Exercise 3.

2 (Solutions)

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Calculus and Analytic Geometry, MATHEMATICS 12

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Theorem on Anti-Derivatives
i) cf ( x)dx = c f ( x)dx where c is constant.
ii)

[ f ( x) g ( x)] dx = f ( x)dx g ( x)dx

n
x dx =

x n +1
n +1

1
x + 1 dx = x x 2 + 1 dx

= x 2 + x dx

= x 2 dx + x dx
3

where n 1

1
dx = dx (here x 0 )
x
d
1
ln x =
Since
dx
x
1
Therefore dx = ln x + c
x
Note: Since log of zero and negative numbers
does not exist therefore in above formula mod
assure that we are taking a log of +ive quantity.
1

Important Integral
n +1
n
d
Since
ax + b ) = (n + 1) ( ax + b ) a
(
dx
Taking integral
n +1
n
d
dx ( ax + b ) dx = (n + 1) ( ax + b ) a dx
n +1
n
( ax + b ) = (n + 1) a ( ax + b ) dx

Question # 1(i)
2
2
3x 2 x + 1 dx = 3 x dx 2 xdx + dx

x 2 +1
x1+1
2
+ x+c
2 +1
1+1
x3
x2
= 3 2 + x + c
3
2
= x3 x 2 + x + c
= 3

( ax + b )

( 2 x + 3)

x
x
+
+c
1
1
+1 +1
2
2
3
2

1
2

x
x
+
+c
3
1
2
2

dx

( 2 x + 3) 2
=

+1

1 + 1 2
2

+c

( 2 x + 3) 2 + c
=

3 2
2

3
1
= ( 2 x + 3) 2 + c
3

1
2

1
+1
2

n +1

(n + 1) a

1
2

= x dx + x dx
1
+1
2

( ax + b )
dx =

Question # 1(iv)

Question # 1(ii)
1

12

1
2
x
+
dx
=
x
+
x
dx

1
2

+1

x2
x1+1
x 2 x2
=
+
+c =
+ +c
3
1+1
5
2
+1
2
2
5
2
1
= x 2 + x2 + c
5
2

If n = 1 then

1
2 32
x + 2 x 2 + c Ans.
3

Question # 1(iii)

Important Integral
d n +1
Since
x = ( n + 1) x n
dx
Taking integral w.r.t x
d n +1
n
dx x dx = ( n + 1) x dx
x n +1 = ( n + 1) x n dx

Page 130

Question # 1(v)

x + 1 dx = ( x ) 2 + 2 x + 1 dx
1

= x + 2 ( x ) 2 + 1 dx

= x dx + 2 ( x ) 2 dx + dx

FSc-II / Ex- 3.2 - 2

2
1
=

+
d

1

1
= 2 2 + 2 d

+1

x1+1
x2
=
+2
+ x+c
1+1
1
+1
2
3

x2
x2
= +2
+ x+c
2
3
2

3
2

x
4x
+
+ x+c
2
3

Question # 1(vi)
2

1
1

x x dx = x + x 2 dx
1
= xdx + dx 2 dx
x
2
x
=
+ ln x 2 x + c
2

(1 x )

( y)

( y + 1) dy
y

3
2

1
2

y
y
y
y
+
+c =
+
+c
1
1
3
1
+1 +1
2
2
2
2
3
1
2
= y2 + 2y2 + c
3

Question # 1(ix)

d =

+c
2

1 2 x + x
dx
x
1 2 x
x
=

+
dx
x
x
x
1
1

= x 2 2 + x 2 dx

+1

x2
x2
=
3 +
+c
1
3
2
2
1
2 3
= 2 x 2 2 x + x 2 + c Ans
3

1
+1
2

1
+1

= y 2 dy + y 2 dy
1
+1
2

1
2

x 2
x2
=
2x +
+c
1
1
+1
+1
2
2

1
y

12
1
2
=
y
+
y
=
+
dy

dy

y
y

2 +

+c

dx =

Question # 1(viii)
y ( y + 1)
y dy
dy =

1
+1
2

Now do yourself.

3
2

2 +

1
+1
2

Question # 1(x)

y ( y + 1)

1
+1
2

1
2
= 2 + 2 2 + c Ans
3

= 3 x1 2 dx + 2 x 1 2 dx

+1

3
2

Question # 1(vii)
3x + 2
3x + 2
x dx = x1 2 dx
3x
2
= 1 2 + 1 2 dx
x
x
12
= 3 x + 2 x 1 2 dx

2 +1
d

Important Integral
d ax
We know
e = a eax
dx
Taking integral
d ax
ax
dx e dx = a e dx
e ax = a eax dx

e ax
e dx = a

Also note that

ax

( ax + b )
e dx =

e( ax +b )
a

Question # 1(xi)
e2 x e x
e2 x + e x
dx
=
ex
e x + e x dx
= e x + 1 dx

FSc-II / Ex- 3.2 - 3

= e x dx + dx
= ex + x + c

Ans

Question # 2(i)
dx
x+a + x+b
dx
x+a x+b
=

x+a + x+b x+a x+b

=
=

( x + a)

1
2

Question # 2(iii)
dx
x+a + x
dx
x+a x
=

x+a + x x+a x
x+a x
=
dx
x+ax
1

=
=

1
2

( x + b)
dx
a b

1
1
1

2 dx ( x + b ) 2 dx
x
+
a
(
)

a b

3
3
2

2 ( x + b ) 2 + c Ans.
x
+
a
(
)

3( a b)

Important Integral
d
1
Since
Tan 1 x =
dx
1 + x2
d
1
Also
Cot 1 x =
dx
1 + x2
1
Therefore
dx = Tan 1 x or Cot 1 x
2
1+ x
1
Similarly
dx = Sin 1 x or Cos 1 x
2
1 x
1
1
1
x x 2 1 dx = Sec x or Csc x

1
2
1 + x 1 x2
1 x 2
+

dx

1
1
1

2 dx ( x ) 2 dx
x
+
a
(
)

3
3

2
2 x 2 + c Ans.
x
+
a
(
)

3a

Question # 2(iv)
3

( a 2x)

3
2

dx =

( a 2x)2

+1

3 + 1 2
2 ( )

+c

(a 2x)2
=

5 2
2 ( )

Question # 2(ii)
1 x2
1 + x 2 dx
2

= 1 +
dx
1 + x2

1
= dx + 2
dx
1 + x2
= x + 2Tan 1 x + c

1
1

+1
2
2
x
+
a
x
(
)
(
)
1

+c
a
1
1
+1
2 + 1
2
3
3

2
2
+
x
a
x
(
)
(
)
1

+c
3
3
a
2
2

1
1

+1
x + b)2
(
1 ( x + a )2
=

+c
1
a b 1
1
1
+
+
2

2
3
3

1 ( x + a )2 ( x + b)2
=

+c
3
a b 3
2
2

( x + a)2 ( x)2

+c
5

( a 2x)2 + c
=
5

Question # 2(v)
x 3

(1 + e )
ex

dx =

(1 + 3e

+ 3e 2 x + e3 x
ex

) dx

1 3e x 3e 2 x e3 x
= x + x + x + x
e
e
e
e
= e x + 3 + 3e x + e2 x dx

dx

2x

e
e
+ 3 x + 3e x +
+c
1
2
1
= e x + 3x + 3e x + e2 x + c
2
=

FSc-II / Ex- 3.2 - 4

Important Integrals
d
We know
cos ax = a sin ax
dx
Taking integral
d
dx cos ax dx = a sin ax dx
cos ax = a sin ax dx

sin ax dx =

cos ax
a

d
sin ax = a cos ax
dx
sin ax
cos ax dx =
a
Similarly
tan ax
2
sec ax dx = a

d
1
ln f ( x) =
f ( x)
dx
f ( x)
Taking integral
f ( x)
ln f ( x) =
dx
f ( x)
Also

f ( x)
dx = ln f ( x) + c
f ( x)

Put f ( x) = ln x f ( x) =

cot ax
cosec ax dx = a
sec ax
sec ax tan ax dx = a
csc ax
a

Also note that

sin ( ax + b ) dx =

Question # 2(vi)

cos(a + b) x
+c
a+b

Question # 2(vii)
1 cos 2x dx

1 cos 2 x
= 2sin x dx
sin x =
2
= 2 sin x dx = 2 ( cos x ) + c
2

; n 1

Question # 2(viii)
1
Let I = ln x dx
x

sin(a + b) x dx =

i.e.

Also

csc ax cot ax dx =

n +1

[ f ( x)]
[ f ( x)] f ( x)dx = ( n + 1)
n

= 2 cos x + c
Important Formula
n +1
n d
d

f ( x)] = ( n + 1) [ f ( x)]
f ( x)
[
dx
dx
n +1
n
d

f ( x)] = ( n + 1) [ f ( x)] f ( x)
[
dx
Taking integral
n +1
n
d
dx [ f ( x)] dx = ( n + 1) [ f ( x)] f ( x)dx
n +1
n
[ f ( x)] = ( n + 1) [ f ( x)] f ( x)dx

1
x

So I = [ f ( x)] f ( x) dx
1+1

[ f ( x)]
=

+c
1+1
2
ln x )
(
=
+c
2

[ f ( x)]
=
2

+c

Question # 2(ix)
1 cos 2 x
2
sin x dx = 2 dx
1 1

= cos 2 x dx
2
2

1
1
= dx cos 2 x dx
2
2
1
1 sin 2 x
= x
+c
2
2 2
1
1
= x sin 2 x + c
2
4
Question # 3(x)
1
1 + cos x dx
1
=
dx
2 x
2 cos
2

1
x
= sec2 dx
2
2

cos 2

x 1 + cos x
=
2
2

x
x
1 tan 2
=
+ c = tan + c
2 1
2
2

Alternative
1
1
1 cos x
1 + cos x dx = 1 + cos x 1 cos x dx
1 cos x
=
dx
1 cos 2 x

FSc-II / Ex- 3.2 - 5

1 cos x
dx
sin 2 x
cos x
1
= 2 2 dx
sin x sin x
cos x

= cosec 2 x
dx
sin
x sin x

= cosec2 xdx cosec x cot x dx

= cot x ( cosec x ) + c
= cosec x cot x + c

So I =

= sec 2 x dx + dx
= tan x + x + c

Question # 2(xiv)
2
2
tan x dx = sec x 1 dx

= sec2 x dx dx

Question # 2(xi)
ax + b
Let I = 2
dx
ax + 2bx + c
Put f ( x) = ax 2 + 2bx + c
f ( x) = 2ax + 2b

f ( x) = 2 ( ax + b )

1 cos 2 x
dx
1 + cos 2 x
2sin 2 x
=
dx
2 cos 2 x
= tan 2 x dx = sec 2 x 1 dx

= tan x x + c

1
f ( x) = ax + b
2

1 f ( x )
2
dx

f ( x)
1
1 f ( x)
=
dx = ln f ( x) + c1
2 f ( x)
2
1
= ln ax 2 + 2bx + c + c1
2

Review
2sin cos = sin ( + ) + sin ( )

Important Integral
d
1
d
Since
( ax + b )
ln ax + b =
dx
ax + b dx
d
1

a
ln ax + b =
dx
ax + b
On Integrating
1
ln ax + b = a
dx
ax + b
ln ax + b
1

dx =
ax + b
a
The End
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2 cos sin = sin ( + ) sin ( )

Found Error

2 cos cos = cos ( + ) + cos ( )

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2sin sin = cos ( + ) cos ( )

Error Analysts
1-

Question # 2(xii)
cos 3x sin 2 x dx

1
2 cos 3x sin 2 x dx
2
1
= [sin(3x + 2 x) sin(3x 2 x)] dx
2
1
= [sin 5 x sin x ] dx
2
1 cos 5 x

=
( cos x ) + c
2
5

1 cos 5 x

=
cos x + c
2 5

Question # 2(xiii)
cos 2 x 1
1 + cos 2 x dx

1 cos 2 x
2
1 + cos 2 x
2
cos x =
2

sin 2 x =

23-

Muhammad Hussnain Khadim - (20011-13)

Mohammad Abdullah Amjad - (2014-16)

Book: Exercise 3.2 (Page 130)