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Solution Tutorial 1

1) This document presents models for several chemical processes including a CSTR reactor with jacketed cooling. Equations are provided for mass and energy balances to model concentration and temperature profiles. 2) Kinetic rate equations and constitutive equations are also included to relate flows, concentrations, temperatures and heat transfer. 3) Models contain dependent and independent variables as well as parameters. Degree of freedom analyses indicate the systems are fully defined or under-defined depending on assumptions about flow rates.

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43 views

Solution Tutorial 1

1) This document presents models for several chemical processes including a CSTR reactor with jacketed cooling. Equations are provided for mass and energy balances to model concentration and temperature profiles. 2) Kinetic rate equations and constitutive equations are also included to relate flows, concentrations, temperatures and heat transfer. 3) Models contain dependent and independent variables as well as parameters. Degree of freedom analyses indicate the systems are fully defined or under-defined depending on assumptions about flow rates.

Uploaded by

eddy
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CHEN3005 Process Instrumentation and Control

Solution Tutorial 1
Problem 2:
1) In theory, either Fw or F can be used to control the exit stream concentration CA. But exit
flow is often used to control the liquid level. Thus, this often leads to the stream Fw as a
preferred choice for controlling the exit concentration.
2) The valve can be assumed to follow a first-order dynamics while the composition
analyser as pure deadtime system. The models for the valve and composition analyser are
as follows:







, 


(1)

  =   

(2)

where in (1)-(2),  and  denote the valve time constant and analyser deadtime respectively.
3) From the assumption of perfect level control, we can conclude that total flow rate into the
tank is equal to the total flow rate leaving the tank, i.e.,
=
+
 . To model the
concentration, use the species mass balance on component A.
For non-reacting system, the following balance equation can be applied
 =  
!
=
 "


Here, the mass of species A inside the tank ! = # where # is the liquid hold-up volume.
Note that, based on the well-mixing assumption, the concentration inside the tank is similar to
the exit concentration. The mass balance equation above can be simplify to
#

$%


=
 " 
+
 

(3)

4) Dependent variables are those expressed on the left hand-side of (1)-(3):


,  ,  .
Independent variables are those that can be changed in isolation without affecting each
other: ,
,  , " . Model parameters are those in (1)-(3) that do not belong to either
dependent or independent variable group:  , , #.

Problem 3:
Two constitutive equations are given as follows:

& = ' () + )* )&

(1)

+ = '& ()&

(2)

Note that in (1)-(2), ' and '& represent the valve coefficients; it is assumed that the liquid
flow rate through the valves follow the square root relationships of the liquid levels in the
tanks.
It is assumed that the valve dynamics for F2 and F3 are instantaneous. Hence, no need to
represent the valve dynamics, i.e., they are considered in pseudo steady-state. The same also
applied to the level sensors, i.e., can be considered in pseudo steady-state. But, the valve for
F1 is considered to have substantial dynamics this can be approximated as first-order
system:
,


= 
, 
 

(3)

To capture the liquid level dynamics in both tanks, we need to apply total mass balance
separately to each tank.
Mass Balance for tank 1:  =  -


.,

&

./




=

&

(4)

=
&
+

(5)

We can substitute (1) and (2) into (4) and (5):




.,

&

./




=
 ' () + )* )&

(6)

= ' () + )* )& '& ()&

(7)

In summary, the system model consist of equations (3), (6) and (7). This is a fundamental
model because (6) and (7) are derived via mass balances.
Dependent variables:
 , ) , )&
Independent variables: ,
, 
Parameters:  , ' , '& ,  , & , )*
Degree-of-Freedom (DOF) = Number of variables Number of Model Equations
0-
= 4 3 = 1
If the valves F2 and F3 are replaced with pumps, then the flow rates F2 and F3 will be
independent of the liquid levels insides the tanks. In this case, F2 and F3 will become
independent variables, and thus leading to DOF = 3 instead of 1.

Problem 4:
Figure 1 depicts the schematic of the jacketed CSTR. For this example, we assume that
sensor and valve have very fast dynamics, i.e., pseudo steady-state. Thus, we are interested in
the dynamics of the jacketed CSTR only. Note that, it is assumed that both reactor and jacket
liquid volumes are constants so this assumptions leads to inlet flows equal to exit flows of
the reactor and jacket.

It is given that the reaction scheme is series exothermic irreversible:  6 .


4,

4/

Also, two consecutive equations for the rate law are given as follows
7 = ' 8 9:,/<= 

(1)

7 = '& 8 9:/ /<= >

(2)

In order to capture the profiles of species concentrations, species mass balance is applied to
each species.
For the species balance:  =  - ?@AB + C887DB.
Mass or mole balance for species A:
E
=
"   7 #<

where VR denotes the reactor hold-up volume and number of moles of A inside the reactor is
expressed as follows:
E = #< 
After simplification, the mole balance equation for A is
#<

$%


=
"   7 #<

(3)

Other species balance equations can be derived in the same way:


#<

$F

#<

$G




=
> + 7 #< 7& #<

(4)

=
H + 7& #<

(5)

Next, to capture the temperature profiles inside the reactor and jacket, apply energy balance.
For the energy balance:  =  - ?@AB + C887DB JK + JL where
JK and JL correspond to heat loss or heat gain through the boundary of the system.
Energy Balance for the CSTR:
M<
=
N O" O + 7 ) #< + 7& )& #4 J

Note that, we have assume that ) , )& are positive sign so, in the equation above they
are considered heat generation (exothermic), and for this the sign is +. Meanwhile, Q
represents heat loss to the jacket of cooling water and this is expressed by a constitutive
equation of the form:
J = QO OHR 

(6)

In (6) A and U are the heat transfer area and overall heat transfer coefficient.
In the energy balance equation for the CSTR, the internal energy:
M< = #< N O #< N O

where  and  denote the specific heat capacity at constant volume and peressure
respectively.
Upon simplification, we can write the energy balance equation in the form of:
#< N

=

=
N O" O + 7 ) #< + 7& )& #4 J



(7)

Meanwhile, the energy balance for the jacket is


#T NH H

=GU


=
H NH H OHV OH"  + J

(8)

In summary, equations (1)-(8) represent the model for the jacketed CSTR in Figure 1. From
these equations we can identify the dependent and independent variables and model
parameters as follows.
Dependent Variables
7 , 7& ,  , > , $ , J, O, OHR
Independent Variables
,
,
H , O" , OHV
Model Parameters
' , '& , M , M& , W, #< , #T , N, NH ,  , H , ) , )& , Q, 
Degree-of-Freedom Analysis
0-
= E EX = 12 8 = 4

Figure 1 Schematic of jacketed CSTR

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