History

A simplified rendering of a microwave link. A microwave link is a communications system that uses a beam of radio waves in the
microwave frequency range to transmit information between two fixed locations on the earth.

A microwave link is a communications system that uses a beam of radio waves in the microwave
frequency range to transmit information between two fixed locations on the earth. They are crucial
to many forms of communication and impact a broad range of industries. Broadcasters use
microwave links to send programs from the studio to the transmitter location, which might be miles
away. Microwave links carry cellular telephone calls between cell sites. Wireless Internet service
providers use microwave links to provide their clients with high-speed Internet access without the
need for cable connections. Telephone companies transmit calls between switching centers over
microwave links, although fairly recently they have been largely supplanted by fiber-optic cables.
Companies and government agencies use them to provide communications networks between
nearby facilities within an organization, such as a company with several buildings within a city.
One of the reasons microwave links are so adaptable is that they are broadband. That means they
can move large amounts of information at high speeds. Another important quality of microwave
links is that they require no equipment or facilities between the two terminal points, so installing a
microwave link is often faster and less costly than a cable connection. Finally, they can be used
almost anywhere, as long as the distance to be spanned is within the operating range of the
equipment and there is clear path (that is, no solid obstacles) between the locations. Microwaves are
also able to penetrate rain, fog, and snow, which means bad weather doesnt disrupt transmission.
A simple one-way microwave link includes four major elements: a transmitter, a receiver,
transmission lines, and antennas. These basic components exist in every radio communications
system, including cellular telephones, two-way radios, wireless networks, and commercial
broadcasting. But the technology used in microwave links differs markedly from that used at the
lower frequencies (longer wavelengths) in the radio spectrum. Techniques and components that
work well at low frequencies are not useable at the higher frequencies (shorter wavelengths) used in
microwave links. For example, ordinary wires and cables function poorly as conductors of
microwave signals. On the other hand, microwave frequencies allow engineers to take advantage of
certain principles that are impractical to apply at lower frequencies. One example is the use of a

parabolic or dish antenna to focus a microwave radio beam. Such antennas can be designed to
operate at much lower frequencies, but they would be too large to be economical for most
purposes.
In a microwave link the transmitter produces a microwave signal that carries the information to be
communicated. That informationthe inputcan be anything capable of being sent by electronic
means, such as a telephone call, television or radio programs, text, moving or still images, web
pages, or a combination of those media.
The transmitter has two fundamental jobs: generating microwave energy at the required frequency
and power level, and modulating it with the input signal so that it conveys meaningful information.
Modulation is accomplished by varying some characteristic of the energy in response to the
transmitters input. Flashing a light to transmit a message in Morse Code is an example of
modulation. The differing lengths of the flashes (the dots and dashes), and the intervals of darkness
between them, convey the informationin this case a text message.
The second integral part of a microwave link is a transmission line. This line carries the signal from
the transmitter to the antenna and, at the receiving end of the link, from the antenna to the receiver.
In electrical engineering, a transmission line is anything that conducts current from one point to
another. Lamp cord, power lines, telephone wires and speaker cable are common transmission
lines. But at microwave frequencies, those media excessively weaken the signal. In their place,
engineers use coaxial cables and, especially, hollow pipes called waveguides.
The third part of the microwave system is the antennas. On the transmitting end, the antenna emits
the microwave signal from the transmission line into free space. Free space is the electrical
engineers term for the emptiness or void between the transmitting and receiving antennas. It is not
the same thing as the atmosphere, because air is not necessary for any type of radio transmission
(which is why radio works in the vacuum of outer space). At the receiver site, an antenna pointed
toward the transmitting station collects the signal energy and feeds it into the transmission line for
processing by the receiver.
Antennas used in microwave links are highly directional, which means they tightly focus the
transmitted energy, and receive energy mainly from one specific direction. This contrasts with
antennas used in many other communications systems, such as broadcasting. By directing the
transmitters energy where it's neededtoward the receiverand by concentrating the received
signal, this characteristic of microwave antennas allows communication over long distances using
small amounts of power.
Between the links antennas lies another vital element of the microwave linkthe path taken by the
signal through the earths atmosphere. A clear path is critical to the microwave links success. Since
microwaves travel in essentially straight lines, man-made obstacles (including possible future

construction) that might block the signal must either be overcome by tall antenna structures or
avoided altogether. Natural obstacles also exist. Flat terrain can create undesirable reflections,
precipitation can absorb or scatter some of the microwave energy, and the emergence of foliage in
the spring can weaken a marginally strong signal, which had been adequate when the trees were
bare in the winter. Engineers must take all the existing and potential problems into account when
designing a microwave link.
At the end of the link is the final component, the receiver. Here, information from the microwave
signal is extracted and made available in its original form. To accomplish this, the receiver must
demodulate the signal to separate the information from the microwave energy that carries it. The
receiver must be capable of detecting very small amounts of microwave energy, because the signal
loses much of its strength on its journey.
This entire process takes place at close to the speed of light, so transmission is virtually
instantaneous even across long distances. With all of their advantages, microwave links are certain
to be important building blocks of the worlds communications infrastructure for years to come.