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This document contains an assignment for a mechanical engineering course on applied thermodynamics. It includes 19 questions covering various thermodynamic topics like definitions of thermodynamic functions, equations, properties of materials, combustion of fuels, calorific values, stoichiometry, and thermochemistry. The questions require calculations, derivations, and explanations related to concepts like Maxwell relations, Clausius-Clapeyron equation, Joule-Thomson effect, adiabatic flame temperature, combustion analysis, and heats of reaction.

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Mitesh Kumar
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126 views

Assignment

This document contains an assignment for a mechanical engineering course on applied thermodynamics. It includes 19 questions covering various thermodynamic topics like definitions of thermodynamic functions, equations, properties of materials, combustion of fuels, calorific values, stoichiometry, and thermochemistry. The questions require calculations, derivations, and explanations related to concepts like Maxwell relations, Clausius-Clapeyron equation, Joule-Thomson effect, adiabatic flame temperature, combustion analysis, and heats of reaction.

Uploaded by

Mitesh Kumar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Mechanical Engineering Deptt.

Faculty: Mitesh Kr.


Applied Thermodynamics (NME-401)
Assignment No. 01
Thermodynamic relations

1. Define Helmholtz and Gibbs Functions and hence derive the Maxwell Relations,
using 'mathematical conditions' for exact differentials.
2. Derive the 1st and 2nd Tds equations.
3. Define coefficient of volume expansion and isothermal compressibility.
4. Using cyclic relation of function, f(p, v, T)=0 and definitions of and k, show that

5. Using Maxwell relation, derive the following equations.


i)

ii)

where, = coeff. of expansion & k= isothermal compressibility


6. Using the definition of Cp and Cv show that:
i)

ii)

7. Prove that,

8. Derive the Clausius Clapeyron equation.


9. Using the Clausius Clapeyron equation estimate the value of enthalpy of
vapourisation for refrigerant R-12 at 20 o C and compare it with tabulated value
hfg=160.91 kJ/kg at
20 o C.
10. An ice skate is able to slide over the ice because the skate blade exerts sufficient
pressure on ice that a thin layer of ice is melted in water layer. Determine the
pressure an ice skate blade must exert to allow smooth ice skate at -10 o C. Take:
Latent heat of fusion of ice= 334 kJ/kg
Specific volume of water = 1 10 3 m3/kg

Specific volume of ice= 1.01 10 3 m3/kg


[hint: use Clausius-Clapeyron]
11. Explain the Joule Thomson experiment, hence define Joule Thomson coefficient.
Why is it zero for an ideal gas?
12. Describe the inversion curve and the maximum inversion temperature. How the
gasses can be cooled in throttling process, explain?
13. Estimate the Joule-Thomson coefficient of steam at (a) 3 MPa and 300C and (b)
6 MPa and 500C.
14. Steam is throttled slightly from 1 MPa and 300C. It is to be determined if the
temperature of the steam will increase, decrease, or remain the same during this
process.

Mechanical Engineering Deptt.


Faculty: Mitesh Kr.
Applied Thermodynamics (NME-401)
Assignment No. 02
Fuels and combustion
1. What do you understand by fuel?
2. Describe different types of fuel.
3. What do you mean by endothermic and exothermic reactions? Explain.
4. Describe proximate analysis and ultimate analysis and their relevance.
5. What is meant by stoichiometric air-fuel ratio?
6. Describe calorific values of fuel and its measurement.
7. What is excess air?
8. Explain working of Orsats analyzer for flue gas analysis.
9. The percentage composition of a fuel by weight is as follows:
Carbon = 89.3 per cent; Hydrogen = 5 per cent; Oxygen = 4.2 per cent; Nitrogen = 1.5
percent and the remainder ash. Determine the stoichiometric air-fuel ratio by mass. If
30 per cent excess air is supplied, find the percentage composition of dry flue gases
by volume.
10. Octane (C8H18) is burned with dry air. The volumetric analysis of the products on
a dry basis is
CO2: 10.02 percent
O2: 5.62 percent
CO: 0.88 percent
N2: 83.48 percent
Determine (a) the airfuel ratio, (b) the percentage of theoretical air used, and (c) the
amount of H2O that condenses as the products are cooled to 25C at 100 kPa.
11. In a boiler trial, the analysis of the coal used is as follows: C = 20%, H 2 = 4.5%,
O2 =7.5%, remainder incombustible matter. The dry flue gas has the following
composition by volume:
CO2 = 8.5%, CO = 1.2%, N2 = 80.3%, O2 = 10%.
Determine:
(i) Minimum weight of air required per kg of coal.
(ii) Percentage excess air.
12. Ethyl alcohol is burned in a petrol engine. Calculate
a) the stoichometric air-fuel ratio by mass.

b) the A/F ratio and the wet and dry analyses by volume of the exhaust gas for
a mixture strength of 120%.
13. Find the stoichiometric air-fuel ratio for the combustion of ethyl alcohol (C2H6O),
in a petrol engine. Calculate the air-fuel ratios for the extreme mixture strengths of
90% and 120%. Determine also the wet and dry analyses by volume of the exhaust
gas for each mixture strength.

14. The analysis of the dry exhaust from and internal-combustion engine gave:
CO2 = 12 per cent ; CO = 2 per cent ; CH4 = 4 per cent ; H2 = 1 per cent ; O2 = 4.5 per
cent and the remainder nitrogen. Calculate the proportions by mass of carbon to
hydrogen in the fuel, assuming it to be a pure hydrocarbon.
15. Define adiabatic flame temperature. Also explain the effect of different
parameters on the value of adiabatic flame temperature
16. Determine the higher and lower calorific values of gas at atmospheric pressure
and 15oC using the following observations from a gas calorimeter for any fixed time.
Atmospheric pressure = 76 cm Hg
Gas burnt = 0.015 m3
Cooling water collected = 11 kg
Condensate collected = 0.01 kg
Cooling water temperature rise = 6oC
Gas pressure above atmosphere = 4.2 cm of water
Gas temperature = 17oC
Latent heat of steam at atmospheric pressure = 2440 kJ/kg
Density of mercury = 13600 kg/m3.
[Higher calorific value = 18470 kJ/m3, Lower calorific value = 18445.6 kJ/m3]
.
17. Orsat analysis of the products of combustion of hydrocarbon fuel of unknown
composition is as follows:
Carbon dioxide (CO2) = 9% Carbon monoxide (CO) = 0.6%
Oxygen (O2) = 7.3% Nitrogen (N2) = 83.1%
Determine the following:
(i) Air-fuel ratio (ii)Per cent theoretical air required for combustion.
18. Determine the net and gross calorific values per kg of mixture at constant pressure
for stoichiometric mixture of air and C6H6 (benzene) vapour at 25oC. Enthalpy of
combustion for C6H6 at 25oC is 3169500 kJ/kmol and the water is present in vapour
phase in the combustion products.
[2861 kJ/kg, 2981 kJ/kg]
19. What do you understand by standard heat of reaction and heat of formation?
Carbon reacts with oxygen to form carbon dioxide in a steady flow chamber.
Reactants and products are at 25 o C and 1 atm. Find the energy involved and type of
reaction. Assume enthalpy of formation of CO2 gas as 393520 kJ/kmol.

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