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Formulae 0111

This formula sheet summarizes key concepts in elementary differential and integral calculus. It includes formulas for exponents, logarithms, trigonometry, inverse functions, lines, circles, triangles, Pascal's triangle, quadratics, and standard derivatives and integrals.

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Ambalika Smiti
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218 views2 pages

Formulae 0111

This formula sheet summarizes key concepts in elementary differential and integral calculus. It includes formulas for exponents, logarithms, trigonometry, inverse functions, lines, circles, triangles, Pascal's triangle, quadratics, and standard derivatives and integrals.

Uploaded by

Ambalika Smiti
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Elementary Differential and Integral Calculus

FORMULA SHEET
Exponents
xa · xb = xa+b , ax · bx = (ab)x , (xa )b = xab , x0 = 1.

Logarithms
ln xy = ln x + ln y, ln xa = a ln x, ln 1 = 0, eln x = x, ln ey = y,
ax = ex ln a .

Trigonometry
cos 0 = sin π2 = 1, sin 0 = cos π2 = 0,
cos2 θ + sin2 θ = 1, cos(−θ) = cos θ, sin(−θ) = − sin θ,
cos(A + B) = cos A cos B − sin A sin B, cos 2θ = cos2 θ − sin2 θ,
sin(A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B, sin 2θ = 2 sin θ cos θ,
sin θ 1
tan θ = , sec θ = , 1 + tan2 θ = sec2 θ.
cos θ cos θ

Inverse Functions
y = sin−1 x means x = sin y and − π2 6 y 6 π2 .
y = cos−1 x means x = cos y and 0 6 y 6 π.
y = tan−1 x means x = tan y and − π2 < y < π2 .
y = x1/n means x = yn . y = ln x means x = ey .

Alternative Notation
arcsin x = sin−1 x, arccos x = cos−1 x, arctan x = tan−1 x, loge x = ln x.
Note: sin−1 x 6= (sin x)−1 , cos−1 x 6= (cos x)−1 , tan−1 x 6= (tan x)−1 .
However: sin2 x = (sin x)2 , cos2 x = (cos x)2 , tan2 x = (tan x)2 .

Lines
The line y = mx + c has slope m.
The line through (x1 , y1 ) with slope m has equation y − y1 = m(x − x1 ).
y2 − y1 y − y1 y2 − y1
The line through (x1 , y1 ) and (x2 , y2 ) has slope m = and equation = .
x2 − x1 x − x1 x2 − x1
The line y = mx + c is perpendicular to the line y = m0 x + c0 if mm0 = −1.

Circles
√
The distance between (x1 , y1 ) and (x2 , y2 ) is (x1 − x2 )2 + (y1 − y2 )2 .
The circle with centre (a, b) and radius r is given by (x − a)2 + (y − b)2 = r2 .

Triangles
In a triangle ABC:

a b c
(Sine Rule) = = ; (Cosine Rule) a2 = b2 + c2 − 2bc cos A.
sin A sin B sin C
4
Pascal’s Triangle
(x + y)2 = x2 + 2xy + y2 , (x + y)3 = x3 + 3x2 y + 3xy2 + y3 and so on.
The coefficients in (x + y)n form the nth row of Pascal’s triangle:

1
1 1
1 2 1
1 3 3 1
1 4 6 4 1
.............
and so on.

Quadratics √
−b ± b2 − 4ac
If ax + bx + c = 0, with a 6= 0, then x =
2
.
2a

Calculus
dy du dv dy du dv
If y = u + v then = + . If y = uv then = v+u .
dx{ dx dx } / dx dx dx
u dy du dv
If y = then = v−u v2 .
v dx dx dx
∫ ∫ ∫ ∫ ∫
dv du
(u + v) dx = u dx + v dx. u dx = uv − v dx.
dx dx
If y is a function of u where u is a function of x, then
∫ ∫
dy dy du du
= and y dx = y du.
dx du dx dx

Standard Derivatives and Integrals ∫


dy xa+1
a
If y = x then = a x ; and xa dx =
a−1
+ constant (a 6= −1).
dx ∫ a+1
dy
If y = sin x then = cos x; and sin x dx = − cos x + constant.
dx ∫
dy
If y = cos x then = − sin x; and cos x dx = sin x + constant.
dx ∫
dy
If y = tan x then = sec x; and tan x dx = ln | sec x| + constant.
2
dx ∫
dy
x
If y = e then = e ; and ex dx = ex + constant.
x
dx ∫
dy 1 1
If y = ln x then = ; and dx = ln |x| + constant.
dx x x ∫
dy 1 1
−1
If y = sin x then =√ ; and √ dx = sin−1 x + constant.
dx 1−x 2 1−x 2
dy −1
−1
If y = cos x then =√ .
dx 1 − x2 ∫
dy 1 1
−1
If y = tan x then = 2
; and 2
dx = tan−1 x + constant.
dx 1+x 1+x
5

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