REPUBLIC ACT No.

10142
AN ACT PROVIDING FOR THE REHABILITATION OR LIQUIDATION OF
FINANCIALLY DISTRESSED ENTERPRISES AND INDIVIDUALS
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the Philippines
in Congress assembled:
CHAPTER I
GENERAL PROVISIONS
Section 1. Title. - This Act shall be known as the "Financial Rehabilitation
and Insolvency Act (FRIA) of 2010".
Section 2. Declaration of Policy. - It is the policy of the State to encourage
debtors, both juridical and natural persons, and their creditors to collectively
and realistically resolve and adjust competing claims and property rights. In
furtherance thereof, the State shall ensure a timely, fair, transparent, effective
and efficient rehabilitation or liquidation of debtors. The rehabilitation or
liquidation shall be made with a view to ensure or maintain certainly and
predictability in commercial affairs, preserve and maximize the value of the
assets of these debtors, recognize creditor rights and respect priority of
claims, and ensure equitable treatment of creditors who are similarly
situated. When rehabilitation is not feasible, it is in the interest of the State to
facilities a speedy and orderly liquidation of these debtor's assets and the
settlement of their obligations.
Section 3. Nature of Proceedings. - The proceedings under this Act shall be
in rem. Jurisdiction over all persons affected by the proceedings shall be
considered as acquired upon publication of the notice of the commencement
of the proceedings in any newspaper of general circulation in the Philippines
in the manner prescribed by the rules of procedure to be promulgated by the
Supreme Court.
The proceedings shall be conducted in a summary and non-adversarial
manner consistent with the declared policies of this Act and in accordance
with the rules of procedure that the Supreme Court may promulgate.
Section 4. Definition of Terms. - As used in this Act, the term:
(a) Administrative expenses shall refer to those reasonable and
necessary expenses:

(1) incurred or arising from the filing of a petition under the

provisions of this Act;
(2) arising from, or in connection with, the conduct of the
proceedings under this Act, including those incurred for the
rehabilitation or liquidation of the debtor;
(3) incurred in the ordinary course of business of the debtor
after the commencement date;
(4) for the payment of new obligations obtained after the
commencement date to finance the rehabilitation of the
debtor;
(5) incurred for the fees of the rehabilitation receiver or
liquidator and of the professionals engaged by them; and
(6) that are otherwise authorized or mandated under this Act
or such other expenses as may be allowed by the Supreme
Court in its rules.
(b) Affiliate shall refer to a corporation that directly or indirectly,
through one or more intermediaries, is controlled by, or is under the
common control of another corporation.
(c) Claim shall refer to all claims or demands of whatever nature or
character against the debtor or its property, whether for money or
otherwise, liquidated or unliquidated, fixed or contingent, matured or
unmatured, disputed or undisputed, including, but not limited to; (1)
all claims of the government, whether national or local, including
taxes, tariffs and customs duties; and (2) claims against directors
and officers of the debtor arising from acts done in the discharge of
their functions falling within the scope of their
authority:Provided, That, this inclusion does not prohibit the creditors
or third parties from filing cases against the directors and officers
acting in their personal capacities.
(d) Commencement date shall refer to the date on which the court
issues the Commencement Order, which shall be retroactive to the
date of filing of the petition for voluntary or involuntary proceedings.
(e) Commencement Order shall refer to the order issued by the court
under Section 16 of this Act.

(f) Control shall refer to the power of a parent corporation to direct or

govern the financial and operating policies of an enterprise so as to
obtain benefits from its activities. Control is presumed to exist when
the parent owns, directly or indirectly through subsidiaries or
affiliates, more than one-half (1/2) of the voting power of an
enterprise unless, in exceptional circumstances, it can clearly be
demonstrated that such ownership does not constitute control.
Control also exists even when the parent owns one-half (1/2) or less
of the voting power of an enterprise when there is power:
(1) over more than one-half (1/2) of the voting rights by virtue
of an agreement with investors;
(2) to direct or govern the financial and operating policies of
the enterprise under a statute or an agreement;
(3) to appoint or remove the majority of the members of the
board of directors or equivalent governing body; or
(4) to cast the majority votes at meetings of the board of
directors or equivalent governing body.
(g) Court shall refer to the court designated by the Supreme Court to
hear and determine, at the first instance, the cases brought under
this Act.
(h) Creditor shall refer to a natural or juridical person which has a
claim against the debtor that arose on or before the commencement
date.
(i) Date of liquidation shall refer to the date on which the court issues
the Liquidation Order.
(j) Days shall refer to calendar days unless otherwise specifically
stated in this Act.
(k) Debtor shall refer to, unless specifically excluded by a provision
of this Act, a sole proprietorship duly registered with the Department
of Trade and Industry (DTI), a partnership duly registered with the
Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), a corporation duly
organized and existing under Philippine laws, or an individual debtor
who has become insolvent as defined herein.

(l) Encumbered property shall refer to real or personal property of the

debtor upon which a lien attaches.
(m) General unsecured creditor shall refer to a creditor whose claim
or a portion thereof its neither secured, preferred nor subordinated
under this Act.
(n) Group of debtors shall refer to and can cover only: (1)
corporations that are financially related to one another as parent
corporations, subsidiaries or affiliates; (2) partnerships that are
owned more than fifty percent (50%) by the same person; and (3)
single proprietorships that are owned by the same person. When the
petition covers a group of debtors, all reference under these rules to
debtor shall include and apply to the group of debtors.
(o) Individual debtor shall refer to a natural person who is a resident
and citizen of the Philippines that has become insolvent as defined
herein.
(p) Insolvent shall refer to the financial condition of a debtor that is
generally unable to pay its or his liabilities as they fall due in the
ordinary course of business or has liabilities that are greater than its
or his assets.
(q) Insolvent debtor's estate shall refer to the estate of the insolvent
debtor, which includes all the property and assets of the debtor as of
commencement date, plus the property and assets acquired by the
rehabilitation receiver or liquidator after that date, as well as all other
property and assets in which the debtor has an ownership interest,
whether or not these property and assets are in the debtor's
possession as of commencement date: Provided, That trust assets
and bailment, and other property and assets of a third party that are
in the possession of the debtor as of commencement date, are
excluded therefrom.
(r) Involuntary proceedings shall refer to proceedings initiated by
creditors.
(s) Liabilities shall refer to monetary claims against the debtor,
including stockholder's advances that have been recorded in the
debtor's audited financial statements as advances for future
subscriptions.
(t) Lien shall refer to a statutory or contractual claim or judicial
charge on real or personal property that legality entities a creditor to

resort to said property for payment of the claim or debt secured by

such lien.
(u) Liquidation shall refer to the proceedings under Chapter V of this
Act.
(v) Liquidation Order shall refer to the Order issued by the court
under Section 112 of this Act.
(w) Liquidator shall refer to the natural person or juridical entity
appointed as such by the court and entrusted with such powers and
duties as set forth in this Act: Provided, That, if the liquidator is a
juridical entity, it must designated a natural person who possesses all
the qualifications and none of the disqualifications as its
representative, it being understood that the juridical entity and the
representative are solidarity liable for all obligations and
responsibilities of the liquidator.
(x) Officer shall refer to a natural person holding a management
position described in or contemplated by a juridical entity's articles of
incorporation, bylaws or equivalent documents, except for the
corporate secretary, the assistant corporate secretary and the
external auditor.
(y) Ordinary course of business shall refer to transactions in the
pursuit of the individual debtor's or debtor's business operations prior
to rehabilitation or insolvency proceedings and on ordinary business
terms.
(z) Ownership interest shall refer to the ownership interest of third
parties in property held by the debtor, including those covered by
trust receipts or assignments of receivables.
(aa) Parent shall refer to a corporation which has control over
another corporation either directly or indirectly through one or more
intermediaries.
(bb) Party to the proceedings shall refer to the debtor, a creditor, the
unsecured creditors' committee, a stakeholder, a party with an
ownership interest in property held by the debtor, a secured creditor,
the rehabilitation receiver, liquidator or any other juridical or natural
person who stands to be benefited or injured by the outcome of the
proceedings and whose notice of appearance is accepted by the
court.

(cc) Possessory lien shall refer to a lien on property, the possession

of which has been transferred to a creditor or a representative or
agent thereof.
(dd) Proceedings shall refer to judicial proceedings commenced by
the court's acceptance of a petition filed under this Act.
(ee) Property of others shall refer to property held by the debtor in
which other persons have an ownership interest.
(ff) Publication notice shall refer to notice through publication in a
newspaper of general circulation in the Philippines on a business day
for two (2) consecutive weeks.
(gg) Rehabilitation shall refer to the restoration of the debtor to a
condition of successful operation and solvency, if it is shown that its
continuance of operation is economically feasible and its creditors
can recover by way of the present value of payments projected in the
plan, more if the debtor continues as a going concern than if it is
immediately liquidated.
(hh) Rehabilitation receiver shall refer to the person or persons,
natural or juridical, appointed as such by the court pursuant to this
Act and which shall be entrusted with such powers and duties as set
forth herein.
(ii) Rehabilitation Plan shall refer to a plan by which the financial
well-being and viability of an insolvent debtor can be restored using
various means including, but not limited to, debt forgiveness, debt
rescheduling, reorganization or quasi-reorganization, dacion en
pago, debt-equity conversion and sale of the business (or parts of it)
as a going concern, or setting-up of new business entity as
prescribed in Section 62 hereof, or other similar arrangements as
may be approved by the court or creditors.
(jj) Secured claim shall refer to a claim that is secured by a lien.
(kk) Secured creditor shall refer to a creditor with a secured claim.
(ll) Secured party shall refer to a secured creditor or the agent or
representative of such secured creditor.

(mm) Securities market participant shall refer to a broker dealer,

underwriter, transfer agent or other juridical persons transacting
securities in the capital market.

Provided, That government financial institutions other than banks and

government-owned or controlled corporations shall be covered by this Act,
unless their specific charter provides otherwise.

(nn) Stakeholder shall refer, in addition to a holder of shares of a

corporation, to a member of a nonstock corporation or association or
a partner in a partnership.

Section 6. Designation of Courts and Promulgation of Procedural Rules. The Supreme Court shall designate the court or courts that will hear and
resolve cases brought under this Act and shall promulgate the rules of
pleading, practice and procedure to govern the proceedings brought under
this Act.

(oo) Subsidiary shall refer to a corporation more than fifty percent

(50%) of the voting stock of which is owned or controlled directly or
indirectly through one or more intermediaries by another corporation,
which thereby becomes its parent corporation.
(pp) Unsecured claim shall refer to a claim that is not secured by a
lien.
(qq) Unsecured creditor shall refer to a creditor with an unsecured
claim.
(rr) Voluntary proceedings shall refer to proceedings initiated by the
debtor.
(ss) Voting creditor shall refer to a creditor that is a member of a
class of creditors, the consent of which is necessary for the approval
of a Rehabilitation Plan under this Act.
Section 5. Exclusions. - The term debtor does not include banks, insurance
companies, pre-need companies, and national and local government
agencies or units.
For purposes of this section:
(a) Bank shall refer to any duly licensed bank or quasi-bank that is
potentially or actually subject to conservatorship, receivership or
liquidation proceedings under the New Central Bank Act (Republic
Act No. 7653) or successor legislation;
(b) Insurance company shall refer to those companies that are
potentially or actually subject to insolvency proceedings under the
Insurance Code (Presidential Decree No. 1460) or successor
legislation; and
(c) Pre-need company shall refer to any corporation
authorized/licensed to sell or offer to sell pre-need plans.

Section 7. Substantive and Procedural Consolidation. - Each juridical entity

shall be considered as a separate entity under the proceedings in this Act.
Under these proceedings, the assets and liabilities of a debtor may not be
commingled or aggregated with those of another, unless the latter is a related
enterprise that is owned or controlled directly or indirectly by the same
interests: Provided, however, That the commingling or aggregation of assets
and liabilities of the debtor with those of a related enterprise may only be
allowed where:
(a) there was commingling in fact of assets and liabilities of the
debtor and the related enterprise prior to the commencement of the
proceedings;
(b) the debtor and the related enterprise have common creditors and
it will be more convenient to treat them together rather than
separately;
(c) the related enterprise voluntarily accedes to join the debtor as
party petitioner and to commingle its assets and liabilities with the
debtor's; and
(d) The consolidation of assets and liabilities of the debtor and the
related enterprise is beneficial to all concerned and promotes the
objectives of rehabilitation.
Provided, finally, That nothing in this section shall prevent the court from
joining other entities affiliated with the debtor as parties pursuant to the rules
of procedure as may be promulgated by the Supreme Court.
Section 8. Decisions of Creditors. - Decisions of creditors shall be made
according to the relevant provisions of the Corporation Code in the case of
stock or nonstock corporations or the Civil Code in the case of partnerships
that are not inconsistent with this Act.

Section 9. Creditors Representatives. - Creditors may designate

representatives to vote or otherwise act on their behalf by filing notice of such
representation with the court and serving a copy on the rehabilitation receiver
or liquidator.
Section 10. Liability of Individual Debtor, Owner of a Sole Proprietorship,
Partners in a Partnership, or Directors and Officers. - Individual debtor, owner
of a sole proprietorship, partners in a partnership, or directors and officers of
a debtor shall be liable for double the value of the property sold, embezzled
or disposed of or double the amount of the transaction involved, whichever is
higher to be recovered for benefit of the debtor and the creditors, if they,
having notice of the commencement of the proceedings, or having reason to
believe that proceedings are about to be commenced, or in contemplation of
the proceedings, willfully commit the following acts:
(a) Dispose or cause to be disposed of any property of the debtor
other than in the ordinary course of business or authorize or approve
any transaction in fraud of creditors or in a manner grossly
disadvantageous to the debtor and/or creditors; or
(b) Conceal or authorize or approve the concealment, from the
creditors, or embezzles or misappropriates, any property of the
debtor.

(A) Initiation Proceedings.

(1) Voluntary Proceedings.
Section 12. Petition to Initiate Voluntary Proceedings by Debtor. - When
approved by the owner in case of a sole proprietorship, or by a majority of
the partners in case of a partnership, or in case of a corporation, by a
majority vote of the board of directors or trustees and authorized by the vote
of the stockholders representing at least two-thirds (2/3) of the outstanding
capital stock, or in case of nonstock corporation, by the vote of at least twothirds (2/3) of the members, in a stockholder's or member's meeting duly
called for the purpose, an insolvent debtor may initiate voluntary proceedings
under this Act by filing a petition for rehabilitation with the court and on the
grounds hereinafter specifically provided. The petition shall be verified to
establish the insolvency of the debtor and the viability of its rehabilitation, and
include, whether as an attachment or as part of the body of the petition, as a
minimum the following:
(a) Identification of the debtor, its principal activities and its
addresses;
(b) Statement of the fact of and the cause of the debtor's insolvency
or inability to pay its obligations as they become due;

The court shall determine the extent of the liability of an owner, partner,
director or officer under this section. In this connection, in case of
partnerships and corporations, the court shall consider the amount of the
shareholding or partnership or equity interest of such partner, director or
officer, the degree of control of such partner, director or officer over the
debtor, and the extent of the involvement of such partner, director or debtor in
the actual management of the operations of the debtor.

(c) The specific relief sought pursuant to this Act;

Section 11. Authorization to Exchange Debt for Equity. - Notwithstanding

applicable banking legislation to the contrary, any bank, whether universal or
not, may acquire and hold an equity interest or investment in a debtor or its
subsidiaries when conveyed to such bank in satisfaction of debts pursuant to
a Rehabilitation or Liquidation Plan approved by the court: Provided, That
such ownership shall be subject to the ownership limits applicable to
universal banks for equity investments and: Provided, further, That any equity
investment or interest acquired or held pursuant to this section shall be
disposed by the bank within a period of five (5) years or as may be
prescribed by the Monetary Board.

(f) Schedule of the debtor's debts and liabilities including a list of

creditors with their addresses, amounts of claims and collaterals, or
securities, if any;

CHAPTER II
COURT-SUPERVISED REHABILITATION

(d) The grounds upon which the petition is based;

(e) Other information that may be required under this Act depending
on the form of relief requested;

(g) An inventory of all its assets including receivables and claims

against third parties;
(h) A Rehabilitation Plan;
(i) The names of at least three (3) nominees to the position of
rehabilitation receiver; and

(j) Other documents required to be filed with the petition pursuant to

this Act and the rules of procedure as may be promulgated by the
Supreme Court.
A group of debtors may jointly file a petition for rehabilitation under this Act
when one or more of its members foresee the impossibility of meeting debts
when they respectively fall due, and the financial distress would likely
adversely affect the financial condition and/or operations of the other
members of the group and/or the participation of the other members of the
group is essential under the terms and conditions of the proposed
Rehabilitation Plan.
(2) Involuntary Proceedings.
Section 13. Circumstances Necessary to Initiate Involuntary Proceedings. Any creditor or group of creditors with a claim of, or the aggregate of whose
claims is, at least One Million Pesos (Php1,000,000.00) or at least twentyfive percent (25%) of the subscribed capital stock or partners' contributions,
whichever is higher, may initiate involuntary proceedings against the debtor
by filing a petition for rehabilitation with the court if:
(a) there is no genuine issue of fact on law on the claim/s of the
petitioner/s, and that the due and demandable payments thereon
have not been made for at least sixty (60) days or that the debtor has
failed generally to meet its liabilities as they fall due; or
(b) a creditor, other than the petitioner/s, has initiated foreclosure
proceedings against the debtor that will prevent the debtor from
paying its debts as they become due or will render it insolvent.
Section 14. Petition to Initiate Involuntary Proceedings. - The creditor/s'
petition for rehabilitation shall be verified to establish the substantial
likelihood that the debtor may be rehabilitated, and include:

(e) the names of at least three (3) nominees to the position of

rehabilitation receiver;
(f) other information that may be required under this Act depending
on the form of relief requested; and
(g) other documents required to be filed with the petition pursuant to
this Act and the rules of procedure as may be promulgated by the
Supreme Court.
(B) Action on the Petition and Commencement of Proceedings.
Section 15. Action on the Petition. - If the court finds the petition for
rehabilitation to be sufficient in form and substance, it shall, within five (5)
working days from the filing of the petition, issue a Commencement Order. If,
within the same period, the court finds the petition deficient in form or
substance, the court may, in its discretion, give the petitioner/s a reasonable
period of time within which to amend or supplement the petition, or to submit
such documents as may be necessary or proper to put the petition in proper
order. In such case, the five (5) working days provided above for the
issuance of the Commencement Order shall be reckoned from the date of
the filing of the amended or supplemental petition or the submission of such
documents.
Section 16. Commencement of Proceedings and Issuance of a
Commencement Order. - The rehabilitation proceedings shall commence
upon the issuance of the Commencement Order, which shall:
(a) identify the debtor, its principal business or activity/ies and its
principal place of business;
(b) summarize the ground/s for initiating the proceedings;

(a) identification of the debtor its principal activities and its address;

(c) state the relief sought under this Act and any requirement or
procedure particular to the relief sought;

(b) the circumstances sufficient to support a petition to initiate

involuntary rehabilitation proceedings under Section 13 of this Act;

(d) state the legal effects of the Commencement Order, including

those mentioned in Section 17 hereof;

(c) the specific relief sought under this Act;

(e) declare that the debtor is under rehabilitation;

(d) a Rehabilitation Plan;

(f) direct the publication of the Commencement Order in a

newspaper of general circulation in the Philippines once a week for

at least two (2) consecutive weeks, with the first publication to be

made within seven (7) days from the time of its issuance;
(g) If the petitioner is the debtor direct the service by personal
delivery of a copy of the petition on each creditor holding at least ten
percent (10%) of the total liabilities of the debtor as determined from
the schedule attached to the petition within five (5) days; if the
petitioner/s is/are creditor/s, direct the service by personal delivery of
a copy of the petition on the debtor within five (5) days;
(h) appoint a rehabilitation receiver who may or not be from among
the nominees of the petitioner/s and who shall exercise such powers
and duties defined in this Act as well as the procedural rules that the
Supreme Court will promulgate;
(i) summarize the requirements and deadlines for creditors to
establish their claims against the debtor and direct all creditors to
their claims with the court at least five (5) days before the initial
hearing;
(j) direct Bureau of internal Revenue (BIR) to file and serve on the
debtor its comment on or opposition to the petition or its claim/s
against the debtor under such procedures as the Supreme Court
provide;
(k) prohibit the debtor's suppliers of goods or services from
withholding the supply of goods and services in the ordinary course
of business for as long as the debtor makes payments for the
services or goods supplied after the issuance of the Commencement
Order;
(l) authorize the payment of administrative expenses as they become
due;
(m) set the case for initial hearing, which shall not be more than forty
(40) days from the date of filing of the petition for the purpose of
determining whether there is substantial likelihood for the debtor to
be rehabilitated;
(n) make available copies of the petition and rehabilitation plan for
examination and copying by any interested party;
(o) indicate the location or locations at which documents regarding
the debtor and the proceedings under Act may be reviewed and
copied;

(p) state that any creditor or debtor who is not the petitioner, may
submit the name or nominate any other qualified person to the
position of rehabilitation receiver at least five (5) days before the
initial hearing;
(q) include s Stay or Suspension Order which shall:
(1) suspend all actions or proceedings, in court or otherwise,
for the enforcement of claims against the debtor;
(2) suspend all actions to enforce any judgment, attachment
or other provisional remedies against the debtor;
(3) prohibit the debtor from selling, encumbering, transferring
or disposing in any manner any of its properties except in the
ordinary course of business; and
(4) prohibit the debtor from making any payment of its
liabilities outstanding as of the commencement date except
as may be provided herein.
Section 17. Effects of the Commencement Order. - Unless otherwise
provided for in this Act, the court's issuance of a Commencement Order shall,
in addition to the effects of a Stay or Suspension Order described in Section
16 hereof:
(a) vest the rehabilitation with all the powers and functions provided
for this Act, such as the right to review and obtain records to which
the debtor's management and directors have access, including bank
accounts or whatever nature of the debtor subject to the approval by
the court of the performance bond filed by the rehabilitation receiver;
(b) prohibit or otherwise serve as the legal basis rendering null and
void the results of any extrajudicial activity or process to seize
property, sell encumbered property, or otherwise attempt to collection
or enforce a claim against the debtor after commencement date
unless otherwise allowed in this Act, subject to the provisions of
Section 50 hereof;
(c) serve as the legal basis for rendering null and void any setoff after
the commencement date of any debt owed to the debtor by any of
the debtor's creditors;

(d) serve as the legal basis for rendering null and void the perfection
of any lien against the debtor's property after the commencement
date; and
(e) consolidate the resolution of all legal proceedings by and against
the debtor to the court Provided. However, That the court may allow
the continuation of cases on other courts where the debtor had
initiated the suit.
Attempts to seek legal of other resource against the debtor outside these
proceedings shall be sufficient to support a finding of indirect contempt of
court.
Section 18. Exceptions to the Stay or Suspension Order. - The Stay or
Suspension Order shall not apply:
(a) to cases already pending appeal in the Supreme Court as of
commencement date Provided, That any final and executory
judgment arising from such appeal shall be referred to the court for
appropriate action;
(b) subject to the discretion of the court, to cases pending or filed at
a specialized court or quasi-judicial agency which, upon
determination by the court is capable of resolving the claim more
quickly, fairly and efficiently than the court: Provided, That any final
and executory judgment of such court or agency shall be referred to
the court and shall be treated as a non-disputed claim;
(c) to the enforcement of claims against sureties and other persons
solidarily liable with the debtor, and third party or accommodation
mortgagors as well as issuers of letters of credit, unless the property
subject of the third party or accommodation mortgage is necessary
for the rehabilitation of the debtor as determined by the court upon
recommendation by the rehabilitation receiver;
(d) to any form of action of customers or clients of a securities
market participant to recover or otherwise claim moneys and
securities entrusted to the latter in the ordinary course of the latter's
business as well as any action of such securities market participant
or the appropriate regulatory agency or self-regulatory organization
to pay or settle such claims or liabilities;
(e) to the actions of a licensed broker or dealer to sell pledged
securities of a debtor pursuant to a securities pledge or margin
agreement for the settlement of securities transactions in accordance

with the provisions of the Securities Regulation Code and its

implementing rules and regulations;
(f) the clearing and settlement of financial transactions through the
facilities of a clearing agency or similar entities duly authorized,
registered and/or recognized by the appropriate regulatory agency
like the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP) and the SEC as well as
any form of actions of such agencies or entities to reimburse
themselves for any transactions settled for the debtor; and
(g) any criminal action against individual debtor or owner, partner,
director or officer of a debtor shall not be affected by any proceeding
commend under this Act.
Section 19. Waiver of taxes and Fees Due to the National Government and
to Local Government Units (LGUs). - Upon issuance of the Commencement
Order by the court, and until the approval of the Rehabilitation Plan or
dismissal of the petition, whichever is earlier, the imposition of all taxes and
fees including penalties, interests and charges thereof due to the national
government or to LGUs shall be considered waived, in furtherance of the
objectives of rehabilitation.
Section 20. Application of Stay or Suspension Order to Government
Financial Institutions. - The provisions of this Act concerning the effects of the
Commencement Order and the Stay or Suspension Order on the suspension
of rights to foreclose or otherwise pursue legal remedies shall apply to
government financial institutions, notwithstanding provisions in their charters
or other laws to the contrary.
Section 21. Effectivity and Duration of Commencement Order. - Unless lifted
by the court, the Commencement Order shall be for the effective for the
duration of the rehabilitation proceedings for as long as there is a substantial
likelihood that the debtor will be successfully rehabilitated. In determining
whether there is substantial likelihood for the debtor to be successfully
rehabilitated, the court shall ensure that the following minimum requirements
are met:
(a) The proposed Rehabilitation Plan submitted complies with the
minimum contents prescribed by this Act;
(b) There is sufficient monitoring by the rehabilitation receiver of the
debtor's business for the protection of creditors;

(c) The debtor has met with its creditors to the extent reasonably
possible in attempts to reach consensus on the proposed
Rehabilitation Plan;
(d) The rehabilitation receiver submits a report, based on preliminary
evaluation, stating that the underlying assumptions and the goals
stated in the petitioner's Rehabilitation Plan are realistic reasonable
and reasonable or if not, there is, in any case, a substantial likelihood
for the debtor to be successfully rehabilitated because, among
others:
(1) there are sufficient assets with/which to rehabilitate the
debtor;
(2) there is sufficient cash flow to maintain the operations of
the debtor;
(3) the debtor's, partners, stockholders, directors and officers
have been acting in good faith and which due diligence;
(4) the petition is not s sham filing intended only to delay the
enforcement of the rights of the creditor's or of any group of
creditors; and
(5) the debtor would likely be able to pursue a viable
Rehabilitation Plan;
(e) The petition, the Rehabilitation Plan and the attachments thereto
do not contain any materially false or misleading statement;
(f) If the petitioner is the debtor, that the debtor has met with its
creditor/s representing at least three-fourths (3/4) of its total
obligations to the extent reasonably possible and made a good faith
effort to reach a consensus on the proposed Rehabilitation Plan if the
petitioner/s is/are a creditor or group of creditors, that/ the
petitioner/s has/have met with the debtor and made a good faith
effort to reach a consensus on the proposed Rehabilitation Plan; and
(g) The debtor has not committed acts misrepresentation or in fraud
of its creditor/s or a group of creditors.
Section 22. Action at the Initial Hearing. - At the initial hearing, the court
shall:

(a) determine the creditors who have made timely and proper filing of
their notice of claims;
(b) hear and determine any objection to the qualifications of the
appointment of the rehabilitation receiver and, if necessary appoint a
new one in accordance with this Act;
(c) direct the creditors to comment on the petition and the
Rehabilitation Plan, and to submit the same to the court and to the
rehabilitation receiver within a period of not more than twenty (20)
days; and
(d) direct the rehabilitation receiver to evaluate the financial condition
of the debtor and to prepare and submit to the court within forty (40)
days from initial hearing the report provided in Section 24 hereof.
Section 23. Effect of Failure to File Notice of Claim. - A creditor whose claim
is not listed in the schedule of debts and liabilities and who fails to file a
notice of claim in accordance with the Commencement Order but
subsequently files a belated claim shall not be entitled to participate in the
rehabilitation proceedings but shall be entitled to receive distributions arising
therefrom.
Section 24. Report of the Rehabilitation Receiver. - Within forty (40) days
from the initial hearing and with or without the comments of the creditors or
any of them, the rehabilitation receiver shall submit a report to the court
stating his preliminary findings and recommendations on whether:
(a) the debtor is insolvent and if so, the causes thereof and any
unlawful or irregular act or acts committed by the owner/s of a sole
proprietorship partners of a partnership or directors or officers of a
corporation in contemplation of the insolvency of the debtor or which
may have contributed to the insolvency of the debtor;
(b) the underlying assumptions, the financial goals and the
procedures to accomplish such goals as stated in the petitioner's
Rehabilitation Plan are realistic, feasible and reasonable;
(c) there is a substantial likelihood for the debtor to be successfully
rehabilitated;
(d) the petition should be dismissed; and
(e) the debtor should be dissolved and/or liquidated.

Section 25. Giving Due Course to or Dismissal of Petition, or Conversion of

Proceedings. - Within ten (10) days from receipt of the report of the
rehabilitation receiver mentioned in Section 24 hereof the court may:
(a) give due course to the petition upon a finding that:
(1) the debtor is insolvent; and
(2) there is a substantial likelihood for the debtor to be
successfully rehabilitated;
(b) dismiss the petition upon a finding that:
(1)debtor is not insolvent;
(2) the petition i8 a sham filing intended only to delay the
enforcement of the rights of the creditor/s or of any group of
creditors;
(3)the petition, the Rehabilitation Plan and the attachments
thereto contain any materially false or misleading
statements; or
(4)the debtor has committed acts of misrepresentation or in
fraud of its creditor/s or a group of creditors;
(c)convert the proceedings into one for the liquidation of the debtor
upon a finding that:
(1)the debtor is insolvent; and
(2)there is no substantial likelihood for the debtor to be
successfully rehabilitated as determined in accordance with
the rules to be promulgated by the Supreme Court.
Section 26.Petition Given Due Course. - If the petition is given due course,
the court shall direct the rehabilitation receiver to review, revise and/or
recommend action on the Rehabilitation Plan and submit the same or a new
one to the court within a period of not more than ninety (90) days.
The court may refer any dispute relating to the Rehabilitation Plan or the
rehabilitation proceedings pending before it to arbitration or other modes of
dispute resolution, as provided for under Republic Act No. 9285, Or the
Alternative Dispute Resolution Act of 2004, should it determine that such

mode will resolve the dispute more quickly, fairly and efficiently than the
court.
Section 27.Dismissal of Petition. - If the petition is dismissed pursuant to
paragraph (b) of Section 25 hereof, then the court may, in its discretion, order
the petitioner to pay damages to any creditor or to the debtor, as the case
may be, who may have been injured by the filing of the petition, to the extent
of any such injury.
(C) The Rehabilitation Receiver, Management Committee and Creditors'
Committee.
Section 28.Who May Serve as a Rehabilitation Receiver. - Any qualified
natural or juridical person may serve as a rehabilitation
receiver: Provided, That if the rehabilitation receiver is a juridical entity, it
must designate a natural person/s who possess/es all the qualifications and
none of the disqualifications as its representative, it being understood that
the juridical entity and the representative/s are solidarily liable for all
obligations and responsibilities of the rehabilitation receiver.
Section 29.Qualifications of a Rehabilitation Receiver. - The rehabilitation
receiver shall have the following minimum qualifications:
(a)A citizen of the Philippines or a resident of the Philippines in the
six (6) months immediately preceding his nomination;
(b)Of good moral character and with acknowledged integrity,
impartiality and independence;
(c)Has the requisite knowledge of insolvency and other relevant
commercial laws, rules and procedures, as well as the relevant
training and/or experience that may be necessary to enable him to
properly discharge the duties and obligations of a rehabilitation
receiver; and
(d)Has no conflict of interest: Provided, That such conflict of interest
may be waived, expressly or impliedly, by a party who may be
prejudiced thereby.
Other qualifications and disqualifications of the rehabilitation receiver shall
be set forth in procedural rules, taking into consideration the nature of the
business of the debtor and the need to protect the interest of all stakeholders
concerned.

Section 30.Initial Appointment of the Rehabilitation Receiver. - The court

shall initially appoint the rehabilitation receiver, who mayor may not be from
among the nominees of the petitioner, However, at the initial hearing of the
petition, the creditors and the debtor who are not petitioners may nominate
other persons to the position. The court may retain the rehabilitation receiver
initially appointed or appoint another who mayor may not be from among
those nominated.

(g)To have access to all information necessary, proper or relevant to

the operations and business of the debtor and for its rehabilitation;

In case the debtor is a securities market participant, the court shall give
priority to the nominee of the appropriate securities or investor protection
fund.

(i) To monitor the operations and the business of the debtor to ensure
that no payments or transfers of property are made other than in the
ordinary course of business;

If a qualified natural person or entity is nominated by more than fifty percent

(50%) of the secured creditors and the general unsecured creditors, and
satisfactory evidence is submitted, the court shall appoint the creditors'
nominee as rehabilitation receiver.

(j) With the court's approval, to engage the services of or to employ

persons or entities to assist him in the discharge of his functions;

Section 31.Powers, Duties and Responsibilities of the Rehabilitation

Receiver. - The rehabilitation receiver shall be deemed an officer of the court
with the principal duty of preserving and maximizing the value of the assets
of the debtor during the rehabilitation proceedings, determining the viability of
the rehabilitation of the debtor, preparing and recommending a Rehabilitation
Plan to the court, and implementing the approved Rehabilitation Plan, To this
end, and without limiting the generality of the foregoing, the rehabilitation
receiver shall have the following powers, duties and responsibilities:
(a)To verify the accuracy of the factual allegations in the petition and
its annexes;
(b)To verify and correct, if necessary, the inventory of all of the
assets of the debtor, and their valuation;
(c)To verify and correct, if necessary, the schedule of debts and
liabilities of the debtor;
(d)To evaluate the validity, genuineness and true amount of all the
claims against the debtor;
(e)To take possession, custody and control, and to preserve the
value of all the property of the debtor;
(f)To sue and recover, with the approval of the court, all amounts
owed to, and all properties pertaining to the debtor;

(h) To sue and recover, with the. approval of the court, all
property or money of the debtor paid, transferred or disbursed in
fraud of the debtor or its creditors, or which constitute undue
preference of creditor/s;

(k) To determine the manner by which the debtor may be best

rehabilitated, to review) revise and/or recommend action on the
Rehabilitation Plan and submit the same or a new one to the court
for approval;
(1) To implement the Rehabilitation Plan as approved by the court, if
80 provided under the Rehabilitation Plan;
(m) To assume and exercise the powers of management of the
debtor, if directed by the court pursuant to Section 36 hereof;
(n) To exercise such other powers as may, from time to time, be
conferred upon him by the court; and
To submit a status report on the rehabilitation proceedings every
quarter or as may be required by the courtmotu proprio. or upon
motion of any creditor. or as may be provided, in the Rehabilitation
Plan.
Unless appointed by the court, pursuant to Section 36 hereof, the
rehabilitation receiver shall not take over the management and
control of the debtor but may recommend the appointment of a
management committee over the debtor in the cases provided by
this Act.
Section 32.Removal of the Rehabilitation Receiver. The rehabilitation
receiver may be removed at any time by the court either motu proprio or
upon motion by any creditor/s holding more than fifty percent (50%) of the

total obligations of the debtor, on such grounds as the rules of procedure

may provide which shall include, but are not limited to, the following:
(a) Incompetence, gross negligence, failure to perform or failure to
exercise the proper degree of care in the performance of his duties
and powers;

that will undertake the management of the debtor. upon clear and convincing
evidence of any of the following circumstances:
(a) Actual or imminent danger of dissipation, loss, wastage or
destruction of the debtors assets or other properties;
(b) Paralyzation of the business operations of the debtor; or

(b) Lack of a particular or specialized competency required by the

specific case;
(c) Illegal acts or conduct in the performance of his duties and
powers;
(d) Lack of qualification or presence of any disqualification;

(c) Gross mismanagement of the debtor. or fraud or other wrongful

conduct on the part of, or gross or willful violation of this Act by.
existing management of the debtor Or the owner, partner, director,
officer or representative/s in management of the debtor.
In case the court appoints the rehabilitation receiver to assume the powers of
management of the debtor. the court may:

(e) Conflict of interest that arises after his appointment; and

(1) require the rehabilitation receiver to post an additional bond;
(f) Manifest lack of independence that is detrimental to the general
body of the stakeholders.
Section 33.Compensation and Terms of Service. The rehabilitation receiver
and his direct employees or independent contractors shall be entitled to
compensation for reasonable fees and expenses from the debtor according
to the terms approved by the court after notice and hearing. Prior to such
hearing, the rehabilitation receiver and his direct employees shall be entitled
to reasonable compensation based on quantum meruit. Such costs shall be
considered administrative expenses.
Section 34.Oath and Bond of the Rehabilitation Receiver. Prior to entering
upon his powers, duties and responsibilities, the rehabilitation receiver shall
take an oath and file a bond, in such amount to be fixed by the court,
conditioned upon the faithful and proper discharge of his powers, duties and
responsibilities.
Section 35.Vacancy. - Incase the position of rehabilitation receiver is vacated
for any reason whatsoever. the court shall direct the debtor and the creditors
to submit the name/s of their nominee/s to the position. The court may
appoint any of the qualified nominees. or any other person qualified for the
position.
Section 36.Displacement of Existing Management by the Rehabilitation
Receiver or Management Committee. Upon motion of any interested party,
the court may appoint and direct the rehabilitation receiver to assume the
powers of management of the debtor, or appoint a management committee

(2) authorize him to engage the services or to employ persona or

entities to assist him in the discharge of his managerial functions;
and
(3) authorize a commensurate increase in his compensation.
Section 37.Role of the Management Committee. When appointed pursuant
to the foregoing section, the management committee shall take the place of
the management and the governing body of the debtor and assume their
rights and responsibilities.
The specific powers and duties of the management committee, whose
members shall be considered as officers of the court, shall be prescribed by
the procedural rules.
Section 38.Qualifications of Members of the Management Committee. - The
qualifications and disqualifications of the members of the management
committee shall be set forth in the procedural rules, taking into consideration
the nature of the business of the debtor and the need to protect the interest
of all stakeholders concerned.
Section 39.Employment of Professionals. - Upon approval of the court, and
after notice and hearing, the rehabilitation receiver or the management
committee may employ specialized professionals and other experts to assist
each in the performance of their duties. Such professionals and other experts
shall be considered either employees or independent contractors of the

rehabilitation receiver or the management committee, as the case may be.

The qualifications and disqualifications of the professionals and experts may
be set forth in procedural rules, taking into consideration the nature of the
business of the debtor and the need to protect the interest of all stakeholders
concerned.
Section 40.Conflict of Interest. - No person may be appointed as a
rehabilitation receiver, member of a_ management committee, or be
employed by the rehabilitation receiver or the management committee if he
has a conflict of interest.
An individual shall be deemed to have a conflict of interest if he is so situated
as to be materially influenced in the exercise of his judgment for or against
any party to the proceedings. Without limiting the generality of the foregoing,
an individual shall be deemed to have a conflict of interest if:

Section 41.Immunity. - The rehabilitation receiver and all persons employed

by him, and the members of the management committee and all persons
employed by it, shall not be subject to any action. claim or demand in
connection with any act done or omitted to be done by them in good faith in
connection with the exercise of their powers and functions under this Act or
other actions duly approved by the court.1awp++il
Section 42.Creditors' Committee. - After the creditors' meeting called
pursuant to Section 63 hereof, the creditors belonging to a class may
formally organize a committee among
themselves. In addition, the creditors may, as a body, agree to form a
creditors' committee composed of a representative from each class of
creditors, such as the following:
(a) Secured creditors;

(a) he is a creditor, owner, partner or stockholder of the debtor;

(b) Unsecured creditors;
(b) he is engaged in a line of business which competes with that of
the debtor;
(c) he is, or was, within five (5) years from the filing of the petition, a
director, officer, owner, partner or employee of the debtor or any of
the creditors, or the auditor or accountant of the debtor;
(d) he is, or was, within two (2) years from the filing of the petition, an
underwriter of the outstanding securities of the debtor;
(e) he is related by consanguinity or affinity within the fourth civil
degree to any individual creditor, owners of a sale proprietorshipdebtor, partners of a partnership- debtor or to any stockholder,
director, officer, employee or underwriter of a corporation-debtor; or
(f) he has any other direct or indirect material interest in the debtor or
any of the creditors.
Any rehabilitation receiver, member of the management committee or
persons employed or contracted by them possessing any conflict of interest
shall make the appropriate disclosure either to the court or to the creditors in
case of out-of-court rehabilitation proceedings. Any party to the proceeding
adversely affected by the appointment of any person with a conflict of interest
to any of the positions enumerated above may however waive his right to
object to such appointment and, if the waiver is unreasonably withheld, the
court may disregard the conflict of interest, taking into account the general
interest of the stakeholders.

(c) Trade creditors and suppliers; and

(d) Employees of the debtor.
In the . election of the creditors' representatives, the rehabilitation receiver or
his representative shall attend such meeting and extend the appropriate
assistance as may be defined in the procedural rules.
Section 43.Role of Creditors' Committee. - The creditors' committee when
constituted pursuant to Section 42 of this Act shall assist the rehabilitation
receiver in communicating with the creditors and shall be the primary liaison
between the rehabilitation receiver and the creditors. The creditors'
committee cannot exercise or waive any right or give any consent on behalf
of any creditor unless specifically authorized in writing by such creditor. The
creditors' committee may be authorized by the court or by the rehabilitation
receiver to perform such other tasks and functions as may be defined by the
procedural rules in order to facilitate the rehabilitation process.
(D) Determination of Claims.
Section 44.Registry of Claims. - Within twenty (20) days from his assumption
into office, the rehabilitation receiver shall establish a preliminary registry of
claims. The rehabilitation receiver shall make the registry available for public
inspection and provide

publication notice to the debtor, creditors and stakeholders on where and

when they may inspect it. All claims included in the registry of claims must be
duly supported by sufficient evidence.
Section 45.Opposition or Challenge of Claims. Within thirty (30) days from
the expiration of the period stated in the immediately preceding section, the
debtor, creditors, stakeholders and other interested parties may submit a
challenge to claim/s to the court, serving a certified copy on the rehabilitation
receiver and the creditor holding the challenged claim/so Upon the expiration
of the thirty (30)-day period, the rehabilitation receiver shall submit to the
court the registry of claims which shall include undisputed claims that have
not been subject to challenge.
Section 46.Appeal. - Any decision of the rehabilitation receiver regarding a
claim may be appealed to the court.
(E) Governance.
Section 47.Management. - Unless otherwise provided herein, the
management of the juridical debtor shall remain with the existing
management subject to the applicable law/s and agreement/s, if any, on the
election or appointment of directors, managers Or managing partner.
However, all disbursements, payments or sale, disposal, assignment,
transfer or encumbrance of property , or any other act affecting title or
interest in property, shall be subject to the approval of the rehabilitation
receiver and/or the court, as provided in the following subchapter.
(F) Use, Preservation and Disposal of Assets and Treatment of Assets
and Claims after Commencement Date.

pertaining to third parties under a financial, credit or other similar transactions

if, upon application of the rehabilitation receiver and with the consent of the
affected owners of the property, or secured creditor/s in the case of
encumbered property of the debtor and, after notice and hearing, the court
determines that:
(a) such sale, transfer, conveyance or disposal is necessary for the
continued operation of the debtor's business; and
(b) the debtor has made arrangements to provide a substitute lien or
ownership right that provides an equal level of security for the
counter-party's claim or right.
Provided, That properties held by the debtor where the debtor has authority
to sell such as trust receipt or consignment arrangements may be sold or
disposed of by the .debtor, if such sale or disposal is necessary for the
operation of the debtor's business, and the debtor has made arrangements to
provide a substitute lien or ownership right that provides an equal level of
security for the counter-party's claim or right.
Sale or disposal of property under this section shall not give rise to any
criminal liability under applicable laws.
Section 51.Assets of Debtor Held by Third Parties. In the case of
possessory pledges, mechanic's liens or similar claims, third parties who
have in their possession or control property of the debtor shall not transfer,
conveyor otherwise dispose of the same to persons other than the debtor,
unless upon prior approval of the rehabilitation receiver. The rehabilitation
receiver may also:

Section 48.Use or Disposition of Assets. - Except as otherwise provided

herein, no funds or property of the debtor shall he used or disposed of except
in the ordinary course of business of the debtor, or unless necessary to
finance the administrative expenses of the rehabilitation proceedings.

(a) demand the surrender or the transfer of the possession or control

of such property to the rehabilitation receiver or any other person,
subject to payment of the claims secured by any possessory Iien/s
thereon;

Section 49.Sale of Assets. - The court, upon application of the rehabilitation

receiver, may authorize the sale of unencumbered property of the debtor
outside the ordinary course of business upon a showing that the property, by
its nature or because of other circumstance, is perishable, costly to maintain,
susceptible to devaluation or otherwise injeopardy.

(b) allow said third parties to retain possession or control, if such an

arrangement would more likely preserve or increase the value of the
property in question or the total value of the assets of the debtor; or

Section 50.Sale or Disposal of Encumbered Property of the Debtor and

Assets of Third Parties Held by Debtor. The court may authorize the sale,
transfer, conveyance or disposal of encumbered property of the debtor, or
property of others held by the debtor where there is a security interest

(c) undertake any otI1er disposition of the said property as may be

beneficial for the rehabilitation of the debtor, after notice and hearing,
and approval of the court.
Section 52.Rescission or Nullity of Sale, Payment, Transfer or Conveyance
of Assets. - The court may rescind or declare as null and void any sale,

payment, transfer or conveyance of the debtor's unencumbered property or

any encumbering thereof by the debtor or its agents or representatives after
the commencement date which are not in the ordinary course of the business
of the debtor: Provided, however, That the unencumbered property may be
sold, encumbered or otherwise disposed of upon order of the court after
notice and hearing:
(a) if such are in the interest of administering the debtor and
facilitating the preparation and implementation of a Rehabilitation
Plan;
(b) in order to provide a substitute lien, mortgage or pledge of
property under this Act;
(c) for payments made to meet administrative expenses as they
arise;
(d) for payments to victims of quasi delicts upon a showing that the
claim is valid and the debtor has insurance to reimburse the debtor
for the payments made;
(e) for payments made to repurchase property of the debtor that is
auctioned off in a judicial or extrajudicial sale under. This Act; or
(f) for payments made to reclaim property of the debtor held pursuant
to a possessory lien.

(b) upon motion of, or with the consent of the affected secured
creditor or interest owner. order the conveyance of a lien against or
ownership interest in substitute property of the debtor to the secured
creditor:Provided. That other creditors holding liens on such property,
if any, do not object thereto, or, if such property is not available;
(c) order the conveyance to the secured creditor or holder . of an
ownership interest of a lien on the residual funds from the sale of
encumbered property during the proceedings; or
(d) allow the sale or disposition of the property: Provided. That the
sale or disposition will maximize the value of the property for the
benefit of the secured creditor and the debtor, and the proceeds of
the sale will be distributed in accordance with the order prescribed
under the rules of concurrence and preference of credits.
Section 54.Post-commencement Interest. - The rate and term of interest, if
any, on secured and unsecured claims shall be determined and provided for
in the approved Rehabilitation Plan.
Section 55.Post-commencement Loans and Obligations. - With the approval
of the court upon the recommendation of the rehabilitation receiver, the
debtor, in order to enhance its
rehabilitation. may:
(a) enter into credit arrangements; or

Section 53.Assets Subject to Rapid Obsolescence, Depreciation and

Diminution of Value. - Upon the application of a secured creditor holding a
lien against or holder of an ownership interest in property held by the debtor
that is subject to potentially rapid obsolescence, depreciation or diminution in
value, the court shall, after notice and hearing, order the debtor or
rehabilitation receiver to take reasonable steps necessary to prevent the
depreciation. If depreciation cannot be avoided and such depreciation is
jeopardizing the security or property interest of the secured creditor or owner,
the court shall:
(a) allow the encumbered property to be foreclosed upon by the
secured creditor according to the relevant agreement between the
debtor and the secured creditor, applicable rules of procedure and
relevant legislation: Provided. That the proceeds of the sale will be
distributed in accordance with the order prescribed under the rules of
concurrence and preference of credits; or

(b) enter into credit arrangements, secured by mortgages of its

unencumbered property or secondary mortgages of encumbered
property with the approval of senior secured parties with regard to
the encumbered property; or
(c) incur other obligations as may be essential for its rehabilitation.
The payment of the foregoing obligations shall be considered administrative
expenses under this Act.
Section 56.Treatment of Employees, Claims. Compensation of employees
required to carry on the business shall be considered an administrative
expense. Claims of separation pay for months worked prior to the
commencement date shall be considered a pre- ommencement claim.
Claims for salary and separation pay for work performed after the
commencement date shall be an administrative expense.

Section 57.Treatment of Contracts. - Unless cancelled by virtue of a final

judgment of a court of competent jurisdiction issued prior to the issuance of
the Commencement Order, or at anytime thereafter by the court before which
the rehabilitation proceedings are pending, all valid and subbsisting contracts
of the debtor with creditors and other third parties as at the commencement
date shall continue in force: Provided, That within ninety (90) days following
the commencement of proceedings, the debtor, with the consent of the
rehabilitation receiver, shall notify each contractual counter-party of whether
it is confirming the particular contract. Contractual obligations of the debtor
arising or performed during this period, and afterwards for confirmed
contracts, shall be considered administrative expenses. Contracts not
confirmed within the required deadline shall be considered terminated.
Claims for actual damages, if any, arising as a result of the election to
terminate a contract shall be considered a pre-commencement claim against
the debtor. Nothing contained herein shall prevent the cancellation or
termination of any contract of the debtor for any ground provided by law.
(G) Avoidance Proceedings.
Section 58.Rescission or Nullity of Certain Precommencement Transactions. Any transaction occurring prior to
commencement date entered into by the debtor or involving its funds or
assets may be rescinded or declared null and void on the ground that the
same was executed with intent to defraud a creditor or creditors or which
constitute undue preference of creditors. Without limiting the generality of the
foregoing, a disputable presumption of such design shall arise if the
transaction:
(a) provides unreasonably inadequate consideration to the debtor
and is executed within ninety (90) days prior to the commencement
date;
(b) involves an accelerated payment of a claim to a creditor within
ninety (90) days prior to the commencement date;
(c) provides security or additional security executed within ninety (90)
days prior to the commencement date;
(d) involves creditors, where a creditor obtained, or received the
benefit of, more than its pro rata share in the assets of the debtor,
executed at a time when the debtor was insolvent; or
(e) is intended to defeat, delay or hinder the ability of the creditors to
collect claims where the effect of the transaction is to put assets of

the debtor beyond the reach of creditors or to otherwise prejudice the

interests of creditors.
Provided, however, That nothing in this section shall prevent the court from
rescinding or declaring as null and void a transaction on other grounds
provided by relevant legislation and jurisprudence: Provided, further, That the
provisions of the Civil Code on rescission shall in any case apply to these
transactions.
Section 59.Actions for Rescission or Nullity. - (a) The rehabilitation receiver
or, with his conformity, any creditor may initiate and prosecute any action to
rescind, or declare null and void any transaction described in Section 58
hereof. If the rehabilitation receiver does not consent to the filing or
prosecution of such action,
(b) If leave of court is granted under subsection (a), the rehabilitation receiver
shall assign and transfer to the creditor all rights, title and interest in the
chose in action or subject matter of the proceeding, including any document
in support thereof.
(c) Any benefit derived from a proceeding taken pursuant to subsection (a),
to the extent of his claim and the costs, belongs exclusively to the creditor
instituting the proceeding, and the surplus, if any, belongs to the estate.
(d) Where, before an order is made under subsection (a), the rehabilitation
receiver (or liquidator) signifies to the court his readiness to institute the
proceeding for the benefit of the creditors, the order shall fix the time within
which he shall do so and, m that case, the benefit derived from the
proceeding, if instituted within the time limits so fixed, belongs to the estate.
(H) Treatment of Secured Creditors.
Section 60.No Diminution of Secured Creditor Rights. The issuance of the
Commencement Order and the Suspension or Stay Order, and any other
provision of this Act, shall not be
deemed in any way to diminish or impair the security or lien of a secured
creditor, or the value of his lien or security, except that his right to enforce
said security or lien may be suspended during the term of the Stay Order.
The court, upon motion or recommendation of the rehabilitation receiver, may
allow a secured creditor to enforce his security or lien, or foreclose upon
property of the debtor

securing his/its claim, if the said property is not necessary for the
rehabilitation of the debtor. The secured creditor and/or the other lien holders
shall be admitted to the rehabilitation proceedings only for the balance of his
claim, if any.
Section 61.Lack of Adequate Protection. - The court, on motion or motu
proprio, may terminate, modify or set conditions for the continuance of
suspension of payment, or relieve a claim from the coverage thereof, upon
showing that: (a) a creditor does not have adequate protection over property
securing its claim; or

(b) compare the amounts expected to be received by the creditors

under the Rehabilitation Plan with those that they will receive if
liquidation ensues within the next one hundred twenty (120) days;
(c) contain information sufficient to give the various classes of
creditors a reasonable basis for determining whether supporting the
Plan is in their financial interest when compared to the immediate
liquidation of the debtor, including any reduction of principal interest
and penalties payable to the creditors;
(d) establish classes of voting creditors;

(b) the value of a claim secured by a lien on property which is not necessary
for rehabilitation of the debtor exceeds the fair market value of the said
property.
For purposes of this section, a creditor shall be deemed to lack adequate
protection if it can be shown that:
(a) the debtor fails or refuses to honor a pre-existing agreement with
the creditor to keep the property insured;
(b) the debtor fails or refuses to take commercially reasonable steps
to maintain the property; or
(c) the property has depreciated to an extent that the creditor is
under secured.
Upon showing of a lack of protection, the court shall order the debtor or the
rehabilitation receiver to make arrangements to provide for the insurance or
maintenance of the property; or to make payments or otherwise provide
additional or replacement security such that the obligation is fully secured. If
such arrangements are not feasible, the court may modify the Stay Order to
allow the secured creditor lacking adequate protection to enforce its security
claim against the debtor: Provided, however, That the court may deny the
creditor the remedies in this paragraph if the property subject of the
enforcement is required for the rehabilitation of the debtor.

(e) establish subclasses of voting creditors if prior approval has been

granted by the court;
(f) indicate how the insolvent debtor will be rehabilitated including,
but not limited to, debt forgiveness, debt rescheduling, reorganization
or quasi-reorganization. dacion en pago, debt-equity conversion and
sale of the business (or parts of it) as a going concern, or setting-up
of a new business entity or other similar arrangements as may be
necessary to restore the financial well-being and visibility of the
insolvent debtor;
(g) specify the treatment of each class or subclass described in
subsections (d) and (e);
(h) provide for equal treatment of all claims within the same class or
subclass, unless a particular creditor voluntarily agrees to less
favorable treatment;
(i) ensure that the payments made under the plan follow the priority
established under the provisions of the Civil Code on concurrence
and preference of credits and other applicable laws;
(j) maintain the security interest of secured creditors and preserve
the liquidation value of the security unless such has been waived or
modified voluntarily;

(i) Administration of Proceedings.

Section 62.Contents of a Rehabilitation Plan. The Rehabilitation Plan shall,
as a minimum:
(a) specify the underlying assumptions, the financial goals and the
procedures proposed to accomplish such goals;

(k) disclose all payments to creditors for pre-commencement debts

made during the proceedings and the justifications thereof;
(1) describe the disputed claims and the provisioning of funds to
account for appropriate payments should the claim be ruled valid or
its amount adjusted;

(m) identify the debtor's role in the implementation of the Plan;

(n) state any rehabilitation covenants of the debtor, the breach of
which shall be considered a material breach of the Plan;
(o) identify those responsible for the future management of the
debtor and the supervision and implementation of the Plan, their
affiliation with the debtor and their remuneration;
(p) address the treatment of claims arising after the confirmation of
the Rehabilitation Plan;
(q) require the debtor and its counter-parties to adhere to the terms
of all contracts that the debtor has chosen to confirm;
(r) arrange for the payment of all outstanding administrative
expenses as a condition to the Plan's approval unless such condition
has been waived in writing by the creditors concerned;
(s) arrange for the payment" of all outstanding taxes and
assessments, or an adjusted amount pursuant to a compromise
settlement with the BlR Or other applicable tax authorities;
(t) include a certified copy of a certificate of tax clearance or
evidence of a compromise settlement with the BIR;
(u) include a valid and binding r(,solution of a meeting of the debtor's
stockholders to increase the shares by the required amount in cases
where the Plan contemplates an additional issuance of shares by the
debtor;
(v) state the compensation and status, if any, of the rehabilitation
receiver after the approval of the Plan; and
(w) contain provisions for conciliation and/or mediation as a
prerequisite to court assistance or intervention in the event of any
disagreement in the interpretation or implementation of the
Rehabilitation Plan.
Section 63.Consultation with Debtor and Creditors. if the court gives due
course to the petition, the rehabilitation receiver shall confer with the debtor
and all the classes of creditors, and may consider their views and proposals
ill the review, revision or preparation of a new Rehabilitation Plan.

Section 64.Creditor Approval of Rehabilitation Plan. The rehabilitation

receiver shall notify the creditors and stakeholders that the Plan is ready for
their examination. Within twenty (2Q) days from the said notification, the
rehabilitation receiver shall convene the creditors, either as a whole or per
class, for purposes of voting on the approval of the Plan. The Plan shall be
deemed rejected unless approved by all classes of creditors w hose rights
are adversely modified or affected by the Plan. For purposes of this section,
the Plan is deemed to have been approved by a class of creditors if
members of the said class holding more than fifty percent (50%) of the total
claims of the said class vote in favor of the Plan. The votes of the creditors
shall be based solely on the amount of their respective claims based on the
registry of claims submitted by the rehabilitation receiver pursuant to Section
44 hereof.
Notwithstanding the rejection of the Rehabilitation Plan, the court may
confirm the Rehabilitation Plan if all of the following circumstances are
present:
(a)The Rehabilitation Plan complies with the requirements specified
in this Act.
(b) The rehabilitation receiver recommends the confirmation of the
Rehabilitation Plan;
(c) The shareholders, owners or partners of the juridical debtor lose
at least their controlling interest as a result of the Rehabilitation Plan;
and
(d) The Rehabilitation Plan would likely provide the objecting class of
creditors with compensation which has a net present value greater
than that which they would have received if the debtor were under
liquidation.
Section 65.Submission of Rehabilitation Plan to the Court. - 1fthe
Rehabilitation Plan is approved, the rehabilitation receiver shall submit the
same to the court for confirmation. Within five (5) days from receipt of the
Rehabilitation Plan, the court shall notify the creditors that the Rehabilitation
Plan has been submitted for confirmation, that any creditor may obtain
copies of the Rehabilitation Plan and that any creditor may file an objection
thereto.
Section 66.Filing of Objections to Rehabilitation Plan. A creditor may file an
objection to the Rehabilitation Plan within twenty (20) days from receipt of
notice from the court that the Rehabilitation Plan has been submitted for

confirmation. Objections to a Rehabilitation Plan shall be limited to the

following:

creditors, whether or not such persons have participated in the

proceedings or opposed the Rehabilitation Plan or whether or not
their claims have been scheduled;

(a) The creditors' support was induced by fraud;

(b)The documents or data relied upon in the Rehabilitation Plan are
materially false or misleading; or
(c)The Rehabilitation Plan is in fact not supported by the voting
creditors.
Section 67.Hearing on the Objections. - If objections have been submitted
during the relevant period, the court shall issue an order setting the time and
date for the hearing or hearings on the objections.
If the court finds merit in the objection, it shall order the rehabilitation receiver
or other party to cure the defect, whenever feasible. If the court determines
that the debtor acted in bad faith, or that it is not feasible to cure the defect,
the court shall convert the proceedings into one for the liquidation of the
debtor under Chapter V of this Act.
Section 68.Confirmation of the Rehabilitation Plan. If no objections are
filed within the relevant period or, if objections are filed, the court finds them
lacking in merit, or determines that the basis for the objection has been
cured, or determines that the debtor has complied with an order to cure the
objection, the court shall issue an order confirming the Rehabilitation Plan.

(b) The debtor shall comply with the provisions of the Rehabilitation
Plan and shall take all actions necessary to carry out the Plan;
(c) Payments shall be made to the creditors in accordance with the
provisions of the Rehabilitation Plan;
(d) Contracts and other arrangements between the debtor and its
creditors shall be interpreted as continuing to apply to the extent that
they do not conflict with the provisions of the Rehabilitation Plan;
(e) Any compromises on amounts or rescheduling of timing of
payments by the debtor shall be binding on creditors regardless of
whether or not the Plan is successfully implement; and
(f) Claims arising after approval of the Plan that are otherwise not
treated by the Plan are not subject to any Suspension Order.
The Order confirming the Plan shall comply with Rules 36 of the Rules of
Court: Provided, however, That the court may maintain jurisdiction over the
case in order to resolve claims against the debtor that remain contested and
allegations that the debtor has breached the Plan.

The court may confirm the Rehabilitation Plan notwithstanding unresolved

disputes over claims if the Rehabilitation Plan has made adequate provisions
for paying such claims.

Section 70. Liability of General Partners of a Partnership for Unpaid

Balances Under an Approved Plan. - The approval of the Plan shall not affect
the rights of creditors to pursue actions against the general partners of a
partnership to the extent they are liable under relevant legislation for the
debts thereof.

For the avoidance of doubt, the provisions of other laws to the contrary
notwithstanding, the court shall have the power to approve or implement the
Rehabilitation Plan despite the lack of approval, or objection from the
owners, partners or stockholders of the insolvent debtor: Provided, That the
terms thereof are necessary to restore the financial well-being and viability of
the insolvent debtor.

Section 71. Treatment of Amounts of Indebtedness or Obligations Forgiven

or Reduced. - Amounts of any indebtedness or obligations reduced or
forgiven in connection with a Plan's approval shall not be subject to any tax in
furtherance of the purposes of this Act.

Section 69.Effect of Confirmation of the Rehabilitation Plan, - The

confirmation of the Rehabilitation Plan by the court shall result in the
following:
(a) The Rehabilitation Plan and its provisions shall be binding upon
the debtor and all persons who may be affected by . it, including the

Section 72. Period for Confirmation of the Rehabilitation Plan. - The court
shall have a maximum period of one (1) year from the date of the filing of the
petition to confirm a Rehabilitation Plan.
If no Rehabilitation Plan is confirmed within the said period, the proceedings
may upon motion or motu propio, be converted into one for the liquidation of
the debtor .

Section 73. Accounting Discharge of Rehabilitation Receiver. - Upon the

confirmation of the Rehabilitation Plan, the rehabilitation receiver shall
provide a final report and accounting to the court. Unless the Rehabilitation
Plan specifically requires and describes the role of the rehabilitation receiver
after the approval of the Rehabilitation Plan, the court shall discharge the
rehabilitation receiver of his duties.
(j) Termination of Proceedings
Section 74. Termination of Proceedings. - The rehabilitation proceedings
under Chapter II shall, upon motion by any stakeholder or the rehabilitation
receiver be terminated by order of the court either declaring a successful
implementation of the Rehabilitation Plan or a failure of rehabilitation.
There is failure of rehabilitation in the following cases:

(2) Issue an order converting the proceedings to a liquidation;

(3) Allow the debtor or rehabilitation receiver to submit amendments
to the Rehabilitation Plan, the approval of which shall be governed
by the same requirements for the approval of a Rehabilitation Plan
under this subchapter;
(4) Issue any other order to remedy the breach consistent with the
present regulation, other applicable law and the best interests of the
creditors; or
(5) Enforce the applicable provisions of the Rehabilitation Plan
through a writ of execution.
Section 75. Effects of Termination. - Termination of the proceedings shall
result in the following:

(a) Dismissal of the petition by the court;

(b) The debtor fails to submit a Rehabilitation Plan;

(a) The discharge of the rehabilitation receiver subject to his

submission of a final accounting; and

(c) Under the Rehabilitation Plan submitted by the debtor, there is no

substantial likelihood that the debtor can be rehabilitated within a
reasonable period;

(b) The lifting of the Stay Order and any other court order holding in
abeyance any action for the enforcement of a claim against the
debtor.

(d) The Rehabilitation Plan or its amendment is approved by the

court but in the implementation thereof, the debtor fails to perform its
obligations thereunder or there is a failure to realize the objectives,
targets or goals set forth therein, including the timelines and
conditions for the settlement of the obligations due to the creditors
and other claimants;

Provided, however, That if the termination of proceedings is due to failure of

rehabilitation or dismissal of the petition for reasons other than technical
grounds, the proceedings shall be immediately converted to liquidation as
provided in Section 92 of this Act.

(e) The commission of fraud in securing the approval of the

Rehabilitation Plan or its amendment; and
(f) Other analogous circumstances as may be defined by the rules of
procedure.
Upon a breach of, or upon a failure of the Rehabilitation Plan the court, upon
motion by an affected party may:
(1) Issue an order directing that the breach be cured within a
specified period of time, falling which the proceedings may be
converted to a liquidation;

CHAPTER III
PRE-NEGOTIATED REHABILITATION
Section 76. Petition by Debtor. - An insolvent debtor, by itself or jointly with
any of its creditors, may file a verified petition with the court for the approval
of a pre-negotiated Rehabilitation Plan which has been endorsed or
approved by creditors holding at least two-thirds (2/3) of the total liabilities of
the debtor, including secured creditors holding more than fifty percent (50%)
of the total secured claims of the debtor and unsecured creditors holding
more than fifty percent (50%) of the total unsecured claims of the debtor. The
petition shall include as a minimum:
(a) a schedule of the debtor's debts and liabilities;
(b) an inventory of the debtor's assets;

(c) the pre-negotiated Rehabilitation Plan, including the names of at

least three (3) qualified nominees for rehabilitation receiver; and
(d) a summary of disputed claims against the debtor and a report on
the provisioning of funds to account for appropriate payments should
any such claims be ruled valid or their amounts adjusted.
Section 77. Issuance of Order. - Within five (5) working days, and after
determination that the petition is sufficient in form and substance, the court
shall issue an Order which shall;
(a) identify the debtor, its principal business of activity/ies and its
principal place of business;
(b) declare that the debtor is under rehabilitation;
(c) summarize the ground./s for the filling of the petition;
(d) direct the publication of the Order in a newspaper of general
circulation in the Philippines once a week for at least two (2)
consecutive weeks, with the first publication to be made within seven
(7) days from the time of its issuance;
(e) direct the service by personal delivery of a copy of the petition on
each creditor who is not a petitioner holding at least ten percent
(10%) of the total liabilities of the debtor, as determined in the
schedule attached to the petition, within three (3) days;
(f) state that copies of the petition and the Rehabilitation Plan are
available for examination and copying by any interested party;
(g) state that creditors and other interested parties opposing the
petition or Rehabilitation Plan may file their objections or comments
thereto within a period of not later than twenty (20) days from the
second publication of the Order;
(h) appoint a rehabilitation receiver, if provided for in the Plan; and
(i) include a Suspension or Stay Order as described in this Act.
Section 78. Approval of the Plan. - Within ten (10) days from the date of the
second publication of the Order, the court shall approve the Rehabilitation
Plan unless a creditor or other interested party submits an objection to it in
accordance with the next succeeding section.

Section 79. Objection to the Petition or Rehabilitation Plan. - Any creditor or

other interested party may submit to the court a verified objection to the
petition or the Rehabilitation Plan not later than eight (8) days from the date
of the second publication of the Order mentioned in Section 77 hereof. The
objections shall be limited to the following:
(a) The allegations in the petition or the Rehabilitation Plan or the
attachments thereto are materially false or misleading;
(b) The majority of any class of creditors do not in fact support the
Rehabilitation Plan;
(c) The Rehabilitation Plan fails to accurately account for a claim
against the debtor and the claim in not categorically declared as a
contested claim; or
(d) The support of the creditors, or any of them was induced by
fraud.
Copies of any objection to the petition of the Rehabilitation Plan shall be
served on the debtor, the rehabilitation receiver (if applicable), the secured
creditor with the largest claim and who supports the Rehabilitation Plan, and
the unsecured creditor with the largest claim and who supports the
Rehabilitation Plan.
Section 80. Hearing on the Objections. - After receipt of an objection, the
court shall set the same for hearing. The date of the hearing shall be no
earlier than twenty (20) days and no later than thirty (30) days from the date
of the second publication of the Order mentioned in Section 77 hereof. If the
court finds merit in the objection, it shall direct the debtor, when feasible to
cure the detect within a reasonable period. If the court determines that the
debtor or creditors supporting the Rehabilitation Plan acted in bad faith, or
that the objection is non-curable, the court may order the conversion of the
proceedings into liquidation. A finding by the court that the objection has no
substantial merit, or that the same has been cured shall be deemed an
approval of the Rehabilitation Plan.
Section 81. Period for Approval of Rehabilitation Plan. - The court shall have
a maximum period of one hundred twenty (120) days from the date of the
filing of the petition to approve the Rehabilitation Plan. If the court fails to act
within the said period, the Rehabilitation Plan shall be deemed approved.
Section 82. Effect of Approval. - Approval of a Plan under this chapter shall
have the same legal effect as confirmation of a Plan under Chapter II of this
Act.

CHAPTER IV
OUT-OF-COURT OR INFORMAL RESTRUCTURING AGREEMENTS OR
REHABILITATION PLANS
Section 83. Out-of-Court or Informal Restructuring Agreements and
Rehabilitation Plans. - An out-of-curt or informal restructuring agreement or
Rehabilitation Plan that meets the minimum requirements prescribed in this
chapter is hereby recognized as consistent with the objectives of this Act.
Section 84. Minimum Requirements of Out-of-Court or Informal
Restructuring Agreements and Rehabilitation Plans.- For an out-of-court or
informal restructuring/workout agreement or Rehabilitation Plan to qualify
under this chapter, it must meet the following minimum requirements:
(a) The debtor must agree to the out-of-court or informal
restructuring/workout agreement or Rehabilitation Plan;
(b) It must be approved by creditors representing at least sixty-seven
(67%) of the secured obligations of the debtor;
(c) It must be approved by creditors representing at least seventyfive percent (75%) of the unsecured obligations of the debtor; and
(d) It must be approved by creditors holding at least eighty-five
percent (85%) of the total liabilities, secured and unsecured, of the
debtor.
Section 85. Standstill Period. - A standstill period that may be agreed upon
by the parties pending negotiation and finalization of the out-of-court or
informal restructuring/workout agreement or Rehabilitation Plan
contemplated herein shall be effective and enforceable not only against the
contracting parties but also against the other creditors:Provided, That (a)
such agreement is approved by creditors representing more than fifty percent
(50%) of the total liabilities of the debtor; (b) notice thereof is publishing in a
newspaper of general circulation in the Philippines once a week for two (2)
consecutive weeks; and (c) the standstill period does not exceed one
hundred twenty (120) days from the date of effectivity. The notice must invite
creditors to participate in the negotiation for out-of-court rehabilitation or
restructuring agreement and notify them that said agreement will be binding
on all creditors if the required majority votes prescribed in Section 84 of this
Act are met.
Section 86. Cram Down Effect. - A restructuring/workout agreement or
Rehabilitation Plan that is approved pursuant to an informal workout
framework referred to in this chapter shall have the same legal effect as

confirmation of a Plan under Section 69 hereof. The notice of the

Rehabilitation Plan or restructuring agreement or Plan shall be published
once a week for at least three (3) consecutive weeks in a newspaper of
general circulation in the Philippines. The Rehabilitation Plan or restructuring
agreement shall take effect upon the lapse of fifteen (15) days from the date
of the last publication of the notice thereof.
Section 87. Amendment or Modification. - Any amendment of an out-of-court
restructuring/workout agreement or Rehabilitation Plan must be made in
accordance with the terms of the agreement and with due notice on all
creditors.
Section 88. Effect of Court Action or Other Proceedings. - Any court action or
other proceedings arising from, or relating to, the out-of-court or informal
restructuring/workout agreement or Rehabilitation Plan shall not stay its
implementation, unless the relevant party is able to secure a temporary
restraining order or injunctive relief from the Court of Appeals.
Section 89. Court Assistance. - The insolvent debtor and/or creditor may
seek court assistance for the execution or implementation of a Rehabilitation
Plan under this Chapter, under such rules of procedure as may be
promulgated by the Supreme Court.
CHAPTER V
LIQUIDATION OF INSOLVENT JURIDICAL DEBTORS
Section 90. Voluntary Liquidation. - An insolvent debtor may apply for
liquidation by filing a petition for liquidation with the court. The petition shall
be verified, shall establish the insolvency of the debtor and shall contain,
whether as an attachment or as part of the body of the petition;
(a) a schedule of the debtor's debts and liabilities including a list of
creditors with their addresses, amounts of claims and collaterals, or
securities, if any;
(b) an inventory of all its assets including receivables and claims
against third parties; and
(c) the names of at least three (3) nominees to the position of
liquidator.
At any time during the pendency of court-supervised or pre-negotiated
rehabilitation proceedings, the debtor may also initiate liquidation
proceedings by filing a motion in the same court where the rehabilitation
proceedings are pending to convert the rehabilitation proceedings into

liquidation proceedings. The motion shall be verified, shall contain or set forth
the same matters required in the preceding paragraph, and state that the
debtor is seeking immediate dissolution and termination of its corporate
existence.
If the petition or the motion, as the case may be, is sufficient in form and
substance, the court shall issue a Liquidation Order mentioned in Section
112 hereof.
Section 91. Involuntary Liquidation. - Three (3) or more creditors the
aggregate of whose claims is at least either One million pesos
(Php1,000,000,00) or at least twenty-five percent (25%0 of the subscribed
capital stock or partner's contributions of the debtor, whichever is higher, may
apply for and seek the liquidation of an insolvent debtor by filing a petition for
liquidation of the debtor with the court. The petition shall show that:
(a) there is no genuine issue of fact or law on the claims/s of the
petitioner/s, and that the due and demandable payments thereon
have not been made for at least one hundred eighty (180) days or
that the debtor has failed generally to meet its liabilities as they fall
due; and
(b) there is no substantial likelihood that the debtor may be
rehabilitated.
At any time during the pendency of or after a rehabilitation court-supervised
or pre-negotiated rehabilitation proceedings, three (3) or more creditors
whose claims is at least either One million pesos (Php1,000,000.00) or at
least twenty-five percent (25%) of the subscribed capital or partner's
contributions of the debtor, whichever is higher, may also initiate liquidation
proceedings by filing a motion in the same court where the rehabilitation
proceedings are pending to convert the rehabilitation proceedings into
liquidation proceedings. The motion shall be verified, shall contain or set forth
the same matters required in the preceding paragraph, and state that the
movants are seeking the immediate liquidation of the debtor.
If the petition or motion is sufficient in form and substance, the court shall
issue an Order:
(1) directing the publication of the petition or motion in a newspaper
of general circulation once a week for two (2) consecutive weeks;
and

(2) directing the debtor and all creditors who are not the petitioners to
file their comment on the petition or motion within fifteen (15) days
from the date of last publication.
If, after considering the comments filed, the court determines that the petition
or motion is meritorious, it shall issue the Liquidation Order mentioned in
Section 112 hereof.
Section 92. Conversion by the Court into Liquidation Proceedings. - During
the pendency of court-supervised or pre-negotiated rehabilitation
proceedings, the court may order the conversion of rehabilitation
proceedings to liquidation proceedings pursuant to (a) Section 25(c) of this
Act; or (b) Section 72 of this Act; or (c) Section 75 of this Act; or (d) Section
90 of this Act; or at any other time upon the recommendation of the
rehabilitation receiver that the rehabilitation of the debtor is not feasible.
Thereupon, the court shall issue the Liquidation Order mentioned in Section
112 hereof.
Section 93. Powers of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). The provisions of this chapter shall not affect the regulatory powers of the
SEC under Section 6 of Presidential Decree No. 902-A, as amended, with
respect to any dissolution and liquidation proceeding initiated and heard
before it.
CHAPTER VI
INSOLVENCY OF INDIVIDUAL DEBTORS
(A) Suspension of Payments.
Section 94. Petition. - An individual debtor who, possessing sufficient
property to cover all his debts but foreseeing the impossibility of meeting
them when they respectively fall due, may file a verified petition that he be
declared in the state of suspension of payments by the court of the province
or city in which he has resides for six (6) months prior to the filing of his
petition. He shall attach to his petition, as a minimum: (a) a schedule of debts
and liabilities; (b) an inventory of assess; and (c) a proposed agreement with
his creditors.
Section 95. Action on the Petition. - If the court finds the petition sufficient in
form and substance, it shall, within five (5) working days from the filing of the
petition, issue an Order:
(a) calling a meeting of all the creditors named in the schedule of
debts and liabilities at such time not less than fifteen (15) days nor

more than forty (40) days from the date of such Order and
designating the date, time and place of the meeting;
(b) directing such creditors to prepare and present written evidence
of their claims before the scheduled creditors' meeting;
(c) directing the publication of the said order in a newspaper of
general circulation published in the province or city in which the
petition is filed once a week for two (2) consecutive weeks, with the
first publication to be made within seven (7) days from the time of the
issuance of the Order;
(d) directing the clerk of court to cause the sending of a copy of the
Order by registered mail, postage prepaid, to all creditors named in
the schedule of debts and liabilities;
(e) forbidding the individual debtor from selling, transferring,
encumbering or disposing in any manner of his property, except
those used in the ordinary operations of commerce or of industry in
which the petitioning individual debtor is engaged so long as the
proceedings relative to the suspension of payments are pending;
(f) prohibiting the individual debtor from making any payment outside
of the necessary or legitimate expenses of his business or industry,
so long as the proceedings relative to the suspension of payments
are pending; and
(g) appointing a commissioner to preside over the creditors' meeting.
Section 96. Actions Suspended. - Upon motion filed by the individual debtor,
the court may issue an order suspending any pending execution against the
individual debtor. Provide, That properties held as security by secured
creditors shall not be the subject of such suspension order. The suspension
order shall lapse when three (3) months shall have passed without the
proposed agreement being accepted by the creditors or as soon as such
agreement is denied.
No creditor shall sue or institute proceedings to collect his claim from the
debtor from the time of the filing of the petition for suspension of payments
and for as long as proceedings remain pending except:
(a) those creditors having claims for personal labor, maintenance,
expense of last illness and funeral of the wife or children of the
debtor incurred in the sixty (60) days immediately prior to the filing of
the petition; and

(b) secured creditors.

Section 97. Creditors' Meeting. - The presence of creditors holding claims
amounting to at least three-fifths (3/5) of the liabilities shall be necessary for
holding a meeting. The commissioner appointed by the court shall preside
over the meeting and the clerk of court shall act as the secretary thereof,
subject to the following rules:
(a) The clerk shall record the creditors present and amount of their
respective claims;
(b) The commissioner shall examine the written evidence of the
claims. If the creditors present hold at least three-fifths (3/5) of the
liabilities of the individual debtor, the commissioner shall declare the
meeting open for business;
(c) The creditors and individual debtor shall discuss the propositions
in the proposed agreement and put them to a vote;
(d) To form a majority, it is necessary:
(1) that two-thirds (2/3) of the creditors voting unite upon the
same proposition; and
(2) that the claims represented by said majority vote amount
to at least three-fifths (3/5) of the total liabilities of the debtor
mentioned in the petition; and
(e) After the result of the voting has been announced, all protests
made against the majority vote shall be drawn up, and the
commissioner and the individual debtor together with all creditors
taking part in the voting shall sign the affirmed propositions.
No creditor who incurred his credit within ninety (90) days prior to the filing of
the petition shall be entitled to vote.
Section 98. Persons Who May Refrain From Voting. - Creditors who are
unaffected by the Suspension Order may refrain from attending the meeting
and from voting therein. Such persons shall not be bound by any agreement
determined upon at such meeting, but if they should join in the voting they
shall be bound in the same manner as are the other creditors.
Section 99. Rejection of the Proposed Agreement. - The proposed
agreement shall be deemed rejected if the number of creditors required for

holding a meeting do not attend thereat, or if the two (2) majorities mentioned
in Section 97 hereof are not in favor thereof. In such instances, the
proceeding shall be terminated without recourse and the parties concerned
shall be at liberty to enforce the rights which may correspond to them.
Section 100. Objections. - If the proposal of the individual debtor, or any
amendment thereof made during the creditors' meeting, is approved by the
majority of creditors in accordance with Section 97 hereof, any creditor who
attended the meeting and who dissented from and protested against the vote
of the majority may file an objection with the court within ten (10) days from
the date of the last creditors' meeting. The causes for which objection may be
made to the decision made by the majority during the meeting shall be: (a)
defects in the call for the meeting, in the holding thereof and in the
deliberations had thereat which prejudice the rights of the creditors; (b)
fraudulent connivance between one or more creditors and the individual
debtor to vote in favor of the proposed agreement; or (c) fraudulent
conveyance of claims for the purpose of obtaining a majority. The court shall
hear and pass upon such objection as soon as possible and in a summary
manner.
In case the decision of the majority of creditors to approve the individual
debtor's proposal or any amendment thereof made during the creditors'
meeting is annulled by the court, the court shall declare the proceedings
terminated and the creditors shall be at liberty to exercise the rights which
may correspond to them.
Section 101. Effects of Approval of Proposed Agreement. - If the decision of
the majority of the creditors to approve the proposed agreement or any
amendment thereof made during the creditors' meeting is uphold by the
court, or when no opposition or objection to said decision has been
presented, the court shall order that the agreement be carried out and all
parties bound thereby to comply with its terms.
The court may also issue all orders which may be necessary or proper to
enforce the agreement on motion of any affected party. The Order confirming
the approval of the proposed agreement or any amendment thereof made
during the creditors' meeting shall be binding upon all creditors whose claims
are included in the schedule of debts and liabilities submitted by the
individual debtor and who were properly summoned, but not upon: (a) those
creditors having claims for personal labor, maintenance, expenses of last
illness and funeral of the wife or children of the debtor incurred in the sixty
(60) days immediately prior to the filing of the petition; and (b) secured
creditors who failed to attend the meeting or refrained from voting therein.

Section 102. Failure of Individual Debtor to Perform Agreement. - If the

individual debtor fails, wholly or in part, to perform the agreement decided
upon at the meeting of the creditors, all the rights which the creditors had
against the individual debtor before the agreement shall revest in them. In
such case the individual debtor may be made subject to the insolvency
proceedings in the manner established by this Act.
(B) Voluntary Liquidation.
Section 103. Application. - An individual debtor whose properties are not
sufficient to cover his liabilities, and owing debts exceeding Five hundred
thousand pesos (Php500,000.00), may apply to be discharged from his debts
and liabilities by filing a verified petition with the court of the province or city
in which he has resided for six (6) months prior to the filing of such petition.
He shall attach to his petition a schedule of debts and liabilities and an
inventory of assets. The filing of such petition shall be an act of insolvency.
Section 104. Liquidation Order. - If the court finds the petition sufficient in
form and substance it shall, within five (5) working days issue the Liquidation
Order mentioned in Section 112 hereof.
(C) In voluntary Liquidation.
Section 105. Petition; Acts of Insolvency. - Any creditor or group of creditors
with a claim of, or with claims aggregating at least Five hundred thousand
pesos (Php500, 000.00) may file a verified petition for liquidation with the
court of the province or city in which the individual debtor resides.
The following shall be considered acts of insolvency, and the petition for
liquidation shall set forth or allege at least one of such acts:
(a) That such person is about to depart or has departed from the
Republic of the Philippines, with intent to defraud his creditors;
(b) That being absent from the Republic of the Philippines, with intent
to defraud his creditors, he remains absent;
(c) That he conceals himself to avoid the service of legal process for
the purpose of hindering or delaying the liquidation or of defrauding
his creditors;
(d) That he conceals, or is removing, any of his property to avoid its
being attached or taken on legal process;

(e) That he has suffered his property to remain under attachment or

legal process for three (3) days for the purpose of hindering or
delaying the liquidation or of defrauding his creditors;
(f) That he has confessed or offered to allow judgment in favor of any
creditor or claimant for the purpose of hindering or delaying the
liquidation or of defrauding any creditors or claimant;
(g) That he has willfully suffered judgment to be taken against him by
default for the purpose of hindering or delaying the liquidation or of
defrauding his creditors;
(h) That he has suffered or procured his property to be taken on legal
process with intent to give a preference to one or more of his
creditors and thereby hinder or delay the liquidation or defraud any
one of his creditors;
(i) That he has made any assignment, gift, sale, conveyance or
transfer of his estate, property, rights or credits with intent to hinder
or delay the liquidation or defraud his creditors;
(j) That he has, in contemplation of insolvency, made any payment,
gift, grant, sale, conveyance or transfer of his estate, property, rights
or credits;
(k) That being a merchant or tradesman, he has generally defaulted
in the payment of his current obligations for a period of thirty (30)
days;
(l) That for a period of thirty (30) days, he has failed, after demand, to
pay any moneys deposited with him or received by him in a fiduciary;
and
(m) That an execution having been issued against him on final
judgment for money, he shall have been found to be without
sufficient property subject to execution to satisfy the judgment.
The petitioning creditor/s shall post a bond in such as the court shall direct,
conditioned that if the petition for liquidation is dismissed by the court, or
withdrawn by the petitioner, or if the debtor shall not be declared an insolvent
the petitioners will pay to the debtor all costs, expenses, damages
occasioned by the proceedings and attorney's fees.

Section 106. Order to Individual Debtor to Show Cause. - Upon the filing of
such creditors' petition, the court shall issue an Order requiring the individual
debtor to show cause, at a time and place to be fixed by the said court, why
he should not be adjudged an insolvent. Upon good cause shown, the court
may issue an Order forbidding the individual debtor from making payments of
any of his debts, and transferring any property belonging to him. However,
nothing contained herein shall affect or impair the rights of a secured creditor
to enforce his lien in accordance with its terms.
Section 107. Default. - If the individual debtor shall default or if, after trial, the
issues are found in favor of the petitioning creditors the court shall issue the
Liquidation Order mentioned in Section 112 hereof.
Section 108. Absent Individual Debtor. - In all cases where the individual
debtor resides out of the Republic of the Philippines; or has departed
therefrom; or cannot, after due diligence, be found therein; or conceals
himself to avoid service of the Order to show cause, or any other preliminary
process or orders in the matter, then the petitioning creditors, upon
submitting the affidavits requisite to procedure an Order of publication, and
presenting a bond in double the amount of the aggregate sum of their claims
against the individual debtor, shall be entitled to an Order of the court
directing the sheriff of the province or city in which the matter is pending to
take into his custody a sufficient amount of property of the individual debtor
to satisfy the demands of the petitioning creditors and the costs of the
proceedings. Upon receiving such Order of the court to take into custody of
the property of the individual debtor, it shall be the duty of the sheriff to take
possession of the property and effects of the individual debtor, not exempt
from execution, to an extent sufficient to cover the amount provided for and
to prepare within three (3) days from the time of taking such possession, a
complete inventory of all the property so taken, and to return it to the court as
soon as completed. The time for taking the inventory and making return
thereof may be extended for good cause shown to the court. The sheriff shall
also prepare a schedule of the names and residences of the creditors, and
the amount due each, from the books of the debtor, or from such other
papers or data of the individual debtor available as may come to his
possession, and shall file such schedule or list of creditors and inventory with
the clerk of court.
Section 109. All Property Taken to be Held for All Creditors; Appeal Bonds;
Exemptions to Sureties. - In all cases where property is taken into custody by
the sheriff, if it does not embrace all the property and effects of the debtor not
exempt from execution, any other creditor or creditors of the individual
debtor, upon giving bond to be approved by the court in double the amount of
their claims, singly or jointly, shall be entitled to similar orders and to like
action, by the sheriff; until all claims be provided for, if there be sufficient
property or effects. All property taken into custody by the sheriff by virtue of

the giving of any such bonds shall be held by him for the benefit of all
creditors of the individual debtor whose claims shall be duly proved as
provided in this Act. The bonds provided for in this section and the preceding
section to procure the order for custody of the property and effects of the
individual debtor shall be conditioned that if, upon final hearing of the petition
in insolvency, the court shall find in favor of the petitioners, such bonds and
all of them shall be void; if the decision be in favor of the individual debtor,
the proceedings shall be dismissed, and the individual debtor, his heirs,
administrators, executors or assigns shall be entitled to recover such sum of
money as shall be sufficient to cover the damages sustained by him, not to
exceed the amount of the respective bonds. Such damages shall be fixed
and allowed by the court. If either the petitioners or the debtor shall appeal
from the decision of the court, upon final hearing of the petition, the appellant
shall be required to give bond to the successful party in a sum double the
amount of the value of the property in controversy, and for the costs of the
proceedings.
Any person interested in the estate may take exception to the sufficiency of
the sureties on such bond or bonds. When excepted to the petitioner's
sureties, upon notice to the person excepting of not less than two (2) nor
more than five (5) days, must justify as to their sufficiency; and upon failure
to justify, or of others in their place fail to justify at the time and place
appointed the judge shall issue an Order vacating the order to take the
property of the individual debtor into the custody of the sheriff, or denying the
appeal, as the case may be.
Section 110. Sale Under Execution. - If, in any case, proper affidavits and
bonds are presented to the court or a judge thereof, asking for and obtaining
an Order of publication and an Order for the custody of the property of the
individual debtor and thereafter the petitioners shall make it appear
satisfactorily to the court or a judge thereof that the interest of the parties to
the proceedings will be subserved by a sale thereof, the court may order
such property to be sold in the same manner as property is sold under
execution, the proceeds to de deposited in the court to abide by the result of
the proceedings.
CHAPTER VII
PROVISIONS COMMON TO LIQUIDATION IN INSOLVENCY OF
INDIVIDUAL AND JURIDICAL DEBTORS
Section 111. Use of Term Debtor. - For purposes of this chapter, the term
debtor shall include both individual debtor as defined in Section 4(o) and
debtor as defined in Section 4(k) of this Act.
(A) The Liquidation Order.

Section 112. Liquidation Order. - The Liquidation Order shall:

(a) declare the debtor insolvent;
(b) order the liquidation of the debtor and, in the case of a juridical
debtor, declare it as dissolved;
(c) order the sheriff to take possession and control of all the property
of the debtor, except those that may be exempt from execution;
(d) order the publication of the petition or motion in a newspaper of
general circulation once a week for two (2) consecutive weeks;
(e) direct payments of any claims and conveyance of any property
due the debtor to the liquidator;
(f) prohibit payments by the debtor and the transfer of any property
by the debtor;
(g) direct all creditors to file their claims with the liquidator within the
period set by the rules of procedure;
(h) authorize the payment of administrative expenses as they
become due;
(i) state that the debtor and creditors who are not petitioner/s may
submit the names of other nominees to the position of liquidator; and
(j) set the case for hearing for the election and appointment of the
liquidator, which date shall not be less than thirty (30) days nor more
than forty-five (45) days from the date of the last publication.
Section 113. Effects of the Liquidation Order. - Upon the issuance of the
Liquidation Order:
(a) the juridical debtor shall be deemed dissolved and its corporate
or juridical existence terminated;
(b) legal title to and control of all the assets of the debtor, except
those that may be exempt from execution, shall be deemed vested in
the liquidator or, pending his election or appointment, with the court;

(c) all contracts of the debtor shall be deemed terminated and/or

breached, unless the liquidator, within ninety (90) days from the date
of his assumption of office, declares otherwise and the contracting
party agrees;
(d) no separate action for the collection of an unsecured claim shall
be allowed. Such actions already pending will be transferred to the
Liquidator for him to accept and settle or contest. If the liquidator
contests or disputes the claim, the court shall allow, hear and resolve
such contest except when the case is already on appeal. In such a
case, the suit may proceed to judgment, and any final and executor
judgment therein for a claim against the debtor shall be filed and
allowed in court; and
(e) no foreclosure proceeding shall be allowed for a period of one
hundred eighty (180) days.
Section 114. Rights of Secured Creditors. - The Liquidation Order shall not
affect the right of a secured creditor to enforce his lien in accordance with the
applicable contract or law. A secured creditor may:

(B) The Liquidator.

Section 115. Election of Liquidator. - Only creditors who have filed their
claims within the period set by the court, and whose claims are not barred by
the statute of limitations, will be allowed to vote in the election of the
liquidator. A secured creditor will not be allowed to vote, unless: (a) he waives
his security or lien; or (b) has the value of the property subject of his security
or lien fixed by agreement with the liquidator, and is admitted for the balance
of his claim.
The creditors entitled to vote will elect the liquidator in open court. The
nominee receiving the highest number of votes cast in terms of amount of
claims, ad who is qualified pursuant to Section 118 hereof, shall be appointed
as the liquidator.
Section 116. Court-Appointed Liquidator. - The court may appoint the
liquidator if:
(a) on the date set for the election of the liquidator, the creditors do
not attend;

(a) waive his right under the security or lien, prove his claim in the
liquidation proceedings and share in the distribution of the assets of
the debtor; or

(b) the creditors who attend, fail or refuse to elect a liquidator;

(b) maintain his rights under the security or lien:

(d) a vacancy occurs for any reason whatsoever, In any of the cases
provided herein, the court may instead set another hearing of the
election of the liquidator.

If the secured creditor maintains his rights under the security or lien:

(c) after being elected, the liquidator fails to qualify; or

(1) the value of the property may be fixed in a manner agreed upon
by the creditor and the liquidator. When the value of the property is
less than the claim it secures, the liquidator may convey the property
to the secured creditor and the latter will be admitted in the
liquidation proceedings as a creditor for the balance. If its value
exceeds the claim secured, the liquidator may convey the property to
the creditor and waive the debtor's right of redemption upon
receiving the excess from the creditor;

Provided further, That nothing in this section shall be construed to prevent a

rehabilitation receiver, who was administering the debtor prior to the
commencement of the liquidation, from being appointed as a liquidator.

(2) the liquidator may sell the property and satisfy the secured
creditor's entire claim from the proceeds of the sale; or

Section 118. Qualifications of the Liquidator. - The liquidator shall have the
qualifications enumerated in Section 29 hereof. He may be removed at any
time by the court for cause, either motu propio or upon motion of any creditor
entitled to vote for the election of the liquidator.

(3) the secure creditor may enforce the lien or foreclose on the
property pursuant to applicable laws.

Section 117. Oath and Bond of the Liquidator. -Prior to entering upon his
powers, duties and responsibilities, the liquidator shall take an oath and file a
bond, In such amount to be fixed by the court, conditioned upon the proper
and faithful discharge of his powers, duties and responsibilities.

Section 119. Powers, Duties and Responsibilities of the Liquidator. - The

liquidator shall be deemed an officer of the court with the principal duly of
preserving and maximizing the value and recovering the assets of the debtor,
with the end of liquidating them and discharging to the extent possible all the
claims against the debtor. The powers, duties and responsibilities of the
liquidator shall include, but not limited to:
(a) to sue and recover all the assets, debts and claims, belonging or
due to the debtor;
(b) to take possession of all the property of the debtor except
property exempt by law from execution;
(c) to sell, with the approval of the court, any property of the debtor
which has come into his possession or control;
(d) to redeem all mortgages and pledges, and so satisfy any
judgement which may be an encumbrance on any property sold by
him;
(e) to settle all accounts between the debtor and his creditors,
subject to the approval of the court;
(f) to recover any property or its value, fraudulently conveyed by the
debtor;
(g) to recommend to the court the creation of a creditors' committee
which will assist him in the discharge of the functions and which shall
have powers as the court deems just, reasonable and necessary;
and
(h) upon approval of the court, to engage such professional as may
be necessary and reasonable to assist him in the discharge of his
duties.
In addition to the rights and duties of a rehabilitation receiver, the liquidator,
shall have the right and duty to take all reasonable steps to manage and
dispose of the debtor's assets with a view towards maximizing the
proceedings therefrom, to pay creditors and stockholders, and to terminate
the debtor's legal existence. Other duties of the liquidator in accordance with
this section may be established by procedural rules.
A liquidator shall be subject to removal pursuant to procedures for removing
a rehabilitation receiver.

Section 120. Compensation of the Liquidator. - The liquidator and the

persons and entities engaged or employed by him to assist in the discharge
of his powers and duties shall be entitled to such reasonable compensation
as may determined by the liquidation court, which shall not exceed the
maximum amount as may be prescribed by the Supreme Court.
Section 121. Reporting Requiremen5ts. - The liquidator shall make and keep
a record of all moneys received and all disbursements mad by him or under
his authority as liquidator. He shall render a quarterly report thereof to the
court , which report shall be made available to all interested parties. The
liquidator shall also submit such reports as may be required by the court from
time to time as well as a final report at the end of the liquidation proceedings.
Section 122. Discharge of Liquidator. - In preparation for the final settlement
of all the claims against the debtor , the liquidator will notify all the creditors,
either by publication in a newspaper of general circulation or such other
mode as the court may direct or allow, that will apply with the court for the
settlement of his account and his discharge from liability as liquidator. The
liquidator will file a final accounting with the court, with proof of notice to all
creditors. The accounting will be set for hearing. If the court finds the same in
order, the court will discharge the liquidator.
(C) Determination of Claims
Section 123. Registry of Claims. - Within twenty (20) days from his
assumption into office the liquidator shall prepare a preliminary registry of
claims of secured and unsecured creditors. Secured creditors who have
waived their security or lien, or have fixed the value of the property subject of
their security or lien by agreement with the liquidator and is admitted as a
creditor for the balance , shall be considered as unsecured creditors. The
liquidator shall make the registry available for public inspection and provide
publication notice to creditors, individual debtors owner/s of the sole
proprietorship-debtor, the partners of the partnership-debtor and
shareholders or members of the corporation-debtor, on where and when they
may inspect it. All claims must be duly proven before being paid.
Section 124. Right of Set-off. - If the debtor and creditor are mutually debtor
and creditor of each other one debt shall be set off against the other, and
only the balance, if any shall be allowed in the liquidation proceedings.
Section 125. - Opposition or Challenge to Claims. - Within thirty (30 ) days
from the expiration of the period for filing of applications for recognition of
claims, creditors, individual debtors, owner/s of the sole proprietorshipdebtor, partners of the partnership-debtor and shareholders or members of
the corporation -debtor and other interested parties may submit a challenge

to claim or claims to the court, serving a certified copy on the liquidator and
the creditor holding the challenged claim. Upon the expiration of the (30) day
period, the rehabilitation receiver shall submit to the court the registry of
claims containing the undisputed claims that have not been subject to
challenge. Such claims shall become final upon the filling of the register and
may be subsequently set aside only on grounds or fraud, accident, mistake
or inexcusable neglect.

(E) The Liquidation Plan.

Section 126. Submission of Disputed to the Court. - The liquidator shall

resolve disputed claims and submit his findings thereon to the court for final
approval. The liquidator may disallow claims.

Section 130. Exempt Property to be Set Apart. - It shall be the duty of the
court, upon petition and after hearing, to exempt and set apart, for the use
and benefit of the said insolvent, such real and personal property as is by law
exempt from execution, and also a homestead; but no such petition shall be
heard as aforesaid until it is first proved that notice of the hearing of the
application therefor has been duly given by the clerk, by causing such notice
to be posted it at least three (3) public places in the province or city at least
ten (10) days prior to the time of such hearing, which notice shall set forth the
name of the said insolvent debtor, and the time and place appointed for the
hearing of such application, and shall briefly indicate the homestead sought
to be exempted or the property sought to be set aside; and the decree must
show that such proof was made to the satisfaction of the court, and shall be
conclusive evidence of that fact.

(D) Avoidance Proceedings.

Section 127. Rescission or Nullity of Certain Transactions. - Any transaction
occurring prior to the issuance of the Liquidation Order or, in case of the
conversion of the rehabilitation proceedings prior to the commencement
date, entered into by the debtor or involving its assets, may be rescinded or
declared null and void on the ground that the same was executed with intent
to defraud a creditor or creditors or which constitute undue preference of
creditors. The presumptions set forth in Section 58 hereof shall apply.
Section 128. Actions for Rescission or Nullity. - (a) The liquidator or, with his
conformity, a creditor may initiate and prosecute any action to rescind, or
declare null and void any transaction described in the immediately preceding
paragraph. If the liquidator does not consent to the filling or prosecution of
such action, any creditor may seek leave of the court to commence said
action.
(b) if leave of court is granted under subsection (a) hereof, the
liquidator shall assign and transfer to the creditor all rights, title and
interest in the chose in action or subject matter of the proceeding,
including any document in support thereof.
(c) Any benefit derived from a proceeding taken pursuant to
subsection (a) hereof, to the extent of his claim and the costs,
belongs exclusively to the creditor instituting the proceeding, and the
surplus, if any, belongs to the estate.
(d) Where, before an orders is made under subsection (a) hereof, the
liquidator signifies to the court his readiness to the institute the
proceeding for the benefit of the creditors, the order shall fix the time
within which he shall do so and, in that case the benefit derived from
the proceedings, if instituted within the time limits so fixed, belongs to
the estate.

Section 129. The Liquidation Plan. - Within three (3) months from his
assumption into office, the Liquidator shall submit a Liquidation Plan to the
court. The Liquidation Plan shall, as a minimum enumerate all the assets of
the debtor and a schedule of liquidation of the assets and payment of the
claims.

Section 131. Sale of Assets in Liquidation. - The liquidator may sell the
unencumbered assets of the debtor and convert the same into money. The
sale shall be made at public auction. However, a private sale may be allowed
with the approval of the court if; (a) the goods to be sold are of a perishable
nature, or are liable to quickly deteriorate in value, or are disproportionately
expensive to keep or maintain; or (b) the private sale is for the best interest
of the debtor and his creditors.
With the approval of the court, unencumbered property of the debtor may
also be conveyed to a creditor in satisfaction of his claim or part thereof.
Section 132. manner of Implementing the Liquidation Plan. - The Liquidator
shall implement the Liquidation Plan as approved by the court. Payments
shall be made to the creditors only in accordance with the provisions of the
Plan.
Section 133. Concurrence and Preference of Credits. - The Liquidation Plan
and its Implementation shall ensure that the concurrence and preference of
credits as enumerated in the Civil Code of the Philippines and other relevant
laws shall be observed, unless a preferred creditor voluntarily waives his
preferred right. For purposes of this chapter, credits for services rendered by
employees or laborers to the debtor shall enjoy first preference under Article

2244 of the Civil Code, unless the claims constitute legal liens under Article
2241 and 2242 thereof.
Section 134. Order Removing the Debtor from the List of Registered Entitles
at the Securities and Exchange Commission. - Upon determining that the
liquidation has been completed according to this Act and applicable law, the
court shall issue an Order approving the report and ordering the SEC to
remove the debtor from the registry of legal entities.

(B) Cross-Border Insolvency Proceedings.

Section 139. Adoption of Uncitral Model Law on Cross-Border Insolvency. Subject to the provision of Section 136 hereof and the rules of procedure that
may be adopted by the Supreme Court, the Model Law on Cross-Border
Insolvency of the United Nations Center for International Trade and
Development is hereby adopted as part of this Act.

Section 135. Termination of Proceedings. - Upon receipt of evidence

showing that the debtor has been removed from the registry of legal entities
at the SEC. The court shall issue an Order terminating the proceedings.

Section 140. Initiation of Proceedings. - The court shall set a hearing in

connection with an insolvency or rehabilitation proceeding taking place in a
foreign jurisdiction, upon the submission of a petition by the representative of
the foreign entity that is the subject of the foreign proceeding.

(F) Liquidation of a Securities Market Participant.

Section 141. Provision of Relief. - The court may issue orders:

Section 136. Liquidation of a Securities Market Participant. - The foregoing

provisions of this chapter shall be without prejudice to the power of a
regulatory agency or self- regulatory organization to liquidate trade-related
claims of clients or customers of a securities market participant which, for
purposes of investor protection, are hereby deemed to have absolute priority
over other claims of whatever nature or kind insofar as trade-related assets
are concerned.
For purposes of this section, trade -related assets include cash, securities,
trading right and other owned and used by the securities market participant in
the ordinary course of this business.
CHAPTER VIII
PROCEEDINGS ANCILLARY TO OTHER INSOLVENCY OR
REHABILITAION PROCEEDINGS
(A) Banks and Other Financial Institutions Under Rehabilitation
Receivership Pursuant to a State-funded or State-mandated Insurance
System.
Section 137. Provision of Assistance. - The court shall issue orders,
adjudicate claims and provide other relief necessary to assist in the
liquidation of a financial under rehabilitation receivership established by a
state-funded or state-mandated insurance system.
Section 138. Application of Relevant Legislation. - The liquidation of bank,
financial institutions, insurance companies and pre-need companies shall be
determined by relevant legislation. The provisions in this Act shall apply in a
suppletory manner.

(a) suspending any action to enforce claims against the entity or

otherwise seize or foreclose on property of the foreign entity located
in the Philippines;
(b) requiring the surrender property of the foreign entity to the foreign
representative; or
(c) providing other necessary relief.
Section 142. Factors in Granting Relief. - In determining whether to grant
relief under this subchapter, the court shall consider;
(a) the protection of creditors in the Philippines and the
inconvenience in pursuing their claim in a foreign proceeding;
(b) the just treatment of all creditors through resort to a unified
insolvency or rehabilitation proceedings;
(c) whether other jurisdictions have given recognition to the foreign
proceeding;
(d) the extent that the foreign proceeding recognizes the rights of
creditors and other interested parties in a manner substantially in
accordance with the manner prescribed in this Act; and
(e) the extent that the foreign proceeding has recognized and shown
deference to proceedings under this Act and previous legislation.

CHAPTER IX
FUNDS FOR REHABILITATION OF GOVERNMENT-OWNED AND
CONTROLLED CORPORATIONS
Section 143. Funds for Rehabilitation of Government -owned and Controlled
Corporations. - Public funds for the rehabilitation of government-owned and
controlled corporations shall be released only pursuant to an appropriation by
Congress and shall be supported by funds actually available as certified by
the National Treasurer.
The Department of Finance, in collaboration with the Department of Budget
and Management, shall promulgate the rules for the use and release of said
funds.
CHAPTER X
MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIOS
Section 144. Applicability of Provisions. - The provisions in Chapter II,
insofar as they are applicable, shall likewise apply to proceedings in
Chapters II and IV.
Section 145. Penalties. - An owner, partner, director, officer or other
employee of the debtor who commits any one of the following acts shall,
upon conviction thereof, be punished by a fine of not more than One million
pesos (Php 1, 000,000.00) and imprisonment for not less than three(3)
months nor more than five (5) years for each offense;
(a) if he shall, having notice of the commencement of the
proceedings, or having reason to believe that proceedings are about

to be commented, or in contemplation of the proceedings hide or

conceal, or destroy or cause to be destroyed or hidden any property
belonging to the debtor or if he shall hide, destroy, after mutilate or
falsify, or cause to be hidden, destroyed, altered, mutilated or
falsified, any book, deed, document or writing relating thereto; if he
shall, with intent to defraud the creditors of the debtor, make any
payment sale, assignment, transfer or conveyance of any property
belongings to the debtor
(b) if he shall, having knowledge belief of any person having proved
a false or fictitious claim against the debtor, fail to disclose the same
to the rehabilitation receiver of liquidator within one (1) month after
coming to said knowledge or belief; or if he shall attempt to account
for any of the debtors property by fictitious losses or expense; or
(c) if he shall knowingly violate a prohibition or knowingly fail to
undertake an obligation established by this Act.
Section 146. Application to Pending Insolvency, Suspension of Payments
and Rehabilitation Cases. - This Act shall govern all petitions filed after it has
taken effect. All further proceedings in insolvency, suspension of payments
and rehabilitation cases then pending, except to the extent that in opinion of
the court their application would not be feasible or would work injustice, in
which event the procedures set forth in prior laws and regulations shall apply.
Section 147. Application to Pending Contracts. - This Act shall apply to all
contracts of the debtor regardless of the date of perfection.