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Note15 The Definite Integral and Area Under A Curve PDF

The document discusses the fundamental theorem of calculus and how it relates definite integrals to antiderivatives. It provides examples of using properties of definite integrals to evaluate integrals. It also discusses using substitutions to evaluate definite integrals and the relationship between area under a curve and definite integrals.

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85 views30 pages

Note15 The Definite Integral and Area Under A Curve PDF

The document discusses the fundamental theorem of calculus and how it relates definite integrals to antiderivatives. It provides examples of using properties of definite integrals to evaluate integrals. It also discusses using substitutions to evaluate definite integrals and the relationship between area under a curve and definite integrals.

Uploaded by

李华夏
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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15.

The Definite Integral and Area under a Curve


Tony U
University of Macau

Outline

1 The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus (FTC)


2 Properties of Definite Integrals (follow the FTC)
3 Evaluate Definite Integrals by Substitution
4 Area and Integration

The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus (FTC)

The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus (FTC)

Given that the function f (x) is continuous on the interval


a x b. Then,
Z b
f (x)dx = F (x)|ba = F (b) F (a),
a

where F could be any antiderivative of f on a x b.


Rb
Note: The definite integral a f (x)dx is the total net change of
the antiderivative F over the interval from x = a to x = b.

-1-

Properties of Definite Integrals (follow the FTC)

Properties of Definite Integrals (follow the FTC)


(1.)

(2.)

(3.)

(4.)

(5.)

Z
Z
Z
Z
Z

f (x)dx = 0
a
b

f (x)dx =

kf (x)dx = k
a

f (x)dx
b

f (x)dx, where k is a constant

[f (x) g (x)]dx =

a
b

f (x)dx =
a

f (x)dx

f (x)dx +
a

-2-

g (x)dx
a

f (x)dx

Properties of Definite Integrals (follow the FTC)

Example 1.
Find

R3

1 (8x

4x + 5)dx.

-3-

Properties of Definite Integrals (follow the FTC)

Example 1.
R3

Find

1 (8x

4x + 5)dx.

Sol.:
Z

(8x 3 4x + 5)dx

Z
8

3
1

8x 3 dx
3

4xdx +

x 3 dx 4

5dx

(Prop.4.)

xdx + 5
1

1dx

(Prop.3.)

3
x 4 3
x 2 3

4
+ 5x
1
4 1
2 1

8 4
4
[3 (1)4 ] [32 (1)2 ] + 5[3 (1)]
4
2

2 (81 1) 2 (9 1) + 5 4

164
-3-

(FTC )

Properties of Definite Integrals (follow the FTC)

Example 2.
Find

|x 2|
dx.
x

-4-

Properties of Definite Integrals (follow the FTC)

Example 2.
Find

|x 2|
dx.
x

Sol.: Since
Z

3
1

|x 2| =

|x 2|
dx
x

=
=
=

2
1

x 2

x 2

(x 2)
|x 2|
dx +
x

x <2
Z

|x 2|
dx
x

(Prop.5)

Z 3
x 2
x 2
dx +
dx (Prop.3)
x
x
1
2
Z 2
Z 2
Z 3
Z 3
1
1

1dx + 2
dx +
1dx 2
dx
1
1 x
2
2 x

(Prop.3 & 4)

(2 1) + 2(ln 2 ln 1) + (3 2) 2(ln 3 ln 2)

2 ln

4
3

-4-

Properties of Definite Integrals (follow the FTC)

Example 3.
Suppose f (x) =

x3

ln(2 + t 2 )dt. Find f (x), hence find f (1)

-5-

Properties of Definite Integrals (follow the FTC)

Example 3.
Suppose f (x) =

x3

ln(2 + t 2 )dt. Find f (x), hence find f (1)

Sol.: Let G (t) be the antiderivative of g (t) = ln(2 + t 2 ), then


Z

x3

ln(2 + t 2 )dt = G (x 3 ) G (0)

(FTC ),

therefore,
f (x) = G (x 3 )(3x 2 )
= 3x 2 g (x 3 )
= 3x 2 ln(2 + x 6 )
f (1) = 3(1)2 ln(2 + x 6 ) = 3 ln(3)

-5-

Properties of Definite Integrals (follow the FTC)

Example 4.
Suppose g (x) =

3x

1+ x

u
du. Find g (1).
6+u

-6-

Properties of Definite Integrals (follow the FTC)

Example 4.
Suppose g (x) =

3x

1+ x

u
du. Find g (1).
6+u

Sol.: Let F (u) be the antiderivative of f (u) =


Z

3x

1+ x

u
, then
6+u

u
du = F (3x) F (1 + x),
6+u

therefore

1
g (x) = 3F (3x) F (1 + x)
2 x

3x
1
1+ x
p

2 x 6+1+ x
6 + 3x

3(1)
1
1+ 1
2
g (1) = 3 p
p
=3
4
2 1 6+1+ 1
6 + 3(1)
=3

-6-

Evaluate Definite Integrals by Substitution

Evaluate Definite Integrals by Substitution

The method of substitution and the method of integration by parts


can also be used to evaluate a definite integral.
Z

b
a

du
g [u(x)] dx =
dx

-7-

u(b)

u(a)

g (u)du.

Evaluate Definite Integrals by Substitution

Example 5.
Find

R3
1

(9 x 2 )4 xdx.

-8-

Evaluate Definite Integrals by Substitution

Example 5.
Find

R3
1

(9 x 2 )4 xdx.

Sol.: Let u(x) = 9 x 2 , du = 2xdx, u(1) = 9 (1)2 = 8 and


u(3) = 9 (3)2 = 0, then
Z

(9 x 2 )4 xdx =

1
2

u 4 du

1
= (05 85 )
10
16384
=
5

-8-

Evaluate Definite Integrals by Substitution

Example 6.
Find

R1
0

(3x 2 + 4x)(x 3 + 2x 2 )4 dx

-9-

Evaluate Definite Integrals by Substitution

Example 6.
Find

R1
0

(3x 2 + 4x)(x 3 + 2x 2 )4 dx

Sol.: Let u(x) = x 3 + 2x 2 , du = (3x 2 + 4x)dx, u(0) = 0 and


u(1) = 3, then
Z

(3x 2 + 4x)(x 3 + 2x 2 )4 dx =

u 4 du

1
= [(3)5 05 ]
5
243
=
5

-9-

Evaluate Definite Integrals by Substitution

Example 7.
Find

dt
.
2 + 3t

-10-

Evaluate Definite Integrals by Substitution

Example 7.
Find

dt
.
2 + 3t

Sol.: Let u(t) = 2 + 3t, du = 3dt, u(0) = 2 and u(3) = 11, then
Z

3
0

dt
1
=
2 + 3t
3

11

du
u

1
[ln 11 ln 2]
3
1  11 
= ln
3
2
=

-10-

Evaluate Definite Integrals by Substitution

Example 8.
Find

R1
0

xe x dx.

-11-

Evaluate Definite Integrals by Substitution

Example 8.
Find

R1
0

xe x dx.

Sol.: Let u(x) = x 2 , du = 2xdx, u(0) = 0 and u(1) = 1,


then
Z 1
Z
1 1 u
x 2
xe dx =
e du
2 0
0
1
= [e (1) e 0 ]
2
1
= (1 e 1 )
2

-11-

Area and Integration

Area and Integration

There is a connection between definite integrals and the geometric


concept of area. If f (x) is continuous and nonnegative on the
interval a x b, then the region A under the graph ofR f between
b
x = a and x = b has area equal to the definite integral a f (x)dx.
Area =

b
a

f (x)dx = F (b) F (a),

where F (x) is any antiderivative of f (x).

-12-

Area and Integration

Why the Integral Formula for Area Works?

-13-

Area and Integration

Let A(x) denote the area of the region under f between a and x,
then
A(x3 ) A(x2 ) x3 f (x3 ),

in general,
A(x + x) A(x) x f (x)
A(x + x) A(x)
f (x)
x
lim

x0

A(x + x) A(x)
= f (x)
x
A (x) = f (x)

f (x)dx =

Since A(a) = 0 therefore


between a and b.

A (x)dx = A(x)|ba = A(b) A(a)

Rb
a

f (x)dx = A(b) = the area under f

-14-

Area and Integration

Fundamental theorem requires f (x) is nonnegative over a to b


If f (x) is negative over a to b, then the definite integral will
be negative
Therefore the area between the x-axis Rand the curve is the
b
absolute value of the definite integral a f (x)dx, or
Rb
a |f (x)|dx

-15-

Area and Integration

Example 9.

Find the area of the region bounded by the curve


y = x 2 + 4x 3 and the x-axis.

-16-

Area and Integration

Example 9.

Find the area of the region bounded by the curve


y = x 2 + 4x 3 and the x-axis.
Sol.: First find the x-intercept(s) of the curve,
x 2 + 4x 3 = 0
(x 3)(x 1) = 0
x =3

-16-

or

x =1

Area and Integration

Since x 2 + 4x 3 0, 1 x 3, the area bounded by the curve


and the x-axis,
Z 3
Area =
| x 2 + 4x 3|dx
1

(x 2 + 4x 3)dx

3
1 3
= x 3 1 + 2 x 2 1 3 x|31
3
26
4
= + 16 6 =
3
3

-17-

Area and Integration

Example 10.
Find the area between the x-axis and the curve f (x) = x 2 9 from
x = 1 to x = 4.

-18-

Area and Integration

Example 10.
Find the area between the x-axis and the curve f (x) = x 2 9 from
x = 1 to x = 4.
Sol.: First find the x-intercept of the curve x = 3 and x = 3, the
quadratic function is concave up so the function is negative
between 3 x 3. Therefore the area
Area =

|x 2 9|dx

(x 2 9)dx +

(x 2 9)dx

 

1 3
1 3
(3 13 ) 9(3 1) +
(4 33 ) 9(4 3)
3
3


28
10
38
=
+
=
3
3
3

-18-

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