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Power Launching and Coupling

This document discusses laser-fiber coupling and fiber-to-fiber connections. It describes coupling efficiency and factors that affect it such as the radiance and pattern of the light source and the numerical aperture of the fiber. Methods for improving coupling efficiency include lens systems and adjusting the source's equilibrium numerical aperture. Fiber splicing and connectors are discussed as ways to joint fibers with considerations for mechanical alignment, geometry differences, and end face defects affecting loss. Connector designs aim to provide low loss, interchangeability, easy assembly and environmental insensitivity.

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Shanmuga Raju S
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2K views22 pages

Power Launching and Coupling

This document discusses laser-fiber coupling and fiber-to-fiber connections. It describes coupling efficiency and factors that affect it such as the radiance and pattern of the light source and the numerical aperture of the fiber. Methods for improving coupling efficiency include lens systems and adjusting the source's equilibrium numerical aperture. Fiber splicing and connectors are discussed as ways to joint fibers with considerations for mechanical alignment, geometry differences, and end face defects affecting loss. Connector designs aim to provide low loss, interchangeability, easy assembly and environmental insensitivity.

Uploaded by

Shanmuga Raju S
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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UNIT - III

LASER-FIBER CONNECTION

AGENDA
Launching optical power into a fiber
Fiber-to-Fiber coupling
Fiber Splicing and connectors

Coupling Efficiency
PF
power coupled into the fiber
=
=
power emitted from the sourse Ps

Ps
Source

PF
Optical Fiber

Radiance (Brightness) of the source

B= Optical power radiated from a unit area of the source into a


unit solid angle [watts/(square centimeter per stradian)]

Surface emitting LEDs have a Lambertian


Pattern:
B ( , ) = B0 cos

Edge emitting LEDs and Laser Diodes radiation pattern

1
sin
cos
=
+
T
L
B( , ) B0 cos B0 cos
2

For edge emitting LEDs, L=1

Power Coupled from source to the fiber

As and s : area and solid emission angle of the source

PF = B ( As , s )d s dAs =

A f and f : area and


Af
f
solid acceptance angle of fiber
rm 2
2 0 max

= B ( , ) sin dd d s rdr

0
0
0 0

Power coupled from LED to the Fiber


0 max

2B0 cos sin d d s rdr


0
0

rs

P=
0

rs

= B0

2
sin
0 max d s rdr

rs

= B0

NA

d s rdr

PLED,step = rs B0 ( NA) 2 rs B0 n1
2

Power coupling from LED to step-index fiber


Total optical power from LED:
2 / 2

Ps = As

B ( , ) sin dd

Ps = rs 2B0
2

/2

2
d
rs B0
cos

sin

PLED,step

Ps ( NA) 2

= a 2
2

P
(
NA
)
s
rs

if rs a

if rs a

Equilibrium Numerical Aperture

Possible Lensing Schemes used to improve


optical source-to-fiber coupling efficiency

Laser diode to Fiber Coupling

Fiber-to-Fiber Joint
Fiber-to-Fiber coupling loss:

LF [dB] = 10 log F
Low loss fiber-fiber joints are either:
1- Splice (permanent bond)
2- Connector (demountable connection)

Different modal distribution of the optical beam emerging from a fiber lead to different degrees of
coupling loss. a) when all modes are equally excited, the output beam fills the entire output NA.
b) for a steady state modal distribution, only the equilibrium NA is filled by the output beam.

Mechanical misalignment losses

Lateral (axial) misalignment loss is a


dominant
Mechanical loss.

F ,step

Acomm 2
d
d d
=
= arccos

1
2

2a a 2a
a

1/ 2

Longitudinal offset effect

Losses due to differences in the geometry and waveguide characteristics


of the fibers

aR
LF (a ) = 10 log( )
aE

for a R a E

NA R
LF (a ) = 20 log(
)
NA E

for NA R NA E

E & R subscripts refer to emitting and receiving fibers.

Experimental comparison of Loss as a function


of mechanical misalignment

Fiber end face

Fiber end defects

Fiber splicing

Fusion Splicing

V-groove optical fiber splicing

Optical Fiber Connectors


Some of the principal requirements of a good connector design are as
follows:
1- low coupling losses
2- Interchangeability
3- Ease of assembly
4- Low environmental sensitivity
5- Low-cost and reliable construction
6- Ease of connection

Connector Return Loss

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