Chapter 1 - Transmission Line PDF

MICROWAVE ENGINEEERING
ECM510
CHAPTER ONE
TRANSMISSION LINES
LECTURER: KAMARIAH ISMAIL
T2-A12-12C
[email protected]
[email protected]
COURSE OUTCOMES:
Define and Describe:
transmission lines
a transmission line equivalent circuit
transmission characteristics
incident and reflected waves, reflection coefficient,
standing waves and standing wave ratio (SWR)
standing waves on open and shorted transmission lines
how to match impedances on a transmission line
MICROWAVE ENGINEERING/ECM510
COMMUNICATION MEDIA
Guided transmission media

Have some form physical
media where signals are
contained.
Examples :
copper wire - transport
electrical current
optical fiber transport light
waves thru
Unguided Transmission Media

Wireless systems (without a
physical conductor).
Examples
air (Earth's atmosphere) and free
space (a vacuum
TYPES OF TRANSMISSION LINES
i)Balanced Transmission
Two wire balanced lines,
both conductors carry
current:
- parallel wire line
- one conductor carries the
signal and the other
conductor is the return path.
(out of phase 180 degree)
- low frequency application
eg. telephone signal
ii)Unbalanced Transmission
Lines
- one wire is at ground potential,
whereas the other wire is at signal
potential.
- single-ended transmission line
- eg. coaxial cable for higher
frequency signals
Baluns
A circuit device used to connect a balanced transmission line to an
unbalanced load (balanced to unbalanced).
Example: Connect a coaxial cable (unbalanced) to an antenna
(Balanced) using special transformer with an unbalanced primary and a
center-tapped secondary winding.
METALLIC TRANSMISSION LINES

Is a metallic conductor system used to
transfer signal from one point to
another using electrical current flow.
The most common metallic cables used

to interconnect data communications
systems and computer networks today
are parallel-conductor transmission
lines and coaxial transmission lines.
Example: Open-wire ,Twin Lead,Twistedpair, Coaxial Cable
Figure 1.0 : Open wire transmission line

-separated by dielectric-air
-High radiation losses due to no shielding
-Produce crosstalk
-Usage: std voice-grade telephone applications
Figure 1-1 Twin lead two-wire transmission line

- solid dielectric eg. Teflon & Polyethylene
- flat cable type
- Usage: to connect TV to rooftopM Iantennas
CROWAVE ENGINEERING/ECM510
FIGURE 1-2 Twisted-pair two-wire transmission line

- twisting the wires reduces crosstalk between cable pairs
- Neighbouring pairs twisted with different pitches (twist length) to reduce
effects of EMI (electromagnetic interference) and RFI
(radio frequency interference)
Two types: UTP & STP
FIGURE 1-3 Unshielded twisted-pair (UTP) cable

FIGURE 1-4 Shielded twisted-pair (STP) cable
FIGURE 1-5 Coaxial or concentric transmission line: (a) rigid air-filled; (b) solid
flexible
BNC connector (twisted on or off)
BNC barrel
Type-N (screwed on or off)

BNC T
Type-N barrel
FIGURE 1-6 Coaxial cable connectors

10
METALLIC TRANSMISSION LINE (TL)

EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
Uniformly Distributed Transmission Lines

The characteristics of a TL are determined by :
(i) electrical properties - wire conductivity and
insulator dielectric constant
(ii) physical properties - such as wire diameter and
conductor spacing.
These properties, in turn, determine the primary
electrical constants: series dc resistance (R), series
inductance (L), shunt capacitance (C), and shunt
conductance (G).
11
An equivalent circuit of a general transmission

line
R
L
R
L
C
PRIMARY CONSTANT:
R and L occur along the line
C and G occur between the conductors
R, L, C and G are measured per unit length
Example: R = unit is ohms per meter / ohms per foot
12
TRANSMISSION CHARACTERISTICS
Characteristic Impedance,
Symbol : Zo
Definition
The ratio of incident voltage and incident
current at any point along the line
Or
Input impedance of an infinite line
Or
Input impedance of a finite line when the line
is terminated by a purely resistive load equal
to Zo
L =
Zin
Zo
Significance
Maximum power transfer when ZL= Zo
The value of Zo can be calculated based on
physical dimensions or primary constant of
the line respectively.
13
Characteristic impedance calculated

using Ohms Law :
Eo
Zo
Io
where:
E0 = source voltage (volts)

I0 = transmission line current
(ohms
14
FIGURE 1.9 Characteristic impedance of a transmission line of infinite

sections or terminated in load equal to Zo
15
The impedance seen looking into a line of n such sections is

determined from the following equation :
ZL
Zo Z1Z 2
Z1Z 2
n
R jL
ZO
G jC
2
16
Line Classification
Low
frequency
line
R and
GC
High
frequency line
L >>R and
C >> G
= 0 and
Zo =
=
=
Lowloss line
G0
Lossless
line
R 0 and
G0
Distortionless
Line
LG =
= 0 and
=
17
Characteristic impedance calculated using Ohms Law :
where:
Eo
Zo
Io
E0 = source voltage (volts)

I0 = transmission line current (ohms)
18
Determination of Characteristic Impedance

of a two parallel wire using
its physical dimensions:
Zo 276 log10
D
r
where,
D = distance between the centers of the two
conductor
r = radius of the conductor (inches)
19
Characteristic impedance of a coaxial cable using

its physical dimensions:
138
D
Zo
log10
d
r
where,
D = inside diameter of the outer conductor (inches)
r = relative dielectric constant of insulating
material (unitless)
d = diameter of the inside conductor (inches)
20
Exercise 1- 41:
Find Zo for a coaxial cable with the following specs.:
(a) D= 0.15 in. , d=0.025 in and is r 2.23
Ans:(72 )
(b) Given L=0.118 uH/ft and C=21 pF/ft
Ans:(75 )
21
Exercise 1- 42:
A piece of coaxial cable has Zo = 50 ohm and
capacitance of 69 pF/m. Find the inductance per meter?
If the diameter of the inner conductor is 0.584 mm and
r is 2.20, determine the diameter of the outer
conductor?
(assume it is a lossless line)
Ans:0.079inch
22
B) Propagation Constant
sometimes called propagation coefficient,
is a complex quantity where = +j where represent the attenuation (signal
loss) and the phase shift per unit length of a transmission line respectively.
Mathematically, the propagation constant is
( R jL)(G jC ) j
Phase velocity is given by,
23
VELOCITY
FACTOR
p
c
1
Where p
LC
p = velocity of propagation through the media
Wavelength, m of
through a particular
media becomes:
m
r
24
ANALYSIS THE VOLTAGE AND

CURRENT
x
Consider a small
element of the line, x:
V +V
V
Voltage across a small element of the line:
V-(V+V) = (R+jL) x I
V = -(R+jL) x I
V
dV
(R jL)I
( R jL) I ......(1)
x
dx
25
I+V
Consider a small
element of the line, x:
Current across a small element of the line:

I-(I+I) = (G+jC) x V
I
= -(G+jC) x V
I
dI
(G jC )V (G jC )V ............(2)
x
dx
26
Differentiating Eqn. 1
2
d V
dI
( R jL) ......(3)
2
dx
dx
Substituting Eqn. 2 in Eqn. 3
d 2V
2
(
R
L
)(
G
C
)
V
V .....(4)
2
dx
Similarly
d 2I
2
(
R
L
)(
G
C
)
I
I .....(5)
2
dx
27
SOLVING SECOND ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS, (4) AND (5):

The solutions to equations (4) and (5) and are either in exponential or
in hyperbolic function form; the exponential form:
V ( x) Vi e x Vr ex .............(6)
I ( x) I i e x I r ex .........(7)
Equations (6) and (7) are the general line equations of the voltage
and current respectively and for a matched line where x = L,
these equations becomes:
L
VL VS e .......(8);
L
IL I S e .......(9)
L
PL Vs e I s e
Ps e
2L
.....(10)
28
Or altenatively:
Note that: is measured from the load end

Vs VL cosh Z o I L sinh .............(11)
VL
Is I L cosh
sinh ........(12)
Zo
Hence for the case of a shorted and opened line

respectively, the input impedance becomes:
Z insc line Z o tanh .............(13)
Z inop line Z o coth ......(14)
29
TRANSMISSION LINE LOSSES

(READING ASSIGNMENT)
1. Conductor Losses
2.
Dielectric Heating Losses
3.
Radiation Losses
4.
Coupling Losses
5.
Corona
30
INCIDENT AND REFLECTED WAVES

Incident voltage, Ei - Voltage that propagates from the
source toward the load ; mathematically = Vi e x
Reflected voltage, Er - Voltage that propagates from the
load toward the source ; mathematically = V ex
r
Figure 1.11: Source and load transmission

line
31
REFLECTION COEFFICIENT
Reflection coefficient is a vector quantity that
represents the ratio of reflected voltage, Er to

incident voltage, Ei or reflected current to
incident current. Mathematically :
Vr
Vi
Worst case condition, = 1 total reflection
occurs, case of shorted or opened line

Ideal case condition, = 0 no reflected
32
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ZO , ZL
The characteristic impedance ,
Zo =
=-
(+)
(+)
V ( x ) Vi e x Vr ex .............(6)
I ( x ) I i e x I r ex .........(7)
Consider the line terminated by a load impedance, ZL

ZL =
+
+
+
Zo
(8)
ZL(Vi Vr) = Zo(Vi + Vr) and rearrange the equation becomes
==

+
33
Standing Wave
Stationary waves
The resultant wave as the incident
and reflected waves pass each other.
The two traveling waves set up an

interference pattern and consists of
maximum and minimum
Vmax
Maximum voltage occurs when the

two waves are in phase and minimum
voltage occurs when the two waves
are out of phase
Vmin
Distance between the two minima and

maxima is half wavelength
respectively.
Distance between minima and maxima

is quarter wavelength.
34
Standing-wave ratio (SWR or VSWR)

defined as the ratio of the maximum voltage, Vmax to
the minimum voltage, Vmin or the maximum current to
the minimum current of a standing wave on a
transmission line.
Also called VSWR (Voltage Standing-Wave Ratio)
Mathematically, SWR is
SWR
Vmax
Vmin
E i Er
Ei Er
s = when the incident and reflected waves are equal in

amplitude (a total mismatch). This is the worst-case
condition.
s = 1 when there is no reflected wave (Er = 0), occurs when
Zo = ZL and is the ideal situation
35
VOLTAGE STANDING WAVE RATIO, S IN TERMS OF

REFLECTION COEFFICIENT, , ZO and ZL
V i(1 Vr / Vi ) 1
s
Vi (1 Vr /V i) 1
either s =
or s =
But =
If ZL> Zo
If ZL< Zo
36
FIGURE 1-12
Incident and reflected waves on a transmission line terminated in an open circuit (Continued)
37
38
Fig:Voltage and current standing waves on a transmission line,

opened end
Note that: Impedance is maximum at the open end

Impedance
is minimum
at
one-quarter
wavelength from the open
None of the incident power is absorbed by the
load
39
Fig. Voltage and current standing waves on a transmission line, shorted end
Note that: Impedance is minimum at the shorted end

Impedance is maximum at one-quarter
wavelength from the open
None of the incident power is absorbed by the
load
40
Exercise 1.91
Briefly explain matching in a transmission line and its
significance.
Matching occurs in a transmission line(TL) when the line is
terminated by the load, ZL and ZL = Zo. whereby Zo is the
characteristic impedance of that TL . When ZL Zo the line
is said to be unmatched which resulted in:
(i) standing waves on the line,
(ii) maximum power is not transferred to the load
Standing waves cause power loss, dielectric breakdown,
noise, radiation and ghost signals. Therefore it is of utmost
important that the transmission line should be matched to the
load.
41
IMPEDANCE MATCHING
Power is transferred most efficiently to a load when there are
no reflected waves (Zo=ZL).
Standing waves are present on the line, and maximum power
is not transferred to the load when (ZoZL).
Standing waves cause power loss, dielectric breakdown, noise,
radiation, and ghost signals.
Two possible techniques to match a transmission line to a
load:
(i) Quarter-wavelength transformer matching
(ii) Stub matching.
42
FIGURE 1.15
Transmission-line summary
43
A)
QUARTER-WAVELENGTH TRANSFORMER
MATCHING.
The quarter-wavelength transformer is not actually a

transformer but rather a quarter-wavelength section of
transmission line that acts as if it were a transformer.
Therefore, a transmission line one-quarter wavelength
long acts as a step-up or step-down transformer,
depending on whether ZL is greater than or less than ZO.
= It acts as a transformer with a 1:1 turns ratio.
= It acts as a step-down transformer.

= It acts as a step-up transformer.
44
Definition
Case1
A process of inserting a quarter-wave line at a certain
location along the line and nearest to the load and at
that point, the input impedance is purely resistive.
The distance from the load is termed as , d/4 and the
characteristic impedance of this /4 is termed as Zo
/4
Zo
Zo
Where Zo=
Zin
ZL
Zo Zin
d/4
45
Case2
A process of inserting a quarter-wave

line directly to a purely resistive.
The characteristic impedance of this line
is termed as Zo.
/4
Zo
Zo
ZL
46
Example:
Find the physical length and Zo for a quarter-wave transformer
that is used to match a section of 75 ohm TL to a 300 ohm load.
The frequency of operation is 200 MHz.
47
B)
STUB MATCHING.
A process of inserting a piece of additional transmission line
parallel and closest to the load at a certain point along the
primary line and at that point the total admittance is unity.
YTOT YL ' YS 1 jb jb 1
Hence the standing wave ratio, s is unity and the line is
matched
With stub matching, either a shorted or an open stub can be
used. However, shorted stubs are preferred because open
stubs have a tendency to radiate, especially at the higher
frequencies.
48
2)Opened stub
matching
1)Shorted stub
matching
ls
ls
YS
YS
YTOT
YL
YL
ds
YTOT
YL
YL
ds
49
FIGURE 1.18(a)
Smith Chart
50
PHILLIP HAGAR SMITH
Phillip Hagar Smith (April 29, 1905August 29, 1987) was an electrical engineer, who became famous for his invention of the
Smith chart.
Smith graduated from Tufts College in 1928. While working for RCA, he invented his eponymous Smith chart. He retired from
Bell Labs in 1970.
[edit] Invention of the Smith Chart
Phillip Smith invented the Smith Chart in 1939 while he was working for The Bell Telephone Laboratories (although the Japanese
engineer Kurakawa invented a similar device one year earlier). - When asked why he invented this chart, Smith explained: :"From the time I could operate a slide rule, I've been interested in graphical representations of mathematical relationships.
By the end of the thirties, secret work was afoot in both the USA and the United Kingdom. At Bell Telephone's Radio Research
Lab in New Jersey, Philip Smith, born in Lexington Massachusetts, developed a circular chart form in 1939 that shows the entire
universe of complex impedances in one convenient circle. Wait, that's not entirely correct, as pointed out thanks to Jim... the
Smith Chart only shows one half of the entire universe of complex impedances. The negative impedances (with a negative real
part; where gain lives) still reach out to infinity in all directions around the circle. The Smith chart remains in wide use today, and
will be around long after we're all gone. Les Besser recalls that Philip Smith submitted an article on his development to the IRE,
which was rejected.
51
SMITH CHART
- Developed by Philip H. Smith

- widely used as transmission line calculator
- normally applied to lossless line. Lossy line can be used
but complicated.
Usage
(i) Calculation of impedance or admittance ( Z or Y)
(ii) Calculation of reflection coefficient; magnitude and phase
and SWR
(iii) Solving matching problems.
52
PROPERTIES OF SMITH CHART

Any impedance Z can be plotted on the Smith Chart
by simply normalizing the impedance value to the
characteristics impedance.
Value above center line : inductive (+jx)
Value below center line : capacitive (-jx)
Value of R and Y refer to the normalized value.
Admittance: obtained by rotating 180 around the
chart from the given normalized impedance value.
SWR is equal to value of Z/Zo at which the circle cross
the horizontal axis on the right side of the chart.
53
PROPERTIES OF SMITH CHART

1)
Movement on the chart
a)
The outside scale gives distance from the load towards the generator and
increases in a clockwise direction.
b)
Second scale gives distance from the source towards the load and increases
in a counterclockwise direction.
54
2)
Distance in wavelength
One complete revolution 360 represents a distance of one half wavelength (0.5 )
Half revolution represents a distance of 0.25
55
Properties of Smith Chart
(i) Movement on the chart

a) towards the load (forward) : anti-clockwise rotation on
the chart
b) towards the generator/source (forward) : clockwise rotation
on the chart
(ii) One round equals half wavelength
(one complete revolution 360 represents a distance of one half
Wavelength 0.5.
Half revolution represents a distance of 0.25
(iii) The chart range is only within the smallest inner circle, outside
circle is just a scale for each parameter.
(iv) Lines of Constant Resistance, Re(z)
- circles centered on the horizontal axis
- range from zero to infinity
56
(v) Lines of Constant Reactance, X(z)

- arcs which originate at the right-hand edge
- values above the center line = inductive (+jX)
- values below the center line = capacitive (-jX)
(vi) The values of R and X refer to the normalize value with
respect to the characteristic impedance of the TL.
( unit not in ohm)
(vii) The admittance : obtained by rotating 180 around the
chart from the given normalized impedance value.
57
FIGURE 1.18(B) IMPEDANCE INVERSION

58
FIGURE 1.19
impedance
Resistive
59
FIGURE 1.20
INDUCTIVE LOAD
60
FIGURE 1.21 COMPLEX

IMPEDANCE
61
FIGURE 1.22 INPUT IMPEDANCE

CALCULATIONS
62
63
FIGURE 1.23 SMITH CHART

FOR EXAMPLE 1.1
64
65
earlier
66
1.24
67
FIGURE 1.24, QUARTER-WAVE

TRANSFORMER
68
Example 1.2
69
70
FIGURE 1.25
EXAMPLE 1-2
71
earlier
: 1.26
72
73
FIGURE 1.26 STUB

MATCHING
74
Example 1.3
75
76
The distance from point C to point D is the sum of the

distances from point E to point F and point F to point
G.
E to F = 0.5 - 0.449 = 0.051
+ F to G = 0.18 - 0 = 0.18
total distance = 0.213
To determine the length of the shorted stub, calculate
the
distance from the y = point (point H) to the ys = 0j1.7
point (point I).
stub length = 0.334 - 0.25 = 0.084
77
FIGURE 1.27 EXAMPLE

1.3
78
INPUT IMPEDANCE ALONG THE LINE
Example: Determine
ZL
0.1
ZL
ZL
79
Example
i)
Define characteristic impedance and propagation constant of a transmission

line.
Given below, the characteristic impedance for a uniform transmission line
R=12m/m, L=1.6H/m
G=1.5mho/m, C=1.5nF/m
ii) Calculate the characteristics impedance (Z0) and propagation constant () of the line
when the operating signal frequency is 4kHz. If the signal is travels 100m, what is the
attenuation coefficient and phase shift coefficient of the line.
80
Example
Determine Zo if:
i) A coaxial cable using solid polyethylene
dielectric having r = 2.3 with an inner 2mm
in diameter and the inside diameter of the
outer conductor of 10mm.
ii) An open wire line with conductors 2mm in
diameter, located 15mm apart. What is the
effect on the impedance if the wire spacing
is increased?
81
Solution :
r = 2.3
d = 2 mm
D = 10 mm
Zo = 138
= 138
= 63.6024
82
D = 15 mm apart
r = 2/2 = 1 mm
Zo = 276 log D
d
= 276 log 15
1
= 324.6012
D = 20 mm apart
Zo = 276 log 20
1
# if the wire spacing

is increased, the impedance is also increased.
= 359.0843
83
Example
A lossless transmission line is 100 meter long and has L = 1.2 H/m and C = 250
pF/m operating at 300 MHz. calculate the phase change coefficient and of the
line.
L = 1.2 H/m; C = 250 pF/m
f = 300 MHz
= jLC
= j (2)(300M) (1.2)(250p)
= j32.6484
= 32.6484 x 100
= 3264.83 radians but = 2 /
= 2 / = 2 / 3264.83
= 1.9245 x 10-3
84
Example Final Exam Oct 2006 - 13 marks
1. A signal source supplies 100W to a 75 lossless

0.75 line. The other end of the line is connected to an
antenna with a characteristic impedance of
100+j150. With the aid of a Smith Chart, determine:
i) magnitude and phase of reflection co-efficient;
ii) load admittance;

iii) location of voltage maximum and minimum along
the transmission line with respect to the load;
iv) the best place to insert a shorted matching stub on

the line;
v) proper length for the stub (in wavelengths).
85
Example
2.
A 50 transmission line circuit terminated with an

inductive load, ZL. A short circuit stub is connected
parallel to ZL, resulting in a standing wave ratio of 3.5.
With the aid of Smith Chart, calculate normalized load
impedance if the distance from the load to the first
voltage maximum is 1.79cm. Given that operating
wavelength is 15cm. Determine:
i) value of the load impedance;

ii) magnitude and phase;
iii) the distance from the load and wavelength of a short
circuit stub which may be inserted to match the line in
cm.
86
Example
3.
A 50 air-dielectric lossless transmission line is operating

at frequency 7G.
i) the above transmission line is terminated with a short.
Using SC, find the transmisssion line length (in cm)
required for the input impedance to be j75.
ii) the termination of the above transmission line is now
replaced with a series RC combination, having an
impedance ZL=(75-j100). Find SWR and the reflection
coefficient values. Then calculate the position and length
of a short circuited stub designed to match this load to
the line.
87
Example
4.
An (80-j110) load terminates a 1.2 long 50

transmission line. With the aid of Smith Chart,
determine:
i) input impedance of the line;
ii) reflection coefficient;
iii) the nearest position and length of a 50 short circuit

stub required to match the load to the line;
iv) another position and length where the stub can be
placed;
Thus, sketch the standing wave pattern resulting from the
above termination. Indicate clearly the position (in mm)
of the first Vmin given that the frequency of operation is
3GHz.
88
Example Test 1
1. An 150 line is terminated by the load
impedance of (200+j300). Using Smith Chart,
determine:
i) voltage standing wave ratio,VSWR;
ii) Actual admitance,YL;
iii) distance nearest from the load and the length,
ds and the length, ls of a single short circuited
stub;
iv) Maximum and minimum impedance of the
line, Zmax and Zmin.
89
Example
2. A load impedance of (60+j50) terminates a 4.4
line with 50 characteristic impedance, using a
smith chart, determine:
i) the normalize value of the load impedance (ZL)
and load admittance (YL);
ii) the SWR and the reflection coefficient;
iii) the distance and the input impedance (Zin) of
the first voltage maximum from the load;
iv) the distance nearest from the load and the
length of a single open circuit stub matching
which may be inserted to match the line.
90
Example
3. An equivalent circuit of a varactor diode is given in

figure 1. The diode is to be used in the design of a
parameter amplifier operating at 2 GHz and needs
to be matched to a 50 transmission line. Use the
Smith Chart to obtain:
i) the normalized value of the load impedance and
load admittance;
ii) the SWR and reflection coefficient;
iii) the distance and the input impedance of the
first voltage maximum from the load;
iv) the nearest distance and the length of a single
short circuit stub to match the diode to the line
91
TIME DOMAIN REFLECTOMETRY (TDR)

A technique used to detect an impairment along the transmission line
Limited to 10 miles of line
Based on RADAR concept:

a pulse is transmitted along the line and then reflected at the impairment after a certain
duration of time.
The impairment location, at point, d is given by:
lines t
d
2
92

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MICROWAVE ENGINEEERING

Guided transmission media

Unguided Transmission Media

TYPES OF TRANSMISSION LINES

METALLIC TRANSMISSION LINES

The most common metallic cables used

Figure 1.0 : Open wire transmission line

Figure 1-1 Twin lead two-wire transmission line

FIGURE 1-2 Twisted-pair two-wire transmission line

FIGURE 1-3 Unshielded twisted-pair (UTP) cable

FIGURE 1-4 Shielded twisted-pair (STP) cable

BNC connector (twisted on or off)

Type-N (screwed on or off)

FIGURE 1-6 Coaxial cable connectors

METALLIC TRANSMISSION LINE (TL)

Uniformly Distributed Transmission Lines

An equivalent circuit of a general transmission

Characteristic impedance calculated

E0 = source voltage (volts)

FIGURE 1.9 Characteristic impedance of a transmission line of infinite

The impedance seen looking into a line of n such sections is

Characteristic impedance calculated using Ohms Law :

E0 = source voltage (volts)

Determination of Characteristic Impedance

Characteristic impedance of a coaxial cable using

p = velocity of propagation through the media

ANALYSIS THE VOLTAGE AND

Current across a small element of the line:

SOLVING SECOND ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS, (4) AND (5):

Note that: is measured from the load end

Hence for the case of a shorted and opened line

TRANSMISSION LINE LOSSES

Dielectric Heating Losses

INCIDENT AND REFLECTED WAVES

Figure 1.11: Source and load transmission

represents the ratio of reflected voltage, Er to

incident current. Mathematically :

Worst case condition, = 1 total reflection

occurs, case of shorted or opened line

Consider the line terminated by a load impedance, ZL

ZL(Vi Vr) = Zo(Vi + Vr) and rearrange the equation becomes

The two traveling waves set up an

Maximum voltage occurs when the

Distance between the two minima and

Distance between minima and maxima

Standing-wave ratio (SWR or VSWR)

s = when the incident and reflected waves are equal in

VOLTAGE STANDING WAVE RATIO, S IN TERMS OF

Fig:Voltage and current standing waves on a transmission line,

Note that: Impedance is maximum at the open end

Note that: Impedance is minimum at the shorted end

The quarter-wavelength transformer is not actually a

= It acts as a step-down transformer.

A process of inserting a quarter-wave

PHILLIP HAGAR SMITH

- Developed by Philip H. Smith

PROPERTIES OF SMITH CHART

PROPERTIES OF SMITH CHART

Movement on the chart