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Introduction To Automata Theory, Languages, and Computation: Solutions For Chapter 4 Solutions For Section 4.1

This document contains solutions to exercises from Chapter 4 of an automata theory textbook. The exercises solved include using the pumping lemma to show languages are not regular, constructing DFAs for derived languages, and minimizing DFAs.

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155 views5 pages

Introduction To Automata Theory, Languages, and Computation: Solutions For Chapter 4 Solutions For Section 4.1

This document contains solutions to exercises from Chapter 4 of an automata theory textbook. The exercises solved include using the pumping lemma to show languages are not regular, constructing DFAs for derived languages, and minimizing DFAs.

Uploaded by

rajpoot
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to Automata Theory,

Languages, and Computation


Solutions for Chapter 4
Solutions for Section 4.1
Exercise 4.1.1(c)
Let n be the pumping-lemma constant (note this n is unrelated to the n that is a local
variable in the definition of the language L). Pick w = 0^n10^n. Then when we write w =
xyz, we know that |xy| <= n, and therefore y consists of only 0's. Thus, xz, which must be
in L if L is regular, consists of fewer than n 0's, followed by a 1 and exactly n 0's. That
string is not in L, so we contradict the assumption that L is regular.

Exercise 4.1.2(a)
Let n be the pumping-lemma constant and pick w = 0^n^2, that is, n^2 0's. When we
write w = xyz, we know that y consists of between 1 and n 0's. Thus, xyyz has length
between n^2 + 1 and n^2 + n. Since the next perfect square after n^2 is (n+1)^2 = n^2 +
2n + 1, we know that the length of xyyz lies strictly between the consecutive perfect
squares n^2 and (n+1)^2. Thus, the length of xyyz cannot be a perfect square. But if the
language were regular, then xyyz would be in the language, which contradicts the
assumption that the language of strings of 0's whose length is a perfect square is a regular
language.

Exercise 4.1.4(a)
We cannot pick w from the empty language.

Exercise 4.1.4(b)
If the adversary picks n = 3, then we cannot pick a w of length at least n.

Exercise 4.1.4(c)
The adversary can pick an n > 0, so we have to pick a nonempty w. Since w must consist
of pairs 00 and 11, the adversary can pick y to be one of those pairs. Then whatever i we
pick, xy^iz will consist of pairs 00 and 11, and so belongs in the language.

Solutions for Section 4.2

Exercise 4.2.1(a)
aabbaa.

Exercise 4.2.1(c)
The language of regular expression a(ab)*ba.

Exercise 4.2.1(e)
Each b must come from either 1 or 2. However, if the first b comes from 2 and the second
comes from 1, then they will both need the a between them as part of h(2) and h(1),
respectively. Thus, the inverse homomorphism consists of the strings {110, 102, 022}.

Exercise 4.2.2
Start with a DFA A for L. Construct a new DFA B, that is exactly the same as A, except
that state q is an accepting state of B if and only if delta(q,a) is an accepting state of A.
Then B accepts input string w if and only if A accepts wa; that is, L(B) = L/a.

Exercise 4.2.5(b)
We shall use D_a for ``the derivative with respect to a.'' The key observation is that if
epsilon is not in L(R), then the derivative of RS will always remove an a from the portion
of a string that comes from R. However, if epsilon is in L(R), then the string might have
nothing from R and will remove a from the beginning of a string in L(S) (which is also a
string in L(RS). Thus, the rule we want is:
If epsilon is not in L(R), then D_a(RS) = (D_a(R))S. Otherwise, D_a(RS) = D_a(R)S +
D_a(S).

Exercise 4.2.5(e)
L may have no string that begins with 0.

Exercise 4.2.5(f)
This condition says that whenever 0w is in L, then w is in L, and vice-versa. Thus, L must
be of the form L(0*)M for some language M (not necessarily a regular language) that has
no string beginning with 0.
In proof, notice first that D_0(L(0*)M = D_0(L(0*))M union D_0(M) = L(0*)M. There
are two reasons for the last step. First, observe that D_0 applied to the language of all
strings of 0's gives all strings of 0's, that is, L(0*). Second, observe that because M has no
string that begins with 0, D_0(M) is the empty set [that's part (e)].

We also need to show that every language N that is unchanged by D_0 is of this form. Let
M be the set of strings in N that do not begin with 0. If N is unchanged by D_0, it follows
that for every string w in M, 00...0w is in N; thus, N includes all the strings of L(0*)M.
However, N cannot include a string that is not in L(0*)M. If x were such a string, then we
can remove all the 0's at the beginning of x and get some string y that is also in N. But y
must also be in M.

Exercise 4.2.8
Let A be a DFA for L. We construct DFA B for half(L). The state of B is of the form
[q,S], where:

q is the state A would be in after reading whatever input B has read so far.
S is the set of states of A such that A can get from exactly these states to an
accepting state by reading any input string whose length is the same as the length
of the string B has read so far.

It is important to realize that it is not necessary for B to know how many inputs it has
read so far; it keeps this information up-to-date each time it reads a new symbol. The rule
that keeps things up to date is: delta_B([q,S],a) = [delta_A(q,a),T], where T is the set of
states p of A such that there is a transition from p to any state of S on any input symbol. In
this manner, the first component continues to simulate A, while the second component
now represents states that can reach an accepting state following a path that is one longer
than the paths represented by S.
To complete the construction of B, we have only to specify:

The initial state is [q_0,F], that is, the initial state of A and the accepting states of
A. This choice reflects the situation when A has read 0 inputs: it is still in its initial
state, and the accepting states are exactly the ones that can reach an accepting
state on a path of length 0.
The accepting states of B are those states [q,S] such that q is in S. The justification
is that it is exactly these states that are reached by some string of length n, and
there is some other string of length n that will take state q to an accepting state.

Exercise 4.2.13(a)
Start out by complementing this language. The result is the language consisting of all
strings of 0's and 1's that are not in O*1*, plus the strings in L_0n1n. If we intersect with
0*1*, the result is exactly L_0n1n. Since complementation and intersection with a regular
set preserve regularity, if the given language were regular then so would be L_0n1n.
Since we know the latter is false, we conclude the given language is not regular.

Exercise 4.2.14(c)

Change the accepting states to be those for which the first component is an accepting
state of A_L and the second is a nonaccepting state of A_M. Then the resulting DFA
accepts if and only if the input is in L - M.

Solutions for Section 4.3


Exercise 4.3.1
Let n be the pumping-lemma constant. Test all strings of length between n and 2n-1 for
membership in L. If we find even one such string, then L is infinite. The reason is that the
pumping lemma applies to such a string, and it can be ``pumped'' to show an infinite
sequence of strings are in L.
Suppose, however, that there are no strings in L whose length is in the range n to 2n-1.
We claim there are no strings in L of length 2n or more, and thus there are only a finite
number of strings in L. In proof, suppose w is a string in L of length at least 2n, and w is
as short as any string in L that has length at least 2n. Then the pumping lemma applies to
w, and we can write w = xyz, where xz is also in L. How long could xz be? It can't be as
long as 2n, because it is shorter than w, and w is as short as any string in L of length 2n or
more. n, because xz is at most n shorter than w. Thus, xz is of length between n and 2n-1,
which is a contradiction, since we assumed there were no strings in L with a length in that
range.

Solutions for Section 4.4


Exercise 4.4.1
Revised 10/23/01.
B|x
C|x x
D|x x x
E|x x
x
F|x
x x x
G| x x x x x
H|x x x x x x x
--------------A B C D E F G

->AG BF AG
BF AG CE
CE D

BF

*D D

AG

H AG D

Note, however, that state H is inaccessible, so it should be removed, leaving the first four
states as the minimum-state DFA.

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