10: Sine waves

and phasors

Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Admittance
Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-6713)

10: Sine waves and phasors

Phasors: 10 1 / 11

Sine Waves

Usually differentiation changes the

shape of a waveform.

1
0
-1
0

For bounded waveforms there is

only one exception:
v(t) = sin t dv
dt = cos t
same shape but with a time shift.

2
t

2
t

5
0
-5
0

1
0
-1
0

10

15

10

15

sin t completes one full period every

time t increases by 2.

1
dv/dt

di
For inductors and capacitors i = C dv
and
v
=
L
dt
dt so we need to
differentiate i(t) and v(t) when analysing circuits containing them.

v(t)

10: Sine waves and

phasors
Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Admittance
Summary

0
-1
0

5
t

sin 2f t makes f complete repetitions every time t increases by 1; this

gives a frequency of f cycles per second, or f Hz.
We often use the angular frequency , = 2f instead.
is measured in radians per second. E.g. 50 Hz 314 rad.s1 .
E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-6713)

Phasors: 10 2 / 11

Rotating Rod
10: Sine waves and
phasors
Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Admittance
Summary

A useful way to think of a cosine wave is as the

projection of a rotating rod onto the horizontal axis.
For a unit-length rod, the projection has length cos .
If the rod is rotating at a speed of f revolutions per
second, then increases uniformly with time:
= 2f t.
The only difference between cos and sin is the starting position of the rod:
1

-1
0

10
t

v = cos 2f t

15

-1
0

10

v = sin 2f t = cos 2f t

sin 2f t lags cos 2f t by 90 (or 2 radians) because its peaks occurs

a cycle later (equivalently cos leads sin) .

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-6713)

15

1
4

of

Phasors: 10 3 / 11

Phasors
10: Sine waves and
phasors
Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Admittance
Summary

If the rod has length A and starts at an angle then the projection onto
the horizontal axis is
A cos (2f t + )
= A cos cos 2f t A sin sin 2f t
= X cos 2f t Y sin 2f t
At time t = 0, the tip of the rod has coordinates
(X, Y ) = (A cos , A sin ).
If we think of the plane as an Argand Diagram (or complex plane), then the
complex number X + jY corresponding to the tip of the rod at t = 0 is
called a phasor .

The magnitude of the phasor, A = X 2 + Y 2 , gives the amplitude (peak

value) of the sine wave.
Y
, gives the phase shift relative
The argument of the phasor, = arctan X
to cos 2f t.
If > 0, it is leading and if < 0, it is lagging relative to cos 2f t.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-6713)

Phasors: 10 4 / 11

Phasor Examples
10: Sine waves and
phasors
Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Admittance
Summary

V = 1, f = 50 Hz
v(t) = cos 2f t

1
0
-1
0

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.04

0.06

0.04

0.06

V = j
v(t) = sin 2f t

1
0
-1
0

V = 1 0.5j = 1.12 153

v(t) = cos 2f t + 0.5 sin 2f t
= 1.12 cos (2f t 2.68)
V = X + jY
v(t) = X cos 2f t Y sin 2f t
Beware minus sign.

0.02
t

1
0
-1
0

0.02
t

V = A = Aej
v(t) = A cos (2f t + )

A phasor represents an entire waveform (encompassing all time) as a single

complex number. We assume the frequency, f , is known.
A phasor is not time-varying, so we use a capital letter: V .
A waveform is time-varying, so we use a small letter: v(t).
Casio: Pol(X, Y ) A, , Rec(A, ) X, Y . Saved X & Y mems.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-6713)

Phasors: 10 5 / 11

[Algebraic PhasorWaveform Mapping]

A phasor is a complex number, V , that uniquely defines a waveform, v(t), via the mapping V =
Aej v(t) = A cos (2f t + ). It is sometimes conveninet to give an algebraic formula for this.
For the direction V v(t) the mapping is easy:


v(t) = V ej2f t =

1
2

(V + V ) cos 2f t + 21 j (V V ) sin 2f t.

The reverse mapping, V v(t) is a bit more complicated and we use a technique that you will also
use in the Maths of Fourier transforms. The mapping is given by
Z 1
f
v(t)ej2f t dt.
V = 2f
0

To confrm that this is true, we can substitute v(t) = A cos (2f t + ) and do the integration:
2f

1
f

j2f t

v(t)e

dt

Af

Af

1
f

1
f

Ae

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-6713)



j(2f t+j
j2f tj
e
+e
ej2f t dt
Z


ej + ej4f tj dt = Aej + Af ej

Af ej j4f t
e
+
j4f
h

i1
f

= Ae

1
f

ej4f t dt

Af ej j4
e
1 = Aej
+
j4f
Phasors: 10 note 1 of slide 5

Phasor arithmetic
10: Sine waves and
phasors
Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Admittance
Summary

Phasors

Waveforms

V = X + jY

v(t) = X cos t Y sin t

where = 2f .

aV

a v(t) = aX cos t aY sin t

V1 + V2

v1 (t) + v2 (t)

Adding or scaling is the same for waveforms and phasors.

V = (Y ) + j (X)
= j (X + jY )
= jV

dv
dt

= X sin t Y cos t
= (Y ) cos t (X) sin t

Differentiating waveforms corresponds to multiplying

phasors by j.
Rotate anti-clockwise 90 and scale by = 2f .

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-6713)

Phasors: 10 6 / 11

Complex Impedances
10: Sine waves and
phasors
Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex
Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Admittance
Summary

Resistor:
v(t) = Ri(t) V = RI

V
I

=R

V
I

= jL

V
I

Inductor:
di
V = jLI
v(t) = L dt

Capacitor:
i(t) = C dv
dt I = jCV

1
jC

For all three components, phasors obey Ohms law if we use the complex
1
as the resistance of an inductor or capacitor.
impedances jL and jC
If all sources in a circuit are sine waves having the same frequency, we can
do circuit analysis exactly as before by using complex impedances.
E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-6713)

Phasors: 10 7 / 11

Phasor Analysis

(1) Find capacitor complex impedance

1
1
= 6.28j10
Z = jC
4 = 1592j
(2) Solve circuit with phasors
Z
VC = V R+Z
1592j
10001592j

= 10j
= 4.5 7.2j = 8.47 122
vC = 8.47 cos (t 122 )

10

Given v = 10 sin t where = 2 1000, find

vC (t).

vR

vC

0
C

10: Sine waves and

phasors
Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Admittance
Summary

-10
0

0.5

1
t (ms)

1.5

(3) Draw a phasor diagram showing KVL:

V = 10j
VC = 4.5 7.2j
VR = V VC = 4.5 2.8j = 5.3 32
Phasors add like vectors
E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-6713)

Phasors: 10 8 / 11

CIVIL
10: Sine waves and
phasors
Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Admittance
Summary

Capacitors: i = C dv
dt

I leads V

di
V leads I
Inductors: v = L dt
Mnemonic: CIVIL = In a capacitor I lead V but V leads I in an inductor.

COMPLEX ARITHMETIC TRICKS:

(1) j j = j j = 1
(2) 1j = j
(3) a + jb = r =
rej
where r = a2 + b2 and = arctan ab (180 if a < 0)
(4) r = rej = (r cos ) + j (r sin )
a
= ab ( ).
(5) a b = ab ( + ) and b
Multiplication and division are much easier in polar form.
(6) All scientific calculators will convert rectangular to/from polar form.
Casio fx-991 (available in all exams except Maths) will do complex
arithmetic (+, , , , x2 , x1 , |x|, x ) in CMPLX mode.
Learn how to use this: it will save lots of time and errors.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-6713)

Phasors: 10 9 / 11

Impedance and Admittance

10: Sine waves and
phasors
Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Admittance
Summary

For any network (resistors+capacitors+inductors):

(1) Impedance = Resistance + j Reactance
Z = R + jX ()
|Z|2 = R2 + X 2
Z = arctan X
R

1
= Conductance + j Susceptance
(2) Admittance = Impedance
Y = Z1 = G + jB Seimens (S)
1
2
2
Y = Z = arctan B
|Y |2 = |Z|
2 = G + B
G

Note:
Y = G + jB =
So

1
1
R
=
=
2
Z
R+jX
R +X 2
R
R
= R2 +X
2 =
|Z|2

B=
Beware: G 6=

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-6713)

1
R

X
R2 +X 2

+ j R2X
+X 2

X
|Z|2

unless X = 0.

Phasors: 10 10 / 11

Summary
10: Sine waves and
phasors
Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Admittance
Summary

Sine waves are the only bounded signals whose shape is unchanged by
differentiation.
Think of a sine wave as the projection of a rotating rod onto the
horizontal (or real) axis.
A phasor is a complex number representing the length and position
of the rod at time t = 0.
If V = a + jb = r = rej , then


jt
v(t) = a cos t b sin t = r cos (t + ) = V e
The angular frequency = 2f is assumed known.
If all sources in a linear circuit are sine waves having the same
frequency, we can use phasors for circuit analysis:
1
Use complex impedances: jL and jC
Mnemonic: CIVIL tells you whether I leads V or vice versa
(leads means reaches its peak before).
Phasors eliminate time from equations ,, converts simultaneous
differential equations into simultaneous linear equations ,,,.
Needs complex numbers / but worth it.
see Hayt Chapter 10

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-6713)

Phasors: 10 11 / 11