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MA 201 Complex Analysis Lecture 12: Power Series

This lecture discusses power series and their properties. Key points: 1) A power series is a series of the form Σan(z-z0)n where an are complex numbers and z0 is a complex number. 2) Every power series has a radius of convergence R, inside which it converges absolutely, and outside which it diverges. 3) If a power series converges at a point z0, it converges for all z with |z|<|z0|. 4) A function defined by a power series inside its radius of convergence is analytic. Its derivatives are obtained by termwise differentiation of the power series.

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Suraj Chaurasia
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95 views

MA 201 Complex Analysis Lecture 12: Power Series

This lecture discusses power series and their properties. Key points: 1) A power series is a series of the form Σan(z-z0)n where an are complex numbers and z0 is a complex number. 2) Every power series has a radius of convergence R, inside which it converges absolutely, and outside which it diverges. 3) If a power series converges at a point z0, it converges for all z with |z|<|z0|. 4) A function defined by a power series inside its radius of convergence is analytic. Its derivatives are obtained by termwise differentiation of the power series.

Uploaded by

Suraj Chaurasia
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MA 201 Complex Analysis

Lecture 12: Power Series

Lecture 12

Power Series

Series of complex numbers

If zn C for all n 0 then the series

zn converges

n=0

to
 > 0 there exists an positive integer N such that

mz if for every

X


zn z <  for all m N



n=0

absolutely if
If the series

Let SN =

N
X

|zn | converges.
zn converges absolutely then

zn be the Nth partial sum of

zn converges.

zn . Then the series

n=0

converges if and only if the sequence {SN } converges.

Lecture 12

Power Series

zn

Power Series

Definition: A series of the form

an (z z0 )n , where an C and z0 C

n=0

is called a power series around the point z0 .


For what values of z the following power series converges?
1

z n ( |z| < 1, Geometric series.)

n=0
2

X
1 n
z (for all z, Exponential series.)
n!
n=0

n!z n , (only z = 0)

n=0

Lecture 12

Power Series

Power Series

If a power series

an z n converges for some z0 C then it converges for

n=0

all z C such that |z| < |z0 |.


Proof. It follows from the hypothesis that there exist M 0 such that
|an z0n | M for all n N.
Note that

n
n
z
z
|an z n | = |an z0 |n M .
z0
z0

The proof now follows from the comparison test, and behavior of
geometric series.

Lecture 12

Power Series

Power Series
(Radius of convergence)Given a power series

an z n , there exists

n=0

0 R such that:
1

If |z| < R the series converges absolutely.

If |z| > R the series diverges.

The number R is called the radius of convergence of a power series.


a) For

n=0

n!z n , R = 0. b) For

z n , R = 1. c) For

n=0

X
zn
For
, R = .
n!
n=1

X
zn
, R = 1. d)
n
n=1

Remark: Note that no conclusion about convergence can be drawn if


|z| = R. The power series in c) above does not converge if z = 1 but
converges if z = 1.

Lecture 12

Power Series

Power Series

The formula for calculating R goes exactly as in the case of reals, that is,
1
|an+1 |
1
= lim sup |an | n = lim
,
n |an |
R
n

whenever the above limits exist (with the supposition that division by
(resp. 0) produces 0 (resp. )).
Let R be the radius of convergence of the power series

X
n=0

all z B(0, R)
f (z) =

an z n

n=0

is a well defined function.


Question: Is f analytic on B(0, R)?

Lecture 12

Power Series

an z n . Then for

Power Series

Theorem: Let F (z) =

an z n have radius of convergence R > 0.

n=0
1

Then the series

nan z n1 has radius of convergence R.

n=1
2

The function F is differentiable on B(0, R) and furthermore F 0 (z) is

X
given by F 0 (z) = f (z) =
nan z n1
n=1

Proof. We know limn n1/n = 1, and therefore


lim sup |an |1/n = lim sup |nan |1/n ,
so that

X
n=0

an z n and

nan z n1 have the same radius of convergence.

n=1

Lecture 12

Power Series

Power Series
Now let |z| < r < R, write
F (z) = SN (z) + EN (z),
where
SN (z) =

N
X

an z n and EN (z) =

n=0

an z n .

n=N+1

Then if h is chosen so that |z + h| < r we have




SN (z + h) SN (z)
F (z + h) F (z)
f (z) =
SN0 (z)
h
h


EN (z + h) EN (z)
+ (SN0 (z) f (z)) +
.
h
Now we will show that all three expression on right in the above equation will
go to zero for large N and small h.

Lecture 12

Power Series

Power Series
Since an b n = (a b)(an1 + an2 b + . . . + ab n2 + b n1 ), we see that



X
X
(z h)n z n
EN (z + h) EN (z)




|a
|
|an |nr n1 ,
n




h
h
n=N+1

n=N+1

where we have used the fact that |z| < r and |z + h| < r . The expression on
the right is the tail end of a convergent series. Therefore, given  > 0 we can
find N1 so that N > N1 implies


EN (z + h) EN (z)

< .


h
3
Also since lim SN0 (z) = f (z), we can find N2 so that N > N2 implies that
N

|SN0 (z) f (z)| <

Lecture 12


.
3

Power Series

Power Series

If we fix N so that both N > N1 and N > N2 hold.


Now SN (z) is a polynomial and the derivative of a polynomial is obtained by
differentiating it term by term. Then we can find > 0 so that |h| < implies


SN (z + h) SN (z)


0

SN (z) < .

h
3
Therefore,



F (z + h) F (z)
<

f
(z)


h
whenever |h| < .
Corollary: The function F (z) =

an z n is infinitely differentiable on B(0, R)

n=0

and the higher derivatives are also power series obtained by termwise
differentiation and has same radius of convergence R.

Lecture 12

Power Series

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