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Antidifferentiation: The Indefinite Integral: Tony U

The document provides an outline and overview of the concepts of antidifferentiation and indefinite integrals. It discusses the general process of antidifferentiation and finding the antiderivative of a function. Several basic integration formulas are also presented, including formulas for constants, powers, exponentials, and logarithmic functions. Examples are worked through to demonstrate finding indefinite integrals using these formulas. The document concludes with examples of using indefinite integrals to solve practical problems involving cost functions, population growth rates, and finding a function from its derivative.

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李华夏
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95 views31 pages

Antidifferentiation: The Indefinite Integral: Tony U

The document provides an outline and overview of the concepts of antidifferentiation and indefinite integrals. It discusses the general process of antidifferentiation and finding the antiderivative of a function. Several basic integration formulas are also presented, including formulas for constants, powers, exponentials, and logarithmic functions. Examples are worked through to demonstrate finding indefinite integrals using these formulas. The document concludes with examples of using indefinite integrals to solve practical problems involving cost functions, population growth rates, and finding a function from its derivative.

Uploaded by

李华夏
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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13.

Antidierentiation: The Indefinite Integral


Tony U
University of Macau

Outline

1 The General Antidierentiation of a Function

2 Basic Integration Formulas

3 Practical Applications: Integration with Initial Conditions

The General Antidierentiation of a Function

The General Antidierentiation of a Function

Antiderivative or indefinite integral: A function F (x) for which


F (x) = f (x) for every x in the domain of f .
The dierence between two antiderivatives of a given function
is a constant. e.g. F (x) and G (x) are the antiderivative of
f (x) then F (x) G (x) = C .
Antidierentiation: The process of finding the antiderivative
of a given function.

-1-

The General Antidierentiation of a Function

!
Integral Notation: f (x)dx is used to denote the most
general antiderivative of f . Since any function f has an
infinite number of antiderivatives and all of them dier only
by a constant, if F is any antiderivative of f , then
"
f (x)dx = F (x) + C ,
where C is a constant.
f (x): integrand.
!

: integral sign.

dx: indicates that x is the variable with respect to which the


integration is to be performed.
-2-

Basic Integration Formulas

Basic Integration Formulas


For any constant k,
Indefinite integral of a constant:
"
kdx = kx + C .
The power rule for integrals:
"
x n+1
+ C,
x n dx =
n+1

n = 1.

The constant multiple rule for integrals:


"
"
kf (x)dx = k f (x)dx.
-3-

Basic Integration Formulas

The sum (or dierence) rule for integrals:


"
"
"
[f (x) g (x)]dx = f (x)dx g (x)dx.
Indefinite integrals of exponential functions:
"
1
e kx dx = e kx + C , k = 0.
k
Indefinite integrals of logarithmic functions:
"
1
dx = ln |x| + C .
x

-4-

Basic Integration Formulas

Examples: Find the following indefinite integrals


1.

2dx

-5-

Basic Integration Formulas

Examples: Find the following indefinite integrals


1.

2dx

Sol.: By using indefinite integral of a constant,

-5-

2dx = 2x + C .

Basic Integration Formulas

Examples: Find the following indefinite integrals


1.

2dx

Sol.: By using indefinite integral of a constant,


2.

xdx

-5-

2dx = 2x + C .

Basic Integration Formulas

Examples: Find the following indefinite integrals


1.

2dx

Sol.: By using indefinite integral of a constant,


2.

xdx

Sol.: By using The power rule for integrals,


"
"

1
xdx =
x 2 dx
1

x 2 +1
+C
1
2 +1

2 3
x 2 + C.
3
-5-

2dx = 2x + C .

Basic Integration Formulas

3.

1
dx
x2

-6-

Basic Integration Formulas

3.

1
dx
x2

Sol.: By using The power rule for integrals,


"
"
1
dx
=
x 2 dx
x2
x 2+1
+C
2 + 1

1
= + C.
x

-6-

Basic Integration Formulas

4.

1
dx
6x 3

-7-

Basic Integration Formulas

4.

1
dx
6x 3

Sol.: By using The power rule and constant multiple rule for
integrals,
"
"
1
1
dx =
x 3 dx
6x 3
6
1
x 3+1

+C
6 3 + 1
1
=
+ C.
12x 2
=

-7-

Basic Integration Formulas

5.

(x 2 + 2x)dx

-8-

Basic Integration Formulas

5.

(x 2 + 2x)dx

Sol.: By using constant rule, sum rule, and the power rule,
!

6.

(x 2 + 2x)dx

x3
+ x2 + C.
3

x 3 1
dx
x2

-8-

x 2 dx + 2

xdx

Basic Integration Formulas

5.

(x 2 + 2x)dx

Sol.: By using constant rule, sum rule, and the power rule,
!

6.

(x 2 + 2x)dx

x3
+ x2 + C.
3

x 2 dx + 2

xdx

x 3 1
dx
x2

Sol.: By using dierence rule and power rule,


!

x3 1
dx
x2

(x x 2 )dx

1
x2
+ + C.
2
x
-8-

xdx

x 2 dx

Basic Integration Formulas

7.

4e 5 x dx

-9-

Basic Integration Formulas

7.

4e 5 x dx

Sol.: By using constant rule and indefinite integral of exponential


functions,
!

4e 5 x dx

e 5 x dx

10 6 x
e 5 + C.
3

-9-

5 6x
e5 +C
6

Basic Integration Formulas

7.

4e 5 x dx

Sol.: By using constant rule and indefinite integral of exponential


functions,
!

8.

4e 5 x dx

e 5 x dx

10 6 x
e 5 + C.
3

5
x dx

-9-

5 6x
e5 +C
6

Basic Integration Formulas

7.

4e 5 x dx

Sol.: By using constant rule and indefinite integral of exponential


functions,
!

8.

4e 5 x dx

e 5 x dx

10 6 x
e 5 + C.
3

5 6x
e5 +C
6

5
x dx

Sol.: By using constant rule and indefinite integral of logarithmic


functions,
!

5
dx
x

1
dx
x

5 ln |x| + C .

-9-

Basic Integration Formulas

9.

"

e x 2x 2 xe x
dx
x 2e x

-10-

Basic Integration Formulas

9.

"

Sol.:
"

e x 2x 2 xe x
dx
x 2e x

e x 2x 2 xe x
dx
x 2ex

"

"
"
1
1
x
=
dx 2 e dx
dx
x2
x
1
= + 2e x ln |x| + C .
x

-10-

Practical Applications: Integration with Initial Conditions

Example 10.

A companys marginal cost function is 0.015x 2 2x + 80 (dollars


per unit), where x denotes the number of units produced in one
day. The company has fixed costs of $1000 per day.
a. Find the cost of producing x units per day.
b. Find the cost of producing 60 units per day.

-11-

Practical Applications: Integration with Initial Conditions

a. Find the cost of producing x units per day.

-12-

Practical Applications: Integration with Initial Conditions

a. Find the cost of producing x units per day.


Sol.: Since the marginal cost function is the first derivative of cost
function C (x),
C (x)

0.015

0.005x 3 x 2 + 80x + K ,

(0.015x 2 2x + 80)dx
!

x 2 dx 2

xdx +

80dx

the fixed cost is $1,000 per day, so C (0) = K = 1000. The cost
function is 0.005x 3 x 2 + 80x + 1000.
b. Find the cost of producing 60 units per day.

-12-

Practical Applications: Integration with Initial Conditions

a. Find the cost of producing x units per day.


Sol.: Since the marginal cost function is the first derivative of cost
function C (x),
C (x)

0.015

0.005x 3 x 2 + 80x + K ,

(0.015x 2 2x + 80)dx
!

x 2 dx 2

xdx +

80dx

the fixed cost is $1,000 per day, so C (0) = K = 1000. The cost
function is 0.005x 3 x 2 + 80x + 1000.
b. Find the cost of producing 60 units per day.
C (60) = 0.005(60)3 (60)2 + 80(60) + 1000 = $3, 280.
-12-

Practical Applications: Integration with Initial Conditions

Example 11.
It is estimated that t months from now, the population of a certain
2
town will be changing at the rate of 4 + 5t 3 people per month. If
the current population is 10,000, what will the population be 8
months from now?

-13-

Practical Applications: Integration with Initial Conditions

Example 11.
It is estimated that t months from now, the population of a certain
2
town will be changing at the rate of 4 + 5t 3 people per month. If
the current population is 10,000, what will the population be 8
months from now?
Sol.: The population function P(t) is the indefinite integral of
2
4 + 5t 3 with initial value 10, 000,
P(t)

4t + 3t 3 + C ,

(4 + 5t 3 )dx
5

with P(0) = C = 10, 000. The population function is


5
P(t) = 4t + 3t 3 + 10, 000, then P(8) = 10, 128 people.
Ans: The population is 10,128 people after 8 months.
-13-

Practical Applications: Integration with Initial Conditions

Example 12.
Find the function f (x) whose tangent has slope 3x 2 + 1 for each
value of x and whose graph passes through the point (2,6).

-14-

Practical Applications: Integration with Initial Conditions

Example 12.
Find the function f (x) whose tangent has slope 3x 2 + 1 for each
value of x and whose graph passes through the point (2,6).
Sol.: The tangent function is the first derivative of function f (x),
"
f (x) =
(3x 2 + 1)dx
= x3 + x + C ,
solve C with initial condition 6 = f (2) = 23 + 2 + C , C = 4.
Ans: The function f (x) = x 3 + x 4.
-14-

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