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Solving Number Puzzles

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Statement of Rights
You may sell this book for profit or you may give it away or
use it as a bonus. You may NOT change it in any way.
Copyright Message
PLR Obtained by White Dove Books 2008
http://www.whitedovebooks.co.uk

for more papers please visit www.downloadmela.com

Disclaimer
Reasonable care has been taken to ensure that the information
presented in this book is accurate. However, the reader should
understand that the information provided does not constitute
legal, medical or professional advice of any kind.
No Liability: this product is supplied as is and without
warranties. All warranties, express or implied, are hereby
disclaimed.
Use of this product constitutes acceptance of the No Liability
policy. If you do not agree with this policy,
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permitted to use or distribute this aproduct.

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White Dove Books, its employees,
associates, distributors,
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agents and affiliates shall not be liable for any losses or damages
whatsoever (including, without limitation, consequential loss or
damage) directly or indirectly arising from the use of this
product.

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Contents
The Origins of The Number Puzzle............................................ 4
Playing The Puzzle ..................................................................... 8
Simple Tactics .......................................................................... 10
Solving Number Puzzles Part 1 ............................................. 14
Solving Number Puzzles Part 2 ............................................. 17
Solving The Number Puzzle Part 3........................................ 19
When All Else Fails .................................................................. 22
The Magic Square..................................................................... 25
The Number Puzzle in the Media ............................................. 29
About White Dove

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Books.........................................................
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The Origins of The Number Puzzle

The Number Puzzle has exploded into the popular
consciousness of Western culture in the last few years. It has
gone from an obscure Japanese game to a mass addiction.
Virtually every newspaper and magazine carries a Number
Puzzle these days and the bookshelves are positively littered
with Number Puzzle books. If you are a serious addict, you can
even buy programs for your computer to create a seemingly
infinite number of Number Puzzles.
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Though how many people know where
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game came from? Some, I am sure,
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warped mind of a newspaper
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origins are much older.

The Number Puzzle was born in the 18th century in Japan,

though some say it was China. It is a logic based puzzle known
in the USA as Number Place, which translates as Nanpure in
Japanese.
The word Sudoku TM a contraction of a longer phrase suuji
wa dokushin ni kagiru () which means the
digits must remain single - is actually trademarked by the
puzzle publisher Nikoli Ltd in Japan. Hence the references to the
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puzzle as Number Place by some publishers. In this publication,

we refer to the puzzle as the Number Puzzle to avoid any
possible trademark infringement.

The Number Puzzle itself draws upon the theory of magic

squares, which were held in high regard by earlier cultures such
as the ancient Greeks, Chinese and Babylonians. A magic
square is very similar in appearance to a Number Puzzle square
in that it is a square of numbers, but each column, row and
diagonal adds up to the same number. However, these squares
were used for magical, divinatory, and astrological purposes
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rather than entertainment.

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wdates back to 2800 B.C. in China

The first known magic square
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where Fuh-Hi, the

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w founder
mythical

of Chinese civilization

invented a magic square called the Loh-Shu or scroll of the

river Loh. Other cultures also created magic squares to honour
their gods and to divine their futures.

Magic squares remained very much the property of the mystics

and alchemists for a very long time. In the sixteenth century,
Cornelius Agrippa, a renowned German physician and
theologian constructed seven magic squares. These were
associated with the seven planets then known to science, which
included the Sun and the Moon.
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Then in 1979, The Number Puzzle was first published in the

USA in a logic and puzzle book. It was slow to grip the
imagination of Western cultures, occasionally appearing in
magazines for a bit of variety. Then it caught on in Japan in the
mid 1980s, before finally sweeping through other Western
cultures with all the unstoppability of a barbarian horde in 2005.
The Times published the first The Number Puzzle in the UK on
12th November 2004, calling it Su Doko. From then on, The
Number Puzzles future was secured.

The Number Puzzle made its first appearance on a home

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computer in the form of DigitHunt on the
co Commodore 64 in
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1989, and has appeared in various dforms
since. Today though,
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you can find many different dversions

for your computer, all
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promising to feed your

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addiction

and stretch your mind.

What is it that makes The Number Puzzle so fiendishly

attractive to people?

The rules for The Number Puzzle are astonishingly simple

compared to some puzzles, but the line of reasoning required to
complete a puzzle can be extremely complex. This combination
of simplicity and complexity makes it very addictive as you
dont feel put off by a complex set of rules. You can learn to
play The Number Puzzle in minutes, but spend hours trying to
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solve a puzzle. The rules are very simple, each column and row
must contain only one instance of each number. The practicality
of solving the puzzle keeps many a commuter occupied on their
journey to work.

The first World Puzzle Championship took place in 2006, in

Lucca, Italy on March 10th to March 12th. Who knows, with
what you are going to learn in this little book, perhaps you could
become a master and look forward to competing in future
championships.
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Playing The Puzzle

Number Puzzles come in a variety of shapes. Most frequently
the puzzles come in a 9 by 9 grid, which is made up of three 3 x
3 sub grids called regions. These regions are also known as
boxes, blocks, quadrants and other terms.

Some cells already contain numbers called givens or clues.

Your goal, as the player, is to fill in the empty cells. Each cell
must contain only one number so that each column, row and
region contains the numbers 1-9 just once. This is where the

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single number from the puzzles name
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The difficulty of the puzzles
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of

givens provided has no reflection on the difficulty of the puzzle.

A puzzle with very few givens can be very easy, just as a puzzle
with lots of givens can be difficult. The difficulty of the game
depends on the positioning and relevance of the numbers.

Of course, you are not just limited to a 9 by 9 grid with Number

Puzzles. 4 by 4 grids with 2 x 2 regions have been used, as have
a 6 by 6 grid with 2 x 3 regions. The Times publishes a massive
12 by 12 grid with twelve 4x 3 regions.

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If you are seriously addicted then you can find even bigger
puzzles to challenge your mind. 16 by 16 grids have been
published, using 1 through to G. If thats not enough of a
challenge for you then there is a 25 by 25 grid available to feed
your addiction.

Of course, being such a popular puzzle, there are now many

variants with every newspaper and publisher trying to out do
each to gain readers, popularity and sales. Some variants require
that each region, column or row add up to a certain total. Even
three dimensional puzzles have appeared to seriously challenge
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the addicted.
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Variants with letters instead dof

ow numbers have also appeared,
though these are

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functionally

no different from the numerical

puzzles unless the letters spell something. Some variants have

the diagonals spell words, whereas the Code Duko by Steve
Schaefer embeds an entire sentence into the grid.

Whatever bookshop or magazine stand you frequent you will

find book after book offering you everything from simple
puzzles to the more fiendishly difficult ones. The opportunity to
feed your addiction has never been so good.

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Simple Tactics
If you have been living in a cave on top of a mountain for the
last two years you may have missed The Number Puzzle craze
that is sweeping Western culture.

So youve come out of your cave and found this strange grid of
numbers in a newspaper. What on earth do you do with it?

The rules for The Number Puzzle are very simple. Each row,
column and region must contain only one instance of each
number. The solving
complex.

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of a Number Puzzle
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can be much more

Through a process of elimination, deduction and logic you have

to work out which numbers go into each cell.
1

6
5

5
3

8
1

7
2

9
3

In the above example, what number would go into the cell with
the question mark in?
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Bearing in mind the rules, you can only have one instance of
each number in each column, row, or region, there is only one
number that will fit 8.
1

6
5
?

5
3

8
1

7
2

9
3

Now you decide you are going to concentrate

on the cell with
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the question mark in above.

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You know that because theres
only one instance of each
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number allowed per region. Therefore this cell cannot contain

the numbers 1, 6, 2, 5 or 9.

You also know that only one instance of each number is allowed
per row and column. Therefore this cell cannot be 4 or 7 either.

So by some deduction you know this cell cannot contain the

numbers 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, which means it can only contain 3 or
8. You can write these into your grid in superscript form as
shown below.
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6
5

3 8

5
3

7
2

9
3

You can also deduce from this region where the number 4
belongs. As you know that each row and column can only
contain one instance of each number there is only one place 4
can go:
1

5
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3

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You can also deduce from this region where the rest of the
numbers go:
1

78

73

38

5
3

8
1

7
2

9
3

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Using these simple techniques, youdmcan deduce which numbers

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must be in which column. With
w these two options, you can
do
.
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set you sights on anotherwregion
and complete the puzzle.

now

And when you are done, instead of retreating back to your cave
you can feed your new Number Puzzle addiction with any
number of books, newspapers or computer programs.

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Solving Number Puzzles Part 1

There are three main ways of solving the fiendishly difficult
puzzle. In this chapter, you will learn about the scanning
method.

When you start a puzzle, you scan it, and then you continue to
scan the puzzle periodically throughout the solution. There are
two basic techniques when it comes to scanning.

Firstly, there is the method known as Cross Hatching. This is

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where you can the rows (or columns)elato determine which line in
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a region contains a certain number,
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This is then repeated with each
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each number in order of their frequency then you can solve the

puzzle quicker. You must be systematic with this process,

checking each number from 1 to 9.

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The grid below illustrates the process of cross hatching

1

4
7

7
4

3
6

3
3

6
9

5
1
8

In this example, you know that the region in the top right much
contain the number 1. By hatching up from the ones elsewhere
in the grid, you can determine exactly where this number must

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be located. As you can see from theeblue
lines above, two rows
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and one column are immediately
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contain the number 1. Therefore
there is only one location left
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which could possibly contain this number, shown by the yellow

square above.

The second method involves counting the numbers 1 to 9 in

each region, rows and column to identify the missing numbers.
Counting based on the last discovered numbers may well speed
up the search. In tougher puzzles the easiest way to determine
the value of a single cell is by counting in reverse. That means
scanning the cells region, row and column for values that cell
cannot be. Through this, you see what numbers are left.

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Once you are more experienced with the puzzle you may start to
use what is known as contingencies whilst you are scanning.
This is where you narrow the possible location of a number to
two or three cells within a region, row or column. These
possibilities can then be used to help you eliminate other cells as
you continue with the cross hatching and counting.

If the puzzle is particularly fiendish, then you may have to use

multiple contingencies which will mean keeping your pencil
eraser handy as your brain does somersaults to keep them all in
their right place.
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If a puzzle can be solved solely bydmscanning, without having to

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identify contingencies, then it

is classified as an easy puzzle.
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More difficult puzzles

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that cannot be solved by this

method alone and will need the other methods described in the
next two articles in this series.

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Solving Number Puzzles Part 2

When no further numbers can be found, scanning stops being
useful. It is then time to use a different technique and engage in
some logical analysis. This type of analysis is called marking,
and involves physically making marks on the puzzle to help you
keep track of your analysis.

The next step to solving your puzzle is to mark possible

numbers in the blank cells. There are two popular methods for
this, subscripts and dots.

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Using the subscript notation format

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digits in small letters in

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thewcells.
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Most newspaper puzzles

though are too small to accommodate more than a few numbers

written in.

The second technique is using a pattern of dots, where a dot in

the top left hand corner represents a one and a dot in the bottom
right corner represents a nine.

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You need to be careful though as it is easy to inadvertently place

other marks which look like dots in the cells. This is shown in
the table below.
1

5
9

5
3

8
1

7
2

9
3

The code for the dots is shown in the following table:

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9
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Another alternative method is to fill a cell with Numbers that it

cannot be. This way, a cell starts empty and as you become
more and more aware of what the cell cannot be, the cell fills up.
Finally, you will have just one number missing and that has to
be the value of the cell.

Marking will help you to keep track of your logical analysis.

Start using marking on the simpler puzzles so that you can get
used to how it works. Then as you progress to the more
complex and larger puzzles you will find them much easier to
solve.
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Solving The Number Puzzle Part 3

There are many more techniques that you can use to solve that
Number Puzzle. As The Number Puzzle craze has gripped
society, so many different methods of solving these fiendish
puzzles have appeared.

A popular one is known as pairing.

1

6 4

3 6

6 4

In the above example two squares have the same candidate lists
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6 and 4. This means that these twoelacells use those two
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numbers between them. Therefore
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cannot actually contain thewnumber
6. It has to be 3.
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3 and 6

This technique can also be called Naked Pairing, and the same
concept can be expanded into what is called a Triple.
1

684

6 3

6 84

684

In this example, you can see that there are three columns that
contain the numbers 6, 8 and 4. This means that the fourth
column cannot contain the number 6.

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This pairing theory can be expanded to what is called Hidden

Pairs, illustrated in the region below:
7

23

235

1259

8
6

35

159

A hidden pair is where two numbers match, but are hidden

because they are in a cell with other numbers. In the above
example you can see a hidden pair with Numbers 1 and 5. This
example also contains a second hidden pair, can you spot it?

Of course, you can also get hidden triples and even hidden
quads. However,
much rarer.

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hidden quads are much
harder
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to spot and

There are many more methods of solving a Number Puzzle

depending on how advanced a puzzler you are.

There are techniques ranging from using colours to mark the

cells to a technique called Swordfish where you are using
knowledge from three rows to deduce numbers.

You can even use a technique called X-Wing, where there are
two lines, each having the same two positions for a number.

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You can further develop your Number Puzzle skills and learn a
technique called Nishio, which is one step removed from pure
guesswork. In this technique you find some cells with just a
couple of candidate numbers. You then pick on of these
numbers, almost at random, to work with.

You then work through the puzzle using this number. If it is

right, then great you have solved the puzzle. If it is wrong then
you need to back track your work and select the other number.
Its at this time that you are grateful you chose to use a pencil!
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If your Number Puzzle gets too much for
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solution would be a computer solving

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on the market to help you. Some

are free and some will cost
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you money. If you do

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a wGoogle

for The Sudoku Solver then

you will find any number of possibilities to help you sleep at

night and resolve that puzzle.

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When All Else Fails

You have been working on that fiendishly difficult Number
Puzzle now for days and are no closer to solving it. So what do
you do?

Well, there is an advanced strategy that you can use to solve

your puzzle. Its complex, tricky, and doesnt always work. Its
called guessing. And any good Number Puzzle guesser must
arm themselves with a pencil and eraser.
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Most Number Puzzles wont requireeyou
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but sometimes it may appear tonbe
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Often your guesses wont really
be guesses but logical leaps of
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faith. You may well be guessing because you are getting

frustrated, you are keen to solve it or because you are just plain
stuck.

If it comes down to guessing, then try to make a guess in a cell

where your options are limited. This gives you more of a
chance of making sure the guess is right and then it will open up
a whole set of new cells.

Of course, guessing isnt an instant panacea for solving your

Number Puzzle problems. When you have guessed the contents
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of one cell there are plenty more still to complete. The guess
may be correct, it may not, but I doesnt instantly mean your
work is over.

And the worst part?

One guess may not be enough. If you are stuck and out of ideas
then you may find that you have to make a number of guesses in
order to complete the puzzle. Each guess you make can lead
you down a different path where you make difference choices.
Its probably best to keep that eraser handy so you can back
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track if required.
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If you want to impress your friends,
then tell them you are
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practicing bifurcation.

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They will be very impressed and nod sagely not wishing to give
away the fact that they have no idea what bifurcation means.
You can, of course, feel smug in the knowledge that you know it
means guessing or trial and error.

If all else fails and you cant take it any more, then there is
always one more last resort computers. If you are truly stuck
then there are Number Puzzle solvers online that you can
download and run to solve that particularly tricky puzzle.
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However, remember that this will take away much of your sense
of fun and you will always feel that sense of satisfaction lacking.

A pencil, eraser, and your brain is by far the most satisfying that
using a computer. When youve used brainpower to solve a
Number Puzzle you have that satisfaction of knowing you did it.
Whilst your friends are still struggling, you can lean back, feel
smug and know youre smarter than them.

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The Magic Square

Number Puzzles are derived from the more ancient Magic
Square. These have been used for divination for aeons; the first
known magic square was discovered in China and dates from
2800 B.C.

Magic squares have been the premise of magicians and

alchemists for years, but they have also been a toy of
recreational mathematics; something many school children have
been introduced to.

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In a magic square, each column,nlorow,
and diagonal adds up to

the same number.

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2
9
4

7
5
3

6
1
8

In the above example every row, column and diagonal adds up

to 15.

The Lo shu scroll dating to 2800 B.C. is a magic square of this

order, three by three with each row, column and diagonal adding
up to 15. Interestingly, this is also the number of days in each of
the 24 cycles of the Chinese solar day.
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A four by four magic square was found in Khajuraho, India

dating to the eleventh or twelfth century. This was a
panmagic square, illustrated below.
3
13
2
16

10 15
8

11 14
5

6
12
7
9

In this example, the magic number is 34. As it is a panmagic

square, the broken diagonals also sum correctly, e.g. 10 + 1 + 7
+ 16 = 34, and 10 + 13 + 7 + 4 =34.
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n in European art courtesy of

The magic square first appeared
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Albrecht Durers

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engraving
w Melancholia

I. This square was

particularly interesting because not only is the number 34 is

found in each column, row and diagonal, but it is also found in
each of the quadrants, the centre four squares, the corner
squares, the four outer numbers clockwise from the courses (3 +
8 + 14 + 9), and also the four counter clockwise. It also appears
in a number of other places throughout the square.

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Spend a few moments admiring Albrechts square below and see

how many more combinations you can find that add up to 34.
Also, the two numbers in the middle of the bottom row give the
date of the engraving, 1514.
16

13

5
9

10
6

11
7

8
12

15

14

Magic squares have even appeared in religious art. Similar to

the Melancholia magic square, the magic sum of this square is
33, the age of Jesus at the time of the Passion. This magic
square can be found in the Passion faade
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Familia church in Barcelona and was
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Joseph Subirachs.

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1

14

14

11
8

7
10

6
10

9
5

13

15

As you can see from this example, magic squares do not have
the same restriction a Number Puzzle has. A magic square can
contain more than one instance of a number in a row or column.
Unlike The Number Puzzle, magic squares do not always have
regions that add up to a sum, but they can do.

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Magic squares can be fun to play with. They can stretch your
mind and make you think, much like The Number Puzzle.
When you are ready to move on from The Number Puzzle, start
designing magic squares. By the way, you can go bigger than
four by four on a magic square

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The Number Puzzle in the Media

The Number Puzzle first appeared as a game in the 18th century.
It took almost 200 years before it made it into the media.

In 1979 the first Number Puzzle was published in an American

puzzle magazine called Dell Pencil Puzzles and Word Games
where it was called Number Place.

Then it disappeared back into obscurity in the West,

occasionally appearing in puzzle magazines. In 1984 the

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Monthly Nikolist paper in Japan published
the same kind of
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puzzle under the name Sudokunl.
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Sudoku

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It was in 1989 that The Number Puzzle made its first migration
to computers. DigitHunt was published on the Commodore 64,
bringing The Number Puzzle to a whole new audience. In 1995
it appeared on the Apple Macintosh, and then in 1996 on the
Palm PDA.

In 1997 Wayne Gould, a retired judge from Hong Kong saw a

partly completed puzzle in a Japanese bookshop. He spent the

_____________________________________________________________________
Solving Number Puzzles

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next six year producing a computer program to quickly produce

these puzzles.

Wayne knew that the British loved crosswords and puzzles, so

he contacted The Times newspaper in London. As he imaged,
they leapt upon the idea and on 12th November 2004 published it
under the name of Sudoku . Every issue of The Times since
this date has contained a Number Puzzle.

The Number Puzzle immediately grabbed the attention of the

public, and just three days later The Daily Mail published the
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On May 20th 2005, The Number Puzzle made an intercontinental

leap and appeared in The Daily Telegraph of Sydney. This
massive surge of interest has resulted in The Number Puzzle
being called The fastest growing puzzle in the world.

Despite being the first publishers of Sudoku , The Times were

caught napping by the Daily Telegraph. Whereas The Times hid
the puzzle in the middle of the paper, The Telegraph splashed
The Number Puzzle over the front page, realising that it was
increasing sales. They took advantage of their market lead and
_____________________________________________________________________
Solving Number Puzzles

White Dove Books

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published the first book before the other papers realised just how
popular the puzzle was.

By mid 2005, every paper in Britain contained a Number Puzzle

and there was no escaping. Even small local papers were
getting in on the popularity of the puzzle. The newspapers
began to compete with each other, with both The Times and
Daily Mail both claiming to be the first to feature this puzzle.

2005 was really the year that the Number Puzzle captured the
imagination of the British people. The newspapers published
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It was during the promotion of this show that Sky One built a
275 foot (84m) square puzzle on a hillside near Chipping
Sodbury near Bristol, England. It was next to the M4 motorway
and was coincided with a major road expansion which meant
drivers were going slower and could safely view the puzzle.
Unfortunately for the television show makers, the puzzle had
1,905 correct solutions, not the usual one solution.

_____________________________________________________________________
Solving Number Puzzles

White Dove Books

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The Number Puzzle, has captured the minds of tens of thousands

of people. Its a puzzle that is here to stay, but be warned, once
you pick it up, you may struggle to put it down again.

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Solving Number Puzzles

White Dove Books

for more papers please visit www.downloadmela.com

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About White Dove Books

Will Edwards is the founder of White Dove
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Within its first three years, White Dove Books was recognised
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_____________________________________________________________________
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White Dove Books

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