tin g the fence a ll day. I ll have to finish it
tomorrow.
Weve been studying English fo r three years now.

We use co u ld n t!m ig h t n o t + have + past p a rtic ip le to say

w hat we d o n t th in k happened in th e past.
You couldnt have seen me in town on Saturday. I stayed at
home a ll day.

how m uch o r m any tim es so m e th in g has happened.

Shes called you twice already this morning.

Ae use co u ld /m a y/m ig h t + have + past p a rticip le to say

a hat we th in k probably happened in the past.
think I m ig ht have le ft my keys a t home.

so m e th in g w hich has/has not happened in o u r lives before

now.
I ve seen this film three times ~ i t s great!
She hasnt stayed with us before.

his cant be the South Pole! There arent any penguins.

Logical conclusions about the past

so m e th in g w hich began in th e past and continues u n til

now.
Sam has lived in this house a ll his life.
Ive had a dog since I was a child.

1nn isnt answering the phone. She m ust be out.

-

an action w hich is finished b u t w hich still has an effect in

th e present. The focus is on th e result.

a te m p o ra ry action or situ a tio n .

Weve been experiencing a lo t o f problems with the new
computer system.

to ta lk a b o u t how long so m e th in g has happened for.

Ive been shouting your name fo r the past five minutes. D idnt
you hear me?

Watch out I

Unit 7

We cannot use th e co n tin u o u s fo rm w ith verbs w hich

express states o r con d ition s, o r verbs w hich are not
n o rm a lly used in con tin u o u s form s,

The passive
Form

appear be have (possess) know seem understand

Hes h ad a car since 1999. not

Passives

A ffirm ative and negative form

1999.

s ubject +

to be +

past participle

For, since

Present
simple

The photos

are

developed

We use fo r w ith th e present perfect sim ple and continuous

to add in fo rm a tio n ab o u t th e length o f tim e.

Present
continuous

My shoes

are being

repaired.

I ve taught in this school fo r ten years.

Present
perfect

They

have been

delayed.

We use since w ith th e present perfect sim p le and

co ntin uous to ta lk a b o u t the sta rtin g p o in t o f the action.

s im p l e

The suspects

werent

interviewed

Our house

was being

redecorated.

Sam

will no t be

given

Past
Past

Shes been here since yesterday

continuous
F u tu re

Ever, never

here.

until n : .<

I the job.

Question form

We can use ever and never/not ever w ith the present perfect
sim ple to mean in yo u r w hole life up to now. We cannot use

to be +
Was
Were

ever in a ffirm a tiv e sentences.

Have you ever been to Italy?
I have never/havent ever seen an opera.

su b je ct +
th e b u rg la r
the photographs

past p a rtic ip le
caught?
taken

at night?

Use
We use th e passive:

lAFatchOut'S

We use the past sim ple (not the present perfect) w ith

when we d o n t know w ho o r w h a t did th e action.

The post office was broken in to last night.
Several people were seen ru n n in g away.

d e fin ite tim es.

I went to France last year.
The meeting started at ten o'clock and finished at midday.

when the action is m ore im p o rta n t or interesting to us

than w h o o r w h a t did it, fo r exam ple to describe a process.

Yet, still, already

First the water is heated in a container. Next, a chemical is

added.
Were the new computers in sta lle d today?
English is spoken a ll over the world.

We use yet, s till and already w ith the present perfect sim ple.
1 A lready means sooner than expected, and is used before
the m a in verb in the a ffirm a tive .
They have already arrived.
2

We use yet to ta lk abo u t so m e th in g th a t is expected to

happen. It is placed at the end o f a sentence in negatives

By, of, with

1

In a passive sentence, we can say w h o or w h a t did the

action if we th in k it is necessary, by using by.

and questions.

The award-winning novel was written by Paul Theroux.

Have you met ja n e yet?

I havent read the paper yet.

This car was b u ilt by a computer.

2

We use s till to ta lk ab o u t a s itu a tio n th a t has unexpectedly

stayed th e same. It comes before the a u x ilia ry verb.
The parcel s till hasnt arrived.

We use o f to ta lk a b o u t the m aterial o r substance used to

m ake som ething.
The roof is made o f slate.

We use w ith to ta lk about:

a

some of the ingredients used.

This bread is made w ith added sunflower seeds.

th e tools used.
The artist carved the sculpture w ith a penknife.

TA/atctwout^
We ofte n see the passive as a special 'short sentence.
Made in China.

P rinted in Portugal

Unit'S Sentence structure

: efining relative clauses
- ing relative clauses give us essential in fo rm a tio n a b o u t a
it or th in g . They te ll us w hich person o r th in g is being
red to.
Hfe jse:

Where, when
We can use where and when in d e fin in g and n o n -d e fin in g
relative clauses instead of that/w ho/w hich/w hose.
1

We use where to ta lk ab o u t places.

This is the street where Sally lives.

We use when to ta lk a b o u t tim es.

July is the month when I usually go on holiday.

T v a t or who fo r a person.
~'iat is the man that/w h o I was telling you about.
_ne students that/w ho speak German are going to Berlin.

'UnitS First and second conditional

_ : na t or w hich fo r a th in g .
This is the holiday th a t/w h ich interests me most,
laving is a sport th at/w h ich can be dangerous.
hose when we w a n t to ta lk ab o u t possession.
~nat is the film star whose performance has ju s t won an Oscar.
_andon is a city whose population is over 6 million.

The first conditional

Form
present +
its sunny tomorrow,

(//+
If
If

you feel ill,

w ill (or a modal) +

infinitive

well
you should

have a picnic.
see a doctor.

%ote
> r : 3 n leave o u t th a t/w h o /w h ic h when it is th e o bject of the
: ;:iv e clause.
: :a r (that/which) I m buying is the latest model.

Use
We use th e firs t co n d itio n a l to ta lk a b o u t so m e thing w hich
may or may not happen in th e futu re .
/ / / get good marks in the exam, I ll go o u t and celebrate.
If you pass your driving test, I m ig h t buy you a second-hand car.

on-defining relative clauses

Watch out?

: o -d efin in g relative clauses give us extra in fo rm a tio n ab o u t

: e rson or th in g . It is necessary to p u t com m as at th e
nning and end of a n o n -d e fin in g relative clause.
fe use:

In conversation and in fo rm a l w ritin g , we use th e short

form of w ill (unless we are asking a question).
I l l go and sec Pam tomorrow. Sam w o n t be back u n til late.

who fo r a person.
The students, who speak German, are going to Berlin.
1

which fo r a th in g .
Caving, which is one o f my favourite sports, can be dangerous.
whose w hen we w a n t to ta lk ab o u t possession.
Birmingham, whose population is about one m illion, is the

The second conditional

Form
\lf +
If
If

past +
she had m ore money,
you saw a ghost,

w o u ld +
she w ould

in fin itiv e .
buy a bigger house.

y o u d

be scared.

second biggest city in England.

'Watch out?
We cannot use th a t in a n o n -d e fin in g relative clause.
1

We cannot leave o u t w hich/w holw hose in a n o n

Use
We use th e second c o n d itio n a l:
1

to ta lk a b o u t so m e th in g w hich isnt h appening or is very

u n lik e ly to happen in the fu tu re .

d e fin in g relative clause.

I f I won the lottery, I d give up my job. (I d o n t th in k Ill w in

Expressing result and purpose

the lottery)
If I had a lo t o f money, I d buy a new car. (I havent got a lot

* e use:

of money)

so t h a t ... to describe purpose.

Catherine worked hard so th a t she could get enough money to
travel abroad, (in order to get enough money)
1 so ... th a t to describe result.
Catherine worked so hard th a t she earned enough money to
travel round the world, (because she worked so hard, she
earned enough money)

to give advice.
// I were/was you, I d give up my jo b anyway!

Wishes
1

'Unit 7 0

Reported speech

We use wish + th e past tense fo r wishes a b o u t a situ a tio n

we w a n t to be d iffe re n t.
I wish I d id n t have brown hair. (I have brow n hair)
Jon wishes bespoke Chinese. (He doesnt speak Chinese)

Reported statements
When we change d ire ct speech to reported speech:
1

we usually change th e p ro n o u n , th e verb tense ana '

We use wish + w ould + in fin itiv e fo r wishes to change

som ethin g or som eones be h a vio u r because it causes

p u n c tu a tio n .

irrita tio n , annoyance or fru s tra tio n .

I
Ella said (that) she

I wish Peter w o u ld n t leave the top o ff the toothpaste.

th in k

fast food is great. S3 <

t
t
th o u g h t fast food was great.

1 wish it w ould stop raining.

'Watchout I
1

We often use th e short f o r m d instead o f th e fu ll fo rm

would.
We can use I, he, she was o r were a fte r i f in the second

co n d itio n a l.
When we express wishes we never say / / We wish I / we
w ould. We use could.
I wish I could go on holiday.
We wish we could go out more often.

Wouldrather, wouldpreferto, prefer

1

We use w ould ra th e r + in fin itiv e and w ould prefer to +

in fin itiv e to ta lk abo u t specific preferences.

agreem ents.
Well, my sister

We use prefer + in fin itiv e , -ing o ra noun to ta lk abo u t

his sister

loved sweets.

Changes in verb tenses

When th e re p o rtin g verb is in th e past tense, we change
verbs in the d ire ct speech to a tense fu rth e r back in the
1

Present sim ple past sim ple

Im amazed the food is so good, Maria said.
Maria said (that) she was amazed the fo o d was so go>

Present c o n tin u o u s \ past continuous

Im studying geology, Simon said.
Simon said (that) he was studying geology

general preferences.
She prefers to read rather than watch television.
I prefer dancing to playing sport.
We prefer fo o tb a ll to basketball.

loves sweets, Bob sc-

t
Bob said (that)

I d prefer to go to the cinema tonight.

Wed rather stay a t home. We've been very busy recently.
2

we leave o u t any unnecessary w ords and check n o a

Present perfect past perfect

We have been to th e th e a tre , th e students said.
The students said (that) they had been to the theatre.

Past sim ple *4 past perfect

I gave you th e h o m e w o rk on Tuesday, th e teacher

Although, despite, inspiteof

rem inded th e class.

The teacher reminded the class (that) she had given : -

We use all these expressions to mean even if th is is the case.

homework on Tuesday.

Form
1

although + clause
I went to Fionas party although I d id n 't really w ant to.

Other changes in reported speech

1

We change w ords w hich have an im m e d ia te con nr

w ith the present.

despite/in spite o f + nou n o r -ing.

today
yesterday
to m o rro w

then
th a t day
th e day before / previous d :
th e day a fte r / th e follo w in g

th is / these
here

th a t / those
there

now

I went out fo r a long walk, despite/in spite o f the rain.

Despite/in spite o f being tired, we decided to finish the project
that evening.

We also change present m odals.

can
w ill
may
shall

<2S)

could
w ould
m ig h t
should

I c o u ld /m ig h t give you a lift hom e, Tom said.

~:<m said he could / m ig h t give me a lif t home.

Speaicintj activities
Unit 1 Listening and speaking page 11
1 3 Role play

Reported requests, orders or commands

.e use the verb asked and an in d ire ct o bject + the
r fin itiv e w ith to when we report p o lite orders or
lam m ands.
Please sit d o w n , the m anager said to us.
~se manager asked us to s it down.
-

r.e use th e verb to ld and an in d ire c t object + the in fin itiv e

ith to w hen we report an o rder o r a com m and.
5 t dow n and be q u ie t,' th e fa th e r said to his children.
r he fa th e r to ld his children to s it down and be quiet.

In fo rm a tio n fo r Student B:
The Grand Hotel is lo oking fo r Waiters/Waitresses and cleaners
fo r th e su m m e r m onths.
For all jobs no experience is needed but w o u ld be useful.
However, th e staff have to be hard workers, cheerful and
polite.
The basic pay is 5.00 an h o u r plus tips.
There is a basic 40 hour-w eek plus th e o p p o rtu n ity of
overtim e.
Staff w o rk five and a ha lf days a week on a sh ift system.

".e use the verb asked or to ld and an in d ire ct object + n o t

- th e in fin itiv e w ith to in a negative o rd e r or a com m and.

There is a choice o f three shifts 7 a.m . 3 p.m.; 12 noon to

8 p.m.; or 6 p.m. to m id n ig h t.

Dont sit on the w a ll, th e teacher said to us.

~r e teacher to ld us n o t to s it on the wall.

There is a 4 5 -m in u te break fo r lunch. Staff have one weekend

o ff a m o n th , b u t days o ff are usually d u rin g th e week.
They are lo oking fo r people to start by 15 June.

Reported questions
hen we change a direct question in to a reported
: aestion we change th e p ronoun, the verb tense and the
ard order.
How often do you go to th e cinem a? Anya asked Mike.
- m a asked Mike how often he went to the cinema.

Unit 2 Listening and speaking page 23

1 5 Role play
In fo rm a tio n fo r Student B:
You need to fin d o u t the details o f th e crim e. Ask a bout:
place the bike was left

' m ere is no question w ord, we need to add i f or whether

: : com plete th e sentence.

tim e o f day th e bike was left

H a\e you ever been to Paris? Mike asked Anya.

1' *.<? asked Anya if/w hethe r she had ever been to Paris.

how the bike was locked (to what)

th e appearance o f th e bike

Seporting verbs

Unit 7 Listening and speaking page 89

' 'e m are m any re porting verbs in English. Here are some of

7 Role play
In fo rm a tio n fo r Student B:

: adm it agree answer ask confess explain

* _ :-ve it) clear order promise reply tell w ant to know
* :: :n to say recommend offer suggest

suggest, recommend
report suggestions we use either:
3

suggest + th a t + object + present sim ple

suggest th a t Julia works w ith Tim.

The Reading pen helps students learn English. It allows them

to read texts w ith o u t using a d ic tio n a ry and b u ild up th e ir
vocabulary.
Students sim p ly scan the w ord th e y d o n t know w ith th e pen
and use the keypad to choose th e fu n c tio n th e y w ant.
Students can:
hear the p ro n u n cia tio n o f th e words.
hear how th e w ord is spelled.
hear and read the d e fin itio n of th e w ord.

suggest + -ing

keep a record o f th e w ords th e y have scanned.

She suggested sta rtin g the project as soon as possible.

The pen holds 200,000 d e fin itio n s. It costs $100.00.

report recom m endations we use either:

recommend + th a t + o bject + present sim ple
We are recom mending th a t you take the exam again.
recommend + object (+ to + someone)
The book club recommends a new book (to us) every week.

W s ir m 'im M r g m r

e do not change past modals.

Wordlist

N o te: D e fin itio n s ta k e n fro m th e O xford W o rd p o w e r D ic tio n a ry O xford

U n iv e rs ity Press, 2000. ISBN 978 0 19 439924 1 (th ird e d itio n ).

Unit 1
Nouns
a b ilit y / a 'b il o t i/ (pi a b ilitie s ) (to do sth) th e m e n ta l o r
physical p o w e r o r skill th a t m akes it possible to do
sth: an ability tom
ake decisions

a ccen t /'a e k s a n t - s e n t/ a p a rtic u la r w ay o f

p ro n o u n c in g w o rds th a t is c onn ected w ith th e
c o u n try o r area th a t you com e fro m

a nn o ya nce / o 'n o ra n s / th e fe e lin g o f be in g a n g ry or

s lig h tly a n g ry verb: a nn oy

b a c k g ro u n d / 'b a s k g r a u n d / th e ty p e o f fa m ily and

social class th a t you com e fro m and th e e d u c a tio n
and experience you have

b e h a v io u r . b i h e iv jrv th e w ay th a t you act o r behave

b u ild / b i l d / th e shape and size o f sbs body
c a n d id a te / 'k a e n d id o t; - d e it / a person w h o m akes a
fo rm a l request to be considered fo r a jo b

c h a ra c te ris tic ^ k a s r o k t s 'r is t ik / (of sb/sth) a q u a lity

th a t is ty p ic a l o f sb/sth and th a t m akes h im /h e r /it
d iffe re n t fro m o th e r pe o p le o r th in g s

c itiz e n / 's it iz n / a person w h o is le gally accepted as a

m e m b e r o f a p a rtic u la r c o u n try

c o m b in a tio n / . k D m b i 'n e i f n / a n u m b e r o f pe o p le or
th in g s m ixed o r jo in e d to g e th e r; a m ix tu re

c o n fu s io n / k o n 'f j u i g n / a state o f d is o rd e r verb:

confuse

c o n tra d ic tio n / . k D n t r e 'd i k f n / a s ta te m e n t, fa c t or

in te rv ie w e r / 'in t o v ju io / a person w h o asks th e

q ue stions in an in te rv ie w

in v e n tio n / i n v e n j n / a th in g th a t has been m ade or

jo b seeker / 'd j D b s i:k o / a person w h o is lo o k in g fo r
a p e rm a n e n t jo b

m a na g e m en t /'m a e m d s m o n t/ th e pe o p le w h o
c o n tro l a business o r a c o m p a n y : Them
anagement

is/areconsideringmakingsom
e workersredundant.
m o tiv a tio n / . m o u t i'v e i f n / th e fe e lin g th a t you w a n t
to do sth, espe cially sth th a t involves hard w o rk
and e ffo rt: He'sclever enough, but he lacks

motivation, v e rb : m o tiv a te
n a tio n a lity / . n ie jo n s e t a t i/ th e state o f being le gally
a c itize n o f a p a rtic u la r c o u n try

n e w co m e r / 'n ju ik A m o / a person w h o has ju s t

a rriv e d in a place

o p tim is tic / , D p t i 'm i s t i k / (about s th /th a t...) fe e lin g

o r b e lie v in g th a t th e fu tu re w ill be good o r
successful: I've appliedfor thejob but I'mnot very

optimisticabout gettingit. n o u n : o p tim is m

p a tie n ce / 'p e ij n s / th e q u a lity o f be in g a b le to stay
calm and n o t get angry, espe cially w h e n th e re is a
d iffic u lty o r you have to w a it a lo n g tim e : tolose

patience with sbopp o site : im p a tie n c e

p e n frie n d / 'p e n f r e n d / a person th a t you becom e
frie n d ly w ith by e x c ha nging letters, o fte n a person
w h o you have neve r m et

p e rfo rm a n c e / p o 'f o im o n s / 1 th e act o f ta k in g pa rt

in a play o r sin ging , d a n c in g , etc in fro n t o f an

one verb: c o n tra d ic t

au d ie n c e 2 th e w ay in w h ic h you do sth,

p a rtic u la r society, c o u n try, etc

cu sto m /'k A s to m / a w ay o f b e h aving w h ic h a

p a rtic u la r g ro u p o r society has had fo r a lo n g tim e

d e c is io n / d i's ig n / a choice o r ju d g e m e n t th a t you

m ake a fte r th in k in g a b o u t v a rio u s possib ilitie s:

Haveyou made a decisionyet?verb: decide

d e te rm in a tio n / d i, t 3 : m i'n e i jn / (to do sth) th e
q u a lity o f having fir m ly decided to do sth, even if it
is v e ry d iffic u lt: Y
ouneedgreat determination to
succeedin business, a d je ctiv e : d e te rm in e d

w ay o f th in k in g a b o u t sth: Shehasstrong viev,:

thesubject.

designed by sb fo r th e firs t tim e verb: in v e n t

a c tio n th a t is o p p o site to o r d iffe re n t fro m a n o th e r

c u ltu re / 'k w lt jo / th e custom s, ideas, beliefs, etc o f a

v ie w / v ju : / (a b o u t/o n sth) an o p in io n o r a p a rtic -

Verbs
a ffe c t / o 'f e k t / to m ake sb/sth chan ge in a partic_
way; to in flu e n c e sb/sth: Herpersonal problem
:

wereaffectingher work, n o u n : effect

b la m e / b le m i/ (fo r sth) to th in k o r say th a t a c e 't;
person o r th in g is responsible fo r sth bad thac ' :
hap pened

c o n q u e r / 'k m j k o / to ta k e c o n tro l o f a co u n try ;

city and its peo ple by force, e spe cially in a wa-

c o -o p e ra te / k o u 'D p a r e it / (w ith sb) to be h e lp fi

d o in g w h a t sb asks you to do

e m ig ra te / 'e m i g r e it / (fro m /to som ew here) to ea

y o u r o w n c o u n try to go and live in a n o th e r: The

emigrated toAustralia tenyearsago.

e n ric h / i n ' r i t j / to im p ro v e th e q u a lity , flavou r, e ::
sth

e x p e rie n c e / ik 's p r a r io n s / to have sth happen tc

you; to feel sth: It w
as thefirst time I'dever
experiencedfailure.

p ro te c t / p r o 't e k t / to keep sb/sth safe

r e c ru it / r i ' k r u i t / to fin d new peo p le to jo in a

p:: .

com pany, an o rg a n is a tio n , etc: Manyyoung

have beenrecruited tothe teachingprofessior

succeed / s o k 's iid / (in s th /d o in g sth) to m anage '
achieve w h a t you w a n t; to do w e ll: to succeec -

passingan exam

especially h o w successful you are: Thecom

panys
performance wasdisappointingthisyear, verb:

Adjectives

p e rfo rm

a b le / 'e ib l / h a v in g th e a b ility , pow er, o p p o rtu n :

p e rsp e ctiv e / p o 's p e k t iv / (a perspective on sth) an

o p in io n o r a ttitu d e to w a rd s sth

pessim ist /'p e s m u s t/ a person w h o alw ays th in k s

th a t bad th in g s w ill hap pen o r th a t sth w ill n o t be
successful

p r o file / 'p r e u f a i l / a s h o rt d e s c rip tio n o f sb/sth th a t

gives useful in fo rm a tio n : W
e'rebuildingupaprofile

of our averagecustom
er.

tim e , etc to do sth o p p o s ite : una b le

a ffe c tio n a te /o 'fe k jo n o t / s h o w in g th a t you lo re :

like sb very m uch

aggressive / o 'g r e s r v / ready o r lik e ly to fig h t o r a-p

n o u n : aggression

a n n o y in g / o 'n o u q / m a k in g you feel s lig h tly a rp -

Hismost annoyinghabit isalways arrivinglot

a rro g a n t / a s ro g o n t/ th in k in g th a t you are bette-

e ffe c t / iT e k t (on sb/sth) a change th a t is caused by

p ro te c tio n / p r o 't e k j n / th e act o f k e e p in g sb/sth safe

m o re im p o rta n t th a n o th e r pe o p le noun:

sth; a result: theeffectsof acidrain on the lakes

q u e s tio n n a ire / . k w e s t j b n e o / a list o f que s tio n s th a t

arro gance

andforestsverb: a ffe ct
e m o tio n / I 'm s u f n / a stro n g fe e lin g such as love,
anger, fear, etc

e m p lo y e e / im 'p lo i i: / a person w h o w o rks fo r sb: The

factory has500 em
ployees.
e m p lo y e r /r m 'p t o io / a person o r c o m p a n y th a t pays
pe o p le to w o rk fo r h im /h e r /it

e n v iro n m e n t / in 'v a i r a n m o n t / th e c o n d itio n s in

w h ic h you live, w o rk, etc. a d jective: e n v iro n m e n ta l

expa n sion / ik 's p a e n jn / th e act o f b e c o m in g bigger

o r th e state o f being bigger th a n before verb:
expand

fle x ib ility / . f le k s a 'b il o t i / th e fa c t o f b e in g able to be

m oved o r changed easily

g e n e ra lis a tio n / . d j e n r e la i'z e i f n / a general

are answ ered by m a n y people. A q u e s tio n n a ire is

yo u rs e lf) fe e lin g g u ilty o r em barrassed a b o u t : :

subject.

o r because o f sth you have don e: Y

oushouldbe

race /r e is / a g ro u p o f pe o p le w h o have th e same

language, custom s, history, etc

s ta ff / s t a : f / th e g ro u p o f peo ple w h o w o rk fo r a
p a rtic u la r o rg a n is a tio n : Thehotel hasover200

peopleon itsstaff.
stre n g th /s tre rjO / th e q u a lity o f be in g physically
stron g; th e a m o u n t o f th is q u a lity th a t you have: I

didn't have thestrength to walk anyfurther.

su rvey / s 3 :v e i/ a s tu d y o f th e o p in io n s , beh aviour,
etc o f a g ro u p o f peo ple

te a m / t i : m / a g ro u p o f pe o p le w h o w o rk to g e th e r
te s t / t e s t / 1 a s h o rt exam to m easure sbs k n ow led ge

sta te m e n t th a t is based on o n ly a fe w facts or

o r skill in sth: a m
emory/spelling test 2 an

exam ples

e x p e rim e n t to see if sth w o rks o r to fin d o u t m ore

h is to ry / 'h i s t r i / all th e even ts o f th e past

h u m o u r / 'h ju r m o / b e in g able to see w h en sth is
fu n n y and to laugh a t th in g s : R
osehasagreat

senseof humour.
id e n tity / a i'd e n t o t i/ th e characteristics, fee lin g s or
beliefs th a t d is tin g u is h pe o p le fro m others

in a b ility / p n o 'b i b t i / lack o f a b ility , p o w e r o r skill

ad je ctive : un a b le

in te rv ie w e e / p n t o v ju i 'i: / a person w h o is
q u e stio n e d in an in te rv ie w

asham ed / o 'J e im d / (n o t before a no u n ) (of sc .

used to c o lle c t in fo rm a tio n a b o u t a p a rtic u la r

in fo rm a tio n a b o u t it: tocarry out a test

to le ra n c e / t D b r e n s / th e a b ility to a llo w o r accept

sth th a t you do n o t lik e o r agree w ith

tr u th / t r u : 0 / (the tru th ) w h a t is tru e ; th e facts

u n io n / ju r n i o n / a g ro u p o f states o r c o u n trie s th a t
have jo in e d to g e th e r to fo rm one c o u n try o r g roup:

the European Union

uniq u en e ss / ju 'n i ik n s s / th e fact o f b e in g th e o n ly
one o f its kin d

u n ity / 'ju i n o t i / a s itu a tio n in w h ic h peo p le are in

ag re e m e n t and w o rk in g to g e th e r

ashamed ofyourselffor tellingsuchlies.

aw are /o 'w e o / ( th a t...) k n o w in g a b o u t o r re a ; s - :
sth; conscious o f sb/sth: I suddenly becam
e am:

that somone was watchingm

e.
b ore d / b o :d / (w ith sth) fe e lin g tire d and a n n e x e :
because sth is n o t in te re s tin g

ca lm / k a : m / 1 n o t excited, w o rrie d o r angry: 7i

keep calm- there'snoneedtopanic. 2 (use:

a b o u t th e sea) w ith o u t big waves opp osite:

c o m p lic a te d / 'k D m p li k e it id / m ade o f m a m

d iffe re n t th in g s o r parts th a t are connected:
d iffic u lt to und erstand,

c o n f id e n t / 'k D n f id o n t / f e e lin g o r s h o w in g t r r .
are sure a b o u t y o u r ow n a b ilitie s , o p in io n s etc

Kateisconfident that she will passtheexam

c o n fu s in g / k o n 'f j u i z n i/ d iffic u lt to u n d e rsta -": -t

instructions werecontradictory and confusrg

d e s ira b le /d i'z a r a r o b l/ w a n te d , o fte n by m a '
peo ple; w o rth having: Experienceisdesirab
not essentialfor thisjob. opp o site : u n d e : :

d ire c t / d a i r e k t / saying w h a t you m ean; clea'

easy-going / , i : z i g o c ra )/ (used a b o u t a perse
relaxed and n o t easily w o rrie d o r upset b \
o th e r pe o p le do

ta lk a tiv e

rssed /rn i'b a e r a s t/ (a b o u t/a t sth) fe e lin g

to le ra n c e o p p o s ite : in to le ra n t

embarrassedaboutforgettingher name.

tr a d itio n a l ir a d i j'o n l b e in g p a rt o f th e beliefs,

n t ia l I's e n J V c o m p le te ly necessary; th a t you

r .

nave o r do

itab le

/ ik 's a i t a b l/ easily fe e lin g o r s h o w in g stron g

feelings

: n a te d / f e s in e it id / (by sth) v e ry in terested: I've

5 ; raus
re

u n e xp e cte d / .A n ik 's p e k t id / n o t expected and

th e re fo re causing surprise

/'d g e n o r e s / h ap py to give m o re m oney,

used / ju : s t / (to s th /to d o in g sth) fa m ilia r w ith sth;

etc th a n is usual o r expected

accustom ed to sth: Ill neverget used togetting up

g u d I (at sth) able to do sth o r deal w ith sb/sth

soearly.

*e :A
reyougoodat drawing?

ndent

w ise / w a iz / h aving th e kn o w le d g e o r expe rience to

in d ; p e n d a n t fre e fro m and n o t

m ake good and sensible decision s and ju d g e m e n ts

contro lle d by a n o th e r person, c o u n try , etc

dualistic

mi

because a c o u rt o f law has ordered it as a

u n e m o tio n a l . \ m is in o fa n l. n o t s h o w in g y o u r

a
y
sbeenfascinated by hisideas.

opp o s ite : unw ise

/ p n d i . v i d j u o ' l i s t i k / d iffe re n t fro m

tra e r peo ple and d o in g th in g s in y o u r o w n way

w avy 'w e iv i h aving curves; n o t s tra ig h t

noun: in d iv id u a lis m

w e ll b u ilt / ,w e l 1b i l t / (used a b o u t a person) w ith a

- tional

stron g, so lid body

/ m 't e n j o n l/ d o n e on purpose, n o t by

w illin g / w i l n j / h ap py to do sth; h aving no reason fo r

r a n e e : I'msorryI tookyourjacket - it wasn't

n o t d o in g sth opp o s ite : u n w illin g

rentional! opp o site : u n in te n tio n a l

Phrasal Verbs

:o sth) very in terested in sth; w a n tin g to do sth:

b rin g sth in to in tro d u c e sth: Thegovernm

ent have

?resverykeen toget som

epractical experience.

brought in a newlawon dangerousdogs.

m in i, w a n tin g to keep m oney, etc fo r yo u rs e lf

b u ild sth u p to create o r d e v e lo p sth: Shesbuilt up

ra th e r th a n le t o th e r peo p le have it

. t:- racial

a successful business. 2 I

/ . m A l t i 'r e i f l / fo r o r in c lu d in g peo ple o f

d ea l w ith sth to ta k e s u ita b le a c tio n in a p a rtic u la r

m any d iffe re n t races o r co u n trie s

: nalistic .m e,[n o h s t ik

s itu a tio n in o rd e r to solve a p ro b le m , etc

h a v in g stro n g feelings

m a ke up sth to fo rm sth: thedifferent groups that

love o r p rid e in y o u r o w n c o u n try so th a t you

make upour society

- n k it is b e tte r th a n any o th e r

miss o u t (on sth) to n o t have a chance to have o r do

v e rs ous / 'n s iy s s / (a b o u t/o f s th /d o in g sth) w o rrie d or

sth: Youll m
issout on all thefun if youstayin.

: ; raid: Ima bit nervous about travellingalone.

. .g o in g / 'a u t g o u ir j / frie n d ly and in terested in

p u t sth in to s th /in to d o in g sth to spend tim e , etc

on sth: Sheputsall her tim
e and energyinto her

oth e r peo ple and n e w experiences

c e n t / 'p e i j n t / able to stay calm and n o t get angry,

business.
-

p u t u p w ith sb /sth to s u ffe r sb/sth u n p le a s a n t and

esoe cially w h en th e re is a d iffic u lty o r you have to

n o t c o m p la in a b o u t h im /h e r /it: I don't knowhow

,vait a lo n g tim e : Shesverypatient with young

theyput up with all thisnoise.

children, o p p o site : im p a tie n t

: e s anal / p 3 :s 3 n l/ m ade o r do n e fo r one p a rtic u la r

set sb/sth a p a rt (fro m sb/sth) to m ake sb/sth

d iffe re n t fro m or b e tte r th a n others: Her clear

cerson ra th e r th a n fo r a large g ro u p o f pe o p le or

writingstylesetsher apartfromotherjournalists.

se op le in gen era l: W
eoffera personal serviceto
all our custom
ers, opp o site : im p e rs o n a l

s o rt sth o u t to fin d an answ er to a p ro b le m ; to deal

: : a u la r / 'p D p jo ls / liked by m a n y pe o p le o r by m ost

w ith sth: W
ed bettersort out theproblemwith the

taxoffice before wedoanythingelse.

ce op le in a g ro u p : a popular holidayresort
ro p o s ite : u n p o p u la r

croud

/ p r a u d / (of sb/sth) fe e lin g pleased and

satisfied a b o u t sth th a t you o w n o r have don e

s y c h o m e tric / . s a i k s 'm e t r ik / m e a s u rin g m e n ta l

a b ilitie s and processes: psychom
etric testing

radundant

/ r i d A n d o n t/ no lo n g e r needed fo r a jo b

800 people weremade redundant.

Idiom s
b e a r sth in m in d to re m e m b e r o r c o nsider sth:

W
ell bearyoursuggestionin mindfor thefuture.
ta k e p a rt (in sth) to jo in w ith o th e r peo ple in an
a c tiv ity : Everyone tookpart in thediscussion.

shy and h id in g y o u r feelings

sensitive /'s e n s o t iv /

(to sth) s h o w in g t h a t yo u are

co n scio u s o f a n d a b le to u n d e rs ta n d p e o p le s
fe e lin g s , p ro b le m s , etc

. erious

/ s io rio s / (used a b o u t a person) n o t jo k in g or

s m ilin g a lo t; th o u g h tfu l n o u n : seriousness

ocky /'stDki/

(used a b o u t a p e rs o n s body) s h o rt

b u t stro n g and heavy

ic c e s s fu l /s o k 's e s fl/ h aving achieved w h a t you
w a n te d ; h a vin g becom e p o p u la r, rich, etc: I wasn't

verysuccessful at keepingthenewssecret.
opp o site : unsuccessful

sure a b o u t y o u r o w n a b ilitie s , o p in io n , etc

c o n s tru c tio n / k o n :s t r \ k j ' n / 1 th e act o r m e th o d o f

b u ild in g o r m a k in g sth 2 s o m e th in g th a t has been
b u ilt o r m ade; a b u ild in g verb: con stru ct

co n v e rs a tio n / , k o n v o 's c if n / a ta lk betw e en tw o or

m o re pe o p le verb: converse

c o rp o ra l p u n is h m e n t /( k o ip o r o l

p A n if m o n t/ th e

physical p u n is h m e n t o f people, espe cially by

h ittin g o r b e a tin g th e m

d e a th p e n a lty / ' d e 0 p e n o lt i/ th e legal p u n is h m e n t

o f b e in g k ille d fo r a c rim e

e x p la n a tio n / . e k s p b 'n e ij n / (fo r sth) a sta te m e n t,

fa c t o r s itu a tio n th a t gives a reason fo r sth

fe a tu re / ' f i i t f o / 1 an im p o rta n t, in te re s tin g or

p a rt o f th e face: Her eyesare her bestfeature.

fin e / f a i n / a sum o f m o n e y th a t you have to pay fo r

b re a k in g a law o r rule: a parkingfine

fra u d Iftm & l 1 (an act o f) c h e a tin g sb in o rd e r to get

m oney, etc ille g a lly 2 a person w h o tric k s sb by
p re te n d in g to be sb else

id e n tity p ara d e / a i'd e n t o t i p o r e id / a lin e o f

people, in c lu d in g one person w h o is suspected o f a
c rim e , w h o are show n to a w itn e s s to see if he/she
recognises th e c rim in a l,

ju r y / ' d j u a r i / a g ro u p o f m e m b e rs o f th e p u b lic in
a c o u rt o f la w w h o liste n to th e facts a b o u t a c rim e
and d ecide if sb is g u ilty o r n o t g u ilty : Has/Have

thejury reacheda verdict?

k id n a p p in g / 'k id n s e p n j/ th e c rim e o f ta k in g sb away
by force and d e m a n d in g m o n e y fo r h is /h e r safe
re tu rn

m a n s la u g h te r /'m a e n s k n ta / th e c rim e o f k illin g sb

w ith o u t in te n d in g to do so

m e m o ry / 'm e m o r i/ (pi m em o ries) 1 a p e rso n s

a b ility to re m e m b e r th in g s : tohave agood/bad

memory2 s o m e th in g th a t you re m e m b e r:
childhoodmemories
in th e street

m u gg in g / 'm A g ir i/ th e c rim e o f a tta c k in g and

ro b b in g sb in th e street

o b s e rv a tio n / . D b z s 'v e if n / th e a b ility to notice

th in g s : Scientistsneedgoodpowers of

observation.
o ffe n c e / s 'fe n s / a c rim e ; an ille g a l a ctio n

Unit 2

oireusually veryreliable, o p p o s ite : u n re lia b le

ss e rv e d r i / s t v d

y o u r a tte n tio n o r e ffo rt to sth verb: con ce n tra te

c o n fid e n c e 1k o n li d on s, th e fe e lin g th a t you are

m ugger /'m A g o / a person w h o attacks and robs sb

and th e re fo re o u t o f w o rk: W
hen thefactoryclosed
T iia b le / r i 'la r a b l / th a t you can tru s t: Japanesecars

p u n is h m e n t

c o n c e n tra tio n / . k D n s n 't r e i f n / th e a b ility to give all

n o tic e a b le p a rt o f sth: geographical features2 a

k i : n / 1 (on sb/sth) very in terested in o r h aving

a stron g desire fo r sb/sth: Hesverykeen onjazz. 2

it n

ille g a lly in o rd e r to steal

c o m m u n ity se rvice / k o . m ju in o t i fssrvrs/ w o rk

h e lp in g peo ple in th e local c o m m u n ity th a t sb does

p ro b le m s o r s u ffe rin g o f o th e r peo ple

fe im a s / (fo r sth) kn o w n a b o u t by m any

x : tie : Scotlandisfamousfor itsbeauty.

in te llig e n c e

b u rg la r / b s i g b / a person w h o enters a b u ild in g

peo ple th a t have n o t changed fo r a lo n g tim e

u n c a rin g / A n 'k e o r ir i/ n o t s y m p a th e tic a b o u t th e

te a iused a b o u t th e skin o r hair) lig h t in c o lo u r

b ra in p o w e r / 'b r e in p a u e / th e a b ility to th in k :

custom s o r w ay o f life o f a p a rtic u la r g ro u p o f

n o u n : tra d itio n

nr ot ons; n o t calm
- : us

lik in g to ta lk a lot

say o r do even if you do n o t agree w ith it nou n:

because peo ple are lo o k in g a t you, etc: Im

t ii'e

t o r k o tiv

to le ra n t 'i n b r a n t a b le to accept w h a t o th e r peo ple

::m fo r ta b le o r shy because o f sth s illy you have

Nouns
a d v e rt / ' $ d v 3 : t / a piece o f in fo rm a tio n in a
new spaper, on TV, etc th a t trie s to persuade peo ple
to buy sth, to in te re s t th e m in a new jo b , etc

a d vice / o d v a is / an o p in io n o r a suggestion th a t you

give sb a b o u t w h a t he/she s h o u ld do: Let m
egive

yousom
eadvice.
a p p lic a tio n /.a e p lT k e iJ n / a fo rm a l w ritte n request,
e spe cially fo r a jo b o r a place in a school, club, etc:

ajob applicationv e rb : to a p p ly

o rg a n is a tio n / p r g o n a iz e i jn / a g ro u p o f peo ple

w h o fo rm a business, etc to g e th e r to achieve a
p a rtic u la r a im : She w
orksfor a voluntary
organisation helpingthe hom
eless, verb: organise

p e rfo rm a n c e / p s 'f b i m s n s / 1 th e act o f ta k in g pa rt

in a play o r s in ging , d an cing, etc in fro n t o f an
au d ie n c e 2 th e w ay in w h ic h you do sth,
espe cially h o w successful you are: Thecom
panys

performance wasdisappointing thisyear, verb:

p e rfo rm

p u n is h m e n t / p A n if m o n t / (for sth) an act o r a way

of m a k in g sb s u ffe r fo r sth bad he/she has done

ransom /'ra e n s a m / th e m o n e y th a t you m u s t pay to

fre e sb w h o has been ille g a lly ta k e n aw ay and w h o
is be in g kept as a p riso n e r

re w a rd / r i 'w o i d / an a m o u n t o f m o n e y th a t is given
in exchange fo r h e lp in g th e police, re tu rn in g sth
th a t was lost, etc

sense /s e n s / one o f th e fiv e n a tu ra l physical pow ers

o f sight, hea ring, sm ell, taste and to u c h , th a t
peo p le and a n im a ls have

sentence /'s e n to n s / th e p u n is h m e n t given by a

ju d g e in a c o u rt o f law to a c rim in a l

s p ee d ing / 's p ii d ig / th e c rim e o f d riv in g a veh ic le

fa ste r th a n th e legal lim it

suspect /'s A s p e k t/ a person w h o is th o u g h t to be

g u ilty o f a c rim e

e ffe c tiv e / i ' f e k t i v / successfully p ro d u c in g th e result

th a t you w a n t

em ba rra ssin g /im 'b ie r e s n ) / m a k in g you feel

u n c o m fo rta b le o r shy

fa m ilia r / f h 'm il ia / (w ith sth) h aving a good

kn o w le d g e o f sth: Peoplein Europearent very

familiar with Chinesem

usic.
ille g a l V lix il. . no t a llo w e d by th e law adverb:
ille g a lly

in n o c e n t / 'in o s n t / n o t h aving d o n e w ro n g : An

innocent man wasarrested, opp o s ite : g u ilty

o b s e rv a n t / o b 'z s iv o n t / good a t n o tic in g th in g s
a ro u n d you

o u ts ta n d in g / a u t's t c e n d ip / e x tre m e ly good;

excellen t

th e h u m a n race / , h ju : m o n 'r e is / all th e ce :

th e w o rld , th o u g h t o f as a g ro u p

h u n te r - g a th e re r /,h A n to

g a e S o ro /a m e m cm

g ro u p o f pe o p le w h o do n o t live in one p a
m ove a ro u n d and live by h u n tin g and fis r n r .
e a tin g fo o d th a t grow s w ild

in v e n tio n / i n 'v e n j n / a th in g th a t has been - ;

designed by sb fo r th e firs t tim e verb: in

jo u r n e y / 'd 3 3 : n i/ th e act o f tra v e llin g fro m : to a n o th e r, usu a lly on la nd: Thejourney to a

takesmeforty m
inutes.
ju n k fo o d / ' d 3A r)k f u : d / fo o d th a t is n o t vem :
fo r you b u t th a t is ready to eat o r q u ic k to : -

liv in g / ' I m p / m on e y to bu y th in g s th a t you life : W

hat doyoudofor a living?

th e ft / e ft/ th e c rim e o f ste a lin g sth

p o lite / p o 'la it / h aving good m a n n e rs and sho w in g

m a n k in d / m a e n 'k a in d / all th e peo p le in th e .

t r ia l / 't r a r a l/ th e process in a c o u rt o f la w w h e re a

respect fo r others: Theshopassistantsarealways

veryhelpful andpolite, opp o s ite : im p o lite
s p e c ific / s p o 's if ik / p a rtic u la r; no t g en era l: Youm
ust
give the classspecificinstructions.

m o n a rc h y / ' m o n o k i/ th e system o f govern m ere

Phrasal Verbs

n u t r it io n / n j u ' t r i j n / th e fo o d th a t you eat a n d I

ju d g e , etc listens to evidence and decides if sb is

g u ilty o f a c rim e o r n o t: He w
ason trial for

murder.
v e rd ic t / 'v 3 : d i k t / th e decision th a t is m a d e by a
spe cia lly chosen g ro u p o f pe o p le ( th e ju r y ) in a
c o u rt o f law, w h ic h states if a person is g u ilty o f a
c rim e o r n o t

w itne ss / 'w it n o s / (to sth) a person w h o sees sth

hap pen and w h o can te ll o th e r peo p le a b o u t it
la ter: There w
ere two witnesses to theaccident.

Verbs
a rre s t h'restl w h e n th e p olice a rre s t sb, th e y take
h im /h e r priso n e r in o rd e r to q u e s tio n h im /h e r
a b o u t a c rim e : He w
asarrestedfor speeding.

g u a ra n te e /.g a e r o n 'ti:/ to pro m is e th a t sth w ill be

d o n e o r w ill happen

id e n tify / a i'd e n t i f a i / (as sb/sth) to recognise o r be

a b le to say w h o o r w h a t sb/sth is: The bodies w
ere

b re a k in to e n te r a b u ild in g by force, usu a lly in o rd e r

to steal sth

fin d (sth) o u t to get som e in fo rm a tio n ; to discover a

fa c t

p ic k sb up to c o lle c t sb in a car, etc: I'll pickyou up

outside thestation.
p u t sb u p to give sb food and a place to stay: If you

needtostayin London, I canput you up.

set o ff to leave on a jo u rn e y : W
eset off at 3 oclock
thismorning.

Idiom s
m ake u p y o u r m in d to decide: I cant m
ake up my

mind whichsweater tobuy.

y o u r m in d s eye y o u r im a g in a tio n : In m
y mindseye

I couldpicture thescene.

Unit 3

lines.
o v erco m e / .s u v o 'k A m / to m anage to c o n tro l o r
de fe a t sb/sth: Sheovercam
eherfear of flying.

re c a ll n 'k o .-l, to re m e m b e r sth (a fact, even t, action ,

etc) fro m th e past

re m e m b e r / r i 'm e m b o / 1 (sb/sth) (d o in g sth) to have

sb/sth in y o u r m in d o r to b rin g sb/sth back in to
y o u r m in d : Doyou rem
ember invitingJerry to the

party?2 (sth /to do sth) to n o t fo rg e t w h a t you have

to do : I rem
embered tobuy thecoffee.
re m in d / r f im a in d / sb (to do s th /th a t...) to h e lp sb to
re m e m b e r sth, e spe cially sth im p o r ta n t th a t he/she
has to d o : C
anyou remindme to water theplants?

re p o rt / r i'p o .- t/ to te ll a person in a u th o r ity a b o u t an

accident, a crim e, etc

re sem b le / r i 'z e m b l/ to be o r lo o k lik e sb/sth else:

Laura resem
blesher brother.

Adjectives
a p p ro p ria te /a 'p r o c s p r io t/ s u ita b le o r rig h t fo r a
p a rtic u la r s itu a tio n , person, use, etc

c a pa b le / 'k e ip o b l/ (of s th /o f d o in g sth) h aving th e

a b ility o r q u a litie s necessary to do sth: H
e's

capableof passingtheexamif he triesharder.

Nouns
a g ric u ltu re / 'r e g r ik A lt J o / k e ep ing a n im a ls and
g ro w in g crops fo r fo o d ; fa rm in g

a n ce s to r / aensesto/ a person in y o u r fa m ily w h o

lived a lo n g tim e before you

c a rb o h y d ra te / ,k a : b o c s 'h a id r e it / one o f th e
y o u r b od y energy

a p a rtic u la r region

c o n flic t / ' k D n f l i k t / a fig h t o r an a rg u m e n t

couch p o ta to / ' k a u t j p o t e ito u / (pi couch potatoes)
a person w h o spends a lo t o f tim e s ittin g and
w a tc h in g te le v is io n

c o u n c il / k a o n s 't' a g ro u p o f pe o p le w h o are elected

to govern an area such as a to w n o r c o u n ty

c ro p / k r D p / a ll th e g ra in , fru it, etc o f one ty p e th a t a

fa rm e r grow s a t o n e -tim e : a cropof apples

d e sce n d an t / d i's e n d o n t / a person w h o belongs to

th e sam e fa m ily as sb w h o lived a lo n g tim e ago

e m p ire /'e m p a r a / a g ro u p p f c o u n trie s th a t is

gove rne d by one c o u n try \

fa t / fr e t/ th e substance c o n ta in in g o il th a t w e o b ta in
fro m a n im a ls , p la n ts o r seedSyand use fo r co o kin g

h e ig h t / h a it / th e m e a s u re m e n t fro m th e b o tto m to

be lieve you sh ou ld do opp o s ite : u n d is c ip lin e d

as m eat, fish, eggs and beans. It is im p o r t a " h e lp in g p e o p le and a n im a ls to g ro w a n c be

healthy.

s h ie ld / J id d / (in past tim es) a la rge piece o '

sovereign / 's D v r in / a kin g o r queen
spear /s p ra / a lo n g stick w ith a sharp p o in t a*
end, used fo r h u n tin g o r fig h tin g

s ta p le d ie t / , s t e ip l 'd a r a t/ th e m a in fo o d r : - :
person o r a n im a l n o rm a lly eats

sw ord /s o :d / a long, v e ry sharp m eta l w e a c ;-

iih

to u r / t o o / (o f/a ro u n d sth) a jo u rn e y th a t you m

fo r pleasure d u rin g w h ic h you v is it mans ;

W
e went on aguided tour (= by sb w h o - : ,
a b o u t th e place) of thepalace.
t r i p / t r i p / a jo u rn e y to a place and back a g a l'
fo r pleasure o r fo r a p a rtic u la r purpose: re r. a

business/shoppingtrip
voyage / 'v o n d 3/ a lo n g jo u rn e y by sea o r in ; ;
w ea p o n / 'w e p o n / an o b je c t w h ic h is used fig h tin g o r fo r k illin g peo ple, such as a gun .

Verbs

c lim a te / 'k l a i m o t / th e n o rm a l w e a th e r c o n d itio n s o f

rules and to behave in a c e rta in way: a disciplined

army/team2 h aving th e a b ility to c o n tro l th e w ay

are elected to m ake th e laws o f a c o u n tr.

p ro te in / 'p r e u t i m / a substance fo u n d in foe : .

substances in fo o d , fo r e x am ple bread, th a t gives

d is c ip lin e d / 'd i s o p l i n d / 1 tra in e d to o be y p a rtic u la r

you behave and m ake y o u rs e lf do th in g s th a t you

fo r a p a rtic u la r occasion o r purpose

p a rlia m e n t / 'p a i b m o n t / th e g ro u p o f p e t : -

large k n ife

n o u n : id e n tific a tio n
re m e m b e r it exactly: A
ctors have tomemorisetheir

w ay th a t it affects y o u r h ea lth

o u t fit / ' a u t f i t / a set o f c lo the s th a t are w orn -

w o od th a t soldiers carried to p ro te ct them-;-

identifiedasthoseof twosuspecteddrugdealers.
m e m o rise / m e m o r a iz / to learn sth so th a t you can

v a lu a b le and in te re s tin g objects are ke p t a - :

show n to th e p u b lic

c o m m it / k o 'm i t / to do sth bad o r ille g a l: tocommit

murder

ru le by a kin g o r queen

m useum / m j u 'z ii s m / a b u ild in g w h e re col e r t i

th e to p o f a person o r th in g

h e lm e t / h e l m i t / a ty p e o f hard ha t th a t you w e a r to
p ro te c t y o u r head

d e v e lo p / d i 'v e b p / to g ro w slow ly, increase. :

change in to sth else

g a th e r /'g a s S o / to b rin g m a n y th in g s t o g e t - ; h u n t / h A n t / to run a fte r w ild an im a ls, etc i r

catch o r k ill th e m e ith e r fo r s p o rt o r fo r

food

re liv e / , r i f i l i v / to re m e m b e r sth and im a g i'e

is h a p p e n in g again

spread /s p r e d / to a ffe c t a la rge r area o r a t

g ro u p o f p eo ple; to m ake sth do th is

s u p p o rt /s o p o r t / to p ro v id e fo o d , etc, nece;;.:- live: Theearth cant support m

orepeop:-:

Phrasal Verbs
fa ll th ro u g h to fa il o r n o t hap pen: Our tr p -

hasfallen through.
give up s th /d o in g sth to stop d o in g or h a . m
th a t you d id o r had re g u la rly before: I've

many tim
es togive upsm
oking.

d is a p p o in t sb
sb sth to dep e n d on sb/sth in o rd e r to live:

resoffjunkfood.
ack on sth) to th in k a b o u t sth in y o u r past: I
: : / onm
ychildhood withfond m
em
ories.
sb s th /d o in g sth) to m ake sb n o t like

rm

n o t w a n t to do sth: Theaccident put m

e

cI

ngfor a longtim
e.

* th sb/sth to su ffe r sb/sth u n p le a s a n t and

- oain a b o u t h im /h e r /it
n

o fte n s u rp ris in g : a dramaticchange/increase/

th a t you are d o in g it w e ll

improvement 2 e x c itin g o r im pressive: thefilms

dramaticopeningscene

le isu re /'legs*/ th e tim e w h en you do n o t have to

w o rk ; spare tim e

mass p ro d u c tio n /,m ses . p r o 'd A k J n / p ro d u c in g

goods in la rge q u a n titie s , using m a c h in e ry

m a tte r /'m a s ts / a s u b je c t o r s itu a tio n th a t you m ust

th in k a b o u t and give y o u r a tte n tio n to : C
an I talk

toyou about a personal matter?

o p p o rtu n ity

n p o t ju : n o ! i. a chance to do sth th a t

f i t / f i t / s t r o n g and in good physical h e a lth (especially

because o f exercise): Swim
mingisagood way to
keepfit. n o u n : fitness

flu e n t / ' f l u i o n t / able to speak o r w rite a fore ign

la nguage easily and accurately: Shesfluent in
three languages.
g e n e tic / d 3 o 'n e t ik / c onn ected w ith th e d e v e lo p m e n t

you w o u ld lik e to do; a s itu a tio n o r a tim e in w h ic h

o f u n its (genes) in th e cells o f a liv in g th in g th a t

t: Theaccident resultedin longdelays.

it is possible to do sth th a t you w o u ld lik e to do:

c o n tro l its physical c haracteristics: genetic

There will beplentyof opportunityfor asking

questionslater.

used a b o u t an a ircra ft) to leave th e

m e and start fly in g : Theplane tookoff an

2 fused a b o u t an idea, a p ro d u c t, etc) to

e successful o r p o p u la r very q u ic k ly : Her
I career tookoff after her TVappearance.
*

d ra m a tic / d r a ' i m e t i k / 1 no tic e a b le o r sudden and

happiness because you e n jo y y o u r jo b and th in k

sth to cause sth to ha p p e n ; to p roduce as

*
p

jo b s a tis fa c tio n / 'd g D b s t e t i s f e k j n / a fe e lin g o f

it o f f 1 to rem o ve sth, espe cially clothes:

end takeyour coat off. 2 to have th e

PEf : of tim e m e n tio n e d as a h o lid a y : Imgoing
wu next weekoff.
' - p 1 to le arn o r sta rt to do sth, espe cially
I'verecently taken upyoga. 2 to start
i s ' sth such as a jo b : He takesup hisnew
we mat week
m to ou t on a piece o f c lo th in g to see if it fits
- p e r .: C
an I try thesejeans on, please?

p e o p le s k ills / 'p i r p l s k ilz / th e a b ility to

c o m m u n ic a te w ith o th e r p e o p le w e ll, e spe cially as
p a rt o f y o u r jo b

p la n e t /'p ls e m t/ a v e ry large ro u n d o b je c t in space

th a t m oves a ro u n d th e sun o r a n o th e r star

p ro je c t / p n x l g e k t / a piece o f w o rk , o fte n in v o lv in g
m a n y peo ple, th a t is p la n n e d and organised
c a re fu lly

ro b o t / 'r a u b p t / a m a c h in e th a t w o rks a u to m a tic a lly

and can do som e tasks th a t a h u m a n can do

stage /s te id g / one p a rt o f th e progress o r

s to c k /s tD k / th e s u p p ly o f th in g s th a t a shop, etc has
s u rro u n d in g s / s o 'r a u n d ir jz / e v e ry th in g th a t is near

:oc b ig f o r y o u r b oo ts to be/b e c o m e to o
so u rse lf; to behave as if you are m ore
ta n th a n you really are
:o life to m ake sth m o re in te re s tin g or

o r a ro u n d you; th e place w h e re you live

ta le n t /'ts e ta n t/ (fo r sth) a n a tu ra l s k ill o r a b ility

tw in / t w i n / one o f tw o c h ild re n o r a n im a ls th a t are
born to one m o th e r a t th e sam e tim e

: Thenewteacher reallybrought French to

i t Sheisstill com
ingtoterm
s with her

ersdeath.

c e rta in ly hap p e n o r be tru e , e spe cially if he/she is

w o rrie d : I assureyou that it isperfectlysafe.

exchange in fo rm a tio n , ideas o r fee lin g s w ith sb:

Parentsoften havedifficulty communicating with

their teenagechildren.
co n ta c t /'k D n t s e k t/ to te le p h o n e o r w r ite to sb: Is

out ms

therea phone number whereI can contact you?

: - g h

b r e ik 0 r u : / an im p o rta n t discovery

e to p m e n t
t f r e h t id ^ / s o m e th in g n e w and d iffic u lt
x s . ou to m ake a lo t o f e ffo rt: Imfinding

ooan excitingchallenge.
: k a m p l e i n t / a sta te m e n t th a t you are
ith sth: I w
rotea letter of complaint

st

s w r operator,

c: m a r n d / (fo r sth) th e desire o r need fo r

c r-g a g ro u p o f peo ple
m ent

e n t o 't e in m o n t / f ilm , m u s ic ,e tc

m erest a n d am use people: She w

orksin

2 r f o hment industry.
-

s p a e n fn / th e actio n o f b e co m in g
th e state o f be in g bigger th a n before: The

of theairport hascausedproblem
s.

s p b o j n / a d ra m a tic in crease in sth

'

f t t t n a r t / tw o weeks

cre ate / k r i ' e i t / to cause sth n e w to hap pen o r exist

despatch / d i's p a s t j/ to send sb/sth to a place
face /fe is / to have to deal w ith sth u n p le a s a n t: I am

faced with a difficult decision.

flo u ris h / f l A r i f / to be stro n g and he a lth y ; to d e ve lop
in a successful way: Thebusinesscontinuedto

flourish.

re fu n d r; t / u id to pay back a sum o f m o n e y to sb,

t e r th e skin o f a p e rso n s o r an

: :: t . w ith a n e e d le (a s y rin g e )

c o m p le te ly good; ideal

e a rlie r: Doyou haveprevious experienceof this

typeof work?
s im p le 's in ip l, easy to u n d e rs ta n d , do o r use; no t
d iffic u lt o r c o m p lic a te d

Phrasal Verbs
be in to sth to be v e ry in terested in sth: Hesreally

into Mexican art.

be up to sth to be capable o f sth: Imnot up to

cookinga bigmeal tonight - I'mtootired.

b rin g sth a b o u t to cause sth to h ap pen: tobring

about changesin people'slives

up late replies.
+ com e up aga in st sth to fin d a p ro b le m o r d iffic u lty
th a t you have to deal w ith

c o u n t on sb to dep end on sb: Can I count onyou to

help m
e?
h e a r fro m sb to receive a letter, e -m a il, te le p h o n e
call, etc fro m sb

lo o k fo rw a rd to sth/ d o in g sth to w a it w ith

pleasure fo r sth to hap pen: I lookforward to
hearingfromyou (= a t th e end o f a fo rm a l letter),
lo o k in to sth to s tudy o r t r y to fin d o u t sth: The
policeare lookinginto thecauseof theaccident.

o pen (sth) up to becom e a va ila b le o r to m ake sth

a v a ila b le : Thenewgrant systemopened upall
sortsof opportunitiesfor peoplelike m
e.

I can't workout howtodo this.

Idiom s

espe cially because he/she has paid to o m u c h o r is

n o t h ap py w ith sth he/she has b o u g h t

re p la ce / r i 'p le i s / to ta k e th e place o f sb/sth:

Teacherswill never bereplacedbycomputers in

theclassroom
.
soar /s o :/ to rise very fast: soaringprices
s u it / s u it / to be a p p ro p ria te o r useful fo r sb/sth:

W
ould Thursdayat 9.30 suit you?

Adjectives
co m m e rc ia l k . i'm m j l c onn ected w ith b u y in g and

itia r :e

p a t f ik t

p re v io u s / 'p r i iv i a s / c o m in g o r h a p p e n in g before o r

in n u m b e r o r a m o u n t

m c ta s tr i/ th e p ro d u c tio n o f goods in
m d g e k jn / th e act o f p u ttin g a d ru g or

m any

p e rfe c t

w o rk sth o u t to fin d th e an s w e r to sth; to solve sth:

increase / i n ' k r i i s / to becom e o r to m ake sth larger

:ri.c ri:s ; in sth) a rise in th e num ber,

t : ' e \e l o f sth

n u m e ro u s / 'n ju im a r a s / existing in la rge num b e rs;

sth th a t has been fo rg o tte n : Myjob w

as tochase

assure /o 'J u o ; o 'J b :/ to pro m is e sb th a t sth w ill

co m m u n ic a te k o m h u m k e ii to share and

Unit 4

le vel; as little as possible: Theproject m

ust be
carriedout at minimal cost.

chase sth up to fin d sth th a t is needed; to deal w ith

Verbs
a :s -T is w ith sth to accept sth u n p le a s a n t or

m in im a l / m in i m a l / v e ry s m a ll in a m o u n t, size or

d e v e lo p m e n t o f sth
fo r sale: Ill seeif w
ehaveyour sizein stock.

Ilwfi ffl S

abnormalities
g r a t e fu l. c jr e itt l fe e lin g o r s h o w in g th a n k s (to sb)

s e llin g goods and services

c o m p le x

k n m p le k s . m a d e up o f several conn ected

parts and o fte n d iffic u lt to u n d e rs ta n d

be a /th e p ic tu re o f h e a lth to lo o k e x tre m e ly

h e a lth y

g o in g s tro n g to c o n tin u e to be hea lthy, a ctive or

successful: Mygrandm
other is90 andstill going

strong.
w e lc o m e th e o p p o r tu n ity to be pleased to receive
or accept th e chance to do sth: I'dw
elcome the
opportunity toanswer thosequestions.

w ith fly in g c o lo u rs w ith great success; very w e ll:

Paulinepassedtheexamwithflyingcolours.

n to n o t do sth th a t you pro m ise d to do

:

'W o r t H is

Unit 5
Nouns
a m a te u r /'a e m o to / a person w h o takes p a rt in a s p o rt
o r an a c tiv ity fo r pleasure, n o t fo r m on e y as a jo b

a m b itio n / i e m ' b i f n / 1 (to d o /b e sth / o f d o in g sth)

s o m e th in g th a t you very m uch w a n t to have o r do:

Hefinally a c h ie v e d hisa m b it io n o f becominga

doctor. 2 a stron g desire to be successful, to have
pow er, etc: O
neproblemof youngpeopletodayis
their lackof ambition, a d je c tiv e : a m b itio u s
b e n e fit / 'b e n r f i t / an a dva ntag e th a t sth has
cause / k o :z / an idea o r o rg a n is a tio n th a t a g ro u p o f
p e o p le believe in and s u p p o rt: Thatfilmstargives
a lot of money tocharitiesandotherg o o d causes.

chance / t j a i n s / (of s th /o f d o in g sth) a p o s s ib ility :

p riv a c y / 'p r r v o s i/ th e state o f b e in g a lo n e and no t

w a tche d o r d is tu rb e d by o th e r people: Theactress

claimed that thephotographs werean in v a s io n o f

ille g a l / i l i i g l / n o t a llo w e d by th e law

p ro fita b le / 'p r D f i t o b l/ th a t m akes m onev

p riz e / p r a iz / s o m e th in g o f va lu e th a t is given to sb
w h o is successful in a race, c o m p e titio n , gam e, etc

p ro fe ss io n a l / p r o 'f e j s n l/ a person w h o plays or

teaches a sport, etc fo r m o n e y

re a lity show / r i ' r e b t i J a o / a series o f TV

sa crific e / s a e k rifa is / g iv in g up sth th a t is im p o rta n t

o r v a lu a b le to you in o rd e r to get o r do sth th a t

to p ra n k / ' t o p r a n k / th e highest level, status or

im p o rta n c e in an o rg a n is a tio n , a sport, etc

w a n n a b e / 'w D n o b i/ a person w h o w a n ts to be like

sb fa m o u s o r w h o w a n ts to becom e fa m o u s

bu y sth

o r re la tio n s h ip betw een tw o o r m o re peo p le o r

th in g s

c o n tro l / k o n 't r o u l / (o f/o v e r sb/sth) p o w e r and a b ility

to m ake sb/sth do w h a t you w a n t: The teacher had

nocontrol over the children.

c r e d ib ility / . k r e d o 'b i b t i / th e q u a lity th a t sb/sth has
th a t m akes peo ple b e lieve o r tru s t h im /h e r /it

c u rre n c y /'k A ro n s i/ th e system o r ty p e o f m o n e y

th a t a p a rtic u la r c o u n try uses

d e s tin y /'d e s to n i/ a p o w e r th a t pe o p le believe

c o n tro ls th e ir lives; fate

fa ilu r e / 'f e i lj o / lack o f success

fa ith / f e i9 / stro n g b e lie f (in sb/sth); tru s t
fa m e / f e i m / being kn o w n o r ta lk e d a b o u t by m a n y
pe o p le because o f w h a t you have achieved: Pop

starsachievefame at a youngage.
fa te / f e i t / th e pow er th a t som e peo ple believe
co n tro ls e v e ry th in g th a t hap pens to you

fo r tu n e / ' f b i t j u i n / a v e ry la rge a m o u n t o f m oney:

She went toHollywoodinsearchof f a m e a n d

fo rtu n e .

g if t / g i f t / n a tu ra l a b ility ; a ta le n t
g ra n t / g r a i n t / m o n e y th a t is given by th e
g o ve rn m e n t, etc fo r a p a rtic u la r purpose: Shegot a

grant tocontinue her research.

h u m ilia tio n / h j u q m i l i 'e i j n / a s itu a tio n in w h ic h you
feel asham ed o r s tu p id and lose th e respect o f
o th e r people

im age I'lmiAyJ th e general im pressio n th a t a person

o r an o rg a n is a tio n gives to th e p u b lic

im p a c t /'im p a e k t / (on sb/sth) an effect or

im p re ssio n : I hope thisanti-sm
okingcampaign

will m a k e /h a v e a n im p a c t o n youngpeople.
in v a s io n / in 'v e i 3n / th e a c tio n o f e n te rin g a place
w h e re you are n o t w a n te d and d is tu rb in g sb

lo tte r y / lo t a r i / (pl lo tteries) a w ay o f m a k in g m on e y

fo r th e g o v e rn m e n t, fo r ch a rity, etc by s e llin g
ticke ts w ith n u m b e rs on th e m and g iv in g prizes to

Verbs
achieve / o ' t j i i v / to c o m p le te sth by hard w o rk and

th e v a lu e o f sth: I don't really appreciategood

coffee- it all tastesthesame tom

e.
ch e a t / t j i : t / to act in a dis h o n e s t w ay in o rd e r to get
an a dva ntag e fo r y ourself: tocheat in an exam

c ritic is e / 'k r i t i s a i z / to say w h a t is bad o r w ro n g w ith

sb/sth

enco u ra ge / in 'k A r id ;? / to give hope, s u p p o rt or

c o n fid e n c e to sb: The teacher encouraged usto

applyforjobs.
h a n d le /'h a e n d l/ to deal w ith o r to c o n tro l sb/sth:

Her accountant handles all her businessaffairs.

h o ld / h o u ld / (pt, ppheld) to organise an event; to
have a m e e tin g , an e le c tio n , a conce rt, etc The
Olympic Gam
esare heldeveryfour years.
m a n u fa c tu re /.m a e n ju 'fa e k tjo / to m ake sth in large
q u a n titie s using m achin es: (fig) Manufactured boy
bandsareall wehear in themusiccharts.

p ic k / p i k / to choose sb/sth fro m a g ro u p o f pe o p le o r

th in g s : Picka num
ber between 7 and 10.

p ro te c t / p r o 't e k t / to keep sb/sth safe

purpose: W
eare doinga sponsoredwalk tora is e
m o n e y for charity.

re g re t / r T g r e t / to feel s o rry th a t you d id sth o r th a t

you did n o t do sth: Doyou regret not takingthe

job?
release / r i ' l i i s / to m ake a film , record, etc ava ila b le
so th e p u b lic can see o r hea r it

tra ce / t r e is / to fin d o u t w h ere sth cam e fro m o r w h a t

caused it

w aste / w e is t / sth (on sb/sth; in d o in g sth) to use or

spend sth in a careless way o r fo r sth th a t is n o t
necessary: He w
astedhis timeat university.

Adjectives
b a n k ru p t /'b a e r jk r A p t / n o t h aving eno u g h m o n e y to

m illio n a ir e / . m iljo 'n e s / a person w h o has a m illio n

pou nds, dolla rs, etc; a v e ry rich person

by peo p le w h o have been tra in e d

ta le n t e d / r a b n t id / ( u s e d a b o u t a person

n a tu ra l skill o r a b ility : a talentedm

usician

Adverbs
f u r th e r m o r e /,f 3 :5 3 'm o :/ also; in a d d itio n : : *
has ju s t been stated

h o w e ve r / h a u 'e v o / (used fo r a d d in g a c o m - ;
w h a t you have ju s t said) a lth o u g h sth ;s tru e

arepoor thismonth. Therem

ay, howeveat
increasebeforeChristm
as.
m o re o v e r / m o ir 'o u v o / (used fo r a d d in g a n : "
also; in a d d itio n

n eve rth e le s s /.n e v p S o 'le s / in sp ite o f th a t

cold, rainy day. Nevertheless, morepeop :

than wehadexpected.
th e re fo re /'S e o fb t/ fo r th a t reason: Thenev : n
havebigger enginesandare thereforefas:-:

Phrasal verbs
a c c o u n t fo r sth to fo rm th e a m o u n t th a t :
m e n tio n e d : S
alestoEuropeaccountfor f t v
our total sales.
1 c a rry on (w ith s th /d o in g sth) to co n tin u e : Sc:
intends tocarry onstudyingnextyear.

go w ith o u t (sth) to choose o r be force d to :r

rj

s th : Theywent without sleepnight after r er

while thebaby wasill.

hang on to sth to keep sth: Letshangon ::

for anotheryear.
set (sth) up to s ta rt a business, org a n isa tio n s i'T c t I
etc: Thecom
pany hasset upa branch r
: <
m

sign sb up to get sb to sign a c o n tra c t to : -<

you: Real MadridsignedBeckhamup;:- .:
season.

sum (sth) u p to describe in a fe w w o rds r e ~ :

ideas o f w h a t sb has said o r w r itte n : Tosu>* . i

thereare threeoptionshere...
- w o rk sth o u t to fin d th e answ er to s t h : : :
sth

raise / r e iz / to get m o n e y fro m pe o p le fo r a p a rtic u la r

w h ic h are chosen by chance: todo/play the lottery

studies o r is an exp e rt in n u m b e rs and statistics

a b ility to do sth w e ll, espe cially because r

skill

a p p re c ia te / a ' p r i i j i e i t / to e n jo y sth o r un d e rs ta n d

th e p e o p le w h o have b o u g h t certa in n u m b e rs

m a th e m a tic ia n /.m aeS o m o t iJ n / a person w h o

s k ille d / s k ild / 1 (used a b o u t a person) has : f

seems m o re im p o rta n t; sth th a t you give up in th is

way: If we'regoingtohavea holiday thisyear,

th e to p / t o p / th e highest o r m ost im p o r ta n t p o s itio n

c o n n e c tio n / k o 'n e k j n / (w ith sb/sth) an association

.-s

a b o u t w o rk , a jo b etc) nee d in g s kill o r sic ;

on a sponsoredwalk tora is e m o n e y f o r c h a r it y

te le v is io n o r ra d io th a t trie s to persuade pe o p le to

Hi

needtobepushy tobesuccessful inshoe

in real s itu a tio n s : 'B

igBrother andother reality

shows

s u p p o rt / s o 'p o it/ h e lp and e n c o u ra g e m e n t

c o m m e rc ia l / k o 'm 3 :J l/ an a d v e rtis e m e n t on

get w h a t you w a n t, in a w ay th a t seems ru d e

tra in in g , practice, etc: askilledworker 2 . -

etc o r to do w o rk th a t is useful to society: W

ewent

tra in in g sb to do a sport, etc

pushy / ' p u f i / (used a b o u t a person) try in g - =

p ro g ra m m e s in w h ic h w e fo llo w th e lives o f peo ple

collects m on e y to h e lp peo p le w h o are poor, sick,

c o a c h in g / ' k o u t j i r j / th e process o f te a c h in g or

<- 'm

lie, steal o r cheat

p riv a c y .

we'll have tom a k e som

es a c rific e s
sum IsA m l an a m o u n t o f m oney: Theindustry has
spent hugesu m s o f m o n e y modernisingits
equipment.

I think wes ta n d a goodc h a n c e o f winning.

c h a rity / 'tja e r o ti/ (pl charitie s) an o rg a n is a tio n th a t

d is h o n e s t /d is 'D m s t / th a t you c a n n o t tru s t

pay y o u r d e b ts (= m o n e y you owe)

co ol /ku:17 c a lm ; n o t excited o r e m o tio n a l: W

hen I

told myparents I wanted to take ayear off, they

wereboth cool about it.

Idiom s
a t ra n d o m w ith o u t th in k in g o r d e c id in g r

mt

w h a t is g o in g to hap pen: Thecom

petitc-: m-

chosenat randomfromtheaudience.
lo o k o n th e b r ig h t side (of sth) to t h ir :
th e good side o f a bad s itu a tio n

m ove heaven and e a rth to do e ve ry th in g

possibly can in o rd e r to achieve sth

on th e c o n tra ry th e o p p o s ite is tru e : ceria

'Youlookasif you're not enjoyingyou-:- - im

thecontrary, Imhavingagreat time.'

Unit 6

pan e l / 'p a e n l / 1 a squa re o r re c ta n g u la r piece of

w o o d , m e ta l o r glass th a t fo rm s p a rt o f a d o o r o r

# y I)s

= e n 'za ra ti/ a fe e lin g o f w o rry o r fear,

e - s e r a v a b o u t th e fu tu re
-

j 'p r a o t J / (to sth) a w ay o f d e a lin g w ith

n : a w a y o f d o in g o r th in k in g a b o u t sth such as
: : em o r a task: Theschool hasdecidedto
u different approach todiscipline.

b i s k it / (U
Scookie) a typ e o f sm all cake th a t

oard and usu a lly sweet

3 nguage / 'b D d i liE t jg w id g / s h o w in g h o w you

-

th e w ay you m ove, stand, sit, etc, rath er

s r d \ w h a t you say: I could tell by hisbody

h r / j agethat he w
asscared.

mm b u n

UStru n k ) th e p a rt o f a car w h e re you

p u t jggage, usu a lly a t th e back

om

tjc e t r u : m / an area on th e In te rn e t

r e c e o p le can c o m m u n ic a te w ith each other,

. a b o u t one p a rtic u la r to p ic
hen

:'s

'k e m is t s / (U
Sdrugstore) a shop th a t sells

m e d cines, soap, cam era film , etc

o f d raw ers / . t f e s t o v 'd r o r z / (U
Sbureau) a
- T

fu rn itu re w ith draw e rs in it th a t is used fo r

a w ng clothes, etc
: t . ' i p ' (U
SFrench fry) a th in piece o f po ta to th a t
" ed n h o t fa t o r oil
I c a t i o n / k 3 , m j u : n i 'k e i j n / t h e m e th o d s th a t
? - te d fo r tra v e llin g to and fro m a place o r fo r
: ng messages betw een places: different m
eans

::mmunication
. e ct d a io le k t / a fo rm o f a la nguage th a t is
: : te n n one p a rt o f a c o u n try

earsal / ,d r e s r i'h 3 i s l/ th e fin a l practice o f

t a th e a tre , before th e real p e rfo rm a n c e

a

: :m e il/ e le c tro n ic messages th a t are sent

i: : r

one c o m p u te r to a n o th e r; th e system fo r
: ng these

: .

rv m 'k w a r a r i/ t h e act o f asking a b o u t sth:

n tetter of enquiry
e k s p 3 :t/ a person w h o has a lo t o f special
: - edge o r sk ill: Shesa leadingexpert in the
i
: : of genetics.
- s on ik 's p r e jn / th e lo o k on a p e rs o n s face
t i i t show s w h a t he/she is th in k in g o r fe e lin g : He
* ltda nuzzledexpressionon hisface.
f ilm , (U
Salso m ovie) a story, play, etc show n in
r :, ng pictures at th e cin e m a o r on TV

e d 3e s t js / a m o v e m e n t o f th e han d, head, etc

t r i t expresses sth
S

ray

'g r v a w e i/s o m e th in g th a t m akes sb guess

lik in g to try new th in g s o r have u nu sual, e x c itin g or

o r o p in io n s a b o u t sth: a panel of judges

dan gerous experiences

p a ve m e n t / 'p e iv m a n t / (USsid ew alk) a hard fla t area

a t th e side o f th e road fo r pe o p le to w a lk on

p e tro l / p e t r o l/ (USgas) th e liq u id th a t is used as

fu e l fo r vehicles such as cars and m o to rb ik e s

p o p u la tio n .p n p .iu le ij'n th e n u m b e r o f peo ple

w h o live in a p a rtic u la r area, c ity o r c o u n try

post / p o u s t / (US m ail) letters, packages, etc th a t are

- on th a t you get a b o u t sb/sth: W

hatsyourfirst

mpressionof thenewdirector? Doyou think I

- j de agood im
pression onyour parents?verb:
th e fla t area th a t is fo rm e d by th e u p p e r

:::

vo u r legs w h e n you are s ittin g d o w n : The

. : : .--os asleepon hislap

: /o s

:-f sth) th e state o f no lo n g e r h aving sth or

:: - a x in g a s m uch as before
s m i: n z / (pi means) (of d o in g sth) a m e th o d o f
: r g sth: /s thereany m
eansof contactingyour

ftxsband?
:

e p h o n e / . m o o b a il 'f a u n / a te le p h o n e th a t
ta n c a rry a ro u n d w ith you

ik e nsutl (also ban knote ) (U

Sb ill) a piece o f paper
x in e y : I'dlike the m
oneyin 7 0 notes, please.

th a t pe o p le liste n to you o r do w h a t you w a n t

c a u tio u s /'k c u jo s / ta k in g great care to avoid possible

dan g e r o r pro b le m s

c o m m o n / 'k D m a n / h a p p e n in g o r fo u n d in m any

walks, etc

re lie f / r i ' l i i f / th e fe e lin g th a t you have w h e n sth

un p le a s a n t stops o r becom es less stron g

ru b b is h / 'r A b iJ / (USgarbag e/tra sh) th in g s th a t you

do n o t w a n t an y m ore ; waste m a te ria l

signal / 's ig n a l/ a sign, ac tio n o r sound th a t sends a

p a rtic u la r message

sw eet / s w i: t / (UScandy) a s m a ll piece o f bo ile d

sugar, choco late, etc o fte n sold in a packet

sym p a th y /'s im p o G i/ an u n d e rs ta n d in g o f o th e r
p e o p le s feelings, e spe cially th e ir p ro b le m s

tin / t i n / (UScan) a d ose d m e ta l c o n ta in e r in w h ic h

fo o d , p a in t, etc is stored and sold; th e c o n te n ts o f
o n e o f these co n ta in e rs : a tin of beans

to ile t / 't o i la t / (USrest room ) th e room c o n ta in in g a

la rge bo w l w ith a seat, c onn ected to a w a te r pipe,
th a t you use w h e n you need to get rid o f w aste
m a te ria l fro m y o u r body

tr a in e r

places; usual o p p o s ite : rare

fa c ia l / ' f e i j l / c onn ected w ith a p ersons face: facial

t r c j n o ' (U
Ssneaker) a shoe th a t you w ear

fo r d o in g sp o rt o r as in fo rm a l c lo th in g

to n e It o a n l 1 th e q u a lity o f a sound or o f sbs voice,

espe cially expressing a p a rtic u la r e m o tio n : 'D
oyou

knoweachother? sheaskedin a casual tone of

voice. 2 a soun d th a t you hea r on th e te le p h o n e :
thedialling tone

expressions/features
fa m ilia r / f b 'm il io / w e ll-k n o w n to you; o fte n seen or
heard and th e re fo re easy to recognise: to
look/soundfamiliar opp o s ite : strange
fid g e ty / ' f i d 3i t i / m o v in g y o u r body, hands o r fe e t
because you are nervous, bored, etc

h a u n te d / 'h o m t i d / (used a b o u t a b u ild in g ) said to be

visite d re g u la rly by th e ghost o f a dead person

im pre ssive / im 'p r e s iv / causing a fe e lin g o f

a d m ira tio n and respect because o f th e im p o rta n c e ,
size, q u a lity , etc o f sth

n ervo u s /'n 3 :v o s / w o rrie d o r a fra id : I alwaysget

nervous aboutflying.
ra re /r e s / no t done, seen, h a p p e n in g , etc v e ry often
re lie v e d / r i ' l i r v d / pleased because y o u r fe a r or
w o rry has been ta k e n aw ay: I w
as veryrelievedto

hear that you werent seriouslyhurt, n o u n : re lie f

rid ic u lo u s / r i 'd ik j s t a s / v e ry s illy o r unrea so n a b le
ro u n d -s h o u ld e re d / , r a u n d 'J o u ld o d / w ith
sh o u ld e rs th a t are b e n t o r s lo p in g fo rw a rd

se nsib le /'s e n s s b l/ (used a b o u t pe o p le and th e ir

beh a v io u r) a b le to m ake good ju d g e m e n ts based
on reason and expe rience; practical

stra n g e /s t r e in d 3/ un u s u a l o r s u rp risin g , in a way

th a t is d iffic u lt to u n d e rs ta n d opp o site : fa m ilia r

Verbs

s y m p a th e tic / , s im p s 0 e t ik / s h o w in g th a t you

access / '$ k s e s / to fin d in fo rm a tio n on a c o m p u te r

a void / s 'v o id / (do in g sth) to p re v e n t sth h a p p e n in g
o r to t r y n o t to do sth

clasp / k la r s p / to hold sb/sth tig h tly : He claspedher

hand tightly.
c lu tc h / k l w t j / to hold sth tig h tly , espe cially because
you are in pain, a fra id o r excited

u n d e rs ta n d o th e r p e o p le s feelings, espe cially th e ir

p ro b le m s

te ll- ta le / 't e l t e il / g iv in g in fo rm a tio n a b o u t sth

secret o r private: a tell-talesm
ile on herface

te r r ifie d / t e r i f a id / e x tre m e ly a fra id

u p rig h t

/'A prait/ in

o r in to a v e rtic a l p o sitio n

v ita l / ' v a i t l / very im p o r ta n t o r necessary

c o u n t k a o n t, (fo r sth) to be im p o r ta n t o r v aluable:

I sometimes thinkmy opinion countsfor nothing.

fro w n f r a o n to show you are angry, serious, etc by

gesture / ' d 3e s t ja / to p o in t a t sth, to m ake a sign to

Adverbs
s u b c o n s c io u s ly / , s A b 'k D iij3 s li/ w ith o u t b e in g aw are
w h a t you are fe e lin g o r d o in g

Phrasal Verbs

sb

g re e t g r i: t to w e lc o m e sb w h e n you m eet h im /h e r;
to say h e llo to sb

hug

/hAg/ to

p u t y o u r a rm s a ro u n d sb, e spe cially to

show th a t you love h im /h e r

lin k / l i g k / to jo in to g e th e r (w ith sb/sth): They linked

i rj e p

sth u n p le a s a n t m ay happen

assertive / o 's 3 :t iv / expressing y o u r o p in io n f ir m ly so

postfor m
e?
p o stu re /'p o s tJ o / th e w ay th a t a person sits, stands,

nose

r c e s s io n / i m p r e jn / an idea, a fe e lin g o r an

a p p re h e n sive /.a e p r i'h e n s iv / w o rrie d o r a fra id th a t

close / k b u s / near: Isthe hotel close to the beach?

e : onedhis nam
e, which wasa real giveaway.
a e 'h r e n d je ik / th e a c tio n o f s h a k in g sbs

a n x io u s / a e q k jo s / w o rrie d and afra id

collected o r b ro u g h t to y o u r house: Isthereany

m a k in g lines app e a r on y o u r fore head above y o u r

-a n d w ith y o u r o w n w h e n you m e e t h im /h e r

a d v e n tu ro u s / o d 'v e n t jo r o s / (used a b o u t a person)

w a ll 2 a g ro u p o f specialists w h o give th e ir advice

e r u t h a b o u t sb/sth: She went red w

hen we

Adjectives

arms as they walkeddown thestreet.

m a rk e t / ' m a r k i t / to sell sth w ith th e help o f
a d v e rtis in g : it ism
arketedasa low-pricedgood

f i l l sth in to c o m p le te a fo rm , etc by w r itin g

in fo rm a tio n on it: tofill in an applicationform

keep u p (w ith sth) to k n o w a b o u t w h a t is

ha p p e n in g : Y
ouhave toreadthelatest magazines
if you want tokeepup with thetim
es.

lo o k fo r sb/sth to t r y to fin d sb/sth

tr y sth o u t to test sth to fin d o u t if it is good enough

purchase /'p 3 :tJ o s / (formal) to buy sth

Idiom s

se ll /s e l/ to persuade sb to accept sth; to persuade sb

w ith re fe re n c e to sb /sth (formal) a b o u t or

th a t you are th e rig h t person fo r a jo b , p o s itio n , etc

su p p ly / s o 'p la i/ (w ith sth) to give o r p ro v id e sth

c o n c e rn in g sb/sth

Unit 7
Nouns
a rc h ite c t / 'a r k i t e k t / a person w hose jo b is to design
b u ild in g s

a rc h ite c tu re / ' a i k i t e k t j o / th e s tudy o f designing

and m a k in g b u ild in g s

a sylu m seeker / o 's a ib m s i: k s / a person w h o has

le ft h is /h e r o w n c o u n try and is lo o k in g fo r
p ro te c tio n in a n o th e r c o u n try

b a c ke r /'b a e k a / a person, an o rg a n is a tio n o r a

r e s id e n t / 'r e z id o n t / a person w h o lives in a place

verb: reside

s e ttle m e n t / 's e t lm o n t / a place th a t a g ro u p of

p eo p le have b u ilt and live in, w h e re fe w o r no
peo p le live d before; th e process o f pe o p le s ta rtin g
to live in a place: This site is believed to have been

a p rehistoric settlement.
s e ttle r / 's e t b / a person w h o goes to live

to fo rm a curve

th e la nd close to th is lin e

c o m m u n ity / k a 'm j u m s r i / all th e pe o p le w h o live in

a p a rtic u la r place, area, etc w h en considered as a
gro u p

c o u rt / k o : t / a place w h e re legal tria ls ta k e place and

sig h t / s a it / a place o f in te re s t th a t is o fte n visite d by

to u ris ts : to visit the sights o f London

th e re is n o t e n o ugh fo o d : to die o f sta rva tio n verb:

starve

step /s te p / o n e a c tio n in a series o f a c tio n s th a t you

take in o rd e r to achieve sth

sto re y / 's t o i r i / one flo o r or level o f a b u ild in g

s u ite / s w ir t / a set o f room s, espe cially in a hotel
to u r/tc r a / a s h o rt v is it a ro u n d a city, fa m o u s
b u ild in g , etc

v is it o r / 'v iz it o / a person w h o visits sb/sth

c ro p / k r D p / all th e g ra in , fru it, etc o f o n e ty p e th a t a

fa rm e r grow s a t one tim e : a crop o f apples

design / d i'z a i n / a d ra w in g o r plan th a t show s how

sth s h o u ld be m ade, b u ilt, etc

d e s tin a tio n / . d e s t i'n e ij n / th e place w h e re sb/sth is

going

disease / d i 'z i i z / an illness o f th e b od y in hum ans,

a n im a ls o r plants: These children sufferfroma

rare disease.
e a rth q u a k e / '3 : 0 k w e ik / a sudden, v io le n t
m o v e m e n t o f th e e a rth s surface

e m ig ra n t / 'e m i g r a n t / a person w h o has gone to live

in a n o th e r c o u n try verb: e m ig ra te

g ia n t / d j a r a n t / s o m e th in g th a t is v e ry la rge
h o m e la n d /'h a u m la e n d / th e c o u n try w h ere you
w ere b o rn or th a t y o u r parents cam e fro m , o r to
w h ic h you feel you be lo n g

im m ig ra n t / 'im ig r a n t / a person w h o has com e in to

a fo re ig n c o u n try to live th e re p e rm a n e n tly

in h a b ita n t /in 'h a e b it o n t / a person o r an a n im a l th a t

lives in a place: The local in h a b ita n ts protested a t

the plans fo r a new m otorway.

ju n g le / 'd 3 A q g l/ a th ic k fore st in a tro p ic a l c o u n try
lif e s t y le / 'la i f s t a i l / th e w ay th a t you live
o rc h a rd / o i t j o d / a piece o f la nd on w h ic h f r u it trees
are g ro w n : an apple orchard

p a te n t /'p a e tn t; 'p e i t n t / th e o ffic ia l rig h t to be th e

Verbs
c la im / k l e i m / 1 to say th a t sth is tru e , w ith o u t

pa te n t

p erce n ta g e / p o 's e n t K ^ / th e n u m b e r, a m o u n t, rate,

etc o f sth, expressed as if it is p a rt o f a to ta l w h ic h
is a h u n d re d ; a p a rt o r share o f a w h o le

p ro d u c t / 'p r o d A k t / s o m e th in g th a t is m ade in a
fa c to ry o r th a t is fo rm e d n a tu ra lly

re fu g e e / , r e f j u 'd 3 i: / a person w h o has been forced

to leave h is /h e r c o u n try fo r p o litic a l o r religiou s

o r to have it: Early settlers claim ed the la n d fo r

the French.
dash / d r e j/ to go som e w h e re s u d d e n ly and q u ic k ly
design / d i'z a i n / to p la n and m ake a d ra w in g o f how
d isco v e r / d i's k A v o / to fin d o r learn sth th a t n ob ody
had fo u n d o r k n e w before: Who discovered the lost

city o f M achu Picchu ? n o u n : discovery

e m ig ra te / 'e m i g r e it / to leave y o u r ow n c o u n try to
go and live in a n o th e r

fo u n d / f a u n d / to be th e firs t to s ta rt b u ild in g and

liv in g in a to w n o r c o u n try : Liberia was fo u n de d

by freed Am erican slaves.

in h a b it / in 'h a s b it / to live in a place
in v e n t / in 'v e n t / to t h in k o f o r m ake sth fo r th e firs t
tim e : When was the camera invented?

m e lt / m e l t / to change o r m ake sth change fro m a

so lid to a liq u id by m eans o f heat

re b u ild / . r i i ' b i l d / to b u ild sth again

scald / s k x l d / to b u rn sb/sth w ith very h o t liq u id
se ttle / 's e t l/ to go and live p e rm a n e n tly in a new
c o u n try , area, to w n , etc: A great m a ny im m igrants

have settled in this country.

Adjectives
a d o p te d / o 'd D p t id / an a d o p te d c o u n try is one in
w h ic h sb chooses to live, even if it is n o t th e one in
w h ic h he/she was born

a m azin g /o 'm e iz it ) / v e ry su rp ris in g and d iffic u lt to

believe ; in c re d ib le

courage / 'k w r id s / th e a b ility to c o n tro l fe a r in a

s itu a tio n th a t m ay be dan gerous o r u np leasan t

do sth o r to succeed, even if it is d iffic u lt n ou n:

d e te rm in a tio n

like: He gained a reputation as a troublemaker.

d is tu r b in g / d i's t 3 : b ir | / m a k in g you w o rrie d or upset

verb: repute

e xclusive / i k 's k lu is iv / o n ly to be used by o r given to

research in to sth

confused w ith a n y th in g else; easy to recognise

used / ju : s t / (to s th /to d o in g sth) fa m ilia r w ith sth:

accustom ed to sth: I l l never get usedtog e ttir :

so early.

Adverbs
e n th u s ia s tic a lly / in , 0 ju : z i' e s t ik li/ w it h a lo t o*
e x c ite m e n t and in terest

a nd before th e m a in v erb to em phasise th a t s r

d iffic u lt to do

re la tiv e ly

r e b u s li. to q u ite a large degree,

e s pe cially w h en c o m pared to oth e rs

s im p ly / 's i m p l i / c o m p le te ly ; a b so lu te ly

sth w ill be m ade

d e te rm in e d / d i't 3 : m i n d / h aving fir m ly decided to

to fin d o u t m o re in fo rm a tio n a b o u t it: to do

o n ly o n e o f its type

u n m is ta k a b le / . A n m i's t e ik o b l/ th a t c a n n o t be

h a rd ly / ' h a i d l i / used espe cially a fte r can and -

fo o d , etc

research /ri's 3 :tJ 7 a d e ta ile d and careful s tudy o f sth

dan gerous o r e x c itin g th in g s h a p p e n in g

u n iq u e / j u ' n i r k / n o t lik e a n y th in g else; be in g th e

oldest person in B ritain. 2 to d e m a n d o r ask fo r

sth because you b elieve it is y o u r legal rig h t to ow n

cu rio u s /'k jc r e r io s / w a n tin g to k n o w o r learn sth

th a t peo p le in general have a b o u t w h a t sb/sth is

It w ill be a tough decision to make.

u n e v e n tfu l / ,A m 'v e n t f l/ w ith o u t any im p o rta n t

e v e n tu a lly / I 'v e n t J u s li/ in th e end ; fin a lly

reasons, o r because th e re is a war, n o t eno ugh

re p u ta tio n / , r e p j u 't e i j n / (for/as sth) th e o p in io n

I got stuck in the rush h o u r traffic.

to u g h / tA f/ d iffic u lt; h aving o r causing problem s:

having an y p ro o f: The w om an claim s to be the

o n ly person to m ake, use o r sell a p ro d u c t o r an

in v e n tio n ; th e d o c u m e n t th a t proves th is verb:

s tu c k /s tA k / n o t able to m ove: I m sorry I'm late.

w a rfa re /'w o r fe o / m e th o d s o f fig h tin g a w a r

crim es, etc are ju d g e d : The com pany are refusing

to pay h im so he is going to take them to court.

action s) h a v in g a lo t o f courage: a heroic effo rt

o r ig in a l / o 'r id s o n l/ firs t; earlie st (before an y c h a 'a g

o r dev e lo p m e n ts ): The o rig in a l m eaning o f this

s ta rv a tio n / s t a i 'v e i j n / s u ffe rin g o r d ea th because

b o rd e r / 'b o r d o / a lin e th a t d iv id e s tw o c o u n trie s , etc;

Leaving her hom e a n d her frie nd s was hard.

h e ro ic / h o 'r s u ik / (used a b o u t peo ple o r th e ir

w ord is d iffe re nt fro m the m eaning i t has nov,

fin a n c ia l s u p p o rt

lo w e r price th a n usual

in te re s tin g , b rig h t o r p re tty

h a rd Iha-AI d iffic u lt to do o r u n d e rsta n d ; n o t easi;

live

skyscra pe r / 's k a is k r e ip o / an e x tre m e ly ta ll b u ild in g

bay / b e i/ a p a rt o f th e coast w h ere th e la nd goes in

a ttra c tin g y o u r a tte n tio n im m e d ia te ly because t

p e rm a n e n tly in a place w h e re n o t m a n y peo ple

c o m p a n y th a t gives s u p p o rt to sb, espe cially

b a rg a in / 'b c c g o n / s o m e th in g th a t is chea per o r at a

e y e-ca tchin g / ' a i k t e t j ir ) / (used a b o u t a th in g )

one person, g roup, etc; n o t to be shared

Phrasal verbs
com e u p w ith sth to fin d an an sw e r o r a so lu t :

sth: She came up w ith an idea to make some

money.
get aw ay (fro m sth) to succeed in le aving or
escaping fro m sb o r a place: The thieves got a. :

in a stolen car.
g et by (o n /in /w ith sth) to m anage to five o r c :
w ith d iffic u lty : It's very h ard to get by on s u e s

low income.
get o f f (sth) to c lim b d o w n fro m a bicycle, horse ; i
g ro w u p to d e v e lo p in to an a d u lt; to m a tu re
keep u p w ith sb to try to d o o r have th e sam e n 'tpJ
as sb else: We had o u r garden designed j u s t ::

keep up w ith o u r neighbours.

lo o k back (on sth) to t h in k a b o u t sth in th e past
m ake sth up to in v e n t sth, o fte n sth th a t is no : se e l
s ta rt (sth) u p to begin w o rk in g , h a p p e n in g , etc :
m ake sth do this: to s ta rt up y o u r own busines

Idiom s
show sb th e d o o r to ask sb to leave, because
w a n t h im /h e r to go

p a ra m e d ic / .p r e r e 'm e d ik / a person w h o has had

3uns
i - 3 u lance /,e a r 'a e m b ja ta n s / a s m a ll p la n e o r a
l : opter th a t is used fo r ta k in g ill pe o p le to
s o ta l in an em ergency
: - r e n t to s e s m o n l

1 a ju d g e m e n t o r an

ir 'o n a b o u t sth th a t has been th o u g h t a b o u t

ra re fu lly: I m
ade a careful assessm
ent of the

s evolved. 2 an a m o u n t o r va lu e o f sth th a t
i : seen calculated
d

c e s to ro id / any one o f th e m a n y sm all

i- e i s w h ich go a ro u n d th e sun
i see ju m p in g / 'b A n d 3 i d 3 A m p ir j/ a s p o rt in
.ou ju m p fro m a high place w ith a th ic k
is i : rope tie d ro u n d y o u r feet
.

>n / . k a e lk ju 'le if n / th e process o f fin d in g an

ms* er using
-

m ath s

k o :J n / great care, because o f possible

ir s e r : Anyadvertisem
ent that asksyou tosend

-i shouldbe treated w ith c a u tio n .

i

k e r v i q / th e s p o rt o r a c tiv ity o f g o in g in to

tu n n e ls ) u n d e r th e gro u n d

- i -1

s id rr)/ th e to p surface o f th e in side o f a

: jh o b ia
na

. k b r s t r n f o . ib k v fe a r o f being in a

: r enclosed space

- n ng / 'k a o l m a m n j/ th e process o f g e ttin g a

;<: m in e ra l (co a l) o u t o f th e g ro u n d by digg in g
s-ison /k a m 'p s e r is n / an act o f c o m p a rin g ; a
n c n t in w h ic h pe o p le o r th in g s are com p a re d :

' s-J tom a k e c o m p a ris o n s b e tw e e n athletes

- afferent sports.
: je n c e / 'k o n s ik w a n s / s o m e th in g th a t
i f l f pens o r fo llo w s as a result o f sth else
t

k v r a n t / a c o n tin u o u s flo w in g m o v e m e n t o f

* Uz' air. etc: toswimagainst thecurrent

a 5 *f

d e i n d 3 a / th e chance th a t sb/sth m a y b e
: - dam aged o r th a t sth bad m ay happen

d e 0 th e end o f sb /s th s life ; d y in g

ne-gen cv services / i ' m 3 : d 3 a n s i s3 : v is is / th e

: organisations th a t deal w ith em ergencies;
: : :

ce. fire , a m b u la n c e and coastguard services

in v o lv in g th e p o s s ib ility o f sth bad h a p p e n in g ;

ill, b u t w h o is n o t a d o c to r o r nurse

dan gerous: Lifeasa deepseadiver can bea risky

p ea k p i:k . th e p o in t a t w h ic h sth is th e highest,

best, strongest, etc: Shebecam
eill whenshe was

at thepeakof her career.

o r u n d e rs ta n d in g sth; an o p in io n

p o lic e fo rc e p a li:s fb :s / an o rg a n is a tio n o f peo ple

w hose jo b is to m ake sure everyone obeys th e law,
and to p re v e n t and solve c rim e

p r o b a b ility / . p r D b s 'b il a t i / a m e a s u re m e n t o f how

lik e ly sth is to hap pen: W
hat istheprobabilityof

lightningstrikingtwicein thesameplace?
ris k / r i s k / a p o s s ib ility o f sth d an gerous or
u n p le a s a n t h a p p e n in g ; a s itu a tio n th a t co u ld be
d an gerous o r have a bad result: Dont take any
risks whenyouredriving. Youcoulddrivea car
without insurancebut itsnot worth the risk.

scale / s k e il/ a series o f num b e rs , a m o u n ts , etc th a t

are used fo r m e a s u rin g o r fix in g th e level o f sth:

Theearthquakemeasured6.5on the Richter scale.

shape / J e ip / th e physical c o n d itio n o f sb/sth; th e
good o r bad state o f sb/sth: She w
as insuch bad
shape (= so ill) that shehad tobe taken to
hospital. I goswimmingregularly tokeepin

shape.
speed / s p ii d / th e rate a t w h ic h sb/sth m oves or
travels: Thebus w
as travellingat topspeedwhen

it hit thebridge.
s ta tis tic ia n I J t a e t i's t iJ n / a person w h o studies or
w o rks w ith statistics

sta tis tic s / s t s 't is t ik s / n u m b e rs th a t have been

collected in o rd e r to p ro v id e in fo rm a tio n a b o u t sth

su icid e

Verbs
assess /o 's e s / 1 to ju d g e o r fo rm an o p in io n a b o u t
sb/sth: Itstooearly toassessthe risksinvolved. 2
to guess o r d ecide th e a m o u n t o r v a lu e o f sth: to

assessthecost of therepairs n o u n : assessm ent

c a lc u la te / 'k a e lk j u le it / 1 to fin d sth o u t by using

calculate howlongtheproject will take. 2 to

co n sid e r o r expect sth: W
ecalculated that the
advantages would begreater than the
disadvantages, n o u n : c a lc u la tio n

m u s e m e n t p ark w h ic h you pay to go on fo r

t i n : r e xcite m e n t

lo w e r / ' b o s / to m ake sth less in a m o u n t, q u a lity , etc

m easure f m e ^ l 1 to fin d th e size, w e ig h t, q u a n tity ,

t> fa t a s b t i/ a p e rso n s dea th caused by an

etc o f sb/sth in sta n d a rd u n its by using an

pent, in war, etc

in s tru m e n t 2 to ju d g e th e va lu e o r effect o f sth:

c r ja d e

f a is b r ig e id / an o rg a n is a tio n of

j e : : e tra in e d to deal w ith fires

i r e w g in e

'fa ra e n d 3 in / a special v e h ic le th a t

i " es e q u ip m e n t fo r d e a lin g w ith large fires

-

>nn

1 th e state o f b e in g f it and stro n g fo r a

olayer, te a m , etc: Thenewstriker iso n to p

farm againafter his injury last year. 2 h o w w ell

"

Our salesdonot lookgoodwhen m

easuredagainst
thoseof our com
petitors, n o u n : m easurem ent
pose / p s u z / to create o r give sb sth th a t he/she has
to deal w ith : toposeagreat risk

va cuu m / 'v s e k ju s m / to clean sth using a vacuu m

c le aner (= a m a c h in e th a t sucks up d irt fro m th e
flo o r)

s p e rfo rm in g a t a p a rtic u la r tim e , fo r

a m p e in sp o rt o r business
e *o a t

la if b o o t / a special boa t th a t is used fo r

k n g pe o p le w h o are in d a n g e r a t sea
mm. a d

la if g a id / a person on a beach o r a t a

m ng poo l w hose jo b is to rescue pe o p le w h o

m - ' d iffic u lty in th e w a te r
a - r o d

l a i k l i h u d / t h e chance o r p o s s ib ility of

- r ip e n in g ; h o w p ro b a b le it is th a t sth w ill
: : : e - : Thereseem
sveryl i t t le lik e lih o o d of

Phrasal Verbs
c a ll sb b ack to p h o n e sb later
g et b ack to sb to speak to, w rite to o r p h o n e sb later,
e spe cially in o rd e r to give an answ er: Ill get back

toyou whenI havemore information.

g et in to reach a place: Ringm
e whenyouget in.
h ang u p to end a pho n e conve rsatio n
h o ld sb/sth up to m ake sb/sth late; to cause a delay:

W
ewereheld upin traffic.
pop o u t to go o u t fo r a s h o rt tim e
p u t sb th ro u g h to m ake a te le p h o n e c o n n e c tio n th a t
a llo w s sb to speak to sb: Couldyouput m
e

through toMick, please?

- ru n sb/sth o v e r to h it a person o r an a n im a l w ith
y o u r v e h ic le : Our cat w
as run over.

w o r k o u t to do physical exercises in o rd e r to keep

y o u r b od y fit: She w
orksout everyeveningin the

gym.

Idiom s
m a ke a/som e, etc d iffe re n c e (to sb/sth) to have an
e ffe c t on sb/sth: Havingm
oneymade a big

differencetoher life.
m ake a ru n fo r i t to s u d d e n ly try to escape on fo o t:

Theprisoner made a runfor it, but wassoon

caught.

s u u s a id th e act o f k illin g yo u rs e lf

a c a p a rtic u la r a c tiv ity

i 3 u n d rid e / f e o g r a u n d r a id / a la rge m a c h in e

paym ent

d e lib e ra te ly

m ath e m a tic s ; to w o rk sth o u t: Itsdifficult to

on. s itu a tio n , etc: theriskfactor

business (= very dangerous),

v o lu n ta ry / ' v D b n t r i / do n e o r w o rk in g w ith o u t

p e rc e p tio n / p s 's e p jn / a p a rtic u la r w a y o f lo o k in g at

p tn e n t I 'k w ip m o n t / t h e th in g s th a t are needed

: > k t s / o n e o f th e th in g s th a t in flu e n c e s a

ris k y / ' r i s k i / (riskier; ris k ie s t/m o re risky; m ost risky)

special tra in in g in tre a tin g peo ple w h o are h u r t o r

Woret/ist

Unit 8

Adjectives
c h a lle n g in g / 't ja e lin d s ig / fo rc in g you to m ake a lo t
o f e ffo rt: Id likea m
orechallengingjob thanjust

answeringthephone.
d a ily / 'd e i l i / done, m ade o r h a p p e n in g every day: a

daily routine/delivery

Unit 9
Nouns
a c c o m m o d a tio n / o ^ D m s 'd e if n / a place fo r sb to
live o r stay

b a m b o o . b a n n b n : a ta ll tro p ic a l p la n t o f th e grass
fa m ily . Y oung b a m b o o pla n ts (b am b o o shoots)
can be eaten and th e hard parts o f th e p la n t are
used fo r m a k in g fu rn itu re , etc

b e d s it / 'b e d s it / a rented room w h ic h is used fo r both

liv in g and s le epin g in

b u lle t / ' b o l i t / a s m a ll m e ta l o b je c t th a t is fire d fro m

a gun

cage / k e id 3 / a box m a d e o f bars or w ire, o r a space

s u rro u n d e d by w ire o r m e ta l bars, in w h ic h a bird
o r a n im a l is kept so th a t it c a n n o t escape

c a p tu re / 'k a e p t js / th e act o f ta k in g a person o r an

a n im a l p ris o n e r o r b e in g captured

c a rn iv a l / ' k a i n i v l / a p u b lic festival th a t takes place

in th e streets w ith m usic and da n c in g

c e le b ra tio n / . s e l i'b r e i f n / th e act o r occasion o f

d o in g sth enjo y a b le because sth good has
hap pened o r because it is a special day

ch o ice / t j o is / an act o f cho o sin g betw een tw o or

m ore pe o p le o r th in g s

c le a rin g / ' k l i s r i q / a s m a ll area w ith o u t trees in th e

m id d le o f a w o od o r forest

c o n s e rv a tio n / . k D n s s 'v e if n / th e p ro te c tio n o f th e

n a tu ra l w o rld

c o n tr ib u tio n / . k r a i t r i ' b j u i j n / s o m e th in g th a t you

d e s tru c tiv e / d i's t r A k t r v / causing a lo t o f dam age

give, e spe cially m o n e y o r help, o r do to g e th e r w ith

e xh a u stin g / ig 'z o i s t n j/ m a k in g sb very tire d

o th e r people: If w
eall make a small contribution,

lik e ly / ' l a i k l i / p ro b a b le o r expected: Doyou think

itslikely to rain?opp o s ite : u n lik e ly

well beable tobuy Rayagoodpresent, verb:

c o n trib u te

(E>

c o u n c il ta x / k a u n s l taeks/ a tax charged by local

coun cils, based on th e v alue o f a p e rs o n s ho m e

d e a d lin e / 'd e d l a in / a tim e o r date before w h ic h sth

m u st be do n e o r fin is h e d

d isa ste r i i i z o r s io an unexpected e v e n t such as a

flo o d o r a fire th a t k ills a lo t o r peo ple o r causes a

p e rm a n e n t /'p s r m s n o n t/ la stin g fo r a lo n g :

th e u n e m p lo y e d /^ m m 'p b id / peo p le w h o ca n n o t

fo r ever; th a t w ill n o t change: a perm

anent

fin d a jo b

p re c io u s / 'p r e ja s / o f great value (u su a lly b e :

th e w ild /w aild/ a n a tu ra l e n v iro n m e n t th a t is n o t

c o n tro lle d by p eo ple: W
hen thebirdrecovered, it

is rare o r d iffic u lt to fin d ): diam

onds and c

wasreleasedinto thewild.

preciousstones
p riz e d / p r a iz d / very v a lu a b le to sb

w ild life reserve /'w aild laif riz3:v/ an area o f land

te m p o ra ry / 't e m p r s r i / la stin g fo r a sh o rt t -

w h e re th e a n im a ls , plants, etc are p rotected by law

lo t o f dam age

f a u lt / f b i l t / re s p o n s ib ility fo r a m istake: It'll beall

myfault if sheislate!

p e rm a n e n t

w ish /w ij/ a fe e lin g th a t you w a n t to have sth o r th a t

te rra c e d / 'te r e s t / (used a b o u t a house) form

sth s h o u ld happen

o f a lin e o f houses th a t are a ll jo in e d to g e :-

th e h o m e le s s / 'h o o m lo s / peo ple w h o have n ow here

u n fa ir /.A n 'fe o / n o t d e a lin g w ith peo p le as m

Verbs

to live

h o rn /h o :n / one o f th e hard p o in te d th in g s th a t
som e a n im a ls have on th e ir heads

h oste l / 'h D s t l/ a b u ild in g w h e re peo ple w h o have no

h o m e can stay fo r a s h o rt tim e

h o u sin g / 'h a o z i i j / houses, flats, etc fo r peo p le to live

in

deserve; n o t tre a tin g each person e q u a l1.

a d m ire /sd m a ra / to respect o r lik e sb/sth very

m uch; to lo o k a t sb/sth w ith pleasure

a lth o u g h / o d d a o / in s p ite o f th e fa c t th a t: -

fro m sth: Sm
all businesseshavebenefitedfrom the

she was tired, shestayed up late watchir:

changesin the law.

d e s p ite / d i's p a it / w ith o u t be in g affected b. -

c e le b ra te / selibreit/ to do sth to show th a t you are

h u n te r / 'h A n t s / a person th a t h u n ts w ild a n im a ls fo r

food o r sport; an a n im a l th a t h u n ts its fo o d

la y a b o u t / 'le i o b a u t / a person w h o is lazy and does

n o t do m uch w o rk

hap py a b o u t sth th a t has hap pened o r because

it

in fo rm a tio n a b o u t sth. Leaflets are u s u a lly given

free o f charge,

theyenjoylife.

w h e re film s , etc are m a d e (a studio ), w h e re scenes

o f th e film are m ade: Thefilm w
asshot entirely on

location in Italy, verb: locate

m a rksm a n / 'm a r k s m a n / a person w h o can shoo t
v e ry w e ll w ith a gun

expressing y o u r o w n o p in io n

rig h t to have it, o r it belongs to you: to claima

Phrasal Verbs

pieceof land
end : The Princeconcludedbysaying that he

wouldreturn next year.

as an e a r th q u a k e o r a h u rric a n e th a t is caused by
th e forces o f n a tu re ra th e r th a n by m an

o w n e rs h ip / b u n s j i p / th e state o f o w n in g sth
panda / p a e n d s / a la rge black and w h ite bear th a t
com es fro m China

c o n g ra tu la te /k sn g rre tju le it/ to te ll sb th a t you are

pleased a b o u t sth he/she has don e; to praise sb

co n s id e r /k o n sido/ to th in k a b o u t sb/sth in a

thesubject.

(and so m e tim e s w ritte n dow n) a b o u t sb/sth:

historical records

do sth: You'reentitled to20 days holidayperyear.

g ra n t /g ra m t/ to (o ffic ia lly ) give sb w h a t he/she has

asked fo r: Thegeniegrantedher three w
ishes.

w ith a th ic k skin and w ith one o r tw o h orns on its

nose

p ro v id e /p re'v aid / to give sth to sb o r m ake sth

a v a ila b le fo r sb to use; to s u p p ly sth

/kju : / (up) fo r sth to

queue

ro u tin e / r u : t i : n / 1 th e usual o rd e r and w a y in w h ic h

you re g u la rly do th in g s : M
ake exercisepart of your

daily routine. 2 tasks th a t have to be d o n e again

and again and so are b o rin g

s h e lte r / 'J e lt o / a b u ild in g w h e re pe o p le w h o have no

h om e can stay fo r a s h o rt tim e

s h u tte r / jA to / a w o o d e n o r m eta l cover th a t is fixed

o u tsid e a d o o r o r w in d o w and th a t can be opened
o r shut

sledge /sleds/ a ve h icle w ith o u t w h eels th a t is

u su a lly used fo r tra v e llin g on snow

s o lu tio n / s o 'lu r jn / a w ay o f solv in g a p ro b le m ,

d e a lin g w ith a d iffic u lt s itu a tio n , etc

fo rm a lin e o f people,

cars, etc and w a it fo r sth o r to do sth

re a lis e / rirslaiz/ to k n o w and u n d e rs ta n d th a t sth is

are all th e sam e and th a t can breed to g e th e r

e m p ty b u ild in g w ith o u t th e o w n e rs perm issio n

s tru g g le /'strAgl/ a fig h t in w h ic IT sb trie s to do or

get sth w h en th is is d iffic u lt: All countriesshould

join together in thestruggle against terrorism

.
ta x p a y e r /'taekspeio/ a person w h o pays ta x to th e
g o ve rn m e n t, espe cially on th e m o n e y he/she earns

tr a n q u illis e r / 't r a r jk w s l a iz o / a d ru g th a t is used fo r

m a k in g pe o p le o r a n im a ls feel calm o r to help

lik e a s m all lo rry th a t is used

fo r c a rry in g th in g s in

t u r t le / 't 3 i t l / a re p tile w ith a th ic k shell th a t lives in

s p lit u p (w ith sb) to end a m a rria g e or a re :

th r o w sb o u t to force sb to leave a place
w ake (sb) u p to stop sle epin g; to m ake sb s : :
sle epin g

w e a r o f f to becom e less stro n g o r to disagree

c o m p le te ly : Her headache returnedassee
painkiller woreoff.

Idiom s
pay a /th e p ric e (fo r s th /fo r d o in g sth) to su
because o f bad luck, a m istake o r sth

so l

d on e: He looked terrible thism

orning, he:

thepricefor all thoselate nights.

s lip th ro u g h th e n e t w h e n sb/sth slips th rc
n et, an o rg a n is a tio n o r a system fa ils to r -

mentioned it. I didn't realiseit upset you.

deal w ith h im /h e r

re fle c t

/ri'flekt/ to

show o r express sth

refuse /ri'fjurz/ to say o r show th a t you do n o t w a n t

to do, give, o r accept sth

re n t

/rent/ to

sq ua t

ta k e a dva n ta g e o f sb/sth to m ake good :

o f sth: W
eshould takefull advantage c j :

prices while theylast.

pay m o n e y fo r th e use o f land, a

b u ild in g , a m ac h in e , etc

/skwDt/ to

live in an e m p ty b u ild in g w ith o u t

perm issio n fro m th e o w n e r

su rv iv e /so'varv/ to c o n tin u e to live o r exist in or

a fte r a d iffic u lt o r dangerous s itu a tio n

Unit 10
Nouns
a p p o in tm e n t / s 'p o in t m s n t / (w ith sb an

Adjectives
enda n ge re d /in 'd e in d jsd / (used a b o u t anim a ls ,
plants, etc) in d a n g e r o f d is a p p e a rin g fro m th e
w o rld (b eco m in g e xtinct): Thegiant panda isan

endangeredspecies.
e th n ic / e0m k/ conn ected w ith o r ty p ic a l o f a
p a rtic u la r race o r relig io n

fa b u lo u s / ' f e b j s b s / very good; excellen t

fru s tr a tin g /frAstreitir)/ m a k in g you feel a n g ry or
im p a tie n t because you c a n n o t get w h a t you w a n t

th e m sleep

n e w hom e, jo b , etc: Howare thechildren :

in at their newschool?

tru e o r th a t sth has hap p e n e d : Imsorry I

species /'spi:Ji:z/ a g ro u p o f pla n ts o r a n im a ls th a t

s q u a tte r /'skwDto/ a person w h o is liv in g in an

there whenshecame roundfromtheopee

firs t tim e in a p a rtic u la r place o r s itu a tio n

o w n fao n / to have sth b e lo n g in g to y o u ; to possess

sth

rh in o / 'r a i n o u / a large a n im a l fro m Africa o r Asia,

com e ro u n d to becom e conscious aga in: He

lo o k a fte r sb to ta k e care o f sb

e n title /m taitl/ (to sth) to give sb th e rig h t to have or

o rig in a te / 3 'n d 3 i n e i t / to hap pen o r app e a r fo r th e

re co rd / 'r e k o r d / th e facts, events, etc th a t are know n

s e ttle in /in to sth to sta rt fe e lin g c o m fo rta b e

p a rtic u la r way: fane considersherself an expert on

n a tu ra l d isa ste r / .n a s t jr s l d i z a rs to / a disaster such

th e sea

p e rs o n a lly / 'p s r s s n s li/ used to show th a t %:

cla im /kleim / to ask fo r sth fro m th e g o v e rn m e n t, a

co n c lu d e /k o n klurd/ to end o r to b rin g sth to an

lo c a tio n / b u ' k e i j n / a place o u ts id e th e b u ild in g

/trAk/ a ve h icle

th in g m e n tio n e d : Despitehavingverylit: e

is

a special day
com pany, etc because you th in k it is y o u r legal

le a fle t / ' l i r f b t / a p rin te d piece o f pap er th a t gives

tr u c k

Adverbs

b e n e fit / bem fit/ (fro m sth) to receive an adva ntag e

needy / niidi/ n o t h aving eno u g h m oney, fo o d ,

clothes, etc

o rig in a l / o 'n d s s n l / n e w and in te re s tin g ; d iffe re n t

fro m oth e rs o f its type

a rra n g e m e n t to see sb a t a p a rtic u la r tim e

an appointment with Dr Sula at 3 o'c

a p p ro v a l / s 'p r u r v l / fe e lin g , s h o w in g o r sav you t h in k sth is good; a g re e m e n t

a ttitu d e / 'a e titju r d / (to /to w a rd s s b /s tr th e

th in k , feel o r behave: Peoplesattitude to

marriage ischanging.
b in / b i n / a c o n ta in e r th a t you p u t ru b b is "
co ng e stio n / k s n 'd g e s t js n / to o m a n y \ e r :
tra ffic on th e roads

c o v e rin g l e t t e r /.k A v o rir) ' l e t s / a le tte r ::

extra in fo rm a tio n th a t you send w ith sth es
a jo b a p p lic a tio n

im

ta e / k a n k p b m

v i: t a i/

v onCV) a fo rm a l list o f y o u r e du cation

m r f m . e^oerience, o fte n used w h e n you are

d ir f D r i's t e iJ n /c u t t in g d o w n trees

d i s o 'p r u iv l / a fe e lin g th a t sth is bad

re com m e n d / ,r e k o 'm e n d / to te ll sb w h a t you

'e c aired , etc

stro n g ly b e lieve he/she s h o u ld d o : / recom

mend

a arge a m o u n t o f w a te r th a t has spread

that youget som

elegal advice.

i -

f ' th e sea, etc th a t covers an area w h ic h

m in g / , g b u b l 'w o im ig / th e increase in
t c e ra tu re o f th e e a rth s atm o s p h e re , caused

c o u n try

suggest / s o 'd je s t / to m e n tio n a plan o r an idea th a t

y ou have fo r sb to discuss o r consider: My boss

" m t - t'ease o f ce rta in gases

-

re p re se n t / . r e p r i'z e n t / to act o r speak in th e place

o f sb else; to be th e representative o f a g ro u p or

H h u AC be d ry
t ilt

p re d ic t / p r i ' d i k t / to say th a t sth w ill hap pen in th e

ic.o i - :
m

p la n t / p l a i n t / to p u t plants, seeds, etc in th e gro u n d

fu tu re : Hepredicted that it would rain.

s b e h aving b ad ly

irofc 2 ' area o f a p o rt w h e re ships stop to be

Hal

a d m ira tio n and respect: Shesalways trying to

to grow : toplant a tree

I I. m.ii' i e -g e a re a

L fit r

im press / im 'p r e s / sb (w ith sb/sth) to m ake sb feel

im
presspeople with her designer clothes.

r : re : a new jo b
on

expand / ik 's p r e n d / to m ake sth bigger

si ousy noisy a c tiv ity o f a lo t o f peo ple in

suggestedthat I hadmyeyestested.

am
- : s :e .\e escapedfromthehustle and bustle
I m tti : t> for the w
eekend.
w

.I

kaep / a layer o f ice th a t p e rm a n e n tly

parts o f th e e a rth , espe cially a ro u n d th e

f t

i a South Poles

m~~ - 3r ; act o r s itu a tio n : Aknowledgeof

>ouldbean advantage.
m ze n o z/ b e h a v io u r th a t is considered to
:s s a p a rtic u la r society o r c u ltu re : tohave

it

pw < t rad m
anners
i|

sc and a ll th e th in g s th a t

ic t

hap pen in it th a t

- a a e o r caused by peo ple

-

pa l u i j n / t h e a c tio n o f m a k in g th e air,
; ; rty and dangerous: Major stepsare

h e f : -aten tocontrol thepollution of beaches.

p r o d A k 't r v o t i/ th e rate a t w h ic h a
tut ii -

s ::m p a n y o r a c o u n try produces goods,

B u t ltd - a m o u n t p roduce d, c o m p a re d w ith how

11 o

x o rk and m o n e y is needed to produce

ncreasedproductivity

;-

mmt"-.

r e t a r d th e facts, events, etc th a t are know n

- e : mes w ritte n dow n) a b o u t sb/sth: He

tar 1 -icordof thedisturbances.

S i-g

s a r k lig / p u ttin g used objects and

1 : t " o u g h a process so th a t th e y can be

m u

- r r r a p io / a place o r a state th a t exists o n ly

r a g n a tio n , w h e re e v e ry th in g is perfect

4 r i i a t i a n u m b e r o f d iffe re n t types o f th e

o r weaknesses: Thisadvertisingcam
paign playson
people'sfears of illness.

p u ll sth o u t to take sth o u t o f a place s u d d e n ly or

w ith force; to rem ove sth

ru n o u t (of sth) to fin is h y o u r sup p ly o f sth; to com e

to an end : W
e'verun out of coffee.

send sth in to send sth to a place w h e re it w ill be

o ffic ia lly d e a lt w ith : I sent m
yapplication in weeks
agobut I still havent had a reply.

slow d ow n to go at a slo w e r speed o r be less active:

Youmust slowdown a little (= w o rk less hard) or

you'll makeyourself ill.
ta k e sb on to sta rt to e m p lo y sb: Thefirmistaking
on newstaff.

am azed / o 'm e iz d / (a t/b y sb/sth) v e ry surprised;

ta k e sth up 1 to learn o r s ta rt to do sth, espe cially

a stonished: I w
asamazed by thechange in him.
believe : Ivegot an am
azingstory to tell you. verb:

sth: Hestaken on a lot of extra w

ork.
fo r pleasure: Iverecentlytaken upyoga. 2 to start
o r begin sth such as a jo b : He takes up hisnew

rolenext week.

am aze

a p p a llin g / o 'p o i lir i/ shocking; e x tre m e ly bad: The

prisoners werelivingin appalling conditions, verb:

appal
believe: I find it absolutely astonishing that you

didnt like thefilm.

d e s ira b le / d i'z a io r o b l/ w a n te d , o fte n by m any
p eo ple; w o rth having: Experienceisdesirable but
not essentialfor thisjob.

d is tu rb in g / d i's t a ib ir ) / m a k in g you w o rrie d o r upset:

I found the documentary verydisturbing.

d re a d fu l / 'd r e d f l / very bad o r u n p le a s a n t: W
ehad a

Idiom s
be a ll fo r s th /fo r d o in g sth to b e lieve stro n g ly th a t
sth s h o u ld be don e: Hesall for bringingback the

death penalty.
be y o u r o w n boss to w o rk fo r y o u rse lf and m ake
y o u r o w n decisions

in tim e (fo r s th /to d o sth) n o t late; w ith enough

tim e to be able to do sth: Don't w
orry. W
e'll get

therein timefor your train.

on tim e n o t to o late o r to o early; p u n c tu a l: Thetrain

left on tim
e.

dreadful journey - trafficjams all the way! verb:

dread

fa r-s ig h te d / , f a : 's a it id / b e in g a b le to see w h a t w ill

be necessary in th e fu tu re and m a k in g plans fo r it

Answ ers to P s ych o m etric tests on page 10

P e rs o n a lity test
1 If y o u a n s w e re d 'a ' y o u 'r e a 'p e rc e iv e r' a n d

fa scin a te d /'fa e s m e itid / (by sb/sth) very in terested:

p re fe r a fle x ib le , s p o n ta n e o u s a p p ro a c h to

I'vealways beenfascinated byhis ideas.

life , c h o o s in g t o keep y o u r o p tio n s o p e n . If

id y llic / I ' d i l i k / v e ry pleasant and pea ceful: an idyllic

y o u a n s w e re d 'b ' y o u 'r e a ju d g e r a n d lik e a

location
in c re d ib le / i n k r e d o b l/ e x tre m e ly good o r big

a c 'o to g r a p h o r a p ic tu re in a film

p la y o n sth to use and take adva ntag e o f sbs fears

ta k e sth on to accept a re s p o n s ib ility o r decide to do

a s to n is h in g /o 's tD ra J ip / very s u rp ris in g ; d iffic u lt to

n e r t fa all th e plants, a n im a ls , etc in th e

pleasure fo r sth to h ap pen: I lookforward to

hearingfromyou.

Adjectives

a m a zin g / o 'm e iz n j/ v e ry s u rp ris in g and d iffic u lt to

11D M 3/ th e state o f k n o w in g a b o u t a

m
m
- edge

lo o k fo rw a rd to (s th /d o in g sth) to w a it w ith

p la n n e d a n d o rg a n is e d a p p ro a c h to life .
2 Y o u 're g iv e n th e o p tio n o f an u n d e c id e d

p essim istic / , p e s i'm is t ik / b e lie v in g th a t bad th in g s

a n s w e r, so y o u d o n 't fe e l fo rc e d in to o n e

w ill hap pen o r th a t sth w ill be n o t be successful

c o rn e r. T h e assessor is tr y in g t o fin d o u t y o u r

s h ockin g / ' J o k i t j / th a t o ffe n d s o r upsets p eo ple; th a t

m o tiv a tio n a n d a ttitu d e to life . B u t a w o rd o f

is m o ra lly w ro n g

a d v ic e , if y o u a n s w e r n o t s u re to a lo t o f

u se fu l / ' j u i s f l / h aving som e p ra c tic a l use; h e lp fu l

sth a large n u m b e r o r a m o u n t o f
*

:nof information/experience/talent
w e b b r a u z o / a c o m p u te r program

raittm c v -es
' 1 a i l d l a i f / birds, plants, a n im a ls , etc th a t
m

: i'd

ive in th e ir n a tu ra l e n v iro n m e n t

o f m a k in g a d e c is io n .

hap pen o r has happened

w o rry in g / 'w A r ii p / causing you to feel w o rrie d

lo o k a t w o rd s and pic tu re s fro m o th e r

r s.ste m s by receiving in fo rm a tio n th ro u g h

q u e s tio n s lik e th is , y o u m a y s o u n d in c a p a b le

w o rrie d / 'w A r id / th in k in g th a t sth bad m ig h t

A b ility test

(b)

Phrasal verbs
c a rry sth o u t to do a task, repair, etc: tocarryout a

survey
end u p to fin d y o u rs e lf in a s itu a tio n o r a place th a t
you d id n o t in te n d o r expect to be in : I ended up

crtes

in hospital with a broken leg.

m
m
tm
r- 5 fc a is to o b ta in o r buy sth, usu a lly fo r
companyhasacquiredsharesin a

mmat msness.

fo r sth) to ask fo r sth in w ritin g :

to that companyfor ajob. noun:

ti :
s eep lig h tly a n d /o r fo r a s h o rt tim e :
fur ' 1 3:: nginfront of the television.
r. w
to p u t sth in an envelope,
I P " i Er v : w ith sth else: I enclosem
y CVand the
m -e 1
addressesof threereferees.

' ii,

d id o r had re g u la rly before: Dont give up hope.

Thingsare bound toim

prove.
i

tee

give sth u p to stop d o in g sth o r h aving sth th a t you

h and (sth) o v e r (to sb) to give sb else y o u r p o s itio n

o f p o w e r o r th e re s p o n s ib ility fo r sth: Sheresigned

aschairperson and handedover tooneof her

younger colleagues.
keep sb on to c o n tin u e to e m p lo y sb: Theyonly kept
himon becausehe'dbeen with thecompanyfor
solong.

5 L-shapes

1 A f o r t ilis t

New
Ur

S JR H *

Matrix

A new edition of the challenging secondary course which

prepares students for success in th e ir school-leaving exam s.
Popular features improved and updated
in response to teachers feedback:
: thought-provoking topics and authentic texts
demanding materials to build confidence

systematic exam training: exam tasks, tips and techniques

gram m ar activated through exam-like tasks

emphasis on effective production:
- speaking on a range o f involving subjects
- step-by-step guidance in w riting a variety o f texts
regular revision and recycling

gram m ar reference
dictionary-style w ordlist

W h ats new?
building o f key vocabulary to cover the exam topics in every unit
in Word focus
improved gram m ar practice lessons
enhanced coverage o f culture in Culture focus
i: authentic extracts from literature in Reading for pleasure

New Matrix
Students Book
W o rk b o o k
Teacher's Book
Class Cassettes / Class CDs

OXFORD

OXFORD ENGLISH
ISBN 978-0-19-476614-2

U NIVERSITY PRESS

9780194766142
B2

w w w .o u p .c o m /e lt

81

780194 766142