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Procedure 1: take highest and lowest values of cosθ (1 and -1) =>

1) The document discusses various concepts in classical mechanics including simple harmonic oscillators, damping, resonance, driving forces, orbital mechanics, central forces, and projectile motion. 2) It provides equations for the motion of damped simple harmonic oscillators and derives the characteristic equation. 3) Examples are given for determining the equilibrium points and forces associated with a potential function.

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38 views2 pages

Procedure 1: take highest and lowest values of cosθ (1 and -1) =>

1) The document discusses various concepts in classical mechanics including simple harmonic oscillators, damping, resonance, driving forces, orbital mechanics, central forces, and projectile motion. 2) It provides equations for the motion of damped simple harmonic oscillators and derives the characteristic equation. 3) Examples are given for determining the equilibrium points and forces associated with a potential function.

Uploaded by

bltbackwards
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Derive

w/o first deriving

dp/dt = ma ; dv/dt = a (dv/dx)(dx/dt) = a (dv/dx)v = a


(1/2)(dv^2/dx) = a

Three dierent simple harmonic oscillators have the same _0,


but oscillate with dierent amounts of damping. Oscillator L:
(0^2)/( ^2) =10; Oscillator M: (0^2)/( ^2) =1; Oscillator N:
(0^2)/( ^2) =0.1. Assume at rest at x=0 at t=0. Find x(t):
F_net= -(dp/dt) have damping and spring force => F_d+F_s =
-(dp/dt) only 1D=> -bv-kx=m(dv/dt) since =b/(2m) , 0^2=k/m:
-2mv - 0^2mx = m(dv/dt) (dv/dt) + 2v + 0^2x = 0 ; write
as 2nd order diff:

a) A critically damped system is oscillatory. False. When we


analyze the position of a critically damped oscillator with respect
to time, we see that quickly comes to rest at zero, before it is able
to be oscillatory. OR x(t)=(A+Bt)exp(-t) doesnt have cos or sin
to create oscillations
b) If a wine glass has a resonance frequency of w_r, a loudspeaker
playing a higher frequency that is just inside of the full-width at
half-maximum of the amplitude resonance curve would
absolutely not break it. False. Although wine glass is not at the
resonance frequency, it is still vibrating with a large amplitude, so
depending on the material this could break.
c) The driving force supplies and removes energy, but supplies
more energy than it removes. True. Driving force can be
expanded to have a + and - component (representing suppling and
removing energy), but the positive component is larger.
d) A = [0.25, 0.25, 0.5] is a unit vector. False. Must have a
magnitude of 1, and square root of sum of squares of A 1.

Constant Energy:

and
Velocites:

Positions:

Keplers Second Law Law of Equal Areas:

use quad rad:

=>
02 > 2 under ; 02 = 2 crit.damped ; 02 < 2 overdamped

, r must be positive

Let =0 => r_min=

TEST: x(t)=e^(t) (find

):

Finding Turning Points


Procedure 1: take highest and lowest values of cos (1 and -1) =>

Let =pi => r_max=

Procedure 2: Take
for 1/r: (a=L^2/2m, b=K, c=-E):

use quad rad to solve

=>

under:

Eqaute the the 1/r_min from procedure 1 to the 1/r_min found


above. Solve for A. (find same A if we equate 1/r_maxs)

crit:

Effective Force:

over:
Forces and Energy in 3D:

Sub into

Centrifugal Force =

and get:

solve e:

Potential Energy U(x)=


Newtons Universal Law of Gravitation: the grav. force (or
interaction) of attraction b/t any two objects in the universe is
directly proportional to the product of their masses and
inversely proportional to the square of the distance b/t them

In 3D:
If path independent: xF=0

e) Letting B and C be constants, if I have an acceleration vector


of a = Bv^2i+ Cte^(t)i my velocity vector is v = (B/3)v^3i +
Cte^(-t)i False. The first component of this vector is velocity
dependent, but the second component is time dependent. Neither
of these terms have been integrated correctly to nd the velocity.

RECALL:
Orbital Mechanics
Isotropic Harmonic Force:

Show that
(Prove Gauss law):
Consider a box with a sink or source. Vector A is travelling
through the box.
g = (GM/R^2)
Point Mass:
Non-Point Mass:

Will oscillate b/t two extreme values of r. At these turning pts:


;
;
Attractive Inverse Square Force:

Line:
x-comp. of flow at x=Axdydx x-comp. of flow at x+dx=

Area:

=> net flow rate in x-comp of flow =


Volume:
Force is conservative if curl = 0.
Central Force = force always directed towards a fixed point
(center of force) ie: grav, electric, atomic, and molecular

; now
expand:
net flow rate =

Torque:

Isotropic:
conservative

=
=

Hramonics in 3D:

;
x-comp of flow through a surface = dSAxcos ; dot product
=dS*Axi (given dS=dSn) => net flow rate = n*AdS => proved
A particle of mass m is subjected to a force given by U(x) = Ax 2 Bx4, where A, and B are constants. a) Find the force that created
this potential:
;

implies position dependent and

;
Commensurable when
and motion of mass is
closed and repeats itself at regular time intervals
Incommensurable when motion curve never passes through
same point twice w/ same velocity and not periodic and fills
entire volume of 2A_x x 2A_y x 2A_z
2D Projectiles w/ no air resistance:

--

Center of Mass =

Reduced Mass =

=>

Newton v Kepler: Newton: involves interactions b/t objects,


dynamic, relating force, mass, distance, and time. Kepler:
describe motion of planetary system, dont involve interaction,
kinematic, relating to distance and time
Keplers Three Laws:
1. Law of Orbits: Planets move in elliptical w/ sun at one focus
2. Law of Areas: A line (or position vector) joining any planet to
the sum of sweeps out equal areas in equal intervals of time
3. Harmonic Law: The square of the period of revolution of any
planet is proportional to the cube of the semi major axis of the
orbit

b) Find the equilibrium points of the potential: Take points at


which dU/dx=0. => 0 = 2Ax-4Bx^3 4Bx^3 = 2Ax => x = +/sqrt(A/2B) and 0

Force in x and z comp:


;

Central Motion in a Plane:

Integrate for velocities:


Given viscous force of: F(v) = -c1v^(3/2) how far can he slide if
at x = 0 his initial velocity is v_0? Give your answer in terms of
m, v_0, and c_1: dp/dt=F ; dp/dt=-c1v^(3/2) dv/dt = (c/m)v^(3/2) (dv/dx)(dx/dt) = (-c/m) v^(3/2)

Conics and Orbits:


Integrate again for positions:
Momentum Magnitude:

Eccentricity =
Since begin at x_0=0, max

position occurs at v=0 =>

2D Projectiles w/ air resistance:

, for ellipse:

=>

Moving to Larger Orbit:


Total energy of transfer orbit is b/t the energy values of the initial
+final circular orbit. =>satellite accel. at pt. E and again at pt. M;
Energy and angular momentum increases.

When probe approaches Mars, its speed<orbital speed of mars =>


increase orbital speed to v_2 to =v_m to maintain new orbit

Moving to Smaller Orbit:


Satellite slows at point E and again at point U. Energy and
angular momentum decreases.

Conservation of Energy: A potential func. exists if the external


forces are position dependent and xF_k =0. Only possible
if work done by force is independent of path. =>
closed system (no external forces) = energy
conserved.

ROCKET EQ:
Elastic Collision: P_i=P_f ; K_i=K_f

Gravity Assist:
Center of Mass components:
Conservation of Linear Momentum: Rate of change of linear
momen. = total applied force. => if sum of all externally applied
forces is zero, total linear momen., P, of system will be constant
Torque = dL/dt => for an isolated one on which no net external
forces act, the total torque=0 => angular momen. remains
constant in both mag. and direction

Inelastic Collision: Only P_i=P_f (recall, K=(1/2)mv^2


and P=mv)
Disintegration Energy = Q=K_f-K_i

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