Pipe Flow Tutorial for STAR-CCM+

ME 448/548
February 5, 2014

Gerald Recktenwald
[email protected]

Overview

This tutorial provides a recipe for simuL

lating laminar flow in a pipe with STARCCM+. The focus in on the procedure
for creating a model and visualizing the
results. The flow field itself is trivial.
The schematic to the right depicts flow
V
through a pipe of diameter D and length
D
L.
The flow is two-dimensional and axisymmetric. We will solve this problem
with a three-dimensional model even though it is computational wasteful. The
goal of this tutorial is to create a simple end-to-end recipe for laminar flows in
three-dimensional geometries. In other tutorials we will explore how to exploit
symmetry and how to reduce a three-dimensional mesh to a two-dimensional
mesh for even greater savings in computational effort.

1.1

Modeling Procedure

The main steps in obtaining a solution are

1. Build a geometric model of the fluid domain.
2. Assign fluid properties to the material in the domain.
3. Assign boundary conditions.
4. Generate a mesh.
5. Set parameters that control the solution.
6. Run the solver.
7. View the results.

1.2

Model Parameters and Boundary conditions

The pipe flow model is specified by defining the geometry D and L and the
inlet velocity V . The fluid is air, and STAR-CCM+ provides the density and
viscosity from its internal database of thermophysical properties. The location
of the inlet and outlet boundaries and a choice of models at those boundaries
must be specified.
The inlet boundary condition can be specified as uniform velocity or prescribed mass flow rate1 . The value of inlet velocity or inlet mass flow rate are
chosen so that the flow in the duct is laminar. We will choose a Reynolds number, ReD , and pipe diameter, and then compute the average velocity consistent
with ReD .
1A

velocity profile could also be specified at the inlet, but the procedure is a bit more
involved than the two simple boundary condition treatments discusses in this tutorial.

START A NEW SIMULATION

Let the tube have a diameter of 3 cm. The density and viscosity of air at
15 C are
= 1.23

kg
,
m3

= 1.79 105

Ns
kg
= 1.79 105
m2
ms

For laminar flow, choose ReD = 500

ReD =

V D

V =

kg
1.79 105 ms

m

ReD = 
500 = 0.24
kg
D
s
1.23 m3 (0.03 m)

The mass flow rate is




kg 
m 
kg
m
= V A = 1.23 3
0.2425
(0.03 m)2 = 2.11 104
.
m
s
4
s
The outlet boundary condition can be specified as a pressure outlet or a
mass flow split condition. For this tutorial, we will use a pressure outlet. The
choice of outlet boundary condition has little influence on the simulation results
for the simple pipe flow problem.
Although the type of outlet boundary condition is not important for this
problem, we need to consider where to locate the outlet boundary. In other
words, how long should the pipe be? White2 gives the following estimate for
the entrance length for laminar fully-developed flow in a pipe
Le
0.06ReD
D
For ReD = 500 and D = 3 cm, Whites formula gives L3 15D = 45 cm. The
purpose of this demonstration is not to simulate the developing flow. However,
using Le as a reference value allows us to choose a realistic length for the domain.
We will choose L = 45 cm.

Start a New Simulation

Create a new Simulation Model

1. Launch STAR-CCM+
2. From the File menu, select New Simulation.
3. In the dialog box, make sure the Serial button (in upper left corner) is selected, and
click OK.
The result is a new, blank simulation window,
as shown in Figure 1.

2 Frank

M. White, Fluid Mechanics, sixth ed., 2008, McGraw-Hill, p. 347

START A NEW SIMULATION

Simulation Tree

3
Graphics
(initially empty)

Menus

Properties

Output

Figure 1: STAR-CCM+ user interface appearance after creating a new simulation.

2.1

Orientation to the User Interface

STAR-CCM+ has a complex user interface that is more similar to a CAD tool
than a typical business application. Figure 1 shows the state of the interface at
the start of a new simulation.
The STAR-CCM+ interface is divided into four primary panes3 . The upper
left pane contains the Simulation Tree, which appears as a list of icons that look
like folders in a file browser. Each of the folder icons is a node in a hierarchy of
model features and parameters. The Simulation Tree is manipulated by clicking
on nodes to reveal subnodes. One also uses a right-click to expand a pop-up
menu for a node. During model creation, additional nodes appear when features
that are selected by the user require additional parameters to be specified.
Below the Simulation Tree, in the lower left corner of the user interface,
is the Properties Pane. When you select a node in the Simulation Tree, parameter choices or numerical values associated with that node are revealed in
the Properties Pane. Thus, an important mode of setting simulation parameters is to select a node in the Simulation Tree, and then choose the value of a
corresponding parameter in the Properties Pane.
The upper right corner of the user interface is the Graphics Pane, which
is empty at the start of a simulation. In creating a model and solving for
the flow field, you will create Scenes, which appear as tabbed sub-panes of
the Graphics Pane. For example, a Geometry Scene is used to display and
3 The STAR-CCM+ user guide refers to these panes as windows. Refer to the What is the
Client Workspace? in the Using STAR-CCM+ section of the User Guide.

BUILD THE GEOMETRY OF THE MODEL

manipulate manipulate three-dimensional images of the domain geometry and

mesh during the problem specification phase of the simulation. Other Scenes in
the Graphics Pane are used to monitor convergence of the solution, and display
field variables (velocity, pressure, turbulence quantities, etc.) after a solution is
obtained.
The Output Pane in the lower right quadrant is used by STAR-CCM+ to
display messages for the user. During meshing and during iterations toward
convergence, large amounts of text messages will scroll by in the Output Pane.
Although this information seems superfluous at first, the Output Pane can reveal
important aspects of the simulation status or numerical values important for
interpreting the results of a simulation.
For more information on the STAR-CCM+ user interface, refer to Using the
Star-CCM+ Workspace, in the on-line help: Select Help from the menus at the
top of the window.

Build the geometry of the model

The geometry of simple flow models can be created with a 3D-CAD tool that
is built into STAR-CCM+. We will use the 3D-CAD tool to create a cylindrical
object, and then incorporate that object as the fluid domain for the pipe flow
simulation.
CFD simulations require specifying the geometry and boundary conditions
on a fluid volume. Thus, unlike a typical CAD tool for drawing physical parts,
the STAR-CCM+ interface is designed to ultimately create volumes occupied by
fluid, not volumes occupied by solid parts. Although we are creating a model
of flow in a pipe, we will not be drawing the pipe. Rather, we will be drawing
a cylindrical plug that corresponds to the fluid inside the pipe.

3.1

Open the CAD tool and set the grid scale

1. Right click on the plus sign (+) next to the Geometry node in the Simulation
Tree.
2. Right click on the 3D-CAD Models node and select New... from the pop-up
menu. The Simulation Tree pane is replaced by a CAD Tree pane.
3. Right-click on the XY plane icon under the
Features node, and select Create Sketch from
the pop-up menu. The CAD Tree pane is replaced by a pane with two sub-panels, each
one highlighted by a light blue box. The upper sub-panel labeled Create Sketch Entities
contains icons for primitive sketching operations. The lower sub-panel labeled Display
Options contains icons for grid spacing, snapto-grid and other options. Note that the icons
in both panels contain tool-tips that are displayed when the mouse pointer hovers above
the icon.

BUILD THE GEOMETRY OF THE MODEL

4. Before drawing any features, set the grid scale for the CAD tool. Click on
the icon in the lower right corner of the Display Options panel.

5. Set the grid spacing to 0.005 m

Note that all physical quantities are specified with dimensions. Thus, the input
to the grid spacing dialog box could be 0.005 m, 0.5 cm, or 5 mm. Only SI and
metric units are accepted. If the units are not specified, the value is assumed
to be in the m-kg-s system.

3.2

Sketch a circle and extrude it to create a cylinder

.
1. Select the Create circle from center tool.
Mouse input to the CAD Tool
Drag and rotate an object
with the left mouse button

2. Click at the origin of the XY plane and drag

to enlarge the circle until its radius is 0.015
m. Hint: dragging mouse pointer along a grid
line takes advantage of the snap-to-grid feature, making it easy to specify the radius.

Zoom in with the middle

mouse button or scroll wheel
Pan with the right mouse
button

3. Click OK in the lower left corner of the CAD panel. Dont skip this step!
The result is a new entity, Sketch 1, in the CAD tree.
4. Right-click on Sketch 1 node in the CAD tree, and select Create Extrude
from the pop-up menu. A dialog box appears as shown in the left half of
Figure 2.
5. Enter 0.45m for the Distance parameter, and click the OK button in the
bottom left corner of the CAD pane.
The preceding steps create a three-dimensional cylinder in the Graphics Pane.
You will likely need to manipulate the image with the mouse to make the cylinder visible. The default viewing position is so close to the origin that the cylinder

BUILD THE GEOMETRY OF THE MODEL

does not fit into the viewport of the Graphics pane. Refer to the short list of
hints in the box above and to the right. For example, to make the cylinder
visible, try zooming away by using the middle mouse button or the scroll wheel,
and rotating the image with the left mouse button.

Figure 2: Dialog box for setting the extrusion distance (left). Extruded cylinder
(right).

3.3

Save the Model

Select Save from the file menu, and save the .sim file to the hard drive of your
computer. Its a good idea at this point to create a directory for the simulation
results as well as a meaningful file name. As you build the model and run
different cases, you will accumulate alternate .sim files for the same physical
problem. You will also generate external graphics files to be incorporated into
reports. Therefore, a little thought at this point will help you stay organized
later.

3.4

Label the surfaces

Labeling surfaces in the 3D-CAD tool will make it easier to identify boundaries
of the Regions later in the model setup. It is possible to label the surfaces later
using tools in the simulation mode.
Label the inlet, outlet and pipe wall surfaces with the following steps. Make
sure you are in the 3D-CAD mode as described in Figure 3.
1. Rotate the model so that the inlet (or outlet) end is visible.
2. Right-click on the face, and select Rename from the pop-up menu.
3. Change the name of the surface to inlet (or outlet).
4. Repeat the preceding steps to label the outlet (or inlet) and the pipe walls.
5. Close the 3D-CAD model, and return to the Simulation Pane.

BUILD THE GEOMETRY OF THE MODEL

Note: The steps to label the surface geometry require that you are
in working in the 3D-CAD mode of STAR-CCM+. If you are in the
Simulation mode, you will see the Simulation Tree for the model as
in the screen shot below right. Select the 3D-CAD mode by clicking
the 3D-CAD button as shown in the screen shot below left.

Figure 3: Toggling between the 3D CAD mode and the Simulation mode.
Notice that the view of the part shows up as a Geometry Scene.
Its possible that the geometry of the model will not be visible. In that case
create a new Geometry Scene.
1. Right click on Scenes at the top level of the simulation tree and select
New Geometry Scene.
2. Expand the Geometry Scene node and select the Parts corresponding to
the CAD model you just created.

3.5

Create a Geometry Part from the CAD Model

Simple CAD object becomes a fluid region

The 3D-CAD model is part of the current STARRegion
3D-CAD object
Part
CCM+ model file (the .sim file), but as a CAD
model it is not directly used in a CFD simulation.
Multiple CAD objects become a fluid region
All or part of a 3D-CAD model is a basis for a STAR3D-CAD object
Part
CCM+ Part, and the Part is used to create a ReRegion
Part
3D-CAD object
gion. These steps are represented in the first row of
Part
Imported object
the schematic to the right. This three-step proceMultiple CAD objects become multiple regions
dure may seem like a lot of unnecessary work just
3D-CAD object
Part
to build a model of flow in a pipe. The complexity
Region
3D-CAD object
Part
arises from the way that STAR-CCM+ manages defImported object
Part
Region
initions of the geometries used in flow simulations.
As depicted by the other examples in the schematic above and to the right,
multiple CAD objects (which may be imported from other CAD tools) can
be used to create separate Parts, which can be combined into a single Region.

CREATE A REGION THAT CONTAINS THE PIPE OBJECT

Alternatively, multiple CAD objects can be used to create separate Parts, which
can be used to create multiple Regions.
3.5.1

Procedure

Use these steps to create a geometry Part from the 3D-CAD model. Make sure
you are in the Simulation mode as described in Figure 3.
1. Expand the Bodies node.
2. Select Body 1 (or whatever you named the pipe object)
3. Right click and select New Geometry Part
You can rename the 3D CAD model (or not). I suggest Pipe_fluid or similar
name for the part. Notice that a new Part is created under the Parts node. Also
note that the names assigned in the CAD tool (Inlet, Outlet and Walls) have
been propagated to the nodes of the Parts tree.

3.6

Save the Model

Select Save from the file menu.

Create a Region that contains the pipe object

The physical problem being modeled my be specified in three distinct and independent categories.
Regions
Mesh Continuum
Physics Continuum
A region defines the topological relationship between material in the simulation,
i.e., it defines how the geometric entities (volumes or areas and their boundaries)
in the model are connected to each other. Boundary conditions are defined
on the region and the boundary conditions are independent of the mesh, the
kind of simulation (e.g., laminar or turbulent flow) or the thermophysical fluid
properties.
Each region has a Mesh Continuum that consistes of a surface and volume
mesh. Each region also has a Physics Continuum that specifies the physical
behaviors of the material, e.g., fluid or solid, compressible or incompressible,
liquid or gas. The Physics Continuum also specifies other factors that determine
the physical behavior such as steady or transient as well as the solution methods
used.
The three categories (Region, Mesh and Physics) influence each other. For
example, wall boundaries and inlet boundaries influence the interior mesh differently. However, the three categories are sufficiently distinct that you can make
major changes in on category, e.g., changing a boundary condition from constant wall temperature to adiabatic, without influencing the other categories.
This flexibility comes at a cost of greater complexity in setting up the model.
From the Star-CCM+ Users Guide4 :
4 See

What are Regions? in the StarCCM+ User Guide

CREATE A REGION THAT CONTAINS THE PIPE OBJECT

Regions are volume domains (or areas in a two-dimensional case) in

space that are completely surrounded by boundaries. They are not necessarily contiguous, and are discretized by a conformal mesh consisting
of connected faces, cells and vertices.
Translation: A region is a volume of material with the same physical properties
and the same meshing model. For the pipe flow tutorial, there is only one
Region. The boundaries of the region are used to impose boundary conditions
on the model
Regions are distinct. Information (e.g. mass flow or heat transfer) between
regions is only shared when the regions are explicitly joined by an interface. For
this problem, there is only one region and it is the volume occupied by the fluid
inside the pipe.
Before defining the fluid properties or the mesh, we will create the region
and name the surfaces on the boundaries. Think of regions as defining the
mathematical properties of the solution both the physical geometry and the
boundary conditions and not the artifacts of the solution such as the mesh or
turbulence model.

4.1

Create the Region

For this model there is only one region. The region is created from a part that
was created with the built-in CAD tool
CAD Model Part Region
1. Right click on the Region node and select New
2. Select the Geometric Parts for the region
a.
b.
c.
d.

In the Properties pane, click in the area to the right of Parts

Expand the Parts node in the pop-up window
Select the Pipe Fluid region (or Body 1 if you didnt name the Part)
Click OK

Notice that the there is one boundary called Default in the list of Boundaries.
Expand the Boundaries node if you do not see the Default boundary.

4.2

Assign the Boundaries of the region

There is only one Boundary called Default. We will create two new boundary
surfaces the inlet and the outlet and we will rename the remaining part of
the boundary.
4.2.1

Assign the Inlet Boundary

1. Right click on Boundaries and select New.

2. Right click on the newly created boundary and select Rename. . . (from
the bottom of the menu).
3. Enter inlet and click OK.

CREATE A REGION THAT CONTAINS THE PIPE OBJECT

10

Figure 4: Assigning the inlet surface patch to the inlet boundary of the fluid region
4. Click on the [...] button in the Part Surfaces item in the Properties Pane.
5. Expand the nodes and click on the inlet See Figure 4
6. Click OK
7. Set the boundary type to inlet with a prescribed velocity See Figure 6
a. Select the Type characteristic in the inlet property pane
b. Select Velocity Inlet from the pop-up menu
c. Expand the Physics Values node and select Constant
d. Set the Value to 0.24 m/s

4.2.2

Assign the Outlet Boundary

Repeat the steps used to create the inlet boundary. Instruction steps are abbreviated.
1. Create a new boundary and rename it outlet. New.
2. Assign the outlet part to the outlet boundary using the Part Surfaces item
in the Properties Pane.
3. Set the Type to Pressure outlet.
4.2.3

Assign the Wall Boundary

The default condition is that all surfaces are solid, adiabatic walls. Therefore,
no additional steps need to be taken. However, it is good practice to assign a
meaningful name to each boundary.

CREATE A REGION THAT CONTAINS THE PIPE OBJECT

Figure 5: Specifying the type of inlet boundary condition.

1. Right click on the Default boundary in the list of boundaries.
2. Select Rename. . . and enter pipe_wall.

4.3

Save the Model

Select Save from the file menu.

11

CREATE A REGION THAT CONTAINS THE PIPE OBJECT

Figure 6: Specifying the magnitude of the inlet velocity.

12

CREATE A MESH CONTINUUM

13

Create a Mesh Continuum

In this tutorial we will first use the polyhedral mesher with prism layers, which is
the mesh type commonly used for complex geometries. Although the polyhedral
mesher is easy to use, for this problem it creates a mesh that is topologically
more complex than necessary for the simple pie flow. In follow-up exercises, we
will explore different meshing models. Our immediate goal is to walk through
the basic CFD analysis procedure from start to finish, not to use the optimal
mesh.
Its a good idea to define the regions before defining the mesh because the
type of boundary (not the boundary values) influences the allowable types of
mesh adjacent to the boundary.

5.1

Specify the mesh type

1. Right click on the Continua node and choose NewMesh Continuum.

2. Right click on the newly created Mesh 1 node and choose Select Meshing
Models. . .
3. In the Model Selection dialog box, make the following choices
Surface Remesher
Polyhedral Mesher
Prism Layer Mesher
4. Click Close
5. Set the Base size
a. Open the Reference Value node under the Mesh 1 node
b. Select the Base Size node
c. In the Properties Pane, set the base size value to 0.005 m

5.2

Generate the mesh

1. Set the Base size

a. Open the Reference Value node under the Mesh 1 node
b. Select the Base Size node
c. In the Properties Pane, set the base size value to 0.005 m
2. Click on the Generate Solid Mesh icon

3. Open a Mesh Scene to view the mesh

a. Right click on the Scenes node at the top level of the Simulation tree
and select New SceneMesh
b. Expand the newly created Mesh Scene 1 node to inspect properties
c. Rotate and zoom in the new graphics pane for Mesh Scene 1

CREATE A PHYSICS CONTINUA

14

Create a Physics Continua

The Physics Continua defines the physical behavior of the material in the region.
It also specifies which type of global solution algorithm is used to solve the flow
field. Refer to Modeling Physics section of the User Guide.
1. Right click on the Continua node and choose NewPhysics Continuum.
2. Right click on the newly created Physics 1 node and choose Select models. . .
3. In the Model Selection dialog box, make the following choices
Three Dimensional
Steady
Gas
Segregated flow
Constant Density
Laminar
4. Click Close

Solve the flow field

7.1

Adjust the stopping criteria for the simulation

1. Open the Stopping Criteria Node

2. Change the Maximum Steps property to 100

7.2

Prepare to monitor the solution

Its possible to begin the solution immediately, but it is often helpful to have
a way to visualize the solution as it is happening. Well do that by creating a
display of the fluid pressure.

7.3

Open a Scalar Scene

1. Right-click the Scene node and select New ScenesScalar

2. Open the Displayers
3. Select the Scalar Field node of the Scalar 1 node
4. In the Properties panel, click on the Select Function pop-up and (scroll
down to) select Pressure.

SOLVE THE FLOW FIELD

7.4

15

Create a reports to monitor the pressure

1. Right-click Reports and select New ReportMaximum

2. Click on the Maximum 1 node that was just created
3. Rename the report to Maximum Pressure
4. Click on the Scalar Property and select Pressure from the pop-up menu for
scalar Properties
5. Click on the [ ] value for the Parts Property (or click the [...] icon.)
6. A dialog box opens
a. Select the Region 1
b. Click OK
7. Right-click on Reports and select New ReportMinimum
8. Repeat the steps for the maximum pressure report. This time the output
of the report will be the minimum pressure.

7.5

Make the Monitor Plot visible

Select the PlotsMaximum Pressure Plot node in the Simulation Tree

7.6

Run the simulation

Click the

INSPECT THE SOLUTION

8
8.1

16

Inspect the solution

Residual Plot

Figure 7: Residual plot

8.2

Monitor Plot Maximum Pressure

Figure 8: Maximum pressure value in the domain during iterations toward convergence

INSPECT THE SOLUTION

8.3

17

Scalar plot pressure on pipe wall

1. Select Scalar Scene 1

2. Open the Displayers node and select the Scalar 1 node
3. Expand the Parts node
a. Make the Pipe wall visible
b. In the Parts property, click on the [ ] value
c. Select wall and click the > icon to move the wall from the Select From
list to the Selected list
d. Click close
4. Select Scalar Field node in the Scalar 1 scene. The result should be a
shaded surface plot of the pressure on the pipe wall.

INSPECT THE SOLUTION

8.4

18

Velocity Vector Plot

By default, scalars and vectors are only viewable on the surfaces of the fluid
Regions. To display the velocity vectors inside the domain, we first need to
create a surface on which the vectors are displayed. The simplest surface is a
plane aligned with one of the coordinate axes.
1. Click on the Derived Parts node and Select NewPlane Section.
2. In the New Section dialog box, leave defaults for Plane Parameters (or
adjust as necessary to put the plane through the center)
3. ScenesNew SceneGeometry
With a new (derived) part ready to be selected, create the velocity field plot as
a Vector Displayer
1. Right click Scenes node and select NewVector Displayer
2. Click create

Figure 9: Velocity Vectors

8.4.1

Modify vector length

1. Under the Geometry Scene 2 node

2. Open the Displayers
3. Select Section Vectors
4. Select Relative Length
5. In the properties pane, set the Glyph Length (%) to a new value, say 2

INSPECT THE SOLUTION

8.5

19

Plots to add

1. Velocity Profile plot

2. Pressure along pipe axis

8.6

Exporting plots and data for use in model documentation

Show how to export the profile data

FUTURE UPDATES TO THE TUTORIAL

20

Future Updates to the Tutorial

9.1

Modify the model and rerun it

Change the inlet BC from uniform velocity to a mass flow rate

10

Explore alternative mesh models

1. Use a polyhedral mesh without the prism layers

a. Change the mesh models to de-select the prism layer
b. Delete the current mesh and create a new volume mesh
c. Re-run the analysis
2. Use a trimmed mesh
3. Use a generalized cylinder mesh

11

Engineering Analysis

The images created in post-processing with STAR-CCM+ usually need to be

incorporated into a report or used in a presentation. It is important to know how
to display the CFD simulation results in a way that contributes to engineering
analysis. The three-dimensional velocity vector plots and surface contour plots
are impressive and useful for obtaining a qualitative picture of the flow field.
However, engineering analysis requires quantitative information such as pressure
drop or total heat transfer rate, or the net aerodynamic force on an object.

11.1

To do

1. Add steps to the tutorial on how to extract engineering data

2. Write up a separate, short paper that shows these engineering results
properly formatted and discussed
3. Interpret the engineering analysis write-up in terms of good practice for
documentation and in terms of expectations for homework.
Plot velocity profile at axial locations.
1. Show how to plot velocity profiles in StarCCM+
2. Show how to export the data and create the plot in Matlab
Plot pressure along the centerline.
1. Show how to plot pressure along the centerline in StarCCM+
2. Show how to export the data and create the plot in Matlab
Discuss whether the flow is fully-developed.
1. Velocity profiles are not invariant along the length of the pipe

12

HOMEWORK

21

2. How does the velocity profile at the exit compare to the model of fully
developed laminar flow (parabolic profile)?
3. Pressure drop becomes linear almost immediately after the entrance (?)
Questions for further model development
1. How might mesh be refined to improve the result?
2. Does the domain need to be lengthened?

12

Homework

1. Refine the mesh

2. Add prism layers
3. Use cylindrical mesh elements
Does the inlet boundary condition affect the result? Compare the solution
results for uniform inlet velocity versus total mass flow rate at the inlet.
Compare quantitative measures:
1. Pressure gradient at the inlet. Extract pressure gradient as a numerical
value (line fit?)
2. pressure distribution over the inlet (p = f (r))
Compare numerical friction factor to theoretical friction factor
1. Rerun the model for different inlet velocities
2. Tabulate and plot dp/dx versus mdot
3. Compute fRe from dp/dx assuming that the flow is fully-developed
4. Repeat with a 2D model