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    This document defines key chemistry concepts across several topics: - Atoms, molecules, and stoichiometry including isotopes, relative atomic/molecular masses, moles, empirical and molecular formulas. - The gaseous state and assumptions of the kinetic theory of gases. - Chemical energetics including standard enthalpy changes, bond energies, ionization energies, and lattice energies. - Reaction kinetics including rate equations, reaction orders, rate constants, activation energy, and catalysis. - Chemical equilibria including dynamic equilibrium, Le Chatelier's principle, and apparent molecular mass. - Ionic equilibria including pH, pOH, Kw, Ka, pKa, buffers

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    Definition List

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    This document defines key chemistry concepts across several topics: - Atoms, molecules, and stoichiometry including isotopes, relative atomic/molecular masses, moles, empirical and molecular formulas. - The gaseous state and assumptions of the kinetic theory of gases. - Chemical energetics including standard enthalpy changes, bond energies, ionization energies, and lattice energies. - Reaction kinetics including rate equations, reaction orders, rate constants, activation energy, and catalysis. - Chemical equilibria including dynamic equilibrium, Le Chatelier's principle, and apparent molecular mass. - Ionic equilibria including pH, pOH, Kw, Ka, pKa, buffers

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    This document defines key chemistry concepts across several topics: - Atoms, molecules, and stoichiometry including isotopes, relative atomic/molecular masses, moles, empirical and molecular formulas. - The gaseous state and assumptions of the kinetic theory of gases. - Chemical energetics including standard enthalpy changes, bond energies, ionization energies, and lattice energies. - Reaction kinetics including rate equations, reaction orders, rate constants, activation energy, and catalysis. - Chemical equilibria including dynamic equilibrium, Le Chatelier's principle, and apparent molecular mass. - Ionic equilibria including pH, pOH, Kw, Ka, pKa, buffers

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as doc, pdf, or txt
    45 views5 pages

    Definition List

    Uploaded by

    printdaddy
    This document defines key chemistry concepts across several topics: - Atoms, molecules, and stoichiometry including isotopes, relative atomic/molecular masses, moles, empirical and molecular formulas. - The gaseous state and assumptions of the kinetic theory of gases. - Chemical energetics including standard enthalpy changes, bond energies, ionization energies, and lattice energies. - Reaction kinetics including rate equations, reaction orders, rate constants, activation energy, and catalysis. - Chemical equilibria including dynamic equilibrium, Le Chatelier's principle, and apparent molecular mass. - Ionic equilibria including pH, pOH, Kw, Ka, pKa, buffers

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    of 5

    CHEMISTRY DEFINITION LIST

    ATOMS, MOLECULES & STOICHIOMETRY

    Isotopes Atoms of the same element with the same atomic number but
    different mass numbers.

    Relative Atomic Mass (Ar) - The relative atomic mass of an element from a
    specified source is the ratio of the average mass per atom of the element to
    1/12 of the mass of an atom of 12C

    Relative Isotopic Mass The relative isotopic mass of an isotope of an element


    is the ratio of the mass of one atom of isotope of the element to 1/12 of the
    mass of an atom of 12C

    Relative Molecular Mass (Mr) The relative molecular mass of molecules in a


    substance is the ratio of the average mass per molecule of the substance to
    1/12 of the mass of an atom of 12C

    Relative Formula Mass (Mr) The relative formula mass of a formula unit of an
    ionic compound is the ratio of the average mass per formula unit to 1/12 of
    the mass of an atom of 12C

    Mole A mole of substance is the amount of that substance which contains as


    many elementary entities as there are carbon atoms in 12g of carbon-12
    (6.02x1023 atoms)

    Empirical Formula The simplest whole number ratio for the atoms of different
    elements in the compound

    Molecular Formula The actual number of atoms of the different elements in


    the compound

    THE GASEOUS STATE


    Basic assumptions of the kinetic theory of ideal gases:
    1) Gases consist of small particles of negligible volumes. The particles are widely
    separated and can move anywhere in the container.
    2) The gas particles exert no attractive forces on each other.
    Conditions necessary for gas to approach ideality:
    1) At low pressure, the volume of gas particles of a real gas becomes negligible
    as compared to the volume occupied by the gas
    2) At high temperature, the gas particles are able to overcome most of the
    intermolecular forces of attraction.

    CHEMICAL ENERGETICS
    1.

    Standard enthalpy change of formation of a substance is the energy change


    when one mole of the substance is formed from its constituent elements at
    298K and 1 atm.

    2.

    Standard enthalpy change of combustion of a substance is the energy


    released when one mole of the substance is completely burnt in excess
    oxygen at 298K and 1 atm.

    3.

    Standard enthalpy change of neutralization is the energy released when an


    acid and base react to form one mole of water at 298K and 1 atm.

    4.

    Standard enthalpy change of atomization of an element is the energy


    absorbed to form one mole of gaseous atoms from the element in its standard
    state at 298K and 1 atm.

    5.

    Bond Dissociation Energy of an X-Y bond is the energy required to break 1


    mole of that particular X-Y bond in a particular compound in gaseous state.

    6.

    The bond energy (BE) of an X-Y bond is the average energy absorbed when 1
    mole of X-Y bonds are broken in gaseous state. The stronger the bond, the
    higher the bond energy.

    7.

    First ionization energy of an element is the energy absorbed when 1 mole of


    gaseous atoms lose 1 mole of electrons to give 1 mole of singly-charged
    positive gaseous ions.

    8.

    Second ionization energy of an element is the energy absorbed when 1 mole


    of singly-charged gaseous positive ions lose 1 mole of electrons to give 1 mole
    of doubly-charge positive gaseous ions.

    9.

    First electron affinity of an element is the energy change when 1 mole of


    gaseous atoms acquire 1 mole of electrons to give 1 mole of singly charged
    negative gaseous ions.

    10. Second electron affinity of an element is the energy absorbed when 1 mole of
    singly charged negative gaseous ions acquire 1 mole of electrons to give 1
    mole of doubly charged negative gaseous ions.
    11. Lattice energy of an ionic compound is the energy released when one mole of
    the solid ionic compound is formed from its constituent gaseous ions at 298K
    and 1 atm.
    12. Standard enthalpy change of hydration of an ion is the energy released when
    one mole of gaseous ions is hydrated at 298K and 1 atm.
    13. Standard enthalpy change of solution of a substance is the energy change
    when one mole of the substance is completely dissolved in a solvent to form
    an infinitely dilute solution at 298K and 1 atm.

    REACTION KINETICS

    Rate of reaction The change in concentration of a reactant or product with


    time. i.e. rate at a given time t = -

    Rate equation The rate equation or rate law is a mathematical equation that
    shows how the rate of reaction is dependent on the concentrations of the
    reactants; it relates the rate of reaction to the concentration of reactants
    raised to the appropriate power. E.g. rate = k[A]m[B]n.

    Order of reaction
    o

    The order of reaction with respect to a reactant is the power to which


    the concentration of that reactant is raised to in the rate equation

    The overall order of reaction is the sum of the powers to which the
    concentrations of the reactants are raised to in the rate equation.

    Rate constant The rate constant, k is a proportionality constant in the rate


    equation of the reaction.

    Half-life of a reaction The time required for the concentration of a limiting


    reactant to decrease to half of its initial concentration.

    Rate-determining step The slowest step in the sequence of steps leading to


    the formation of the product

    Activation energy, Ea Ea is the minimum amount of energy that the reactant


    particles must possess before they can collide successfully to form products.

    Catalysis A catalyst is a substance which increases the rate of a chemical


    reaction without itself undergoing any permanent chemical change. It is
    regenerated at the end of the reaction.

    CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIA

    Static Equilibrium Static Equilibrium is a state in which there is no change in


    both macroscopic and microscopic properties in a system.

    Dynamic Equilibrium Dynamic Equilibrium refers to a reversible reaction in


    which the rates of the forward and backward reactions are equal and non-zero
    and there is no change in the concentrations of the reactants and products.

    Le Chateliers Principle If a system in equilibrium is subjected to a change


    which disturbs the equilibrium, the system responds in such a way as to
    counteract the effect of the change.

    Apparent Molecular Mass Apparent molecular mass is the weighted average


    of the relative molecular masses of all the gases present at equilibrium

    IONIC EQUILIBRIA

    pH pH is the negative logarithm (to base 10) of the hydrogen ion


    concentration of the solution, pH = -lg[H3O+]

    pOH pOH is the negative logarithm (to base 10) of the hydroxide ion
    concentration of the solution, pOH = -lg[OH-]

    Kw The ionic product of water. It has units of mol2 dm-6

    Ka Acid dissociation constant, K a, is a measure of the strength of the acid. It


    is unaffected by concentration changes but is affected only by temperature
    changes.

    pKa pKa is the negative logarithm (to base 10) of the acid dissociation
    constant, Ka.

    Kb Base dissociation constant, K b, is a measure of the strength of the base. It


    is unaffected by concentration changes but is affected only by temperature
    changes.

    pKb pKb is the negative logarithm (to base 10) of the base dissociation
    constant, Kb.

    Strong acid Strong acid is one which undergoes complete dissociation in


    aqueous solution to give H+ ions, eg. HCl

    Strong base Strong base is one which undergoes complete dissociation in


    aqueous solution to give OH- ions, eg. NaOH

    Weak acid Weak acid is one that is partially dissociated in solution to give H +
    ions, eg. CH3COOH

    Weak base Weak base is one that is partially dissociated in solution to give
    OH- ions, eg. NH3

    Bronsted-Lowry theory of acids and bases states that an acid is a proton donor
    and a base is a proton acceptor.

    Buffer solution A buffer solution is either a mixture of a large reservoir of


    weak acid and its conjugate base or a mixture of a large reservoir of weak
    base and its conjugate acid, which is able to resist a change in pH (i.e.
    maintain almost constant pH) upon the addition of a small amount of acid or
    base.

    ELECTROCHEMISTRY

    Standard Electrode (reduction) Potential (E) The standard electrode


    potential of a half-cell is the electromotive force, measured at 298K and 1

    atm, between the half-cell and the standard hydrogen electrode, in which the
    reacting species are at molar concentrations.

    Standard Cell Potential (E cell) Standard cell potential, E cell, is the potential
    difference between 2 half-cells under standard conditions.

    NITROGEN COMPOUNDS (II)

    Peptide bond refers to the bond formed when two amino acids join together. It
    is formed between COO- group of one amino acid and the NH3+ group of the
    other.

    Primary structure refers to the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide


    chain(s)

    Secondary structure refers to the way in which segments of the peptide


    backbone orientate into a regular pattern through hydrogen bonds.

    Tertiary structure refers to the 3D arrangement due to the folding of


    secondary structural elements together with the spatial disposition of the side
    chains. Folding is due to R group interactions.

    Quaternary structure refers to the spatial arrangement and association of


    polypeptide subunits.

    Denaturation of proteins refers to the disruptions of the non-covalent


    interactions (but including disulfide links) that hold the tertiary structure.

    [For more read the summary behind the nitro compounds (II)]

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