Rings

+()=0

1) Hills equation:

2) Parametrization: (s) , (s) , (), (Twiss paramewters). Q is the tune (number of betatron oscillation per turn).
Emittance = motion invariant in Liouville conditions.

=1+/, =1/2.

2
2 SC
s C

' SC '+ S ' C
s = CC
Taking our Cos/Sin like solution transport
matrix

2

2S ' C '
s C '
parameters are propagated by :

S 2 0

SS ' 0
S '2 0

M=(&@&)

the Twiss

3) Consider a periodic system with N identical Cells (no acceleration) and n turns. -> Stability (bounded motion) for
0<Trace(M)<2

4) The M Matrix to express a bounded motion for any value of N and n:

Rings

5) The coefficient is the Phase advance per period (cell) =+/()

that for the full circumference is called TUNE:

=/2=/()

6) Thanks to these definitions we can express the transport Matrix M as a function of the Twiss
parameters:
=(/0(+0)&0@0/01+0/0&/0(
))


that for one turn (=0,=0,=) -> M=(Q+0Q&@&Q)


The second row is the derivative of the first (remember M=(&@&) )

What we did
We simplify a very complex tracking problem
a) N elements in an accelerators (oom :103 or more)
b) N Turns (oom: big machine 105/sec)
c) N particles (oom: 1010/bunch, 103 bunches)
To a parametric study of Three beam independents parameters , ,
(function of the machine), D, Q (or m) and an invariant of motion
(Transverse). For the longitudinal we introduced the momentum
compaction.
, , , D are function of s, and not.
For the design phase the parameterization allows us to Fit.
The single turn accelerator matrix has been expressed as a function of
these parameters. Now to make the full design of an accelerator we can
use codes
Oom = order of magnitude

Little digressions : codes

2
2SC
S 2 0
s C


s = CC ' SC '+ S ' C SS ' 0
C '2
2S ' C '
S '2 0
s

Observations

M matrix is similar to a rotation matrix (with a scaling)

Det M = 1
TUNES :

1) Q=/: There are Horizontal and Vertical tunes Qx and Qy
2) Due to the definition the Tunes are expressing the intensity of focusing in
an accelerator (Q high when low)
3) M one turn = I cos (2Q) + J sin(2Q) -> taking into account the stability
condition the linear stability is a strong function of the phase advance

Parameters applications: errors effects

1st closed orbit
1)reference particle=virtual particle-> n
revolutions, no instabilities
2)Particles with p=p0 but different starting
conditions form reference particle have
betatron oscillations about the orbit. If Q0
the orbit is not close
3) If a particle has p>p0, a off momentum
close orbit (chromatic).The particle will
perform betatron oscillation around this orbit
given by x(s,p/p0)=D(s) p/p0
Lets determine D(S), periodic dispersion
(sometime for a turn it is indicated as (s))

True particles

Design orbit

Design orbit
Chroma=c close orbit

On-momentum
par=cle
trajectory

O-momentum
p a r = c l e
trajectory

Starting from NH Hills Equation

+()=()

With solutions :
1) x(s) = aC(s) + bS(s) + u(s)

We know that the NH solution can be expressed by:

2) ()=()0()()()0()()

So we look for the solutions for a and b in 1) imposing the periodic solution conditions Y(s)=Y(s+L)
Doing the complex calculations (See Rossbach course CAS. CERN 94-01) we get to:

3) ()=()/2()()cos(()())
The closed periodic dispersion is given by ()=/0 so:

4) ()=()/2()/()cos(()())

(Remember D is normalized per Dp/p0).
First STABILITY CONDITION : A finite Dispersion function exist only if Qn, with n=integer
THIS IS CALLED A RESONANCE : consider a particle in a dipole with p p0. It will feel a different
transverse kick that the p0 particle. If Q is an integer the kick has ALWAYS the same direction, the kicks
add coherently and the particle will be lost

Dipoles Errors (also p=p0)

If I have an error in the Ideal Dipole field (By=B0, Bx=0).

Assume By=B0+B1 or Bx=B2. We have a s dependent driving term ()=1/0.

We go back to the previous case, but here also for p=p0, in a presence of a
dipole field error we have that Q!n to avoid the resonances

These are called : 1st order resonance

If we need to correct the orbit (for example to correct Qpoles displacements)

we need to put little dipoles correctors (H and V). Eq 3 shows that they are
much effective in large beta regions (middle of focusing Qpoles). So we will
insert the correctors near (or inside?)

Dipole Error (or Correction)

Recall our generic transfer matrix :

(@)=(/0(+0)&0@0/0
1+0/0&/0())(0@0)

If we use a dipole to introduce a small bend at one point, it will in general propagate as

(@)=(/0(+0)&0@0/0
1+0/0&/0())(0@)

Resulting in:

()=0()

And

()=0/()(())

Remember this

In general
So the problem of the closed orbit for an
impulsional error in s0 can be expressed in the
form of the Green functions:


Xco(s)=G(s,s0)(s0)

With G(s,0)=0/2cos(|()(
0)|)

So the orbit response is the product of the Green
function by the kick itself

General Theory (distributed errors) (Lee)

Lets go back to slide 9. Instead of a error momentum lets assume a B field error B.

NH Hills eq.: +()=()=/

With solution:

()/2()()cos(()())=()/2()()/cos(()
())

Assuming ()=1/0/(), ()=() it is possible to write:

()/2()3/2()/cos(+)

The total orbit response to the distributed kicks will be: (,)()/ (estension of
slide 11)

Application example: Local Correction (Three Bump)

Consider a particle going down a beam line. By using a combination of three magnets, we can
localize the beam motion to one area of the line
2

We require

1, 1

12

2 , 2
13 = 12 23

23

3 , 3

From the previous relationships:

Form the previous relationships

3=11313+22323=0 yields 2=1

1/213/23

3=(11/2(130 13) +22/3(230

23))

=(11/2(130 13)1/213/232/
3(230 23))

=11/3(13 13/ 2323)=11/3(s in(

2313)/23)

yields 3=11/3(12/23)

Local Bumps are an

extremely powerful
tool in beam tuning!!

Quadrupoles Errors
Lets assume that a Qpole has a deviation
from its strength k. This is equivalent to
add a small Qpole with focal f to the
lattice at the s of the deviated Qpole
H Hills Equation: +(()+())=0

Quadrupole Errors
If we add a focusing quad to the one turn matrix, we have
cos 20 + ( s ) sin 20
M( s ) =
( s ) sin 20

( s ) sin 20
11

cos 2 ( s ) sin 20 f

(s)

sin 20
( s ) sin 20
cos 20 + ( s ) sin 20

=
1

(
)

(
s
)
sin
2

cos
2

(
s
)
sin
2

cos
2

(
s
)
sin
2

0
0
0
0
0

We can see that the effect is a shift of the nominal TUNE: We

calculate the trace to find the new tune

1
1
cos 2 = TraceM ( s ) = cos 20
( s ) sin 20
2
2f

For small errors

cos 2 ( 0 + ) cos 20 2 sin 20 = cos 20

=

1 (s)
4 f

1
( s ) sin 20
2f

Total Tune Shift

The focal length associated with a local anomalous gradient is

So the total tune shift is :

A tune shift implies a beta function variation also in s0 :

1
B

d =
ds
f (B )

1
B(s)
Q =
(s)
ds

(B )
4

()=()/2sin(2)() ()cos(2|()
()|2)

Observation : Qpole errors shows an half integer resonance

5/2) Second order

(1/2,1,3/2,2,

resonance.
We notice that increasing the n of poles we excite higher orders resonances
(sextupole = third order.). Taking into account the two dimensions, the eventual
coupling we can deduce a general condition : mQx+nQyl (m,n,l integer and m+n<l).

ATTENTION: multipolar fields -> nonlinear resonances also if well integrated. They can be
seen as fields errors in the ideal lattice, also if they compensate for chromaticity.

Choosing the machine tune

Avoid the resonances
We can plot them in a Tune diagram
Resonance :
Resonances order :

m Qx + n Q y = l

m+n

1/4

1/2

Int(Q y)+1

Qy

Avoid resonances : no errors

accumulation
Typical Errors : Coordinates coupling
(misalignment, tilts.)
Int(Q y)
Int(Q x)

Qx

Int(Q x)+1

Chromaticity

1)

2)

Chromatic aberration in optics : The focal length is a function of p. So

particle with different momentum will be differently focalized by a
Qpole (so it is like to insert a k for particle with pp0).
This leads to a displacement of the Q value for this particle that will
oscillate with a different betatron frequency
The chromaticity define the variation of the tune with the relative
momentum deviation:
=/
sometimes is used the relative chromaticity /.
Why it is important in storage rings?
The chromaticity gives the tune spread with the associated energy
spread. For large rings with high Q this can be very large. If the tune
spread (linewidth of the tune in the tune chart) is large it is almost
impossible to find a good working point without hit a resonance.
For bunched beams the chromaticity trigger the Head-Tail
instability,

Head Tail instability

Short range wake fields : the head of a bunch can
trigger an oscillation of the tail.
But after a half of the synchrotron period the
head-> tail and the tail->head. So all the particle will
be excited.
If the chromaticity is 0 this excitation add in
phase -> instability, beam losses
Growth rate faster for <0 than >0. Unfortunately
the natural chromaticity of the rings is negative.
The growth rate will be 1/ /2
()
A=amplitude synchrotron oscillation, N = n of
particle/bunch, =betatron frequency,
=momentum compaction (-1/)

Chromaticity in a Qpole

Lets consider the dependence of k on momentum:

~0(1+2)

For little deviations we can take the first order
~0(1)

The new Hill equation will be:
+0(1)x=0

This means that we can suppose an ideal Qpole with a thin (infinitesimal length ds) error Qpole in the
middle that give an additive kick:
= x ds

This Q pole is represented by the matrix

(1&0@ ds &1)

To calculate the periodical effect we multiply this matrix for the one-turn matrix in the middle of a
Qpole (a=0)


(Q&@/&)(1&0@ ds &1)

Chromaticity in a Qpole
The new tune is given by the Trace of the matrix:

1/2=(+)=+1/2

Since d(cosx)=cos(x+dx)-cosx=-sinx dx

=1/2 =1/4

Integrating over the circumference (natural chromaticity is negative):

1
Q
=
( s )k ( s )ds

Sextupole

In a similar way we can obtain the chroma=c tune shiR for a sextupole:
= , =1/2(22) =2/2

The eq of mo=on will be:

+1/2(22)=0, =0 =/0

The correspondent sextupole kick in the two transverse dimensions will be:

=1/2(22) , =

Plugging the coordinate of the o momentum par=cle (no coupling) =+, = the two kicks
become:

=(+1/2()2+1/2(22)) , =(+)

The addi=ve terms is these eq are equivalent to a Q pole of gradient D. The correspondent tune shiR will be: =1/4


And the Chroma=city : /=1/40()()(), /=1/40()()(),

How to correct chromaticity?

Taking into account the last equation and computing the total chormaticity (Qpoles+Sextuoles):
=1/4(),=1/4(),

To compensate we see:

1) Insert a Sextupole near the Qpole where the chromatic effect takes place and where the
product D is maximum. The Sextupole strength will be evaluated by the relationship lsD=-k lQ
where ls and lQ are respectively the effective lengths of the Sextupole and of the Qpole.
So ls=k lQ/

2)Large ratio x/y (focusing sextupole) or y/x (defocusing sextupoles) is necessary for the
indipendent control of C in the two planes.

3)Families of sextupoles have to be evaluated to avoid resonances (third order)

This is often no possible since we have zero dispersion regions for the insertion devices, the Final
focus or very strong Qpoles for low emittances. So the chromaticity produced in these straight
sections have to be compensated in the arcs, with 2 sextupoles one for the horizontal (x) and one
for the vertical (y) chromaticity.

ATTENTION: SEXTUPOLES SOLVE THE CHROMATICITY PROBLEM BUT INTRODUCES

NONLINEARITIES..(for the accelerators FANS)