6.

Car Rental Case Study in

UML

6. Car Rental Case Study in UML

6.1 Getting Started

To follow: A medium sized case study for a car rental
administration system
Explanation of central UML diagrams and language
features therein
Used here: Use case, class, object, statechart,
sequence, collaboration, and activity diagrams
Development of the case study also demonstrates a
typical development process
Diagram order in this document does not reflect the
order occurring in the development

218

6.1 Getting Started

219

Overview on the Used Development Process

(1) Start with a use case diagram giving an overview on
the system, its boundaries and its main functionality
(2) Develop object diagrams and sequence diagrams as
desired scenarios for the system structure and behavior
(3) Develop a class diagram and a statechart diagram for
each class; start with a textual description of the
statechart diagrams; continue with a more formal
description for the statecharts

6.2 Getting Started

220

Overview on the Used Development Process

(4) Check whether the existing object diagrams and
sequence diagrams are consistent with the class
diagram and the statechart diagrams; if neccessary,
modify them
(5) Develop more object and sequence diagrams
(6) If an operations seems to become stable (no changes
in the diagrams for the parts with that operation), start to
develop activity diagrams for that operation; begin with
a textual description and advance to a more formal one
(7) Repeat steps (4)-(6) until an acceptable model is
found

6.2 Getting Started

221

6.2 Use Cases

6.2 Use Cases

222

Use Case Diagram

Car Rental System
A real world customer
is outside the Car Rental System,
a customer within that system.

create customer

create car

book
request
cancel

user
pickUp
real world customer
billing

return

<<extend>>

<<extend>>

<<actor>>
PersistentStore
early return
billing clerk

late return

6.2 Use Cases

Details for Use Case create customer

Use case name: create customer
Goal: to create a new customer
Precondition: the real world customer to be recorded is
currently not represented
Postcondition: a new customer exists
Actors: user
Triggering event: a real world customer must be recorded
Description: Extensions: Alternatives: -

223

6.2 Use Cases

224

Details for Use Case create car

Use case name: create car
Goal: to create a new car
Precondition: the real world car to be recorded is
currently not represented
Postcondition: a new car exists
Actors: user
Triggering event: a real world car must be recorded
Description: Extensions: Alternatives: -

6.2 Use Cases

225

Details for Use Case book

Use case name: book
Goal: to enter a car rental booking
Precondition: the booking details are plausible
Postcondition: a new booking exists; the booking is
now an open booking
Actors: user
Triggering event: a real world customer requests a booking
Description: the real world customer wants to rent a real
world car of a certain category; start day of the rental is
the current day or a day after the current day; end day of
the rental lies after the start day
Extensions: Alternatives: -

6.2 Use Cases

226

Details for Use Case cancel

Use case name: cancel
Goal: to prevent that a car must be picked up for a booking
Precondition: the booking to be canceled is present
Postcondition: the booking is marked as closed; no car will
be picked up for this booking
Actors: user
Triggering event: a real world customer requests a
cancelation of a booking
Description: Extensions: Alternatives: triggering event - the start day of a booking
is passed and no car has been picked up by the customer for
that booking

6.2 Use Cases

227

Details for Use Case pickUp

Use case name: pickUp
Goal: to deliver a car for a car rental
Precondition: a booking is present
Postcondition: a suitable car is marked as unavailable (a
real world car is given to a real world customer); the
booking becomes a current booking
Actors: user
Triggering event: a real world customer requests a pick up
Description: a suitable car must be found among the
currently available cars; if none is present, a new car may
be added (a new real world car is purchased)
Extensions: Alternatives: -

6.3 Use Cases

228

Details for Use Case return

Use case name: return
Goal: to return a car for a car rental
Precondition: a current booking exists and a car has been
delivered
Postcondition: the booking becomes closed; the car becomes
available (real world customer has returned real world car)
Actors: user
Triggering event: a real world customer requests a return on
the end day of the booking
Description: Extensions:
early return: a rented car is returned before the end date
of the booking
late return: a rented car is returned after the end date of
the booking
Alternatives: -

6.3 Use Cases

229

6.3 Static Structure Diagrams

6.3 Static Structure Diagrams

230

Class Diagram
Customer
Name : String
create(n:String):Customer
book(s:DateT,e:DateT,ct:CatET)
cancel(b:Booking)
pickUp(b:Booking):Car
return(cr:Car)

<<structure>>
DateT

<<enumeration>>
CatET

Day : Integer <<1..31>>

Month : Integer <<1..12>>
Year : Integer <<1900..2100>>

E / economy
S / standard
L / luxus

Car
LicenceNo : String
Cat : CatET
create(l:String,ct:CatET):Car
0..1 car

1 customer
Assignment

Registration

"only correct dates"

0..* booking
searchAvailCar():Car
post Cat<=result.Cat and result.available

Booking

Attention! many "returns":

Customer::return(cr:car)
Booking::Return:dateT
Booking::returnCar()

Start : DateT
End : DateT
Cat : CatET
PickedUp : Boolean
Return : DateT

0..1 booking

create(cs:Customer,s:DateT,e:DateT,ct:CatET):Booking
searchAvailCar():Car
assignCar(cr:Car)
returnCar()

car : Car
car : Set(Car)

Start<=End
car.notEmpty implies Cat<=car.Cat

6.3 Static Structure Diagrams

231

Allowed Object Diagram: 3 Classes, 3 Objects

Today="11/22"
vw:Car

ada:Customer

LicenceNo="ABC123"
Cat=S

Name="Ada"
customer

car

Registration
booking

Assignment
b:Booking
Start="11/20"
End="11/23"
Cat=E
PickedUp=true
Return=undef

booking

6.3 Static Structure Diagrams

232

Allowed Object Diagram: 3 Classes, 6 Objects

b1:Booking

Today="11/22"

Start="11/20"
End="11/23"
Cat=E
PickedUp=true
booking Return=undef
Registration

booking
Assignment
car

customer

vw:Car

ada:Customer

LicenceNo="ABC123"
Cat=S

Name="Ada"
customer
Registration
booking

bob:Customer
Name="Bob"

b2:Booking
Start="11/16"
End="11/18"
Cat=L
PickedUp=true
Return="11/17"

ford:Car
LicenceNo="DEF456"
Cat=E

6.4 Static Structure Diagrams

233

Disallowed Object Diagram

b1:Booking

Today="11/23"

Start="11/20"
End="11/23"
Cat=E
PickedUp=false
Return=undef

booking
Assignment
car

1. Booking b1 without customer

2. Car vw has 2 bookings
3. Booking b2 has 2 cars
4. b2s Cat is S, fords Cat is E

ada:Customer
Name="Ada"
customer

vw:Car
LicenceNo="ABC123"
Cat=S
car

Registration
booking

Assignment
b2:Booking
Start="11/22"
End="11/30"
Cat=S
PickedUp=true
Return=undef

booking

booking
Assignment
car

ford:Car
LicenceNo="DEF456"
Cat=E

6.4 Static Structure Diagrams

6.4 Statechart Diagrams

234

6.4 Statechart Diagrams

235

Main Idea of Customer Statechart

booked
book()
create()
cancel()
noReturns

pickUp()

return()

mustReturn

6.4 Statechart Diagrams

236

Customer Statechart with Textual Details

BOOK :
book(s,e,ct) [paramsOk] / createNewBooking
cancel(b) [bookingBelongsToCustomer and
bookingOpenOrDue and
moreThanOneBookingForCustomer] /
recordCancelation

BOOK
PICKUP :
pickUp(b) [bookingBelongsToCustomerAndIsDue] /
findAvailableCarAndLinkBookingToFoundCar
booked
BOOK
create(n) /
createNewCustomer

noReturns

cancel(b) [bookingBelongsToCustomer
and bookingOpenOrDue and
onlyOneBookingForCustomer] /
recordCancelation
PICKUP

return(cr) [onlyOneCurrentBookingForCustomer
and noOpenDueBookingForCustomer
and carBelongsToCustomer and
carUnavailableOrDue] /
handleBooking

return(cr)
[onlyOneCurrentBookingForCustomer
and existsOpenDueBookingForCustomer
and carBelongsToCustomer and
carUnavailableOrDue] /
handleBooking

mustReturn
return(cr) [moreThanOneCurrentBookingForCustomer
and carBelongsToCustomer and
carUnavailableOrDue] /
handleBooking

BOOK

cancel(b) [bookingBelongsToCustomer
PICKUP
and bookingOpenOrDue] /
recordCancelation

6.4 Statechart Diagrams

237

Booking Statechart with Textual Details

create(cs,s,e,ct) /
createNewBooking
customerCancels /
recordCancelation

open
when(todayIsTheBookingsStartDay)

when(todayIsAfterTheBookingStartDay) /
recordCancelation
due

closed

assignCar(cr) /
linkBookingAndCarAndRecordPickUp

returnCar() /
unlinkBookingAndCarAndRecordReturnDay
current

6.4 Statechart Diagrams

238

Car Statechart with Textual Details

create(l,ct) / createNewCar
available
carAssigned
carReturned
unAvailable

carReturned

due

when(todayIsTheBookingsEndDay)

6.4 Statechart Diagrams

239

Customer Statechart with Formal Details

cancel(b)
[ CANOK and CAN2booked ]

BOOK
( booking->select(open)->size>0 or
booking->select(due)->size>0 ) and
booking->select(current)->size=0

BOOK: book(s,e,ct) [ Today<=s and s<= e ] /

booking.create(self,s,e,ct)
PICKUP: pickUp(b) [ booking->includes(b) and b.due ] /
result=b.searchAvailCar(); b.assignCar(result)

booked

CANOK: booking->includes(b) and (b.open or b.due)

BOOK
CAN2noReturns: booking->select(open or due)->size=1
create(n) /
Name=n

cancel(b)
[ CANOK and CAN2noReturns ]

CAN2booked: booking->select(open or due)->size>1

PICKUP

noReturns
booking->select(current)->size>0

RETOK: booking.car->includes(cr) and

(cr.unAvailable or cr.due)

return(cr)
[ RETOK and RET2booked ] /
RETACT
BOOK

RET2noReturns: ( booking->select(open)->size=0 and

booking->select(due)->size=0 ) and
booking->select(current)->size=1
RET2booked: ( booking->select(open)->size>0 or
booking->select(due)->size>0 ) and
booking->select(current)->size=1

return(cr)
[ RETOK and RET2noReturns ] /
RETACT

RET2mustReturn: booking->select(current)->size>1
mustReturn

RETACT: cr.booking.returnCar()

booking->select(open)->size=0 and
booking->select(due)->size=0 and
booking->select(current)->size=0

return(cr)
[ RETOK and RET2mustReturn ] /
RETACT

cancel(b)
[ CANOK ]

PICKUP

6.4 Statechart Diagrams

240

Customer Statechart with Formal Details Using Junction Points

BOOK
( booking->select(open)->size>0 or
booking->select(due)->size>0 ) and
booking->select(current)->size=0

BOOK: book(s,e,ct) [ Today<=s and s<= e ] /

booking.create(self,s,e,ct)
PICKUP: pickUp(b) [ booking->includes(b) and b.due ] /
result=b.searchAvailCar(); b.assignCar(result)

booked

BOOK

[ CAN2booked ]

CANOK: booking->includes(b) and (b.open or b.due)

cancel(b)
[ CANOK ]
create(n) /
Name=n

CAN2noReturns: booking->select(open or due)->size=1

CAN2booked: booking->select(open or due)->size>1

[ CAN2noReturns ]
RETOK: booking.car->includes(cr) and
(cr.unAvailable or cr.due)
[ RET2booked ]

noReturns

PICKUP

BOOK

[ RET2noReturns ]

RET2noReturns: ( booking->select(open)->size=0 and

booking->select(due)->size=0 ) and
booking->select(current)->size=1
RET2booked: ( booking->select(open)->size>0 or
booking->select(due)->size>0 ) and
booking->select(current)->size=1

return(cr)
[ RETOK ] /
RETACT

RET2mustReturn: booking->select(current)->size>1
[ RET2mustReturn ]

mustReturn

RETACT: cr.booking.returnCar()

booking->select(open)->size=0 and
booking->select(due)->size=0 and
booking->select(current)->size=0

cancel(b)
[ CANOK ]

booking->select(current)->size>0
PICKUP

6.4 Statechart Diagrams

241

Booking Statechart With Formal Details

create(cs,s,e,ct) / Start=s; End=e;

Cat=ct; link(Registration,[cs,self])

open
when(Today=Start)

customer.cancel(self) /
PickedUp=false
when(Today>Start) /
PickedUp=false;
customer.cancel(self)

due
assignCar(cr) /
link(Assignment,[self,cr]);
PickedUp=true

closed

returnCar() / unlink(Assignment,[self,car]);
Return=Today
current

6.4 Statechart Diagrams

242

Car Statechart with Formal Details

create(l,ct) / LicenceNo=l; Cat=ct

available
booking.assignCar(self)
booking.returnCar()

booking.returnCar()

unAvailable

due

when(Today=booking.End)

6.4 Statechart Diagrams

243

Sequence Diagram for Booking: Car.create; Booking.create

:User

create("Ada")

ada:Customer
noReturns

create("ABC123",S)

vw:Car
available

book("11/20","11/23",E)
create(ada,"11/20","11/23",E)

b:Booking

booked

open

Today=b.Start

due
pickUp(b)
searchAvailCar()
vw
assignCar(vw)
unAvailable

current

vw
mustReturn
Today=b.End

due
return(vw)
returnCar()
noReturns

available

closed

6.5 Statechart Diagrams

244

Sequence Diagram for Booking:

Car.create; Booking.create (with objects)
:User

create("Ada")

ada:Customer

ada:Customer
noReturns

create("ABC123",S)

ada:Customer

vw:Car

vw:Car

available
book("11/20","11/23",E)
create(ada,"11/20","11/23",E)

b:Booking

booked

ada:Customer

b:Booking

vw:Car

ada:Customer

b:Booking

vw:Car

ada:Customer

b:Booking

vw:Car

open

Today=b.Start

due
pickUp(b)
searchAvailCar()
vw
assignCar(vw)
unAvailable

current

vw
mustReturn
Today=b.End

due
return(vw)
returnCar()
noReturns

available

closed

6.5 Statechart Diagrams

6.5 Collaboration Diagrams

245

6.5 Collaboration Diagrams

246

Collaboration Diagram for Booking: Car.create; Booking.create

:User
1. create("Ada")
3. book("11/20","11/23",E)
2. create("ABC123",S)

4. pickUp(b)
5. return(vw)

customer

car

booking {new}

ada:Customer {new}

b:Booking {new}

3.1 create(ada,"11/20","11/23",E)
4.1 searchAvailCar()
4.2 assignCar(vw)
5.1 returnCar()

car {transient}

vw:Car {new}

6.5 Collaboration Diagrams

247

Sequence Diagram for Booking: Booking.create; Car.create

:User

create("Ada")

ada:Customer
noReturns

book("11/20","11/23",E)
create(ada,"11/20","11/23",E)
booked

b:Booking
open

Today=b.Start

due
pickUp(b)
searchAvailCar()
create("ABC123",S)

vw:Car
available
vw
assignCar(vw)
unAvailable

current

vw
mustReturn
Today=b.End

due
return(vw)
returnCar()
noReturns

available

closed

6.5 Collaboration Diagrams

248

Sequence Diagram for Booking:

Booking.create; Car.create (with objects)
:User

create("Ada")

ada:Customer

ada:Customer
noReturns

book("11/20","11/23",E)
create(ada,"11/20","11/23",E)
booked

b:Booking

ada:Customer

b:Booking

ada:Customer

b:Booking

vw:Car

ada:Customer

b:Booking

vw:Car

ada:Customer

b:Booking

vw:Car

open

Today=b.Start

due
pickUp(b)
searchAvailCar()
create("ABC123",S)

vw:Car
available
vw
assignCar(vw)
unAvailable

current

vw
mustReturn
Today=b.End

due
return(vw)
returnCar()
noReturns

available

closed

6.5 Collaboration Diagrams

249

Collaboration Diagram for Booking: Booking.create; Car.create

:User

1. create("Ada")
2. book("11/20","11/23",E)

3.2 create("ABC123",S)

3. pickUp(b)
4. return(vw)
customer

booking {new}

ada:Customer {new}

car {transient}
b:Booking {new}

2.1 create(ada,"11/20","11/23",E)
3.1 searchAvailCar()
3.3 assignCar(vw)
4.1 returnCar()

car
vw:Car {new}

6.5 Collaboration Diagrams

250

Sequence Diagram for Booking with Implicit Cancel

:User

create("Ada")

ada:Customer
noReturns

book("11/20","11/23",E)

create(ada,"11/20","11/23",E)
booked

b:Booking
open

Today=b.Start

due

Today>b.Start
cancel(b)
noReturns

closed

6.5 Collaboration Diagrams

251

Sequence Diagram for Booking with Explicit Cancel

:User

create("Ada")

ada:Customer
noReturns

book("11/20","11/23",E)

create(ada,"11/20","11/23",E)

b:Booking

booked

open

noReturns

closed

cancel(b)

Today<b.Start

6.5 Collaboration Diagrams

252

Sequence Diagram for Booking with Early Return

:User

create("Ada")

ada:Customer
noReturns

create("ABC123",S)

vw:Car
available

book("11/20","11/23",E)

create(ada,"11/20","11/23",E)
booked

b:Booking
open

Today=b.Start

due
pickUp(b)
searchAvailCar()
vw
assignCar(vw)
vw

unAvailable

current

available

closed

mustReturn

return(vw)

returnCar()
noReturns

Today=b.End

6.5 Collaboration Diagrams

253

Sequence Diagram for Booking with Late Return

:User

create("Ada")

ada:Customer
noReturns

create("ABC123",S)

vw:Car
available

book("11/20","11/23",E)
create(ada,"11/20","11/23",E)

b:Booking

booked

open

Today=b.Start

due
pickUp(b)
searchAvailCar()
vw
assignCar(vw)
vw

unAvailable

current

mustReturn
Today>b.End

due
return(vw)

returnCar()
noReturns

available

closed

6.5 Collaboration Diagrams

254

Sequence Diagram for Two Bookings: b1.return; b2.assignCar

Today=b1.Start

vw:Car

b1:Booking

ada:Customer

b2:Booking

ford:Car

available

due

booked

open

available

assignCar(vw)
unAvailable
Today=b1.End
Today=b2.Start

current

mustReturn

due

due
return(vw)

available

closed
assignCar(ford)

current

unAvailable

6.5 Collaboration Diagrams

255

Sequence Diagram for Two Bookings: b2.assignCar; b1.return

Today=b1.Start

vw:Car

b1:Booking

ada:Customer

b2:Booking

ford:Car

available

due

booked

open

available

assignCar(vw)
unAvailable
Today=b1.End
Today=b2.Start

current

mustReturn

due

due
assignCar(ford)
current

return(vw)
available

closed

unAvailable

6.6 Collaboration Diagrams

256

6.6 Closing

6.6 Closing

257

Activity Diagrams for pickUp: Textual Level and Operation Level

Customer::pickUp(b):Car

Customer::pickUp(b):Car

testAvailableCars
[noCarAvailable]

[carAvailable]

result=b.searchAvailCar()
chooseAnAvailableCar

purchaseANewCar

connectTheBookingToTheCar
b.assignCar(result)
indicateThatACarHasBeenPickedUp

returnTheCar

return(result)

6.6 Closing

258

Activity Diagrams for pickUp: Statement Level and Formal Level

Customer::pickUp(b):Car

Customer::pickUp(b):Car

Car.allInstances->exists(cr|
cr.available and cr.Cat>=b.Cat)

testAvailableCars
[else]

[carAvailable]

result=someAvailableCar

result=someNewCar

[true]

[false]

result:=Car.allInstances->
select(cr|cr.available and
cr.Cat>=b.Cat)->any

result:=Car.create(newLicNo,b.Cat)

link(Assignment,[b,result])

b.car:=b.car->including(result)

b.pickedUp=true

b.pickedUp:=true

return(result)

return(result)

6.6 Closing

259

Developing a Consistent Model

develop object diagrams

develop sequence diagrams

develop class diagram

develop statechart diagrams

[diagrams inconsistent or incomplete]

[more diagrams needed]

[diagrams ok]

modify object
diagram

modify class
diagram

modify statechart
diagram

modify sequence
diagram

develop more sequence

diagrams

develop more object

diagrams

6.6 Closing

260

Details for Diagram Consistency

From class diagram to object diagrams
- for each class there is at least one object diagram with an object of that class
- for each attribute and role name there is at least one object diagram with an object with that attribute and role name
From class diagram to sequence diagrams
- for each class there is at least one sequence diagram with an object of that class
- for each operation there is at least one sequence diagram with that operation as a message
From class diagram to statechart diagrams
- for each attribute there is at least one operation that modifies that attribute in some statechart
- for each operation there is at least one statechart where that operation occurs as a call evant or as a call action
From statechart diagrams to class diagram
- each call event refers to an operation in a class
- each attribute and role name occurring in a guard refers to an attribute in a class and a role name of a class
- each call action, assignment action, and link/unlink action refers to an operation, attribute, and role name in a class
From object diagrams to class diagram
- each class of an object occurs as as class
- each attribute and role name refers to an attribute in a class and a role name of a class

OD

From sequence diagram to class diagram

- each object refers to a class
- each message refers to an operation in a class

CD

From sequence diagram to statechart diagram

- each state refers to a state in the statechart diagram
- each message sequence is allowed by at least one statechart event and action order
- each state sequence is allowed by at least one state sequence order

SC

From statechart diagram to the sequence diagram

- each call action completely occurs in the sequence diagram (all sub-actions from the call action occur)

SeqD