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Note16 Matrix Algebra1 Basic Operations PDF

The document provides an introduction to matrices, including definitions of key matrix concepts such as dimensions, diagonal elements, and transpose. It also covers special types of matrices like row/column vectors, square, identity, zero and triangular matrices. The document then discusses basic matrix operations including addition, subtraction, scalar multiplication, inner product and matrix multiplication. It presents properties of these operations and provides examples to illustrate them. Finally, it introduces the concept of the power of a matrix and how to compute An for a given square matrix A.

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17K views28 pages

Note16 Matrix Algebra1 Basic Operations PDF

The document provides an introduction to matrices, including definitions of key matrix concepts such as dimensions, diagonal elements, and transpose. It also covers special types of matrices like row/column vectors, square, identity, zero and triangular matrices. The document then discusses basic matrix operations including addition, subtraction, scalar multiplication, inner product and matrix multiplication. It presents properties of these operations and provides examples to illustrate them. Finally, it introduces the concept of the power of a matrix and how to compute An for a given square matrix A.

Uploaded by

李华夏
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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16 Matrix Algebra 1: Basic Operations

Tony U
University of Macau

Outline
1 Introduction to Matrices
2 Special Types of Matrices
3 Matrix Operations
4 Properties of Matrix Operations
5 Applications
6 Power of Matrix

Introduction to Matrices

Introduction to Matrices

A matrix is a rectangular array of elements. It


represented in the form:

a11 a12 a1n


a21 a22 a2n

A = ..
..
..
..
.
.
.
.
am1 am2

amn

is usually

where A is the matrix name and amn are the matrix elements.

-1-

Introduction to Matrices

aij represents the i th-row and jth-column element in the


matrix, sometimes we denote A = [aij ]
Dimension or size: the number of rows and columns in the
matrix. For example in the previous slide, the dimension of A
is m n (dim(A) = m n)
Main (leading) diagonal: Elements aii of the matrix
Equal matrix: all the corresponding elements (entries) in both
matrices are equal.
Transpose of a matrix: Transport of A, denoted by A or AT ,
is the n m matrix whose (i , j)th element is equal to aji .
Note (AT )T = A.
-2-

Special Types of Matrices

Special Types of Matrices

Row vector: A matrix with just one row


Column vector: A matrix with just one column.
Square matrix: A matrix having the same number of rows and
columns.
Identity matrix: A square matrix in which elements on the main
diagonal are all equal to 1 and all remaining entries
are zero. An identity matrix is also called a unit
matrix.

-3-

Special Types of Matrices

Zero matrix: All the elements in the matrix are 0.


Symmetric matrix: A square matrix A is said to be symmetric if it
is symmetric about the main diagonal, that is,
aij = aji . Obviously, A is symmetric AT = A.
Diagonal matrix: A square matrix is called a diagonal matrix if all
the elements off the main diagonal are 0.
Upper/Lower Triangular matrices: A square matrix A is said to be
an upper (lower) triangular matrix if all entries below
(above) the main diagonal are zero.

-4-

Special Types of Matrices

Example 1.

1 4
Given A = [aij ] = 2 0 .
3 6
a. Find a12 , a22 and a31 .
b. Find the transpose of A, AT . [Note that dim(A) = 3 2 while
dim(AT ) = 2 3.]

-5-

Special Types of Matrices

(a) Find a12 , a22 and a31 .

-6-

Special Types of Matrices

(a) Find a12 , a22 and a31 .


Sol.: a12 = 4, a22 = 0 and a31 = 3
(b) Find the transpose of A, AT .

-6-

Special Types of Matrices

(a) Find a12 , a22 and a31 .


Sol.: a12 = 4, a22 = 0 and a31 = 3
(b) Find the transpose of A, AT .
Sol.:
AT =

1 2 3
4 0 6

-6-

Matrix Operations

Matrix Operations
Addition and Subtraction
Two matrices A and B can be added or subtracted if they have
exactly the same dimensions.
A + B is calculated by adding corresponding elements.
A B is calculated by subtracting corresponding elements.
Scalar multiplication
If A = [aij ] is an m n matrix and k is a real number (also called a
scalar), then kA denotes the matrix [kaij ] .
-7-

Matrix Operations

Inner Product
The inner product of a 1 n row matrix A = [a1 a2 an ] and an
n 1 column matrix B = [b1 b2 bn ]T is

b1
b2

A B = [a1 a2 an ] .. = a1 b1 + a2 b2 + + an bn .
.
bn
Note: the row and column matrix should contain same number of
elements. The inner product is a real number.

-8-

Matrix Operations

Matrix multiplication
The matrix product of A and B, is a matrix whose element in the
i th row and jth column is the inner product of the i th row of
matrix A and the jth column of matrix B.


b1j

ai 1 ai 2 ain
cij

b2j

bnj
In the matrix product AB: then number of columns of A
should be equal to the number of rows of B.
If the dim(A) = a b and dim(B) = c d, the matrix product
AB is well defined if and only if b = c, the dim(AB) = a d.
-9-

Matrix Operations

Example 2 (Matrix Operations).

Let
A=

1 2
3 4

1 0
B = 2 3 ,
1 2

and
D=

1 2
1 2

C=

1 0 1
2 3 1

Find (i) 3A, (ii) A + B, (iii) A + D, (iv) AB and (v) AC .

-10-

Matrix Operations

Sol.: (i) Since 3A = [3aij ],


3A =

3 6
9 12

-11-

Matrix Operations

Sol.: (i) Since 3A = [3aij ],


3A =

3 6
9 12

(ii) Since dim(A) = 2 2 and dim(B) = 3 2, they dont have the


same dimensions, so A + B is undefined

-11-

Matrix Operations

Sol.: (i) Since 3A = [3aij ],


3A =

3 6
9 12

(ii) Since dim(A) = 2 2 and dim(B) = 3 2, they dont have the


same dimensions, so A + B is undefined
(iii)
A+C =

1+1 2+2
3+1 4+2

-11-

2 4
4 6

Matrix Operations

Sol.: (i) Since 3A = [3aij ],


3A =

3 6
9 12

(ii) Since dim(A) = 2 2 and dim(B) = 3 2, they dont have the


same dimensions, so A + B is undefined
(iii)
A+C =

1+1 2+2
3+1 4+2

2 4
4 6

(iv) Since the number of columns of A is not equal to the number


of rows of B, the matrix product AB is undefined

-11-

Matrix Operations

Sol.: (i) Since 3A = [3aij ],


3A =

3 6
9 12

(ii) Since dim(A) = 2 2 and dim(B) = 3 2, they dont have the


same dimensions, so A + B is undefined
(iii)
A+C =

1+1 2+2
3+1 4+2

2 4
4 6

(iv) Since the number of columns of A is not equal to the number


of rows of B, the matrix product AB is undefined

-11-

Matrix Operations

(v)
AC =

1 2
3 4

 

1 0 1

2 3 1

1 1 + 2 2 1 0 + 2 3 1 1 + 2 1
=
3 1 + 4 2 3 0 + 4 3 3 1 + 4 1


5 6 1
=
11 12 1

-12-

Properties of Matrix Operations

Properties of Matrix Operations


Assuming that all sums and products are defined, then:
1. Commutative law of matrix addition: A + B = B + A
2. Associative law of matrix addition: (A + B) + C = A + (B + C )
3. Associative law of matrix multiplication: A(BC ) = (AB)C
4. Left distribution law: A(B + C ) = AB + AC
5. Right distribution law: (B + C )A = BA + CA
6. k(AB) = (kA)B = A(kB)
-13-

Properties of Matrix Operations

Example 3.

Compute BC and CB if


2 1
B=
1 1

and

-14-

C=

3 1
2 2

Properties of Matrix Operations

Sol.:

 
3 1

2 2

BC =

2 1
1 1

23+12
2 1 + 1 2
1 3 + 1 2 1 1 + 1 2

CB =

3 1
2 2

3 2 + (1) (1) 3 1 + (1) 1


2 2 + 2 1
21+21

8 0
1 3

 

2 1

1 1

Note: BC 6= CB.

-15-

7 2
2 4

Applications

ApplicationsExample 4.
A grocery store carries three brands of detergent: Brand x, Brand
y and Brand z. The row matrix below represents the number of
units of each of these brands sold during the month of June.
Brand
Number of units

x
[100

y
500

z
300]

The column matrix below represents the unit selling price of each
brand:

$2
Brand x
P = $1 Brand y
$1.5
Brand z
Find the total sales revenue for all these products during the
month of June.
-16-

Applications

Sol.: The total sales revenue is the inner product of the row matrix
and column matrix:

2
[100 500 300] 1 = 100(2) + 500(1) + 300(1.5) = $1, 150
1.5

-17-

Applications

Example 5.
A company manufactures two models of a product: Model A and
Model B. Each model must pass through department I (Assembly)
and department II (Polishing). The unit time requirements (in
hours) for each model in each department are given by matrix T :

T =

Model
 A
3
2

Model
 B
5
1

Department I
Department II

The production requirements of each model are given by matrix P:




500
Model A
P=
700
Model B
Find the matrix that expresses the total time requirements for each
department
-18-

Applications

Sol.: The total time requirements for each department:



 

3 5
500
TP =

2 1
700


3(500) + 5(700)
=
2(500) + 1(700)


5, 000 (hrs)
Department I
=
1, 700 (hrs)
Department II

-19-

Power of Matrix

Power of Matrix

Given a square matrix A


An = |A A{z A} .
n

By default: A0 = I , where I is an identity matrix.


Moreover, (AT )n = (An )T for non-negative integer n.

-20-

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